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The mixture of Laplace transform and Homotopy perturbation was used to solve Benjamin-Bona-Mahony problems. In this research work, three examples of Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equations were considered. The numerical solutions were obtained by Laplace Homotopy Perturbation method. The method was introduced as essential tool to linearize all the associated nonlinear terms in the equations since Laplace transform method alone cannot handle nonlinear terms. The solutions are series form which quickly converges precisely to their exact value with few iterations. The solution obtained by Laplace Homotopy perturbation method accord well with solutions obtained by using other existing methods. The method of Laplace Homotopy perturbation is very powerful integral transform methods in solving some nonlinear Equations like Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two methods Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) and Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method (LADM) were adopted to solve the telegraph equation. The essence of this research is to establish a relationship between the two analytical methods. It was observed that the two methods were consistent as the results obtained from the numerical examples on the two methods were the same. We also generated the telegraph equation to help provide a solid basis for the application of the telegraph equation. The telegraph equation is one of the nonlinear partial differential equation and it’s application to solving practical problems were suggested for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cowpea bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv vignicola) is a devastating disease of cowpea in Nigeria. Accurate identification is the first step for an effective management option. Thus, X. axonopodis pv. vignicola isolated from cowpea (Vigna unguinculata (L.) Walp) grown in different Agro-ecological zones in Nigeria were characterized using morphological characteristics, biochemical and antibiotic sensitivity tests. Pot experiments were conducted on two susceptible lines of cowpea (IT90k -- 76) and (IT84s -- 2246 -- 4) in the screen house. In vivo infectivity studies were carried out to determine the effect of each of the X. axonopodis pv. vignicola isolate groups on the cowpea. All isolates from each of the agroecological zones were classified into Group 1 (light yellow) and Group 2 (brownish yellow) based on their morphological presentation on nutrient agar medium. Results from four of the biochemical test showed differences between the two morphologically different groups. Group 2 isolates showed a large zone of inhibition to a Lincomycin hydrochloride while isolates from Group 1 were not affected by the action of the same antibiotic. Blight symptom was only observed when the two types of isolates were combined and inoculated simultaneously. This study showed that there are two morpho-types of X. axonopodis pv. vignicola and their synergetic infectivity results in blight symptoms expression in cowpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to monitor groundwater qualities in conjunction with its interaction with rocks and minerals are still in continuous process. The role of joints and fractures in the natural filtration process which aid the enhancement of underground water quality need to be examined. Therefore, the sub-surface structures together with the anisotropic properties of fractures and direction of underground water flow in the bedrock of four (4) emerging communities within Ibadan metropolis was investigated. One hundred and fifty seven (157) groundwater samples were collected, analyzed geochemically using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) while square array method was adopted for investigating the structures. The pH values in the study area vary from 6.65-7.90 suggesting near neutral to alkaline nature of the water. The electrical conductivity (EC) vary from 107 μscm-1 to 551 μscm-1 this falls between the permissible level of World Health Organization. Higher carbonates-432 mgl-1 values than the WHO-340 mgl-1 standard indicate water hardness derived from carbonates mineral in the migmatite/gneissic rock. Total hardness a common property in Ibadan waters signifies water that is hard in terms of soap consumption and harsh in taste. The highest observed concentration for the TH is 563 mgl- 1 which is above desirable limit (119 mgl-1) of WHO-2004 for total hardness. Fractures orientation correlated adequately with the measurements of joints and fractures obtained during mapping exercise. These directions might have a connection to the direction of underground water flow it may also increase the vulnerability influence of the water to CO32- and hardness. In conclusion, a reasonable hygienic culture and cleaning management should be imbibed in order to ensure safer water devoid of leachates that can be conducted through fractures into groundwater systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of four biological control agents (BCAs):Trichoderma asperellumstrain NGT158,T. longibrachiatumstrain NGT167,Bacillus subtilisandPseudomonas fluorescensfor the management of post-harvest tuber rot among four yam species,Dioscorea rotundata,D. cayenensis,D. alata, andD. dumetorumwas evaluated. Rotted yam tubers were collected across three agroecological zones in Nigeria to isolate six infecting fungal pathogens:Aspergillus niger,Lasiodiplodia theobromae,Rhizoctonia solani,Penicillium oxalicum,Fusarium oxysporumandSclerotium rolfsii.The BCAs were isolated by serial dilution and rot inhibition of treated tubers was evaluated using destructive sampling methodin vivoafter six months of storage.Bacillus subtiliswas generally most effective, especially when applied 24 h before the inoculation of test pathogens across the four yam species, with percent inhibition that ranged between 47.8 and 81.2%. However, the four BCAs showed good potential in the control of the fungal pathogens causing post-harvest yam rot. