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Abstract Background Understanding the relationship of social network use and addictive behaviors with adolescent psychosocial health is crucial in today’s digital age. Aim To verify the associations between social network use, messaging applications, and the addictive behaviors to social network with psychosocial health in Spanish adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study was developed with 632 adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years from the Region of Murcia, Spain. The assessment of social network use (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok) involved evaluating the frequency of use of each social network individually using a single-item scale with five response options. WhatsApp use (i.e., a messaging application) was evaluated in the same manner. The Short Social Networks Addiction Scale-6 Symptoms was employed to assess potential addictive behaviors to social network use. The psychosocial health was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Generalized linear regression models were conducted, and predictive probabilities of having psychosocial health problems were calculated. Results The predicted probability of presenting psychosocial health problems in the medium users and high users of social networks was 19.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.0 to 27.7), and 16.2% (95% CI 10.2 to 24.6) higher compared to low users, respectively. High usage of Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, and Facebook was associated with increased probabilities of psychosocial health problems, with Facebook showing the highest probabilities, at 31.3% (95% CI 14.8 to 54.2) for medium users and 51.9% (95% CI 26.5 to 76.3) for high users. Additionally, adolescents with addictive behaviors to social network use had from 19.0 to 25.2% probabilities of experiencing psychosocial health problems. Finally, the highest probabilities of having psychosocial health problems were identified in adolescents with high addictive behaviors when using social networks (28.9%; 95% CI 19.3 to 40.8%) and the lowest in those with low addictive behaviors (6.8%; 95% CI 3.3 to 13.6%). Conclusion Adolescents who use social networks more frequently and exhibit more addictive behaviors related to their use are more likely to experience psychosocial health problems compared to those who do not. Facebook showed the strongest association, followed by Snapchat, Instagram, and TikTok. Our data also revealed that adolescents exhibit various signs of addictive behaviors to social network use.

Abstract Background The promotion of daily breakfast consumption and the importance of making appropriate breakfast choices have been underscored as significant public health messages. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between breakfast frequency and life satisfaction in large and representative samples of school-going children and adolescents aged 10–17 years from 42 different countries. Methods This study used information from the 2017/2018 Health Behavior in School-aged Children study, comprising nationally representative samples of children and adolescents aged 10–17 years who were attending school. The total number of participants from the 42 countries included in the study was 155,451 (51.3% girls). The evaluation of breakfast consumption in this study involved a specific question: “How often do you typically have breakfast (more than a glass of milk or fruit juice)?”. To measure life satisfaction, a subjective assessment scale was used in the form of a ladder, visually spanning from 0 to 10. On this scale, the topmost point (10) denotes the highest conceivable quality of life, whereas the bottom point (0) represents the worst imaginable quality of life. Results After adjusting for several covariates, the lowest estimated marginal mean of life satisfaction was identified in those participants who skipped breakfast (mean [M] = 5.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.5 to 5.8). Conversely, the highest estimated marginal mean of life satisfaction was observed in those who had breakfast every day (M = 6.5, 95% CI 6.3 to 6.6). Overall, a nearly linear relationship between higher frequency of breakfast and greater life satisfaction in children and adolescents was identified (p-for-trend

Abstract Aim To verify the association between ideal sleep time and physical literacy components while also considering multiple mediators, such as quality of life and obesity, using a sample of adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of 470 adolescents aged 11–17 years from southern Brazil. Sleep time, health-related quality of life, and physical literacy components (i.e., physical education enjoyment, sports participation, sedentary behavior, moderate to vigorous physical activity, sex, and age) were evaluated through self-reported questionnaires. In addition, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were determined. The theoretical/statistical support of the structural equation model was evaluated according to fit parameters and strength of association. Results A direct association was observed between more sleep time and lower levels of obesity. The obesity indicators also had a negative association with HqOL, and HqOL had a positive association with physical literacy. The indirect associations indicated that the ideal sleep time was positively associated with HqOL and physical literacy components, considering the negative mediation effect of obesity. The model explains physical literacy in 31% of the variance (R = 0.31). Conclusion There was an indirect association between ideal sleep duration and quality of life and between both variables with physical literacy. These relationships occur even considering the negative influence of obesity. Therefore, a child who sleeps adequately has a higher likelihood of being physically active, regardless of obesity, potentially enhancing overall quality of life across various domains.

Abstract Background Physical education classes are widely accepted as one of the most effective settings for promoting physical activity and health and have often been used to implement physical activity interventions. The aim of this pilot study was to test a physical education intervention program on physical activity levels and physical fitness in a sample of school-age children. Methods Participants were a convenience sample of 50 children (34 experimental group and 16 in the comparative group) aged between 6 and 11 years old (Mean = 8.28 years). A 21-week intervention was implemented, consisting of high-intensity and physical fitness-focused exercises, in addition to a once-a-month extra class nutritional education. The following variables were evaluated before and post-intervention: physical fitness, sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA), moderate physical activity (MVA), and vigorous physical activity (VPA). Propensity score analyses calculated the average treatment effect on the treated (ATET) within a quasi-experimental framework. Results Physical fitness variables showed improvements after the intervention, specifically for agility (ATET = -0.67 s; p

Introdução: A adesão às recomendações de atividade física moderada a vigorosa (AFMV), o tempo de tela e a duração do sono têm sido associados a menores indicadores de adiposidade em crianças e adolescentes. Além disso, apesar das evidências sobre a relação entre sono, atividade física e comportamento sedentário como fatores importantes associados à promoção da saúde na infância, poucos estudos com o objetivo de identificar o comportamento de movimento em 24 horas como indicador de risco para a saúde cardiometabólica estão disponíveis em crianças. Objetivo: Descrever a proporção de crianças que atendem às recomendações das Diretrizes de Movimento das 24 horas (DM24h) e verificar associações com indicadores de sobrepeso/obesidade. Materiais e Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 129 crianças. A AFMV foi avaliada por acelerômetros, tempo de tela e de sono foram calculados por meio de relatos parentais. Foram utilizados o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e Circunferência da Cintura (CC) como indicadores de sobrepeso/obesidade. O cumprimento da DM24h compreendeu ≥60min/dia de AFMV, ≤2h/dia de tempo de tela e 9-11h de sono por noite. As associações entre as DM24h e indicadores de sobrepeso/obesidade foram analisadas por meio de Modelos Lineares Generalizados ajustados para idade, sexo e nível socioeconômico. Resultados: Um total de 3,1% de todos os alunos atendeu às três recomendações sugeridas. Isoladamente, o não cumprimento das recomendações de AFMV e tempo de tela foram associados ao maior aumento dos valores médios de IMC e CC. Conclusão: O não cumprimento das recomendações das DM24h está associado ao sobrepeso e a obesidade.

To verify the role of the combination of fitness and fatness in the relationship between physical activity (PA) and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study performed with 2786 children and adolescents (6 to 17 years). Fitness was determined by the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) six-minute walking and running test. Waist circumference (WC) was considered a fatness indicator. A self-reported questionnaire was used to determine PA practice, whereas the clustered cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) wascalculated by summing z-scores of triglycerides, totalcholesterol/HDL-C ratio,systolic blood pressure, glucose, and WC. Considering the combination of CRF (fitness) and WC (fatness), the following phenotypes were created: Fit/Unfat, Fit/Fat, Unfit/Unfat and Unfit/Fat. Moderation analyses were tested using linear regression models. Significant interactions were found between PA and Unfit/Fat category (β = -0.001; p = 0.001) only for adolescents. The interaction observed in the Unfit/Fat phenotype indicated that adolescents who practise PA for 330 minutes per week presented lower cMetS compared to those who do not practise or practise for 60 minutes respectively. The combination of fitness and fatness moderates the relationship between PA and cardiometabolic risk, suggesting that adolescents, particularly those who are less fit and present high adiposity, should be encouraged to engage in regular PA to improve their metabolic health.

