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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) that promote the growth of beneficial gut microbes in infants are abundant in human milk. Streptococcus, one of the dominant genera in human milk microbiota, is also highly prevalent in the infant gut microbiota, possibly due to its adeptness at utilizing HMOs. While previous studies have mainly focused on HMO interactions with gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides spp., the interaction with Streptococcus spp. has not been fully explored. In this study, Streptococcus spp. was isolated from human milk and identified to exhibit extensive capabilities in utilizing HMOs. Their consumption rates of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), 6′-sialyllactose (6′-SL), and lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) closely matched those of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697. Furthermore, we assessed the safety-related genes in the genomes of the Streptococcus species capable of utilizing HMOs, revealing potential virulence and resistance genes. In addition, no haemolytic activity was observed. These findings expand the knowledge of metabolic interactions and networks within the microbiota of human milk and the early life human gut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A mother's milk is considered the gold standard of nutrition in neonates and is a source of cytokines, immunoglobulins, growth factors, and other important components, yet little is known about the components of canine milk, specifically colostrum, and the knowledge related to its microbial and metabolic profiles is particularly underwhelming. In this study, we characterized canine colostrum and milk microbiota and metabolome for several breeds of dogs and examined profile shifts as milk matures in the first 8 days post-whelping. Results: Through untargeted metabolomics, we identified 63 named metabolites that were significantly differentially abundant between days 1 and 8 of lactation. Surprisingly, the microbial compositions of the colostrum and milk, characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were largely similar, with only two differentiating genera. The shifts observed, mainly increases in several sugars and amino sugars over time and shifts in amino acid metabolites, align with shifts observed in human milk samples and track with puppy development. Conclusion: Like human milk, canine milk composition is dynamic, and shifts are well correlated with developing puppies' needs. Such a study of the metabolic profile of canine milk, and its relation to the microbial community, provides insights into the changing needs of the neonate, as well as the ideal nutrition profile for optimal functionality. This information will add to the existing knowledge base of canine milk composition with the prospect of creating a quality, tailored milk substitute or supplement for puppies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human milk provides bioactive compounds such as milk fat globules (MFGs), which promote brain development, modulate the immune system, and hold antimicrobial properties. To ensure microbiological safety, donor milk banks apply heat treatments. This study compares the effects of heat treatments and homogenization on MFG's physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and bioavailability. Vat pasteurization (Vat-PT), retort (RTR), and ultra-high temperature (UHT) were performed with or without homogenization. UHT, RTR, and homogenization increased the colloidal dispersion of globules, as indicated by increased zeta potential. The RTR treatment completely inactivated xanthine oxidase activity (a marker of MFG bioactivity), whereas UHT reduced its activity by 93%. Interestingly, Vat-PT resulted in less damage, with 28% activity retention. Sialic acid, an important compound for brain health, was unaffected by processing. Importantly, homogenization increased the in vitro lipolysis of MFG, suggesting that this treatment could increase the digestibility of MFG. In terms of color, homogenization led to higher L* values, indicating increased whiteness due to finer dispersion of the fat and casein micelles (and thus greater light scattering), whereas UHT and RTR increased b* values associated with Maillard reactions. This study highlights the nuanced effects of processing conditions on MFG properties, emphasizing the retention of native characteristics in Vat-PT-treated human milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human breast milk, revered for its unparalleled role in infant nutrition and immune defense, represents a multifaceted elixir teeming with molecular intricacies. Recent strides in molecular biology have propelled our understanding of breast milk composition beyond its macroscopic components, unveiling a rich tapestry of bioactive molecules and their intricate interactions. This article synthesizes the latest research findings, delving into the diverse array of molecular constituents present in breast milk and elucidating their multifaceted roles in infant health. From antibodies and immune factors to growth factors and stem cells, we unravel the molecular secrets that underpin breast milk‘s unique properties, shedding light on its profound implications for pediatric nutrition and maternal-child health. Moreover, we explore the dynamic nature of breast milk composition, highlighting its ability to adapt to the changing needs of the growing infant and its potential implications for personalized nutrition strategies. Through a comprehensive examination of breast milk‘s molecular landscape, we