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigated the attributes of pod and seed and their role in taxonomic delimitation of Senna species. This is consequent upon their ethno-botanical importance in orthodox medicine, pests and disease control, production of dyes and tannins, and as ornamental trees. A total of twenty-two accessions of five Senna species: Senna alata, S. occidentalis, S. hirsuta, S. obtusifolia and S. acutifolia were obtained from different locations in Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria. The morphological attributes of the pod and seed accessions were evaluated to reveal their phenotypic and phylogenetic relationships. Statistical analyses of quantitative data were done using SAS/PC Version 9.1. The common generic feature which supports their classifications as members of the same genus is exhibited in their fruit type (pod). Percent seed-set and germination performance are high for all the accessions. Germination performance ranges from 72% to 100%. The variation between species in pod and seed characters is highly significant at 0.001 probability level (p < 0.001). The dendrogram categorizes the 22 accessions (genotypes) into 4 phenotypic groups within the two extremes of similarity levels (0.0-3.5SL). Pod and seed attributes are of taxonomic importance in the genus Senna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the attributes of pod and seed and their role in taxonomic delimi- tation of Senna species. This is consequent upon their ethno-botanical importance in orthodox medicine, pests and disease control, production of dyes and tannins, and as ornamental trees. A total of twenty-two accessions of five Senna species: Senna alata, S. occidentalis, S. hirsuta, S. obtusifolia and S. acutifolia were obtained from different locations in Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria. The morphological attributes of the pod and seed accessions were evaluated to reveal their phenotypic and phylogenetic relationships. Statistical analyses of quantitative data were done using SAS/PC Version 9.1. The common generic feature which supports their classifications as members of the same genus is exhibited in their fruit type (pod). Percent seed-set and germination performance are high for all the accessions. Germination performance ranges from 72% to 100%. The variation between species in pod and seed characters is highly significant at 0.001 probability level ( p < 0.001). The dendrogram categorizes the 22 accessions (genotypes) into 4 phenotypic groups within the two extremes of similarity levels (0.0-3.5SL). Pod and seed attributes are of taxonomic importance in the genus Senna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three plant extracts (rice husk, wood and bamboo) at different concentration were evaluated in vitro as an antagonist to mycelial growth of Mycosphaerella fijienesis on different culture media using spread plate and mycelia dry weight method. The plant extracts had significant effects on the mycelial growth of Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Rice husk extract at concentration of 1, 1.5, 2.5 and 5% completely inhibited the mycelia growth of M. fijiensis in malt extract broth (MEB) and at 2.5 and 5% on malt extract agar (MEA). Wood extract at concentration of 1 and 1.5% inhibited the mycelial growth of M. fijiensis and completely at concentration of 2.5 and 5% on MEA. Although complete inhibition was only observed at 5% concentration on MEA for bamboo extract, the evaluated plant extracts could be recommended for the control of M. fijiensis on a large-scale farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize (Zea mays L.) production in sub-Saharan Africa can be improved by using hybrids with genetic resistance to maize lethal necrosis (MLN). This study aimed to assess the general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA), reciprocal effects, and quantitative genetic basis of MLN resistance and agronomic traits in tropical maize inbred lines. A total of 182 hybrids from a 14-parent diallel, along with their parents, were evaluated under artificial MLN inoculation and rainfed conditions for 3 years in Kenya. Disease ratings at four time points, grain yield (GY), and other agronomic traits were analyzed using Griffing's Method 3 and Hayman's diallel models. Significant (P < 0.001) GCA and SCA mean squares were observed for all traits under disease conditions and most traits under rainfed conditions, highlighting the importance of both additive and non-additive genetic effects. However, additive gene action predominated for all traits. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for MLN resistance (h 2 = 0.52–0.56) indicated a strong additive genetic component. Reciprocal effects were not significant for MLN resistance, suggesting minimal maternal or cytoplasmic inheritance. Four inbred lines showed significant negative GCA effects for MLN resistance and positive GCA effects for GY under artificial MLN inoculation. Inbred lines CKL181281 and CKL182037 (GCA effects for MLN4 = -0.45 and -0.24, respectively) contained the most recessive alleles for MLN resistance. The minimum number of groups of genes involved in MLN resistance was estimated to be three. Breeding strategies that emphasize GCA could effectively be used to improve MLN resistance in this germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ataxin-2 (ATXN2) was originally discovered in the context of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), but it has become a key player in various neurodegenerative diseases. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of ATXN2 in human diseases, revealing its diverse molecular and cellular pathways. The impact of ATXN2 on diseases extends beyond functional outcomes; it mainly interacts with various RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to regulate different stages of post-transcriptional gene expression in diseases. With the progress of research, ATXN2 has also been found to play an important role in the development of various cancers, including breast cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, and esophageal cancer. This comprehensive exploration underscores the crucial role of ATXN2 in the pathogenesis of diseases and warrants further investigation by the scientific community. By reviewing the latest discoveries on the regulatory functions of ATXN2 in diseases, this article helps us understand the complex molecular mechanisms of a series of human diseases related to this intriguing protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1) is an RNA-binding protein (RBP) that plays a multifunctional role in RNA metabolism. TIA1 has three RNA-Recognition Motifs (RRMs) and a prion-like carboxyl C-terminal domain (LCD) with intrinsically disordered regions (IDR) implicated in the dynamics (i.e., formation, assembly, and disassembly) of transient RNA-protein aggregates known as stress granules (SGs). A protein related to TIA1 is its paralog TIA1-related/like protein (TIAR/TIAL1), whose amino acid sequence, structural organisation, and molecular and cellular functions are highly conserved with TIA1. Both proteins are the main components of SGs, which are non-membranous RNA-protein condensates formed under stress to promote cell survival. Welander distal myopathy (WDM) is a late-onset muscular dystrophy