Background: Evidence supports the beneficial linear influence of diverse lifestyle behaviors on brain health since childhood; however, multiple behaviors -and not only one-simultaneously affect such outcomes. Therefore, the aim was to explore the multivariate relationship through a network analysis among mental difficulty and cognitive function with physical fitness (PF), 24-h movement components, fatness, and sociodemographic factors in children. Methods: Cross-sectional study involved 226 children (52.2 % boys) aged between six and 11 years. Mental difficulties were evaluated through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and cognitive function by the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test. The body mass index and PF were assessed according to the procedures suggested by the Proesp-Br, while moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) using accelerometry. The socioeconomic level, sleep, and screen time were evaluated by questionnaires. A network analysis was carried out to evaluate the associations among variables and establish centrality measures. Results: Age and PF moderated the negative relationship between cognitive function and MVPA. Furthermore, the direct and inverse relationship between cognitive function and mental difficulties appears to be affected by the 24-h movement components. Finally, age, PF, and screen time are the nodes with higher values of expected influence, indicating more sensitivity to interventions for decreasing mental difficulty and improving cognitive function. Conclusion: Mental health and cognitive function were moderated by the multivariate interaction among age, PF, and the three 24-h movement components. Nonetheless, centrality measures from the network analysis suggest that PF, MVPA, and screen time are crucial nodes in order to implement future interventions.

Abstract Introduction High levels of physical fitness established during childhood and adolescence have been associated with positive effects on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), which persist into adulthood. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle, overweight, and obesity during this period are considered public health problems. These conditions tend to worsen in adulthood, increasing the incidence of chronic diseases, deteriorating CMRF, and consequently leading to higher comorbidity and mortality rates. Objective To investigate the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body mass index (BMI) on CMRF in children and adolescents. Methods The sample consisted of 49 schoolchildren of both sexes aged 10–17 years. Anthropometric assessments, CRF test, muscle strength test, and blood pressure (BP) measurement were conducted. Participants were allocated into groups based on BMI (eutrophic, overweight, obese), and CRF levels (low-fit, normal-fit, and high-fit). Results Obese individuals had lower CRF values compared to the eutrophic and overweight groups. The cardiometabolic risk profile (CMRP) was significantly higher in the obese group compared to the eutrophic group but showed no significant difference compared to the overweight group. The hight-fit group had lower CMRP values compared to the low-fit group. Conclusions Higher BMI and CRF values had negative and positive effects on CMRF and CMRP in schoolchildren, respectively. Overweight or obese schoolchildren with low levels of CRF constitute an unfavourable cardiometabolic risk profile.

Abstract No study has examined the potential moderating role of recreational substance use in the relationship between the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and academic performance. The aim of this study was to test the potential moderating role of recreational substance use (i.e., alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis) in the association of adherence to the MedDiet with academic performance among adolescents. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 757 adolescents (55.6% girls) aged 12–17 years from the Valle de Ricote (Region of Murcia). The Region of Murcia is an autonomous community of Spain located in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Adherence to the MedDiet was assessed by the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Teenagers (KIDMED). Recreational substance use (i.e., tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) was self-reported by adolescents. Academic performance was assessed by the school records at the end of the academic year. The relationship between adherence to the MedDiet and academic performance was moderated by both tobacco and alcohol use (for grade point average and all school records). In conclusion, higher adherence to the MedDiet was related to greater academic performance in adolescents, but recreational substance use could moderate this association.

Background: Little is known about the association between active commuting (i.e., walking or cycling to school) with lifestyle parameters and mental health in youths. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between mental health problems and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress with lifestyle (i.e., food habits, screen time, physical activity, and sleep quality), active commuting, and gender. Methods: A total of 511 children and adolescents (boys, n = 249; girls, n = 262) aged 10 to 17 years participated in the study. Lifestyle parameters and mental health were evaluated using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: Girls reported higher levels of anxiety (p = 0.001), depression (p = 0.001), and stress (p = 0.001). Mental health problems showed a positive association with gender (girls, β = 3.06, p < 0.001) and a negative association with food habits (β = −0.65, p = 0.019). Anxiety was positively associated with gender (β = 7.88, p < 0.001) and negatively associated with food habits (β = −0.23, p = 0.019). Gender (girls) and food habits were also associated with symptoms of depression (β = 2.29, p < 0.001 and β = −0.27, p = 0.005, respectively). Finally, active commuting was inversely associated with stress (β = −1.24, p = 0.008), and stress was positively linked to gender (β = 2.53, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Active commuting, lifestyle parameters, and gender were associated with mental health in children and adolescents. Moreover, girls reported higher levels of anxiety, symptoms of depression, and stress.

Abstract Background Considering the evident risk in the literature between the use of screen devices and sleep, there are still few studies on the relationship between each electronic screen device, media programs and sleep duration and sleep-related problems among adolescents and which variables interfere in these relationships. Therefore, this study has the following objectives: (1) to determine which are the most common electronic display devices related to sleep time and outcomes and (2) to determine which are the most common social network applications, such as Instagram and WhatsApp, associated with sleep outcomes. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with 1101 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. Age, sex, sleep, psychosocial health, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), sport practice, and time spent on screen devices were assessed by an ad hoc questionnaire. Linear regression analyses were applied, adjusting for several covariables. Poisson regression was applied between the sexes. A p value

Background/Objective: Despite some advances, there are many controversies concerning brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its relationships with variables related to physical fitness and sedentary time, especially in children. The aim of the study was to explore the moderating role of sedentary time on the association between physical fitness and BDNF. Therefore, this study will add to the perspective of understanding how much time children may spend being sedentary with no deleterious influence on the positive association between physical fitness and BDNF. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 44 children aged between 6 and 11 years (9.02 ± 1.43) from a public school in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was determined by the 6-min walk/run test, and muscular strength was determined through the lower limb strength test (LLS). Sedentary time was assessed through accelerometers, and blood samples were collected to determine serum BDNF levels (z score). Moderation analysis was performed using the PROCESS macro adjusted for sex, age, somatic maturation, waist circumference, and socioeconomic level. Results: Sedentary time moderates the relationship between CRF and BDNF, such that children should spend less than 511 minutes per day sedentary to achieve the benefits of CRF in BDNF concentrations. Conclusion: Sedentary time plays a significant moderating role in the relationship between CRF and BDNF. Therefore, to promote brain health in children, both increasing physical fitness and reducing sedentary time might be encouraged.

Abstract Background The prevalence of several cardiovascular metabolic disorders are increasingly cause for concern in adolescents worldwide. Given the complex interrelations between metabolic risk (MR) and sociodemographic variables, the present study aims to examine the association between the presence of MR with sociodemographic characteristics (sex, skin color, residential area, and parental socioeconomic status) in adolescents from Southern Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted with 1,152 adolescents (507 males) aged between 12 and 17 years. MR was assessed using a continuous score (cMetS; sum of Z-scores of the following variables: waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C, inverse], triglycerides [TG], and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness [CRF, inverse]). Poisson regression was used to examine associations between sociodemographic variables with the dichotomized cMetS and separate metabolic variables. The results were expressed with prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The presence of MR (evaluated by the cMetS) was observed in 8.7% of adolescents. Higher MR was less prevalent among non-white adolescents (PR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93; 0.99). Adolescents living in rural areas had a lower prevalence of the following metabolic variables; low HDL-C (PR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94; 0.97), elevated TG (PR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92; 0.99), elevated glucose (PR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95; 0.98), and low CRF levels (PR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.85; 0.92). Whereas, SBP was higher in those living in rural areas (PR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.05; 1.17). In girls, there was a higher prevalence of raised TG (PR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02; 1.10) and lower levels of CRF (PR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.16; 1.24), but a lower prevalence of elevated glucose (PR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.97; 0.99). Conclusion Higher MR prevalence was lower in those self-reporting non-white skin color and selected MR factors were less prevalent in those living in rural areas. The identification of groups at higher MR is important for early prevention and monitoring strategies for both Type 2 diabetes and later cardiovascular disease. Future studies should be conducted to assess the socio-cultural aspects of the relationships between MR and socio-cultural and lifestyle variables.

