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Killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) interactions with HLA class I have crucial roles in modulating NK cell function in response to viral infections. To explore the correlation between KIR/HLA and susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, we analysed polymorphism of KIR genes, haplotypes, HLA allotypes, and the interplay between KIR and HLA in individuals diagnosed with COVID‐19. Compared to a population control group, we observed a significantly increased frequency of KIR3DL3*00802 in the COVID‐19 group. When encoded by the HLA‐B gene, the frequency of HLA‐Bw4, a ligand for KIR3DL1, was at lower frequency in the COVID‐19 group. Additionally, significantly elevated frequencies of KIR‐Bx3, KIR3DL3*00301, 3DL3*048, and C1+HLA‐C were identified in the COVID‐19 group before multiple test correction, suggesting associations with susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Our findings indicate that the KIR3DL3*00802 allele may be a high‐risk factor for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, while Bw4 encoded by HLA‐B gene may confer protective effects against the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymorphism of killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) and their HLA class I ligands impacts the effector activity of cytotoxic NK cell and T cell subsets. Therefore, understanding the extent and implications of KIR and HLA class I genetic polymorphism across various populations is important for immunological and medical research. In this study, we conducted a high‐resolution investigation of KIR and HLA class I diversity in three distinct Chinese ethnic minority populations. We studied the She, Yugur, and Tajik, and compared them with the Zhejiang Han population (Zhe), which represents the majority Southern Han ethnicity. Our findings revealed that the Tajik population exhibited the most diverse KIR copy number, allele, and haplotype diversity among the four populations. This diversity aligns with their proposed ancestral origin, closely resembling that of Iranian populations, with a relatively higher presence of KIR‐B genes, alleles, and haplotypes compared with the other Chinese populations. The Yugur population displayed KIR distributions similar to those of the Tibetans and Southeast Asians, whereas the She population resembled the Zhe and other East Asians, as confirmed by genetic distance analysis of KIR. Additionally, we identified 12.9% of individuals across the three minority populations as having KIR haplotypes characterized by specific gene block insertions or deletions. Genetic analysis based on HLA alleles yielded consistent results, even though there were extensive variations in HLA alleles. The observed variations in KIR interactions, such as higher numbers of 2DL1‐C2 interactions in Tajik and Yugur populations and of 2DL3‐C1 interactions in the She population, are likely shaped by demographic and evolutionary mechanisms specific to their local environments. Overall, our findings offer valuable insights into the distribution of KIR and HLA diversity among three distinct Chinese ethnic minority populations, which can inform future clinical and population studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel HLA‐DPB1*1437:01 and HLA‐DPB1*1438:01 alleles first identified in the Chinese individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with HLA‐DRB1*08:03:02:01, the alleles HLA‐DRB1*08:03:13 and HLA‐DRB1*08:119 each show one nucleotide substitution, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between HLA loci and haematological malignancy has been reported in certain populations. However, there are limited data for HLA loci at a high‐resolution level with haematological malignancy in China. In this study, a total of 1115 patients with haematological malignancies (including 490 AML, 410 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), 122 myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS] and 93 non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma [NHL]) and 1836 healthy individuals as a control group in the Han population of Zhejiang Province, China, were genotyped for HLA‐A, HLA‐C, HLA‐B, HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 loci at high resolution. The possible association between HLA alleles and haplotypes and haematologic malignancy was analysed. The allele frequencies (AFs) of HLA‐A*02:05, HLA‐A*02:06, HLA‐A*32:01, HLA‐B*35:03, HLA‐B*54:01, HLA‐B*55:07, HLA‐DRB1*04:05, HLA‐DRB1*15:01, HLA‐DQB1*04:01 and HLA‐DQB1*06:02 in the MDS patients were much higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), while the AFs of HLA‐C*07:02, HLA‐DRB1*03:01, HLA‐DRB1*14:54, HLA‐DQB1*02:01 and HLA‐DQB1*05:03 were obviously lower than those in the control group (p <.05). Interestingly, the differences in these HLA alleles in patients with MDS were not significant after applying Bonferroni correction (Pc >.05), except for HLA‐A*02:06 (Pc <.01). There were 13, 6 and 10 HLA alleles with uncorrected significant differences (p <.05) among patients with AML, ALL and NHL, respectively, compared with those in the control group, but the differences in these HLA alleles were not significant after correction (Pc >.05). Compared to those of the control group, there were some haplotypes over 1.00% frequency in patients with AML, MDS and NHL patients with uncorrected significant differences (p <.05). However, none of them showed a significant difference