that has been linked to a single-nucleotide substitution (c.1362G>A; p.E384K) in the gene encoding the TIA1 protein, which impacts TIA1-dependent SGs dynamics. Herein, we have analysed cellular and molecular aspects by targeting mutagenesis to position 384 to understand its molecular grammar in an amino acid/proteinogenic-dependent or -independent manner under oxidative stress. The observations suggest differential, even opposing, behaviours between TIA1 and TIAR in the presence of specific amino acids with negative and positive charges, and also uncharged acids, at equivalent positions of TIA1 and TIAR, respectively. Collectively, these findings illustrate a characteristic molecular grammar of TIAR- and TIA1-dependent SGs under oxidative conditions, suggesting a gain of versatility between two structurally and functionally highly conserved/related proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological impacts of landscape changes resulting in significant simplification of natural systems have been extensively studied worldwide. Yet, few studies have examined how such biophysical changes affect the value local communities place on nature and their relationships with it.In this study, we delve into the case of Guinea‐Bissau, where woodland cover has been increasingly replaced by commercial cashew plantations. Using a sociocultural valuation approach, our empirical research provides a comprehensive assessment of the woodlands' contributions to local communities as well as the potential disruptions caused by the ongoing biophysical changes on the woodlands. We focused on 20 villages of four different ethnic groups—Manjack, Balanta, Mandinka and Fulani—and used a combination of focus group discussions and walks‐in‐the‐woods.The study's participants identified 19 nature's contributions to people from the woodlands, which revealed a combination of instrumental, relational and intrinsic values in ways that reflect their subsistence needs and social–cultural contexts. We also found that these values are being impacted, mostly negatively, by the ongoing biophysical changes in the 'natural' landscapes tied to regional and global dynamics.Moreover, our study reveals that local communities are aware of ongoing biophysical changes in their woodlands and perceive them as having negative ecological and psychological consequences for them.Synthesis and applications: Our study highlights the significance of using a sociocultural perspective to investigate how changes in the landscape affect local peoples' values of nature and their relationships with it. This information can help shape policies and management decisions towards creating better futures that are meaningful for both humans and non‐humans. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to a disruption in brain function or evidence of brain pathology caused by external physical forces. Globally, TBI affects approximately 50 million individuals annually, with nearly half of the population experiencing it at some point in their lives. Severe TBI is associated with a high mortality rate (30-40%) and long-term physical, psychological, and social impairments in up to 60% of cases. TBI ranges from scalp injuries to severe intracerebral damage, with severity assessed by injury severity scores and consciousness levels (Glasgow coma scale). Diffuse axonal injuries (DAI) cause minimal anatomical damage with severe loss of consciousness, affecting treatment and prognosis. Current Concepts: TBI treatment focuses on hemostasis and intracranial pressure (ICP) management to achieve the main goal of preventing secondary brain injury. Early avoidance of hypotension and hypoxia is crucial. Recent advancements include: first, multimodal brain monitoring by utilizing invasive and non-invasive ICP methods, brain oxygenation measurement, and cerebral blood flow assessments for early detection and treatment guidance; second, using biomarkers for TBI (such as GFAP, S100B, NSE, NFL, UCH-L1, and IL-1β) for diagnosis and prognosis prediction; third, target temperature management in which hypothermia therapy reduces ICP and controls inflammation; and fourth, investigating novel pharmacological therapeutics like corticosteroids, progesterone, erythropoietin, amantadine, and anticonvulsants, although several large-scale trials have revealed a lack of significant benefits. Discussion and Conclusion: TBI remains a leading cause of mortality with unresolved challenges. Research has focused on optimizing neuro-intensive care protocols, developing evidence-based surgical treatments, and exploring promising neuroprotective pharmacotherapies. Given TBI's pathological heterogeneity, personalized medicine and combination therapies are crucial, as no single treatment addresses all mechanisms. Advancements in monitoring technologies and biomarker development are expected to significantly enhance diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and tailored treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins constitute a significant risk in staple foods produced in African countries. This research aimed to analyze the total aflatoxin (AFT) contamination of various staple foods in Angola and Mozambique. A total of 233 samples of corn, peanuts, beans, rice, and cassava flour collected from farmers or local markets from the province of Cuanza Sul, Angola, and the provinces of Gaza and Inhambane, South Mozambique, were analyzed for the presence of AFT using the lateral flow strip method via AgraStrip® Pro WATEX® (Romer). The results showed that, from all matrices, the highest incidence and level of AFT were found in corn produced in Mozambique, with medians ranging from 6.5 to 66.5 µg/kg, with the samples showing values as high as 9200 µg/kg. Levels higher than the maximum admissible levels recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for cereals and pulses (15 µg/kg) were observed in up to 90% of the corn samples, depending on the province. Corn produced in Angola showed lower amounts of AFT, with medians ranging from 1.2 to 7.7 µg/kg. Considering the maximum admissible levels for AFT recommended by the European Commission and the Codex Alimentarius Commission for cereals and pulses, the level of AFT contamination in staple food produced and consumed in the studied provinces is high and constitutes a public health risk for the population. Therefore, risk mitigation strategies are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quorum sensing (QS) is a vital mechanism employed by bacteria for cell-to-cell communication, regulating various physiological processes. Recent research has explored the potential of gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs) in modulating QS systems in