Abstract Background A better understanding of how cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and adiposity interact to associate with arterial blood pressure over time remains inconclusive. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine whether changes in CRF moderates the association between body fat percentage (BF%) and arterial blood pressure in children and adolescents. Methods This is an observational longitudinal study with 407 children and adolescents aged 8–17 years followed-up for three years from a city in Southern Brazil. Participants were evaluated in 2011 and 2014. CRF was measured by validated field-based tests following the Projeto Esporte Brazil protocols and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was estimated. BF% was determined by the measures of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds using equations according to sex. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured with a sphygmomanometer according to standard procedures. Moderation analyses included multiple linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, pubertal status, height, socioeconomic level, skin color, and the arterial blood pressure variable itself at baseline. Results It was observed a significant inverse association between VO2peak at baseline with SBP (β = − 0.646 CI95% = − 0.976 − 0.316) and DBP (β = − 0.649 CI95% = − 0.923 − 0.375) at follow-up and a positive association between BF% at baseline with SBP (β = 0.274; CI95% = 0.094 0.455) and DBP (β = 0.301; CI95% = 0.150 0.453) at follow-up. In addition, results indicated a significant interaction term between changes in VO2peak and BF% at baseline with both SBP (p = 0.034) and DBP at follow-up (p = 0.011), indicating that an increase of at least 0.35 mL/kg/min and 1.78 mL/kg/min in VO2peak attenuated the positive relationship between BF% with SBP and DBP. Conclusion CRF moderates the relationship between BF% and SBP and DBP in children and adolescents.

Abstract Background Genetic factors along with inadequate lifestyle habits are associated with the development of cardiometabolic alterations. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the role of sedentary behavior on the relationship between rs9939609 polymorphism (fat mass and obesity-associated gene-FTO) and cardiometabolic risk score according to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels in children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study with 1215 children and adolescents (692 girls), aged between 6 and 17 years. Screen time as a marker of sedentary behavior was evaluated through a self-reported questionnaire and CRF was estimated using the 6-min walking and running test. The genotyping of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was performed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clustered cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) was calculated by summing z-scores of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, glucose, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference, and dividing it by five. Moderation analyses were tested using multiple linear regression models. Results The coefficient of the interaction term of FTO (rs9939609) and screen time indicated that screen time was a significant moderator on the relationship between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and cMetS (p = 0.047) in children and adolescents classified with low CRF (β = 0.001; 95% CI = 0.001; 0.002). It was observed a significant association between genotype risk (AA) of FTO polymorphism and cMetS, in participants that spent more than 378 min a day in front of screen-based devices (β = 0.203; 95% CI = 0.000; 0.405). No interaction term was found for those with high CRF. Conclusions High sedentary behavior seems to influence the relationship between genetic predisposition to obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with low CRF.

Background: This study aimed to describe adolescents’ positive and negative perceptions and reasons for enjoyment in physical education (PE) in four schools, and to identify adolescents’ opinions about possible improvements in PE classes. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, with a qualitative approach. The sample was composed of 240 girls and 230 boys, aged between 11 and 17 years according to exhaustion criteria, which is a requirement for the analyses of content. Perceptions and reasons for enjoyment in PE were evaluated according to three open questions. Analysis of content was applied. Results: There were different positive perceptions between schools related to sports enjoyment. Negative perceptions were mainly related to the teacher–student relationship, not having PE, and teachers’ work methodologies. Suggestions were focused on diversifying specific physical activities, exercises, and sports. Conclusions: Adolescents enjoy PE due to fun, learning, liking physical activity practice, exercise, and sports. Negative perceptions were related to the difficulty with the teacher and not having PE classes. Adolescents suggest that they would like to have a wide variety of types of physical activity, physical exercise, and sport modalities.

Objective: To verify if there is an association between sleep quality and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) score of children and the role of nutritional status and physical activity (PA) levels in this relationship. Material and Methods: ross- sectional study, with 83 schoolchildren, aged 6 and 11 years, from Porto Alegre, Brazil. PA was assessed with accelerometer and nutritional status through body mass index. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin were collected to calculate CMRF score. Parents’ perception of their children’s sleep was evaluated through a question. Generalized linear models were used. Results: Poor sleep quality was positively associated with CMRF (ß=0.48; CI 95%=0.23;0.73) in relation to those with good sleep quality. A positive association was found in overweight children with poor sleep quality (ß=0.52; CI 95%=0.17;0.86), as well as in inactive children with poor sleep quality (ß=0.58; CI 95%=0.14;1.02) with CMRF. Conclusion: Poor sleep quality integrated with overweight and physical inactivity influences on CMRF of children.

RESUMO Este estudo quase-experimental avaliou os efeitos de dois programas de exercício físico, ofertado no contexto das aulas de Educação Física escolar, sobre indicadores de aptidão física. A amostra por conveniência foi composta por 91 alunos com idades entre 9-12 anos que formaram os grupos Formação Corporal (PFC; 45 alunos) e Educação Física (PEF; 45 alunos). Foi mensurado o índice de massa corporal (IMC), aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ApC), flexibilidade e força muscular localizada (FML). Recorreu-se ao “Teste t pareado” e ANOVA de medidas repetidas. O tamanho do efeito foi estimado pelo “eta ao quadrado parcial”, estratificado por sexo, sendo aceito a probabilidade de 5% de erro. Os resultados mostraram nos meninos efeito muito elevado no grupo PFC na ApC, flexibilidade e FML e efeito elevado no grupo PEF na flexibilidade e FML. Nas meninas efeito muito elevado no grupo PFC na ApC, flexibilidade e FML e no grupo PEF efeito muito elevado na flexibilidade e FML e de efeito elevado na ApC. Não houve efeito no IMC em ambos os grupos. Ressaltamos que este único encontro semanal (15 minutos de PFC) foi capaz de apresentar efeito muito elevado e elevado na aptidão física a favor do PFC em ambos os sexos.

Abstract Aim: to verify the effect of a physical education program at school on physical fitness and mental health in children and to determine the individual prevalence of responders. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study, developed with 67 children aged between 6 and 11 years old. (8.09 ± 1.81). A 21-week intervention was performed, that intervention condition (IC) consisted of sports and circuit training, and nutritional education. For the control condition (CC) classes followed to the Common Curricular National Base. The following variables were evaluated at baseline and post-intervention: physical fitness and mental health through the strength and difficulties questionnaire. Mixed analysis of variance and the prevalence of responders were used for statistical analysis. Results: The main results indicate that there were improvements in the IC in the components of physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, speed, and agility) and mental health indicators (total difficulties, emotional symptoms, problems with peers, and prosocial behavior) after a school physical education program in comparison with the CC. Concerning the prevalence of responders between groups, it was found differences in cardiorespiratory fitness (CC: 33.33%; IC: 65.38%), agility (CC: 36.66%; IC: 73.07%), speed (CC: 43.33%; IC: 79.16%), emotional symptoms (CC: 28.57%; IC: 50.00%), and prosocial behavior (CC: 17.14%; IC: 46.87%). Conclusion: It is reinforced that well-planned physical education classes and simple intervention programs can be adopted at the school level and are capable of promoting children's physical and mental health.