uncover novel avenues for scientific inquiry and therapeutic intervention, offering insights poised to revolutionize our approach to infant feeding and early-life care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade of microbiome research has highlighted its fundamental role in systemic immune and metabolic homeostasis. The microbiome plays a prominent role during gestation and into early life, when maternal lifestyle factors shape immune development of the newborn. Breast milk further shapes gut colonization, supporting the development of tolerance to commensal bacteria and harmless antigens while preventing outgrowth of pathogens. Environmental microbial and lifestyle factors that disrupt this process can dysregulate immune homeostasis, predisposing infants to atopic disease and childhood asthma. In health, the low-biomass lung microbiome, together with inhaled environmental microbial constituents, establishes the immunological set point that is necessary to maintain pulmonary immune defense. However, in disease perturbations to immunological and physiological processes allow the upper respiratory tract to act as a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria, which can colonize the diseased lung and cause severe inflammation. Studying these host-microbe interactions in respiratory diseases holds great promise to stratify patients for suitable treatment regimens and biomarker discovery to predict disease progression. Preclinical studies show that commensal gut microbes are in a constant flux of cell division and death, releasing microbial constituents, metabolic by-products, and vesicles that shape the immune system and can protect against respiratory diseases. The next major advances may come from testing and utilizing these microbial factors for clinical benefit and exploiting the predictive power of the microbiome by employing multiomics analysis approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Colostrum is the "starter kit" for every calf, containing nutrients, bioactive components, cells, and microorganisms that provide energy and protection against pathogens and contribute to the maturation and development of the gastrointestinal tract. Components such as fatty acids, whey proteins, oligosaccharides, immune cells, and microorganisms are present in colostrum and are essential for the health and well-being of the newborn calf, so its importance should not be underestimated. In this review, the variability of these components, as well as their impact on selected aspects of the newborn calf's physiology, are discussed. Colostrum contains macro- and micronutrients necessary to meet the nutritional and energy requirements of the neonatal calf, bioactive components that intervene in several physiological aspects, and cells and microorganisms that modulate the calf's immune system and gut microbiome. Colostrum is sometimes mistaken as transition milk, which, although more nutritive than whole milk, has a distinct biochemical composition. Furthermore, most research about colostrum quality and colostrum management focuses on the transfer of maternal IgG to the newborn calf. The remaining components of colostrum and transition milk have not received the same attention, despite their importance to the newborn animal. In this narrative review, a large body of literature on the components of bovine colostrum was reviewed. The variability of these components was summarized, emphasizing specific components that warrant deeper exploration. In addition, the effects of each component present in colostrum and transition milk on several key physiological aspects of the newborn calf are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viable microorganisms and a diverse microbial ecosystem found in human milk play a crucial role in promoting healthy immune system and shaping the microbial community in the infant's gut. Culturomics is a method to obtain a comprehensive repertoire of human milk microbiota. However, culturomics is an onerous procedure, and needs expertise, making it difficult to be widely implemented. Currently, there is no efficient and feasible culturomics method specifically designed for human milk microbiota yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a more efficient and feasible culturomics method specifically designed for human milk microbiota. We obtained fresh samples of human milk from healthy Chinese mothers and conducted a 27-day enrichment process using blood culture bottles. Bacterial isolates were harvested at different time intervals and cultured on four different types of media. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis, we identified a total of 6601 colonies and successfully obtained 865 strains, representing 4 phyla, 21 genera, and 54 species. By combining CBA and MRS media, we were able to cultivate over 94.4% of bacterial species with high diversity, including species-specific microorganisms. Prolonged pre-incubation in blood culture bottles significantly increased the number of bacterial species by about 33% and improved the isolation efficiency of beneficial bacteria with low abundance in human milk. After optimization, we reduced the pre-incubation time in blood culture bottles and selected optimal picking time-points (0, 3, and 6 days) at 37°C. By testing 6601 colonies using MALDI-TOF MS, we estimated that this new protocol could obtain more than 90% of bacterial species, reducing the workload by 57.0%. In conclusion, our new culturomics strategy, which involves the combination of CBA and MRS media, extended pre-incubation enrichment, and optimized picking time-points, is a feasible method for studying the human milk