bacteria, comprehensively examining the current understanding of how these nanoparticles influence QS. The focus is on their mechanisms of action and potential applications in controlling bacterial behaviours, synthesizing findings from both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review highlights the promising role of nanoparticle-based strategies in disrupting QS-mediated bacterial virulence and biofilm formation. With the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and their predominance in medicine, conventional antimicrobial methods, such as antibiotics, face significant challenges. A modern approach involves biosynthesized nanoparticles targeting genes involved in quorum sensing to destabilize their expression, proving to be competent in countering threats posed by bacteria capable of performing quorum sensing to initiate virulence towards the host. The discussed antimicrobial activities of gold and silver nanoparticles extend to several bacterial species, effectively downregulating those genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of mild and practical strategies to produce value-added fine chemicals directly from inexpensive and readily available commodity chemicals is actively pursued by chemists. However, the application of feedstock chemical dichloromethane (DCM) as the C1 source in organic synthesis is still in its infancy. Herein, we describe a multicomponent strategy for the chemoselective synthesis of valuable 1,4,2-dioxazoles by using DCM as a C1 source. Critical to the success of this process is tuning of the type of nucleophiles to inhibit the easily-occurring side reactions. This approach features mild and simple conditions, excellent chemoselectivity, metal free, and broad substrate scope covering different types of nucleophiles. Furthermore, its synthetic utility is further demonstrated by the preparation of deuterated 1,4,2-dioxazoles, the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules and large-scale synthesis. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate the dual roles of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as both a proton scavenger and a nucleophilic catalyst. This work provides not only a platform for DCM application, but also an excellent complementary strategy to the established 1,4,2-dioxazoles synthesis. The development of mild and practical strategies to produce value-added fine chemicals directly from inexpensive and readily available commodity chemicals is actively pursued by chemists, however, the application of feedstock chemical dichloromethane (DCM) as the C1 source in organic synthesis is still in its infancy. Here, the authors describe a multicomponent strategy for the chemoselective synthesis of valuable 1,4,2-dioxazoles by using DCM as a C1 source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photochemical protocol for the alkylation of diazines (pyrimidines, pyrazines, and pyridazines) with N -(acyloxy)phthalimides has been developed. The process is facilitated by the presence of triethylamine under irradiation with 427–390 nm light; this enables rapid cross-coupling reactions to construct a wide range of alkylated diazines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ferrimagnetic Zn0.35Co0.65 La0.02Fe1.98O4 (CZLF) ferrite with cubic spinel structure (space group Fd3m) was made into composite by mixing with ferroelectric Ba0.5Zr0.5TiO3 (BZT) perovskite with tetragonal structure (space group P4mm) at the mass ratio. Disk-shaped composite powder was finally heated at 1100 °C to study the structure, dielectric and ferroelectric properties. The structural characterization for synthesized samples were carried out using Fourier transform infrared and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Fourier transform infrared show the successful formation of composite samples which is also observed from x-ray diffraction pattern. In compared to their ferrite counterparts before the composite, dielectric response and ferroelectric characteristics of the composite samples are noticeably altered. Compared to the ferrite samples, the composite system exhibits a higher permittivity. In composite samples, the space charge polarization, which was primarily effective at low frequencies and high measurement temperatures, is much diminished. The mechanical properties and indentation creep of these bearing alloys were studied by Vickers indentation testing at room temperature. The remnant polarization of BZT/CZLF increases with decreasing BZT content, which may be suitable for permanent memory device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress granules (SGs) are stress-induced RNA condensates consisting of stalled initiation complexes resulting from translational inhibition. The biochemical composition and function of SGs are highly diverse, and this diversity has been attributed to different stress conditions, signalling pathways involved and specific cell types. Interestingly, mRNA decay components, which are found in ubiquitous cytoplasmic foci known as processing bodies (PB), have also been identified in SG proteomes. A major challenge in current SG studies is to understand the cause of SG diversity, as well as the function of SG under different stress conditions. Trypanosoma brucei is a single-cellular parasite that causes Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleping sickness). In this study, we showed that by varying the supply of extracellular carbon sources during starvation, cellular ATP levels changed rapidly, resulting in SGs of different compositions and dynamics. We identified a subset of SG components, which dissociated from the SGs in response to cellular ATP depletion. Using expansion microscopy, we observed sub-granular compartmentalization of PB- and SG-components within the stress granules. Our results highlight the importance of cellular ATP in SG composition and dynamics, providing functional insight to SGs formed under different stress conditions. Author summary: Stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) are cytoplasmic RNA granules containing multiple proteins with functions in translation initiation and mRNA degradation. mRNA and proteins can move between SGs, PBs and translating polysomes, likely regulating gene expression under different cellular conditions. However, little is known about the cellular factors regulating the dynamic behaviour of these RNA granules. In the unicellular Trypanosome parasites, SGs are formed under starvation stress and during differentiation. In this study, we found that in starved T. brucei, the composition and the dynamics of the SGs are distinct, depending on the supply of extracellular carbon sources and subsequent cellular energy (ATP) levels. Using