Abstract Background The increased incidence of cardiometabolic risk factors has become a public health issue, especially in childhood and adolescence. Thus, early identification is essential to avoid or reduce future complications in adulthood. In this sense, the present study aimed to verify the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as a moderator in the association between neck circumference (NC) and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study that included 2418 randomly selected children and adolescents (52.5% girls), aged 6 to 17 years old. Anthropometric measurements, such as NC and body mass index (BMI), and CRF was measured by the six-minute running/walking test, as well as cardiometabolic risk (systolic blood pressure, glucose, HDL-C, and triglycerides), were assessed. Results For all age groups, NC showed a negative relationship with CRF. A significant interaction term was found for CRF x NC with cardiometabolic risk for children (6 to 9 years old), early adolescents (10 to 12 years old), and middle adolescents (13 to 17 years old). It was found that children who accomplished more than 1092.49 m in CRF test were protected against cardiometabolic risk when considering NC. In adolescents, protection against cardiometabolic risk was found when the CRF test was completed above 1424.14 m and 1471.87 m (early and middle stage, respectively). Conclusions CRF is inversely associated with NC and acts as a moderator in the relationship between NC and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Therefore, this detrimental health impact linked to fatness might be attenuated by improving CRF levels.

Resumo Fundamento: Evidências apontam variáveis antropométricas e de condicionamento físico como fatores associados à pressão arterial infantil. Analisá-los em apenas um contexto é um meio relevante de identificar o peso que cada um deles pode apresentar no desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial. Objetivo: Identificar as possíveis associações de medidas antropométricas, da composição corporal, da atividade física moderada-vigorosa (AFMV) e da aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ApC) com a pressão arterial em crianças. Métodos: Estudo correlacional com abordagem quantitativa. Duzentos e quinze (215) estudantes com idades de 6 a 12 anos de uma escola pública de Porto Alegre, selecionados por critério de conveniência. A pressão arterial foi aferida através de um esfigmomanômetro digital. Para o tratamento dos dados, os valores de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica foram padronizados (escore Z) e somados. As variáveis testadas como preditoras foram: AFMV; Percentual de gordura (%G); Índice de massa corporal (IMC); Razão cintura/estatura (RCE); Maturação somática; ApC. Após a verificação dos parâmetros de normalidade, as associações brutas e ajustadas (para sexo, idade e maturação somática) foram testadas através de equações de regressão linear. Para as análises, foi considerado p < 0,05. Resultados: Três diferentes modelos indicaram os melhores conjuntos de fatores associados à pressão arterial padronizada: O Modelo 1 (R2 = 0,21) se constituiu das variáveis RCE (β = 9,702) e AFMV (β = – 0,021); O Modelo 2 (R2 = 0,19) foi composto pelas variáveis IMC (β = 0,156) e AFMV (β = – 0,021); O Modelo 3 (R2 = 0,18) incluiu as variáveis %G (β = 0,063) e ApC (β = – 0,004). Conclusões: A pressão arterial de crianças é predita pelas variáveis corporais %G, IMC e RCE. Além disso, está associada negativamente à AFMV e a ApC.

Introdução: O aumento de crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso, baixos ní­veis de atividade fí­sica e de aptidão fí­sica relacionada à saúde tem se tornado uma preocupação para entidades de saúde e ambiente escolar. Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional, o ní­vel de atividade fí­sica e aptidão fí­sica relacionada à saúde de escolares, dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. Materiais e Métodos: Foi desenvolvido um estudo descritivo, com corte transversal, com 173 alunos, de ambos os sexos, em uma escola privada de Porto Alegre. Foram avaliados o IMC (í­ndice de massa corporal), a RCE (relação cintura estatura) e o %GC (percentual de gordura), ní­vel de atividade fí­sica, prática de atividade esportiva extracurricular, aptidão fí­sica relacionada à saúde. Para análise dos dados foi utilizada estatí­stica descritiva e para análise inferencial foi utilizado o teste t independente, teste qui-quadrado, análise de covariância, teste r de Pearson, sendo o ní­vel de significância de p

Introdução: A prática de atividade fí­sica (AF) regular e a manutenção de bons ní­veis de aptidão fí­sica têm sido relacionadas ao menor risco de desenvolver diferentes problemas de saúde, tais como hipertensão arterial, sí­ndrome metabólica e diabetes tipo 2. Portanto, examinar se há relação entre a educação fí­sica, aptidão fí­sica e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos é justificável para planejar aulas de educação fí­sica direcionadas a aumentar a aptidão fí­sica e a saúde. Objetivo: determinar se os ní­veis de aptidão fí­sica, participação nas aulas de Educação Fí­sica (EF), os escores de AF em diferentes domí­nios, a idade e o sexo se associam com um ranking agregado de risco a saúde cardiometabólica. Material e métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 55 estudantes da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). A pressão arterial, a aptidão fí­sica, o perí­metro da cintura e do quadril, os hábitos de vida e a presença nas aulas de EF foram avaliados. Os dados foram tratados com estatí­stica descritiva, correlações e equações de estimativa generalizadas. Resultados: As variáveis associadas negativamente com o risco à saúde cardiometabólica foram: atingir 75% da participação na EF, a AF de lazer e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Conclusão: Aqueles sujeitos com maiores ní­veis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, escores elevados de AF de lazer e presença em 75% das aulas de EF tiveram menor risco à saúde cardiometabólica na EJA.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se há associação independente e combinada dos hábitos alimentares e da aptidão cardiorrespiratória com o estado nutricional de escolares. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, com 171 crianças (86 meninos e 85 meninas) com idade de seis a 12 anos, de uma escola pública de Porto Alegre-RS. Os hábitos alimentares foram avaliados com o Inquérito de Frequência Alimentar. A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi avaliada pelo teste de corrida/caminhada de 6 minutos. O índice de massa corporal e aptidão cardiorrespiratória foram avaliados seguindo os protocolos propostos pelo PROESP-BR. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva, modelos de regressão linear generalizada e anova de duas vias. Um maior consumo de frutas (β:-1,24; IC:-2,42 -0,06) e um menor consumo de doces (β:-1,56; IC:-2,797 -0,34) estão associados a um menor valor médio de IMC. Ainda, crianças com níveis adequados de APCR apresentaram valores inferiores de índice de massa corporal (β:- 3,11; IC:-3,93 -2,29). Quando avaliados de forma combinada, os hábitos alimentares e aptidão cardiorrespiratória exerceram maior influência sobre os valores de índice de massa corporal. Portanto, hábitos alimentares adequados e níveis satisfatórios de APCR estão associados a um adequado estado nutricional.

The research aims to assess the trend of the health-related physical fitness over a period comprising 2008-2014, in two cohorts of a voluntary Brazilian school aged children and adolescents. Data was obtained from the database of Project Sport Brazil. The sample comprised children and adolescents aged between 10-17 years, assessed in two cohorts: 2008-2009 (6,281) and 2013-2014 (4,052) from different Brazilian regions. Measurement of the health-related physical fitness included: sit-up abdominal test, sit and reach, nine-minute of running/walking test, and body mass index. Descriptive data analyses and Poisson Logistic Regression were used. Prevalence trends of unhealthy flexibility increased significantly for boys from 35.2% to 38.4% and girls 23.5% to 38.0%, while prevalence on unhealthy abdominal strength/resistance decreased significantly for boys from 35.9% to 30.0% and did not show differences over time for girls. Overweight/obesity increased significantly over time in boys from 18.9% to 23.7%, as well as in girls from 19.4% to 28.0%. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) showed the highest variation over time with a significantly increase of the unhealthy zone for both, boys from 33.4% to 61.3% and girls 33.3% to 66.6%. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of implementation national campaigns and interventions promoting physical activity in order to improve health.