after correction as well (Pc >.05). The study reveals that HLA‐A*02:06 may lead to susceptibility to MDS, but none of the HLA alleles were associated with AML, ALL or NHL after correction. These data will help to further understand the role of HLA loci in the pathogenesis of haematological malignancy in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐B*58:139 differs from the HLA‐B*58:01:01:01 allele by one nucleotide substitution in exon 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to the HLA‐DQB1*03:03:02:01, the HLA‐DQB1*03:477 and HLA‐DQB1*03:487 alleles each show one single nucleotide substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to HLA‐DRB1*09:01:02:01, the alleles HLA‐DRB1*09:01:12 and HLA‐DRB1*09:49 each show one nucleotide substitution, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐DQB1*05:305 shows one single nucleotide substitution at position 664 compared with HLA‐DQB1*05:03:01:01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐DPB1*21:01:02 differs from HLA‐DPB1*21:01:01 by one single nucleotide substitution at position 435 C>T in exon 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐DPB1*04:02:24 differs from HLA‐DPB1*04:02:01:01 by a single synonmous nucleotide substitution at position 639 G>A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐B*46:96 differs from HLA‐B*46:01:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 479 C>T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐C*06:02:96 differs from HLA‐C*06:02:01:01 by one single nucleotide substitution at position 924 C > A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐DRB1*04:328 shows a single nucleotide substitution at position 143 A>T when compared with HLA‐DRB1*04:05:01:01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with HLA‐B*40:01:02:01, the alleles HLA‐B*40:495 and HLA‐B*40:512 each show one nucleotide substitution, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐DRB1*11:283 differs from HLA‐DRB1*11:266 by two nucleotide substitutions in exon 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐C*07:04:29 differs from HLA‐C*07:04:01:01 by a single substitution in exon 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐B*40:509Q differs from HLA‐B*40:01:02:01 by a three nucleotide deletion at position 764 to 766 in exon 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐B*40:01:02:48 differs from HLA‐B*40:01:02:01 by one nucleotide substitution C to A at position ‐138 in 5′UTR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐A*24:02:138 differs from HLA‐A*24:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 549 C>T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐DPB1*03:01:14 differs from HLA‐DPB1*03:01:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 390 C > A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐B*35:546 differs from HLA‐B*35:03:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 397 C > T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with HLA‐DQB1*05:02:01:01, the alleles HLA‐DQB1*05:239 and HLA‐DQB1*05:250 each show one single nucleotide substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐DQB1*03:282N differs from HLA‐DQB1*03:03:02:01 by a single nucleotide deletion at position 258. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with HLA‐A*24:02:01:01, the alleles HLA‐A*24:02:129 and HLA‐A*24:02:135 each show one nucleotide substitution, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distributions of HLA allele and haplotype are variable in different ethnic populations and the data for some populations have been published. However, the data on HLA‐C and HLA‐DQB1 loci and the haplotype of HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 loci at a high‐resolution level are limited in Zhejiang Han population, China. In this study, the frequencies of the HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 loci and haplotypes were analysed among 3,548 volunteers from the Zhejiang Han population using polymerase chain reaction sequencing‐based typing method. Totals of 51 HLA‐A, 97 HLA‐B, 45 HLA‐C, 53 HLA‐DRB1 and 27 HLA‐DQB1 alleles were observed. The top three frequent alleles of HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 loci were A*11:01 (23.83%), A*24:02 (17.16%), A*02:01 (11.36%); B*40:01 (14.08%), B*46:01 (12.20%), B*58:01 (8.50%); C*07:02 (18.25%), C*01:02:01G (18.15%), C*03:04 (9.88%); DRB1*09:01 (17.52%), DRB1*12:02 (10.57%), DRB1*15:01 (9.70%); DQB1*03:01 (22.63%), DQB1*03:03 (18.26%) and DQB1*06:01 (10.88%), respectively. A total of 141 HLA‐A‐C‐B‐DRB1‐DQB1 haplotypes with a frequency of ≥0.1% were found and the haplotypes with frequency greater than 3% were A*02:07‐C*01:02:01G‐B*46:01‐DRB1*09:01‐DQB1*03:03 (4.20%), A*33:03‐C*03:02‐B*58:01‐DRB1*03:01‐DQB1*02:01 (4.15%), A*30:01‐C*06:02‐B*13:02‐DRB1*07:01‐DQB1*02:02 (3.20%). The likelihood ratios test for the linkage disequilibrium of two loci haplotypes was revealed that the majority of the pairwise associations were statistically significant. The data presented in this study will be useful for searching unrelated HLA‐matched donor, planning donor registry and for anthropology studies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐DRB1*09:40 differs from HLA‐DRB1*09:01:02:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 214(G>A). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐C*03:537 allele is identical to HLA‐C*03:03:01:01 except for a single nucleotide substitution G257C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐C*03:538 differs from HLA‐C*03:04:01:01 by a mutation at nucleotide 920. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐DRB1*12:01:10 differs from HLA‐DRB1*12:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in exon 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐DQB1*04:85 differs from HLA‐DQB1*04:02:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 629 C>G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐B*46:01:28 differs from HLA‐B*46:01:01:01 by one single nucleotide substitution at position 390 C > T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with HLA‐C*07:02:01:01, the alleles HLA‐C*07:900 and HLA‐C*07:906 each show one nucleotide substitution respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new HLA class I alleles were described in the Chinese population. HLA‐B*46:68,‐B*46:71,‐B*46:72 alleles differ from HLA‐B*46:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 485C>T, 484A>G, 299T>A respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐C*04:407 shows a single nucleotide substitution at position 740 A > G when compared to HLA‐C*04:01:01:01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new allele HLA‐B*13:109 differs from HLA‐B*13:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in exon 4 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐C*03:365 shows a substitution G to A at position 257 when compared to HLA‐C*03:02:01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐A*31:124 differs from HLA‐A*31:01:02:01 by a single‐nucleotide substitution at position 491 C>G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have investigated the relationship between KIR, HLA and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but the results were different in different laboratories, and the data in Chinese population were limited. In this study, the distribution of KIR gene, KIR genotypes, HLA-C groups, HLA-Bw4, and KIR-HLA interaction from 273 healthy participants and 253 AML patients (M0–M6) in southern Chinese Han were determined to investigate the relationships among KIR, HLA and AML. The results showed that the frequencies of 2DS4del in M5 patients were significantly higher than those of the controls (65.0% vs 46.5%, P = 0.0104, OR = 2.135, P < ɑ′). The frequency of KIR genotype BX13 in the healthy controls was significantly higher than that in AML patients (3.7% vs 0%, P = 0.0019, OR = 20.2, P < ɑ′). No other significant differences in the frequencies of KIR, HLA and KIR-HLA interaction were identified between AML patients and controls. Our study suggests that 2DS4del may conduct a susceptibility to AML, and genotype BX13 might conduct a protective effect on AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor (KIR) 3DS1 is one of the most important activating receptors and some studies revealed that KIR3DS1 combined with HLA ligand was not related to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but rare data was reported in Chinese population. In this study, KIR3DS1 gene polymorphisms and HLA-Bw4 were investigated in 189 Chinese AML patients compared with 166 healthy individuals. The results showed that the distributions of KIR3DS1, Bw4, 3DS1/Bw4 and 3DS1/Bw4-80I were insignificantly different between AML and healthy individuals. This study suggests that the presence of 3DS1 and HLA-Bw4 ligands have no effect on AML disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the prediction precision of wireless sensor network traffic, a new prediction algorithm (State Prediction algorithm based on α-stable distribution α, SP-α) is proposed, combined with α-stable distribution and wavelet transformation. The algorithm proposed first defines the characteristics of α-stable distribution and then gives the judge basis that obeys α-stable distribution. At the same time, it reduces the prediction error of the actual traffic by fusion of the prediction results of α-stable distribution with wavelet transformation. Finally, the paper thoroughly researches the key factors impacting on the new algorithm through simulations in OPNET and MATLAB. Compared with the performance of FARIMA model, the simulation results proved that SP-α algorithm has better adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) is derived from oxidization of natural graphite and contains many active groups. These active groups make GO a potential compatibilizer for polymer blends or coupling agent for polymer composites. In this work, a novel core-shell structured hybrid submicroparticles of graphene oxide-encapsulated silica (GO-SiO2) were fabricated using GO sheets via an electrostatic assembly between ultrathin negatively charged graphene oxide sheets and positively charged amino-modified silica. The possible application of this new hybrid filler was explored in preparation of maleated polypropylene (PP- g-MA)/GO-SiO2 composites. The microstructure and interface enhancement of the prepared composites were analyzed by SEM, TEM, OM, TGA, FTIR, and DMA measurements. A uniform dispersion of GO-SiO2 hybrids, enhanced interfacial adhesion and improved mechanical property were evidenced. The reason might be that graphene oxide can be covalently assembled onto the amino-modified silica surface, and simultaneously it provides strong interaction with the PP- g-MA due to similar polarity or possible hydrogen bonding. This work suggests a potential application of graphene oxide-encapsulated particle in preparation of high performance polymer composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]