expansion microscopy and super-resolution microscopy, functionally-distinct protein components are found in different sub-granular compartments within the SGs. Our findings emphasized the dynamic changes in SG composition, organization, and potential functions, which are affected by cellular ATP levels that can fluctuate under various stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the potential antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of an ethanolic extract derived from Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wild flowers in an alloxan-induced diabetic rat model. Thirty healthy young adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Normal control, Diabetic control, Glibenclamide (standard drug), Saraca asoca flower extract (SAFE) at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. Diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate, and blood glucose levels were monitored on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. Lipid profiles, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol were also assessed. The results demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels with administration of Saraca asoca flower extract. Both doses (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) showed significant antihyperglycemic activity compared to the diabetic control group. Additionally, treatment with the extract led to favorable changes in lipid profiles, including decreased levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol levels. These findings highlight the potential of Saraca asoca flower extract as a natural intervention for managing diabetes and improving lipid metabolism. The observed pharmacological effects may be attributed to bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins present in the extract. Further exploration of underlying mechanisms and long-term safety and efficacy assessments are necessary to validate its clinical applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Extreme weather events are on the rise around the globe. Nevertheless, it is unclear how these extreme weather events have impacted the supply chain sustainability (SCS) framework. To this end, this paper aims to identify and analyze the aspects and criteria to enable manufacturing firms to navigate shifts toward SCS under extreme weather events. Design/methodology/approach: The Best-Worst Method is deployed and extended with the entropy concept to obtain the degree of significance of the identified framework of aspects and criteria for SCS in the context of extreme weather events through the lens of managers in the manufacturing firms of a developing country-Nigeria. Findings: The results show that extreme weather preparedness and economic aspects take center stage and are most critical for overcoming the risk of unsustainable patterns within manufacturing supply chains under extreme weather events in developing country. Originality/value: This study advances the body of knowledge by identifying how extreme weather events have become a significant moderator of the SCS framework in manufacturing firms. This research will assist decision-makers in the manufacturing sector to position viable niche regimes to achieve SCS in the context of extreme weather events for expected performance gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by recent efforts to develop quantum computing for practical, industrial-scale challenges, we demonstrate the effectiveness of state-of-the-art hybrid (not necessarily quantum) solvers in addressing the business-centric optimization problem of scheduling Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs). Some solvers can already leverage noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. In our study, we utilize D-Wave hybrid solvers that implement classical heuristics with potential assistance from a quantum processing unit. This hybrid methodology performs comparably to existing classical solvers. However, due to the proprietary nature of the software, the precise contribution of quantum computation remains unclear. Our analysis focuses on a practical, business-oriented scenario: scheduling AGVs within a factory constrained by limited space, simulating a realistic production setting. Our approach maps a realistic AGVs problem onto one reminiscent of railway scheduling and demonstrates that the AGVs problem is better suited to quantum computing than its railway counterpart, the latter being denser in terms of the average number of constraints per variable. The main idea here is to highlight the potential usefulness of a hybrid approach for handling AGVs scheduling problems of practical sizes. We show that a scenario involving up to 21 AGVs, significant due to possible deadlocks, can be efficiently addressed by a hybrid solver in seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progressive degeneration of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is accompanied by the formation of a broad array of cytoplasmic and nuclear neuronal inclusions (protein aggregates) largely containing RNA-binding proteins such as TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) or fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS). This process is driven by a liquid-to-solid phase separation generally from proteins in membrane-less organelles giving rise to pathological biomolecular condensates. The formation of these protein aggregates suggests a fundamental alteration in the mRNA expression or the levels of the proteins involved. Considering the role of the epigenome in gene expression, alterations in DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, non-coding RNAs, and RNA modifications become highly relevant to understanding how this pathological process takes effect. In this review, we explore the evidence that links epigenetic mechanisms with the formation of protein aggregates in ALS. We propose that a greater understanding of the role of the epigenome and how this inter-relates with the formation of pathological LLPS in ALS will provide an attractive therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pnictogens, classified within group 15 elements, play a pivotal role in the constitution of a diverse array of drug molecules, natural products, and functional materials. Recent research has increasingly prioritized the exploration of mild conditions for synthesizing C–Pnictogen (C–N and C–P) bonds, highlighting a growing emphasis on efficient and sustainable synthetic methodologies. This Short Review explores fundamental mechanisms, addresses constraints, and assesses diverse methodologies, underscoring the potential of photocatalyst- and transition-metal-free photochemical reactions in advancing sustainability. Divided into two segments, it encompasses recent advancements in reactions facilitating C–N and C–P bond formation. 