Abstract Objective To verify the association between sleep duration and television time with cardiometabolic risk and the moderating role of age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity in this relationship among adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study with 1411 adolescents (800 girls) aged 10 to 17 years. Television time, sleep duration, age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity were obtained by self-reported questionnaire. Cardiometabolic risk was evaluated using the continuous metabolic risk score, by the sum of the standard z-score values for each risk factor: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, cardiorespiratory fitness, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. Generalized linear regression models were used. Results There was an association between television time and cardiometabolic risk (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.003). Short sleep duration (β, 0.422; 95% CI, 0.012; 0.833) was positively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Additionally, age moderated the relationship between television time and cardiometabolic risk (β, − 0.009; 95% CI, − 0.002; − 0.001), suggesting that this relationship was stronger at ages 11 and 13 years (β, 0.004; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.006) compared to 13 to 15 years (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.004). No association was found in older adolescents (β, 0.001; 95% CI, − 0.002; 0.002). Conclusions Television time and sleep duration are associated with cardiometabolic risk; adolescents with short sleep have higher cardiometabolic risk. In addition, age plays a moderating role in the relationship between TV time and cardiometabolic risk, indicating that in younger adolescents the relationship is stronger compared to older ones.

Background: Leptin and adiponectin interact with each other in the modulation of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) and it is also important to consider the role of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in these relationships. Aim: To analyse the relationship between IR with adipocytokines in children, and to test the mediation effect of %BF (percentage of body fat) in the association of IR with leptin, adiponectin, and L/A ratio. Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional study comprised a sample of 150 schoolchildren, aged 6–11 years, from school in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The following variables were evaluated: cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness (MF), percentage of body fat (%BF), and biochemical variables (leptin, adiponectin, glucose, and insulin). Results: IR was associated with leptin and L/A ratio, after adjustments for age, sex, sexual maturation, and CRF. When adjusted for age, sex, sexual maturation, and MF, an association was found between IR with leptin and L/A ratio. Moreover, %BF was a mediator in the association between IR and leptin, as well as IR and L/A ratio, explaining 54% and 57% of these associations, respectively. Conclusion: Leptin and L/A ratio are positively associated with IR after adjustments. Also, %BF is a mediator in the associations between IR and leptin and L/A ratio.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo é identificar a associação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ApC) de adolescentes com a atividade física (AF) e as características pedagógicas da educação física escolar (EFi). Avaliaram-se 236 escolares do ensino médio (90 meninos) e seus professores de EFi. Foi feito teste de corrida de seis minutos, foram usados pedômetros, questionário (escolares) e entrevista (professores). Usaram-se unidades de significado e categorização por meio de análise de conteúdo, além do teste t de Student, Anova e regressão linear. A ApC dos escolares que não fazem EFi não difere da dos que fazem (p >0,05). Identificamos a falta de ação dos professores de EFi sobre a promoção da saúde (análise qualitativa). O sexo e a AF predizem 47% da variabilidade da ApC dos escolares (R2: 0,474; p < 0,01).

Abstract: The objective of this study was to verify whether residential density and connectivity between streets are mediators on the association between perceived environmental factors and active commuting to school (ACS) in Brazilian adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with a random sample of 1,130 adolescents (52.7% girls) aged between 14 to 20 years, from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Adolescents’ self-reported their usual mode of commuting to and from school using a questionnaire and the perceived environmental attributes by Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y). Residential density and connectivity between streets were measured by gographic information systems (GIS), within 1km road network buffers around the participant’s residential address. Regression models were fitted according to mediation analyses procedures. The results showed that residential density is a mediator on the association between ACS and perceived environmental factors, including land-use mix diversity (IE = 0.114; 95%CI: 0.130, 0.311; 32% mediation), neighborhood recreation facilities (IE = 0.064; 95%CI: 0.034, 0.105; 15% mediation), and access to services (IE = 0.045; 95%CI: 0.006, 0.104; 14% mediation). Connectivity between streets did not correlate with ACS, thus it was not tested in the mediation model. In conclusion, residential density is a mediator on the relationship between perceived environmental factors and ACS.

Objetivo: verificar o efeito de uma intervenção em educação física avaliada em diferentes períodos, considerando o recesso escolar, sobre os níveis de aptidão física cardiorrespiratória, abdominais em 1 minuto, flexibilidade e pressão arterial sistólica em jovens e adultos de ambos sexos na educação de jovens e adultos (EJA). Métodos: Estudo pré-experimental quantitativo realizado com 27 estudantes, 9 do sexo feminino, idade média 29,38 (dp: ±15,39) anos e 18 do masculino, 20,40 (dp:±9,34). A intervenção aconteceu com aulas de Jump no primeiro semestre. Handebol e rúgbi foram aplicados no segundo semestre. Os efeitos da intervenção foram avaliados sobre a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR), flexibilidade e abdominais sit-up por meio do D de Cohen. Resultados: No sexo feminino, a APCR (efeito=0,95) e a flexibilidade (efeito=1,33) aumentaram entre março/julho. Durante o recesso houve redução dessas capacidades físicas. Em agosto/dezembro houve novo incremento de APCR, junto da redução da PAS (efeito=-1,06). No sexo masculino, houve redução da PAS (efeito=-0,69) e aumento da APCR (efeito=0,84) entre agosto/dezembro. Conclusão: As aulas de ginástica melhoraram indicadores de saúde dos escolares, principalmente no sexo feminino durante o primeiro semestre, já o handebol e rúgbi aumentaram a APCR e reduziram a PAS nos dois sexos. O período de recesso reduziu as capacidades físicas dos estudantes, indicando que as aulas de educação física são importantes meios para melhorar níveis de aptidão física na EJA.

Objective: To verify the effect of a multicomponent intervention with overweight/obese adolescents on physical fitness, body composition, and insulin biomarkers.Methods: A quasi-experimental study with 37 adolescents, aged 10 to 17 years, of both sexes, overweight and obese, allocated in two groups (Intervention—IG Group, n = 17; Control—GC Group, n = 20). The IGs were submitted to a multicomponent intervention for 6 months (three weekly sessions) consisting of physical exercises (sports, functional circuit, recreational, and water activities) and nutritional and psychological guidance. Participants were assessed before and after intervention on body composition [body mass index (BMI), body fat, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)], physical fitness [cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and abdominal strength], and biomarkers of insulin (glucose, insulin, evaluation of the homeostasis model of insulin, and resistin resistance). The prevalence of responders in both groups was obtained according to the theoretical model applied in previous studies similar to this one to determine the cutoff points for response to intervention. Poisson regression was used to verify the difference in the prevalence ratio (PR) of the interviewees between the groups.Results: The responders' prevalence between groups CG and IG showed significant differences for body fat (CG = 30.0%; IG = 70.6%; PR = 1.396; p < 0.001), WHR (CG = 30.0%; IG = 76.5%; PR = 1.730; p < 0.001), and CRF (CG = 15.0%; IG = 52.5%; PR = 1.580; p < 0.001).Conclusions: A 6-month multicomponent intervention program improved certain body composition parameters and the CRF of overweight and obese adolescents but did not improve insulin biomarkers.Clinical Trial Registration: Clinical Trials under Protocol ID: 54985316.0.0000.5343.

