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This paper aims to compare the remedies at the consumer’s disposal in the event of a lack of conformity of goods in Slovenian, Croatian, and Serbian law. The Slovenian and Croatian legislators have already transposed Directive (EU) 2019/771 in 2022 and 2021, respectively. On the other hand, the rules of the Serbian Consumer Protection Act are still based on Directive 1999/44/ EC. This Directive, however, also shaped the Slovenian and Croatian legislation long before the latest amendments. For this reason, the paper also analyses the rules in Slovenian and Croatian law which were in force before the recent amendments. The principal aim of the authors is to determine the similarities, peculiarities, and differences between the three legal systems. At present, the common denominator of the examined laws is the existence of a hierarchy of consumer rights: repair and replacement are the primary, and appropriate price reduction and termination of the contract the secondary or subsidiary remedies. Before the amendments in 2022 and 2021, termination of contract was the sole subsidiary remedy in Slovenian and Croatian law. It may be inferred that the most important differences between the examined legal orders concern the possibility of the termination of the contract, since the Slovenian and Serbian legislators considerably facilitated it when the lack of conformity becomes evident shortly after the delivery of the goods. Conversely, in Croatian law the emergence of non-conformity in a short period after the delivery does not immediately prompt the termination of contract. Presently, only Croatian law obliges the consumer, except in specific cases, to fix an additional period of reasonable length in which the seller can still perform the contract before the consumer’s statement aimed at the termination of the contract gains legal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim the possibility of total pork fat, phosphate and nitrite substitution in chicken frankfurters production to be examined, three variants of frankfurters made of chicken thighs, breasts and additives were produced: control - with pork fat, phosphate and nitrite (FPN); with vegetable oils and cochineal (OC); with vegetable oils, cochineal and paprika extract (OCP). Following parameters were investigated in all treatments of frankfurters: pH value, weight loss during heat treatment, proximate composition, phosphate content, residual nitrite content and degree of oxidation. The highest cooking loss (7.33%), during thermal processsing of frankfurters was established in variant FPN and the lowest one (6.68%) in OC. pH also was the highest (6.44) in FPN and the lowest (6.34) in OC. Moisture content ranged from 61.09% (OC), to 61.74% (FPN). Proteins were presented from 11.08% (OCP) to 11.92% (FPN), total crude lipids from 20.09% (OCP) to 22.11% (FPN), and ash from 2.73% (OCP) to 3.06% (OC). Phosphate content was reduced from 260.43 mg/100 g in control variant to 179.30 mg/100 g in OCP, or 157.30 mg/100 g in OC. Only in control variant residual nitrite (2.17 ppm) were determined, in which the initial input of nitrite was 55 ppm. Low TBA values (<0.20) indicate that lipid oxidation was almost completely prevented during the period of 42 investigated days. It can be concluded that pork fat substitution with rapeseed and sunflower oil; phosphate with combination of potato starch, caseinate and sodium citrate, and nitrite with cochineal and paprika extract in chicken frankfurters production is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Среди научных публикаций, рассматривающих особенности языка калмыцких деловых писем и их переводов, на сегодняшний день отсутствуют работы, в которых бы подробно анализировались принципы и стратегии перевода калмыцких деловых текстов. Целью настоящей статьи является выявление основных стратегий перевода официальных писем хана Аюки с калмыцкого языка на русский язык. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на материале писем калмыцкого хана Аюки за 1714 г. и русских переводов этих писем, также датированных 1714 г. Все материалы хранятся в Национальном архиве Республики Калмыкия. Транслитерация, переложение на современную калмыцкую графику и буквальный перевод оригинальных текстов на русский язык выполнены Д. Б. Гедеевой. Для выявления стратегий перевода привлекаются как синхронические, так и диахронические переводы. Основными методами исследования являются описательный и сравнительно-сопоставительный, а также метод контекстуального анализа. Результаты и выводы. Сопоставление оригинальных и переводных текстов писем хана Аюки показывает, что в русских переводах сохраняется общая структура и содержательные компоненты письма-оригинала, жанровые и стилевые особенности оригинального текста, хотя тексты переводов не являются дословными. Авторы переводов придерживаются стратегии передачи существенной информации при сохранении семантических доминант сообщения, для русских переводов характерны замены и повтор лексических единиц, лексическое добавление, отражающее экстралингвистические особенности коммуникативной ситуации. Русские переводы писем хана Аюки выполнены с соблюдением норм оформления деловых документов, сформировавшихся к началу XVIII в.

Сопылюк Н. Адаптивна стратегия при переводе художественного текста (на материале творчества М. Пруста). Статья посвящена анализу адаптивной стратеги при переводе психологической прозы М. Пруста в украинском художественном переводе. Рассматрены различные тактики адаптивной стратеги: добавление, опущение и замены различного характера – лексико-семантического, лексико- грамматического и фразеологического. Ключевые слова: художественный перевод, адаптация, адаптивная стратегия, адекватность перевода, добавление, опущение, замена. Sopylyuk N. Adaptive strategy in literary translation (on the material of Marcel Proust’s prose). Our attention is focused on adaptative strategy in Ukrainian translation. Marcel Proust’s psychological prose is selected as the basis for the analysis. The author proves that adaptation is an important creative component of interlingua and intercultural communication. Adaptation in translation is determined by lingo-cultural dissimilarities between readers of source and target texts. Lingo-cultural adaptation aims to recreate the author’s conception and to provide adequate translation. The main types of adaptive strategies are addition, omission and replacement. Addition is one of the translation techniques intended for the explication of information that is implicit in the source text. Addition is frequently used in translation of onomastic realia. Omission, which is opposite to addition, consists in the reduction of the elements considered irrelevant, semantically redundant or uninformative in the source text. Omission of such elements doesn’t cause misunderstanding of the meaning to be conveyed. Special attention is paid to a study of various types of replacement. Peculiarities of lexico-semantic, lexico-gramatic and phraselogical remplacements are analyzed and illustrated. Lexico-semantic replacements are related to semantic changes of the source elements, specifically concretization, generalization and different metaphoric modifications of the meaning of the word. Transposition of parts of speech and logical development are part of lexico-gramatic remplacements. Phraselogical remplacement is the process of replacement of the source language lexemes and lexical units by elements with different denotative meaning in order to provide an adequate perception of the target text. Key words : literary translation, adaptation, adaptive strategy, adequate translation, addition, omission, remplacements.

The article discusses strategies of translating titles of American films into Russian and Spanish considering their semantic and pragmatic aspects. Though different translation strategies might be applied (direct or literally translation, transformation or replacement, etc.), titles translated should comply with the story, idea, philosophy and style of a film so that they be attractive for the target audience. Disregarding one of those conditions may cause infelicity or translation failures. The article studies some examples of successful and unsuccessful translation into Russian and Spanish.