1 Introduction 2 Carbon–Nitrogen (C–N) Bond Formation 3 Carbon–Phosphorus (C–P) Bond Formation 4 Summary and Outlook [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic membraneless compartments that can form in stressed cells. There is an intricate relationship between SGs and innate immune signaling pathways. A previous study reported that the innate immune signaling mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can inhibit SGs induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and the chemotherapy drug oxaliplatin in B16 melanoma cells. We wanted to test if this observation can be generalized to other cell types. First, we recapitulated the results from the previous study showing TLR signaling-mediated inhibition of SGs in BMDMs induced by ER stress. However, SGs formed in response to ER stress were either not inhibited or only very weakly inhibited by TLR4 stimulation in human lung cancer-derived A549 cells, murine immortalized mouse lung fibroblasts (iMLFs) and primary murine mouse lung fibroblasts. This correlated with a weak induction of IKK complex kinase activity by TLR4 stimulation in these cells. SGs formed by sodium arsenite treatment also remained unaffected by TLR4 signaling. Our results indicate that the innate immune signaling-mediated inhibition of SGs is cell-type-dependent, thus opening a new avenue for mechanistic studies of the crosstalk between innate immune and stress signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated availability of teaching facilities and utilization of instructional procedures for implementation of Chemistry core curriculum (CCC) in senior secondary schools (SSS) in Ebonyi State. Specifically, it determined level of availability of stipulated facilities and extent of utilization of instructional procedures by teachers for implementation of CCC in SSS in Ebonyi State. Design of the study was descriptive survey. Population was made up of all 216 senior secondary schools in Ebonyi State. Proportionate random sampling was used to draw a sample of 120 schools. Chemistry teachers and laboratory attendants participated in the study. Instruments for data collection were checklist and questionnaire. Results show that good examination halls, chalk board and classrooms were 100% very highly available, standard Chemistry laboratory(16%), projector(16%), chemicals and reagents(14%), water and electricity(33% each) were lowly available. Utilization of lecture and laboratory instructional procedures (IP) was of a very high extent with a mean of 3.78 and 3.70 respectively, activity based IP 2.98 and project IP has a mean of 2.73. Analogy and programmed IPs were very lowly utilized with a mean of 1.20 and 1.08 respectively. The study recommended among others, that government should make available teaching and learning facilities as stipulated in CCC to secondary schools for better achievement and implementation of the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on evaluating the readability and understanding levels of Biology textbooks frequently utilized in upper secondary schools across Kwara, Nigeria. The population consisted of all biology textbooks used by senior secondary school students and all students who study biology in Kwara State, Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was utilized to select a sample of 3 textbooks from those recommended by the Kwara State Ministry of Education and Human Capital Development. Additionally, a total of 252 students (84 from senior secondary school one, 84 from senior secondary school two, and 84 from senior secondary school three) were selected using stratified sampling. Two instruments were employed: the Biology Textbook Readability Test (BTRT), an online readability calculator, and the Cloze Test of Readability for Biology Textbooks. The findings revealed that most of the textbooks were difficult and above the grade level for which they were designed. Furthermore, the textbooks were found to be confusing for the designated users. Based on these findings, it is recommended that biology textbooks be structured in a manner that aligns with the characteristics of the designated users. This entails writing textbooks with simpler words, reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alternative splicing of pre‐mRNA is a fundamental regulatory process in multicellular eukaryotes, significantly contributing to the diversification of the human proteome. RNA‐binding fox‐1 homologue 2 (RBFOX2), a member of the evolutionarily conserved RBFOX family, has emerged as a critical splicing regulator, playing a pivotal role in the alternative splicing of pre‐mRNA. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of RBFOX2, elucidating its splicing activity through direct and indirect binding mechanisms. RBFOX2 exerts substantial influence over the alternative splicing of numerous transcripts, thereby shaping essential cellular processes such as differentiation and development. Dysregulation of RBFOX2‐mediated alternative splicing has been closely linked to a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases and malignant tumours, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target. Despite significant progress, current research faces notable challenges. The complete structural characterisation of RBFOX2 remains elusive, limiting in‐depth exploration beyond its RNA‐recognition motif. Furthermore, the scarcity of studies focusing on RBFOX2‐targeting drugs poses a hindrance to translating research findings into clinical applications. Conclusion: This review critically assesses the existing body of knowledge on RBFOX2, highlighting research gaps and limitations. By delineating these areas, this analysis not only serves as a foundational reference for future studies but also provides strategic insights for bridging these gaps. Addressing these challenges will be instrumental in unlocking the full therapeutic potential of RBFOX2, paving the way for innovative and effective treatments in various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling global protein synthesis through the assembly of stress granules represents a strategy adopted by eukaryotic cells to face various stress conditions. TIA 1-related nucleolysin (TIAR), tristetraprolin (TTP), and Ras- GTPase-activating protein SH3-domain-binding protein (G3BP) are key components of stress granules, allowing the regulation of mRNA stability, and thus controlling not only stress responses but also cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we aimed at investigating the roles of tiar, ttp, and g3bp during embryogenesis of the