Objetivos: verificar a confiabilidade do escore em um questionário de aptidão física autorrelatada (QAPA) em crianças de 6 a 11 anos, nas aulas de educação física não presenciais em 2020, durante o distanciamento social COVID-19 e identificar se há associação do escore no QAPA com níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APC) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) mensurados no ano 2019. Métodos: estudo longitudinal retrospectivo realizado no sul de Santa Catarina com crianças de 6 a 11 anos, 142 meninas e 146 meninos. Aplicou-se o QAPA em pais, responsáveis e alunos via Google Forms, ClassRoom e material impresso. O IMC e APC foram mensurados pelo protocolo PROESP-BR em 2019. A análise foi realizada com teste t de student, qui-quadrado, alfa de Cronbach e modelos de equações estruturais (MEE). Resultados: O QAPA apresentou confiabilidade superior a 0,70 e parâmetros adequados no MEE (AIC/BIC: 149/151; SRMR: 0,0562; RMSEA: 0,074; CFMIN/DF: 2,558; CFI/TLI: 0,92/0,90). O escore QAPA em 2020 se associou com maior APC (b: 0,51; p: 0,001) e menor IMC no ano 2019 (b:-0,17; p: 0,001). Conclusão: O QAPA apresenta elevada confiabilidade e consistência se respondido pelos pais ou responsáveis (crianças de 6 a 8 anos) e por crianças de 9-11 anos. Crianças com um elevado escore no QAPA em 2020 apresentavam elevada APC e reduzido IMC em 2019. O QAPA é uma medida consistente e confiável para ser aplicada em pais, responsáveis das crianças de 6-8 anos e naqueles escolares com 9-11 anos.

Abstract Aim: To verify the associations between organized physical activity out of school (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with indicators of mental health in children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, with a sample of 226 students (47% girls) of public school in the south of Brazil aged between 6 to 11 years-old (8.36 ± 1.46). The cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by running and walking-test in six minutes, following the procedures of the “Brazil Sports Project”. PA was evaluated through a question and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire assessed mental health indicators. Generalized linear regressions were used with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: Total difficulties (β = 2.691; 95%CI, 0.181 to 5.200) and emotional symptoms (β = 1.528; 95%CI, 0.609 to 2.448) were inversely associated with PA. Total difficulties (β = -0.013; 95%CI, -0.022 to -0.003), hyperactivity/attention deficit (β = -0.002; 95%CI, -0.010 to -0.002), and peer relationship problems (β = -0.002; 95%CI, -0.003 to -0.001) were associated with CRF in boys. Conclusion: A total of difficulties and emotional problems presented an inverse association with PA. Further, CRF was inversely associated with total difficulties, hyperactivity-inattention, and peer relationship problems.

Abstract: We sought (i) to evaluate the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness (MF) and Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEADiet) with atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and (ii) to investigate de combined association of MF, CRF and SEADiet on AIP in adolescents. A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 493 adolescents (285 girls and 208 boys) aged 15-18 years, from the Portuguese Azorean Archipelago. CRF was measured by shuttle run test and MF by curl up and push up tests. Adherence to SEADiet was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The AIP was estimated as log (TG/HDL-C). Measures of pubertal stage and socioeconomic status were assessed. Linear regression showed a significant inverse association between MF (standardized β = -0.165; p < 0.001), CRF (standardized β = -0.081; p < 0.030) and SEADiet (standardized β = -0.081; p < 0.045) with AIP, after adjustments for age, sex, pubertal stage and parental education. Furthermore, participants classified with an optimal as well as those with low adherence to a SEADiet but with LowMF/LowCRF had on average the highest AIP (F(7.482) = 3.270; p = 0.002). Moreover, optimal SEADiet with HighMF/HighCRF group showed the lowest AIP when compared with those with low adherence to a SEADiet with HighMF/HighCRF group (p = 0.03). AIP is inversely associated with MF, CRF and SEADiet. The low MF combined with a low CRF levels seems to overcome the potential healthy effect of having an optimal adherence to the SEADiet on AIP. However, an optimal adherence to SEADiet seems to improve the AIP in those adolescents with high fitness levels.

Objetivo: Descrever a ocorrência de escolares do ensino fundamental que atingem a recomendação do número de passos/dia, e verificar o impacto da Educação Física (EFI) considerando esta recomendação. Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliados 49 alunos de uma escola estadual de Porto Alegre-RS, Brasil. Os alunos utilizaram pedômetro (Yamax Digi-Walker CW 700) durante três dias consecutivos, identificando a média do número de passos desses dias e das aulas de EFI. Classificamos os passos/dia com o ponto de corte 15.000 e 12.000 passos para meninos e meninas. Para verificar o impacto da EFI comparamos as médias das variáveis utilizando a análise de variância através do teste T para pares. Resultados: 70% dos meninos e 84% das meninas não atingem passos/dia indicado. EFI contribui 20,5% e 15,7% na média de passos/dia em meninos e meninas; em dias com EFI o número de passos em média parece ser maior. Conclusão: É elevado o número de alunos que não atingem as recomendações diárias do número de passos. Ademais, a EFI é uma ferramenta importante para o aumento na prática de atividade física diária. ABSTRACT Contribution of school physical education to the level of daily physical activity Aim: To describe the occurrence of primary schoolchildren who reach the recommendation of the number of steps/day, and to verify the impact of physical education considering this recommendation. Materials and methods: We evaluated 49 students from a state school in Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil. The students used a pedometer (Yamax Digi-Walker CW 700) for three consecutive days, identifying the average number of steps these days and physical education classes. The average steps of days were classified considering 15.000 and 12.000 average steps/days for boys and girls. To verify the impact of physical education compare the means of variables using analysis of variance using the T test for pairs. Results: 70% of boys and 84% of girls did not show the steps/day recommended. The contribution of physical education classes in steps/day was 20.5 % and 15.7 % for both boys and girls; on days with physical education classes, the number of steps/day was higher. Conclusion: The number of students who do not meet the daily recommendations of the number of steps is high. In addition, physical education is an important tool for increasing the practice of daily physical activity.

Descrevem-se os principais aspectos vivenciados durante o desenvolvimento de programa educativo sobre úlceras por pressão com equipes de enfermagem atuantes em duas unidades de terapia intensiva do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de um relato de experiência. Os dados e informações referem-se ao período entre maio e agosto de 2014. Descrevem-se questões institucionais e pessoais envolvidas durante a realização do programa educativo. Os aspectos negativos relacionam-se à demanda de trabalho, à realização do programa educativo durante o expediente e ao espaço físico. A temática, a metodologia e as estratégias empregadas evidenciam motivação e interesse pelo aperfeiçoamento e ótima adesão, revelando feedback da percepção favorável como sendo aspectos positivos. Constatam-se obstáculos institucionais e pessoais que podem comprometer a qualidade assistencial pertinente à prevenção das úlceras por pressão. Sendo assim, sugere-se compromisso compartilhado entre equipe interdisciplinar e instituições para superar as barreiras na assistência.

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a ocorrência de sobrepeso, obesidade e dos baixos níveis de atividade física em escolares e as possíveis associações entre ambas considerando o nível socioeconômico, sexo e idade. O estudo foi realizado com 176 escolares (105 meninas) de 14 a 18 anos de idade de Passo Fundo-RS. A amostra foi selecionada de forma aleatória. A atividade física diária foi avaliada através do número de passos. O sobrepeso e a obesidade foram considerados a partir do índice de massa corporal (IMC). Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se cálculos de frequências relativas e absolutas, médias, desvios padrão e regressão logística binária. Para as análises foi considerado um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Cerca de 24 % dos meninos e meninas apresentam sobrepeso e 8,8% e 6,9% respectivamente apresentam obesidade. Com relação a atividade física diária 65,2% dos meninos e 63,8% das meninas não atingem as recomendações. Não foram encontradas associações entre o sobrepeso e a obesidade com a atividade física diária nos escolares, mesmo após considerar sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico nas análises. ABSTRACT Occurrence and association between overweight / obesity and levels of physical activity of schools The aim of the study was to identify the occurrence of overweight, obesity and low physical activity levels in students and possible associations between them considering socioeconomic status, gender and age. The study was conducted with 176 students (105 girls) 14-18 years old of Passo Fundo/RS. The sample was selected randomly. Daily physical activity was assessed by the number of steps. Overweight and obesity were considered from the body mass index (BMI). For data analyzes we used frequency calculations, relative and absolute, means, standard deviations and binary logistic regression. For the analyzes was considered a 95% confidence interval. Approximately 24% of boys and girls are overweight and 8.8% and 6.9% respectively are obese. Regarding daily physical activity, 65.2% of boys and 63.8% of girls do not meet the recommendations. There weren’t associations between overweight and obesity with daily physical activity in students, even after taking into consideration gender, age and socioeconomic status in the analyzes.