solitary ascidian Ciona robusta under both physiological and stress conditions. We carried out CRISPR/Cas9 to evaluate the effects of gene knockout on normal embryonic development, and gene reporter assay to study the time and tissue specificity of gene transcription, together with whole-mount in situ hybridization and quantitative real time PCR. To induce acute stress conditions, we used iron and cadmium as "essential" and "non-essential" metals, respectively. Our results highlight, for the first time, the importance of tiar, ttp, and g3bp in controlling the development of mesendodermal tissue derivatives during embryogenesis of an invertebrate chordate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem (MRCPSP) is an NP-hard optimisation problem involving scheduling tasks under resource and precedence constraints, while there are several modes for executing each task. In this paper, we propose a novel matheuristic based on relax-and-solve (R &S) algorithm to solve MRCPSP. In addition, a mathematical programming model, which is the generalisation of the multi-dimensional knapsack problem is developed. That model conducts the mode selection process for the purpose of generating an initial feasible solution. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm by solving benchmark instances that are widely used in the literature. The results demonstrate that the proposed R &S algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for solving the MRCPSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial competency consists of specific skills, knowledge and abilities require by entrepreneur to start and manage an enterprise successfully. It consists of both the technical and management components. The skills and knowledge constitute the technical or the hardware component of entrepreneurial competency while management component could be described as the software aspect of entrepreneurial competency needed by the entrepreneur to function well in hardware functions. To ensure entrepreneurial success, entrepreneur must acquire the needed competencies which could be through training, education or hands-on experience. The purpose of this paper is carry out conceptual and empirical review on entrepreneurial competency and entrepreneurial success to provide a deeper understanding of the concepts and provide research direction to researchers most especially at this time of global inflation when small and medium businesses are finding it difficult to survive. Therefore, the paper provides a detailed review of the concepts of entrepreneurial competency and entrepreneurial success. Also, empirical review on the effect of entrepreneurial competency on entrepreneurial success and four measures of success namely profitability, sales growth, customer satisfaction and competitiveness are presented in this paper. The paper recommends that researchers should focus more attention on studying various dimensions of entrepreneurial competency to examine their effects on both financial and non financial measures of entrepreneurial success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy stress, characterized by the reduction of intracellular ATP, has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. Here, we show that energy stress promotes the formation of P-bodies in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. Upon ATP depletion, the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM23 catalyzes lysine-63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination of HCLS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX1). HAX1 ubiquitination triggers its liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS) and contributes to P-bodies assembly induced by energy stress. Ubiquitinated HAX1 also interacts with the essential P-body proteins, DDX6 and LSM14A, promoting their condensation. Moreover, we find that this TRIM23/HAX1 pathway is critical for the inhibition of global protein synthesis under energy stress conditions. Furthermore, high HAX1 ubiquitination, and increased cytoplasmic localization of TRIM23 along with elevated HAX1 levels, promotes colorectal cancer (CRC)-cell proliferation and correlates with poor prognosis in CRC patients. Our data not only elucidate a ubiquitination-dependent LLPS mechanism in RNP granules induced by energy stress but also propose a promising target for CRC therapy. Synopsis: Global translation inhibition is a hallmark of the cellular response to energy stress, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. This study shows that energy stress promotes P-body formation in a TRIM23/HAX1-dependent manner to restrain protein synthesis. Energy stress enhances P-body formation through ubiquitination mediated by TRIM23. TRIM23 regulates HAX1 ubiquitination to support the LLPS of HAX1 and the condensation of LSM14A and DDX6. TRIM23/HAX1 is essential for the inhibition of global protein synthesis under energy stress conditions. The TRIM23/HAX1 pathway is critical for the tumorigenicity of colorectal cancer. Ubiquitination of HAX1 promotes the formation of P-bodies and is required for global translation downregulation during energy stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching has gone beyond mere memorizing of rules and the use of talk and chalk method of teaching. Learning is no longer tied to the four-walls of the classroom hence teachers should adapt to the new digital way of learning. This paper investigated pre-service teachers' perceptions, preparedness and competence in using virtual meeting solutions (Zoom and Google Meet) in non-physical classroom practicum. Three hundred and fifty two preservice teachers selected from the Faculty of Education of a Nigerian University participated in the descriptive research study. A validated close-ended questionnaire and self-rated rating scale were used to gather data from the respondents. The study found out that: i) the respondents perceived the use of Zoom and Google Meet for e-practicum as solutions for teaching and learning in the 21st century; ii) most of the respondents were not adequately prepared for the integration of Zoom and Google Meet into e-teaching practicum; iii) respondents were not pedagogically competent to use Zoom and Google Meet for teaching practicum. This study showed some lapses in TPs' personal development in basic computational skills and teacher digital education programmes. The study suggested solutions that would be useful for concerned stakeholders in digital education industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional supplements are gaining traction for their effects in mitigating the impacts of various health conditions. In particular, many supplements are being proposed to reduce the impacts of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a metabolic condition that has reached global epidemic proportions. Recently, a supplement of oleic acid (OA) and succinic acid (SA; 1 : 1, w/w) was reported to improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic (T2D) Sprague–Dawley (S‐D) rats through ameliorating insulin release and sensitivity. Here, we investigate the effects of the supplement (OA and SA) on hepatic and pancreatic function in T2D S‐D rats. Eighteen (18) S‐D rats were rendered diabetic and were divided into three equal groups: diabetic control, diabetic treatment, and diabetic glibenclamide. Another 12 S‐D rats were obtained and served as the normal groups. The animals were treated daily with the vehicle, OA and SA (800 mg/kg body weight (bw); 1 : 1), or glibenclamide (10 mg/kg bw) which served as the positive control. The findings indicated that treatment with the supplement resulted in a 35.69 ± 4.22% reduction (p = 0.006) in blood glucose levels (BGL). Analysis of hepatic enzymes depicted that the nutritional supplement reduced the activity of the gluconeogenesis enzyme, glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6P) while improved the activity of catabolic enzymes such as glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and pyruvate kinase (PK). Furthermore, the supplement attenuated oxidative stress through restoration of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Finally, the supplement showed no liver or kidney toxicity and improved the size and number of pancreatic islets of Langerhans, indicating its potential application in treating T2D. The study highlighted that a supplement of the two organic acids may be beneficial in reducing the rate of pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it may offer therapeutic value as a dietary or nutritional supplement in the approach against diabetes and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The intersection of work-family dynamics and job contentment has become a pivotal area of investigation within the higher education landscape, drawing scholarly attention, especially in the Chinese context. This study delves into the intricate relationship between work-family culture and job satisfaction, with a particular spotlight on the mediating influence of perceptions of organizational fairness. The impetus behind this emphasis lies in the burgeoning acknowledgment of organizational justice as a pivotal force shaping employee attitudes and conduct within academic establishments. Method: This research was conducted using two distinct groups. The first group consisted of 1,075 faculty members at Chinese universities, while the second group comprised 972 administrative and technical employees at these institutions. Results: The mediational analyses provided in this study offer an enhanced comprehension of the intricate relationships under discussion. Significantly, the findings reveal that Work-Family Culture plays a crucial predictive role in influencing perceptions of Organizational Justice among both faculty and administrative staff. More importantly, the study uncovers that Work-Family Culture indirectly affects Job Satisfaction through its impact on Organizational Justice. Discussion: This insight underscores the importance of harmonious work-family interactions as a determinant of job-related attitudes and satisfaction levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic protein-RNA condensates that assemble in response to various insults. SG production is driven by signaling pathways that are relevant to human disease. Compounds that modulate SG characteristics are therefore of clinical interest. Pifithrin-µ is a candidate anti-tumor agent that inhibits members of the hsp70 chaperone family. While hsp70s are required for granulostasis, the impact of pifithrin-µ on SG formation is unknown. (2) Methods: Using HeLa cells as model system, cell-based assays evaluated the effects of pifithrin-µ on cell viability. Quantitative Western blotting assessed cell signaling events and SG proteins. Confocal microscopy combined with quantitative image analyses examined multiple SG parameters. (3) Results: Pifithrin-µ induced bona fide SGs in the absence of exogenous stress. These SGs were dynamic; their properties were determined by the duration of pifithrin-µ treatment. The phosphorylation of eIF2α was mandatory to generate SGs upon pifithrin-µ exposure. Moreover, the formation of pifithrin-µ SGs was accompanied by profound changes in cell signaling. Pifithrin-µ reduced the activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase, whereas the pro-survival protein kinase Akt was activated. Long-term pifithrin-µ treatment caused a marked loss of cell viability. (4) Conclusions: Our study identified stress-related changes in cellular homeostasis that are elicited by pifithrin-µ. These insights are important knowledge for the appropriate therapeutic use of pifithrin-µ and related compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Container transportation is pivotal in global supply chains, facilitating the exchange of goods between companies across different countries. Given the exceedingly high operational costs of transporting containers, optimizing itinerary schedules can yield significant benefits for logistics companies. In this paper, we delve into a real-world container transportation routing issue where trucks are scheduled to haul trailers, subsequently transporting containers amongst container depots, ports, and warehouses. Our research bridges the existing gap between academic literature and industrial practice by examining the versatile role of trailers. We specifically focus on factors like trailer capacity restrictions and the ability to detach. To encapsulate these intricacies, we introduce a mixed-integer linear programming model, incorporating new variables, invariants, and constraints pertinent to these requirements. We follow this with the proposition of an Approximate Adapted Large Neighborhood Search algorithm (A-ALNS) aimed at solving the model. Within this algorithm, six innovative operators and elimination strategies have been integrated to amplify the efficiency of solution searches and sidestep local optima. Moreover, we've established an adaptive scoring mechanism to expedite operator selection and deliver feasible solutions within constrained timeframes. Our empirical tests on 25 data sets underscore the efficacy of our algorithms; they serve between 90.9% to 100% of total requests across all instances. Impressively, our proposed framework can attain feasible solutions within an hour - a task that often spanned days with preceding methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]