Intervenções realizadas no ambiente escolar, quando planejadas e bem conduzidas, parecem ser efetivas para promover um estilo de vida ativo e saudável em crianças, jovens e adultos. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é verificar o efeito de aulas de ginástica escolar em mini trampolim nos níveis de atividade física de escolares da EJA. Trata-se de uma investigação semi experimental, com abordagem quantitativa, da qual participaram 21 sujeitos. As aulas de jump aconteceram 3 vezes por semana em períodos de 30 minutos, durante um semestre. O nível de atividade física foi mensurado por pedômetro em 3 momentos (março, maio e julho). Para análise de dados verificou-se o efeito entre os momentos ajustados para idade, massa corporal, estatura e sexo, através de equações de estimativas generalizadas (GEE). O principal resultado demonstrou que o nível de atividade física aumentou em grande proporção ao longo de um semestre letivo (de março para maio: ∆=17,9 passos/min; efeito f2 cohen=0,20; de maio para julho: ∆=17,9 passos/min; efeito f2 cohen=0,44; e de março para julho: ∆=35,8 passos/min; efeito f2 cohen=0,96). Dessa forma, se conclui que as aulas de educação física escolar da EJA, realizadas em mini trampolim, foram capazes de produzir um grande efeito sobre os níveis de atividade física dos alunos. ABSTRACT Effect of gymnastic school lessons on the student’s physical activity levels: jump in young and adult education (YAE) Environmental School interventions, when planned and organized, seem to be effective to promote a healthy and active lifestyle to children, youths and adults. Thus, the objective of the present study is to verify the effect of gymnastic school lessons in mini trampoline (Jump) on the student’s physical activity levels of Young and Adult Education (YAE). It is a semi experimental investigation, with quantitative approach, which had 21 subjects. The jump lessons was realized 3 times per week, in periods of 30 minutes. The physical activity levels was measured with pedometer, in 3 moments (march, may and july). To date analyze, it was verified the effect between moments, it was adjusted to age, body mass, height and sex, with use the generalized estimated equations (GEE). The main result showed that physical activity level improved in large proportion over a Scholl semester (march to may: ∆=17,9 steps/minute; effect f2 cohen=0,20; may to july: ∆=17,9 steps/minute; effect f2 cohen=0,44; e de march to july: ∆=35,8 steps/minute; effect f2 cohen=0,96). Thus, it was concluded that physical education lessons of YAE, realized in mini trampoline, was able to generate a large effect on the student’s physical activity levels.

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between cardiometabolic risk with body mass index and skinfold independently or in combination in youth. This cross-sectional study comprised a convenience sample of 450 children and adolescents (255 girls), aged 10 to 18years old. Indicators of body composition were measured, and hemodynamic assessment completed. The association between body mass index and/or sum of skinfolds and cardiometabolic risk (z score of the sum of triglycerides/high density lipoprotein cholesterol, waist circumference, and mean blood pressure), was calculated using Generalized Linear Models Regression. The results showed that youngsters classified as overweight or obese with the highest skinfold measurements had the strongest association with cardiometabolic risk (: 2.60; IC 95%: 2.25–3.0) when compared with those exhibiting normal skinfold thickness (: 1.78; IC 95%: 1.30–2.20). Body mass index was most strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk (: 1.78; IC 95%: 1.3–2.2), in comparison to skinfold thickness, which was associated to a lesser extent (: 0.41; IC 95%: 0.34–0.49). Results of this cross-sectional study indicate that body mass index is more strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk than skinfold thickness. However when these two measures of overweight/obesity are combined, prediction of cardiometabolic risk is further improved. It is therefore important that public health professionals consider both body mass index and sum of skinfolds to better predict cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese youth. Implications for future research include the use of longitudinal designs and inclusion of children from other racial/ethnic groups. Keywords: Health, Body mass index, Skinfold, Youngsters

The aim of this study was to verify the association between the characteristics of the school structure and the physical activity of students in the physical education class and school recess. This is an association study with quantitative approach. The random sample is composed of 176 schoolchildren (71 boys and 105 girls) from 10 schools of the city of Passo Fundo-RS, Brazil. Physical activity was evaluated with a pedometer, after which the average number of steps in the physical education class and school recess was calculated. The characteristics of the school structure were evaluated by direct observation, with the audit tool in the school. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test and generalized linear regression. The mean number of steps among boys was higher when compared to girls in the physical education class (t=3.478, p

Abstract Aim: To compare high active (HA) and low active (LA) adolescent’s physical activity (PA) levels in three different domains: commuting to school, physical education (PE) class and recess time at school. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach and random sample of 176 (105 girls) adolescents aged 14 - 18 years old from 10 urban public high schools in southern from Brazil. PA levels were measured using a pedometer. The average number of steps was recorded on the way to school, during PE classes and during school recess time. Participants were classified as HA and LA according to Tudor-Locke’s cut-off points. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and One-Way ANOVA stratified by sex. Results: Data showed differences of mean values between school commuting PA for girls (LA: 1057.60; HA: 1624.54; Δ: 566.94; p

Abstract Aims: To analyze the association between the percentage of body fat and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with cardiovascular risk factors in children, and; to examine whether percentage of body fat acts as a mediator on the association between CRF and cardiovascular risk factor. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 128 children aged 7-11 years (Mean 8.54, SD: 1.42). The following variables were evaluated: the percentage of body fat, CRF, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol. For statistical analysis were performed Partial correlation and mediation analysis. All analysis was adjusted for sex, age and height. Results: CRF, the percentage of body fat, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and TG showed a correlation between each other. Percentage of body fat mediated the association between CRF and MAP (Indirect Effect= -0.008; IC: -0.0159 -0.0030), explaining 29% of this association. However, it was found that the percentage of body fat was not a mediator of the association between CRF and TG. Conclusion: The percentage of body fat mediates the association between CRF and MAP. Our findings show that the importance of a healthy body composition for the prevention of high blood pressure levels in childhood as well as the relevance of physical activity on these parameters.

Information regarding urban-rural differences in health indicators are scarce in Brazil. This study sought to identify rural-urban differences in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in Brazilian children and adolescents whilst controlling for the important confounding variables including social economic status (SES). This is a cross-sectional study developed with children and adolescents (n = 2250, age 11.54 ± 2.76) selected from a city in the south of Brazil. CRF was estimated using a 6-minute run/walk test. CMR scores were calculated by summing different cardiometabolic risk indicators. CRF was analysed assuming a multiplicative model with allometric body-size components. CMR differences in residential locations was assessed using Analysis of caovariance (ANCOVA) adopting SES, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), age and fitness as covariates. Results indicated a main effect of location (p < 0.001) with children living a rural environment having the highest CRF, and children living in the periphery of towns having the lowest. Analysis also revealed significant main effects of location (p < 0.001) with children living a rural environment having the lowest CMR and children living in the centre of towns having the highest. Therefore, Brazilian children living in a rural environment appear to have superior health benefits.

Abstract Objective Verify the association between metabolic risk profile in students with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as the nutritional status of their parents. Methods A cross-sectional study comprising 1.254 schoolchildren aged between seven and 17 years. The metabolic risk profile was calculated by summing the standardized values of high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, triglycerides, glucose and systolic blood pressure. The parents’ nutritional status was evaluated by self-reported weight and height data, for body mass index calculating. The body mass index of schoolchildren was classified as underweight/normal weight and overweight/obesity. The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by 9-minute running/walk test, being categorized as fit (good levels) and unfit (low levels). Data were analyzed using prevalence ratio values (PR). Results The data indicates a higher occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren whose mother is obese (PR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.23), and even higher for those whose father and mother are obese (PR: 2, 79, 95% CI: 1.41; 5.51). Students who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity have higher occurrence of presenting metabolic risk profile (PR: 5.25; 95% CI: 3.31; 8.16). Conclusion the occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren increase when they have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity, and the presence of parental obesity.

Objective: Verify the association between metabolic risk profile in students with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as the nutritional status of their parents. Methods: A cross‐sectional study comprising 1.254 schoolchildren aged between seven and 17 years. The metabolic risk profile was calculated by summing the standardized values of high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, triglycerides, glucose and systolic blood pressure. The parents’ nutritional status was evaluated by self‐reported weight and height data, for body mass index calculating. The body mass index of schoolchildren was classified as underweight/normal weight and overweight/obesity. The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by 9‐minute running/walk test, being categorized as fit (good levels) and unfit (low levels). Data were analyzed using prevalence ratio values (PR). Results: The data indicates a higher occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren whose mother is obese (PR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.23), and even higher for those whose father and mother are obese (PR: 2, 79, 95% CI: 1.41; 5.51). Students who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity have higher occurrence of presenting metabolic risk profile (PR: 5.25; 95% CI: 3.31; 8.16). Conclusion: The occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren increase when they have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity, and the presence of parental obesity.

Objective: Verify the association between metabolic risk profile in students with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as the nutritional status of their parents. Methods: A cross-sectional study comprising 1.254 schoolchildren aged between seven and 17 years. The metabolic risk profile was calculated by summing the standardized values of high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, triglycerides, glucose and systolic blood pressure. The parents’ nutritional status was evaluated by self-reported weight and height data, for body mass index calculating. The body mass index of schoolchildren was classified as underweight/normal weight and overweight/obesity. The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by 9-minute running/walk test, being categorized as fit (good levels) and unfit (low levels). Data were analyzed using prevalence ratio values (PR). Results: The data indicates a higher occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren whose mother is obese (PR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.23), and even higher for those whose father and mother are obese (PR: 2, 79, 95% CI: 1.41; 5.51). Students who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity have higher occurrence of presenting metabolic risk profile (PR: 5.25; 95% CI: 3.31; 8.16). Conclusion: the occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren increase when they have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity, and the presence of parental obesity. Resumo: Objetivo: Verificar se há associação entre o perfil de risco metabólico em escolares com diferentes níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e índice de massa corporal, bem como com o perfil nutricional de seus pais. Métodos: Estudo transversal constituído por 1.254 escolares com idade entre sete e 17 anos. O perfil de risco metabólico foi calculado por meio da soma dos valores estandardizados de lipoproteína de alta densidade e lipoproteína de baixa densidade, triglicerídeos, glicose e pressão arterial sistólica. O perfil nutricional dos pais foi avaliado pelos dados autorreferidos de peso e estatura, calculando-se posteriormente o índice de massa corporal. O índice de massa corporal do escolar foi classificado em baixo peso/peso normal e sobrepeso/obesidade. A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi avaliada através do teste de corrida/caminhada de 9 minutos, sendo categorizada em apto (bons níveis) e inapto (baixos níveis). Os dados foram analisados através dos valores de razão de prevalência (RP). Resultados: Os dados apontam maior ocorrência de desenvolvimento de risco metabólico em escolares que apresentam mãe com obesidade (RP: 1,50; IC 95%: 1,01; 2,23) e, maior ainda, em escolares que possuem pai e mãe obesos (RP: 2,79; IC 95%: 1,41; 5,51). Escolares que apresentam baixos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e sobrepeso/obesidade possuem maior ocorrência de perfil metabólico de risco (RP: 5,25; IC 95%: 3,31; 8,16). Conclusões: a ocorrência de desenvolvimento de risco metabólico em escolares aumentam quando estes apresentam baixos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e sobrepeso/obesidade, assim como na presença de obesidade dos pais. Keywords: School, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Body mass index, Parents, Palavras-chave: Escolares, Aptidão cardiorrespiratória, Índice de massa corporal, Pais

The aim of this study was to outline the physical fitness profile related to sport performance of Brazilian children and adolescents, stratified by sex. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study and information was obtained from the Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br). The sample consisted of 8,750 voluntary subjects aged 7-17 years evaluated in the period between 2013 and 2015. The following variables were evaluated: lower limb strength (LLS) through the horizontal jump test and upper limb strength (ULS) through mediceball pitch, speed through the 20-meter sprint test and agility through the square test. Variables were classified with PROESP-Br criteria. For data processing, means, standard deviations, absolute and relative frequencies and confidence intervals were used. The results for boys have shown that the “poor” category had the highest prevalence: LLS (40.2%), ULS (29.7%), speed (41.4%) and agility (37.5%). The “excellent” category, as expected, had the lowest prevalence: LLS (3.7%), ULS (4.9%), speed (2.0%) and speed (3.5%). The results for girls were similar to those of boys, where the “poor” category had the highest prevalence: LLS (43.7%), ULS (36.8%), speed (43.8%) and agility (41.0 %). The “excellent” category also had the lowest prevalence: LLS (4.2%), ULS (4.3%), speed (1.6%) and speed (3.1%). The results indicated that the majority of Brazilian children and adolescents have physical fitness related to sport performance. Among variables analyzed, LLS for girls and speed for boys were the components with the most unfavorable results.

Abstract This longitudinal study evaluated the association between the incidence of youth overweight/obesity (Ow/Ob) and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) over 4 years and youths' and their parents' demographic and nutritional characteristics. The randomized sample comprised 398 youth, aged 7-17 years at baseline, from a city in southern Brazil. Subjects were classified as being Ow/Ob according to international body mass index (BMI) parameters. Parental weight and height were determined by direct questioning. Youth CRF was measured by a 9-minute walk-and-run test. The cumulative incidences of Ow/Ob and of low CRF levels were 25.1% and 20.5%, respectively. Relative to other youth, youth who were classified as "unhealthy" at baseline (with respect to CRF) and by the fourth year were more likely to be classified as Ow/Ob (relative risks: 1.12 and 1.10, respectively). Youth whose mothers were categorized as Ow/Ob were at higher risk of being classified as Ow/Ob than youth whose mothers had normal BMIs (relative risks: 1.19 at baseline and 1.20 in the fourth year). The incidence of Ow/Ob among the former youth was associated with low CRF levels and with maternal Ob.

This study aimed to verify whether changes in performance in the countermovement jump test (CMJ) are associated with the improvements observed in the functional capacity tests. Methods: Functional capacity was measured with the 1RM, the 30 seconds chair-standing and the 8 foot up and go tests, after six weeks of strength training. The voluntary sample was comprised of 59 healthy untrained elderly women, who were randomly divided into experimental (EG = 42) and control groups (CG = 17). The EG showed a statistically significant increase in the CMJ (22.5%), 1RM (21.5%), 30 seconds chair-standing (22.8%) and 8 foot up and go (24%) results. The increases observed in the CMJ test showed a very high significant association (p

O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em verificar se as alterações no desempenho no teste de salto com contra movimento (CMJ) estão associadas aos incrementos obtidos nos testes para avaliação da capacidade funcional. Para a avaliação da capacidade funcional, realizaram-se os testes 1RM, sentar e levantar e 8 foot up and go, após seis semanas de treinamento de força. A amostra voluntária foi constituída por 59 idosas saudáveis e destreinadas, divididas em grupo controle (GC: n=17) e experimental (GE: n=42). O GE obteve incrementos significativos nos testes CMJ (22,5%) 1RM (21,5%), sentar e levantar (22,8%) e 8 foot up and go (24%). No GE, incrementos nos valores do CMJ correlacionaram-se significativamente (p