microbiota. This protocol significantly improves the efficiency of culturomics and allows for the establishment of a comprehensive repertoire of bacterial species and strains in human milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta-analysis assessed short-term outcomes after using human milk-derived fortifiers (HMFs) compared with bovine milk fortifiers (BMFs) in preterm infants fed an exclusive human milk (HM) diet, either mother's own milk (MOM) or donor human milk (DHM). We searched PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, CENTRAL and CINHAL between January 2015 and August 2023 for studies reporting outcomes in infants with ≤28 weeks gestation and/or birthweight ≤ 1500 g on an exclusive human milk diet fortified with HMF versus BMF. The primary outcomes were death and NEC (stage ≥ 2). Four studies with a total of 681 infants were included. Mortality was significantly lower in infants fed with an HM-HMFs diet (four studies, 681 infants; RR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.26–0.94; p = 0.03; I2 = 0%), NEC was similar between the two groups (four studies, 681 infants; RR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.20–1.17; p = 0.11; I2= 39%). BPD was higher in the HM-BMFs group (four studies, 663 infants; RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69–1.000; p = 0.05, I2 = 0%), although not statistically significant. No differences were found for sepsis (RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.66–1.42; p = 0.96; I2 = 26%) or combined ROP (four studies, 671 infants; RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.53–1.07; p = 0.28; I2 = 69%). An HM-HMFs diet could possibly be associated with decreased mortality with no association with NEC, BPD, sepsis, or ROP. This meta-analysis was limited by the small number of studies included. However, the results should not be refuted for this reason as they provide an impetus for subsequent clinical trials to assess the observed associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric food allergy remains commonplace, despite the advancement in our understanding of risk factors and prevention modalities for the condition. Early allergen introduction, a dietary intervention, has been endorsed by professional societies globally as an effective primary preventive measure, yet awareness among medical professionals and parents is lacking. Alongside food allergen introduction, overall nutrition, such as diet diversity, also plays an important role in allergy prevention. To address both food allergen introduction and overall nutrition, dietitians play a pivotal role in the dissemination and education of current guidelines to caregivers. This review addresses the particular role of the dietitian in food allergy prevention consultations, providing up-to-date information on food allergies, their development and prevalence, risk factors, dietary factors and an overview of the current guidelines in the United States. This has not been addressed in any of the current food allergy or nutrition guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with the cessation of human milk prior to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge for infants diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Study Design Participants were recruited from the Johns Hopkins BPD Clinic between January 2016 and October 2018. Clinical and demographic characteristics were analyzed based on whether participants stopped human milk before or after NICU discharge. Results Of the 224 infants included, 109 (48.7%) infants stopped human milk prior to discharge. The median duration of human milk intake was less for infants who stopped human milk prior to discharge compared with those who continued after discharge (2 vs. 8 months, p < 0.001). In multivariate regression analysis, pulmonary hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 2.90; p = 0.016), public insurance (OR: 2.86; p < 0.001), and length of NICU admission (OR: 1.26 per additional month; p = 0.002) were associated with human milk cessation prior to NICU discharge. Conclusion Infants with BPD who have severe medical comorbidities and markers of lower socioeconomic status may be at higher risk for earlier human milk discontinuation. Key Points Half of infants in our study with BPD who received human milk stopped human milk prior to NICU discharge. For infants on human milk after discharge, the duration of human milk intake was 8.6 months. Infants with pulmonary hypertension, tracheostomies, and ventilation stopped human milk earlier. Non-White race, lower income, and public insurance were predictors of early human milk cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of prematurity has been increasing since the twenty-first century. Premature neonates are extremely vulnerable and require a rich supply of nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA) and others. Typical breast milk serves as the primary source for infants under six months old to provide these nutrients. However, depending on the individual needs of preterm infants, a more diverse and intricate range of nutrients may be necessary. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research progress on the physical and chemical properties, biological activity, function, and structure of breast milk, as well as explores the relationship between the main components of milk globular membrane and infant growth. Additionally, compare the nutritional composition of milk from different mammals and newborn milk powder, providing a comprehensive understanding of the differences in milk composition and detailed reference for meeting daily nutritional needs during lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fortified expressed breast milk (FEBM) is a standard of care for premature and low birth weight neonates, but comes with an elevated risk of a rare but re‐emergent pathology called milk curd obstruction (MCO). Little is known about normal sonographic appearances of bowel contents in this feeding setting, making the recognition of abnormalities difficult. Thus, we aimed to describe appearances that may be considered typical pre‐ and post‐fortifier inclusion. Methods: Ten neonates of <32 weeks' gestation or a birth weight of <1,800 g recruited from Auckland City Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care between 1/5/2019 and 10/9/2019 received bowel ultrasounds within 24 h before and 10–14 days after starting FEBM. Bowel contents in six abdominal regions were assigned scores of 1–6 based on increasing solidification. Results: Lower gestational age was correlated with more solid contents on the pre‐fortifier ultrasound (P = 0.02). Fortifier was significantly associated with increasing solidity, particularly in the left abdomen (P < 0.001). The left lower quadrant and rectum accounted for much of this change (P = 0.012 and P = 0.002). One subject who subsequently developed a clinical picture consistent with early MCO had uniquely demonstrated non‐rectal solid contents (score 6). The interobserver kappa score for two assessors was 0.91 (95% CI 0.94–0.99) on still images. Conclusion: This small cohort demonstrated increasing bowel content solidification after breast milk fortification using a novel ultrasound scoring system with good interobserver agreement. Non‐rectal solid contents (score 6) appeared atypical. Ultrasound shows promise for its non‐irradiating diagnostic utility in the setting of early milk curd disease evaluation of the premature neonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) have seen an exponential increase in incidence, particularly among pediatric patients. Psychological stress is a significant risk factor influencing the disease course. This review assesses the interaction between stress and disease progression, focusing on articles that quantified inflammatory markers in IBD patients exposed to varying degrees of psychological stress. Methods: A systematic narrative literature review was conducted, focusing on the interaction between IBD and stress among adult and pediatric patients, as well as animal subjects. The research involved searching PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases from 2000 to December 2023. Results: The interplay between the intestinal immunity response, the nervous system, and psychological disorders, known as the gut–brain axis, plays a major role in IBD pathophysiology. Various types of stressors alter gut mucosal integrity through different pathways, increasing gut mucosa permeability and promoting bacterial translocation. A denser microbial load in the gut wall emphasizes cytokine production, worsening the disease course. The risk of developing depression and anxiety is higher in IBD patients compared with the general population, and stress is a significant trigger for inducing acute flares of the disease. Conclusions: Further large studies should be conducted to assess the relationship between stressors, psychological disorders, and their impact on the course of IBD. Clinicians involved in the medical care of IBD patients should aim to implement stress reduction practices in addition to pharmacological therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins have been linked to adverse health impacts, including liver cancer and kidney diseases. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the dietary exposure of Lebanese adults to multi-mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), ochratoxin A (OTA), ochratoxin B (OTB), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2) and to assess their associated health risks. Hence, a nationally representative sample of 449 participants aged 18-64 years old were interviewed to obtain their socio-demographic characteristics, food consumption data and exposure estimates. A food frequency questionnaire and 24 h-recall were used to collect data. The concentration of mycotoxins in all foods consumed by the participants was collected from previous national published studies. The estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ) and the margin of exposure (MOE) were calculated. The total exposure to AFB1, AFM1, OTA and DON was 1.26, 0.39, 4.10 and 411.18 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The MOE to AFB1, AFM1, OTA and DON in the Lebanese food basket was 316, 1454, 3539 and 510, respectively, indicating high health-related risks. Per food items, the MOE to AFB1 was below 10,000 in cereals (466.5), mainly in rice (827.9) and Burgul (4868.5). Similarly, the MOE to OTA in cereals was 1439, in which bread (4022), rice (7589) and bulgur (7628) were considered unsafe. Moreover, the MOE to DON in cereals (605) is alarming, especially in bread (632) and manakesh (6879). The MOE to AFM1 in dairy products was 1454, indicating health-related risks with a focus on yogurt (9788) and labneh (8153). As for the herbs/spices group and traditional dishes, the MOE to AFB1 was relatively lower than 10,000 (3690 and 1625, respectively), with a focus on thyme (2624) and kishik (3297), respectively. It is noteworthy that the MOE to DON and the MOE to OTA in traditional foods and coffee were lower than 10,000 (8047 and 8867, respectively). All hazard quotient (HQ) values were below 1, except the HQ value of milk and dairy products (1.96). The intake of some food groups varied between age categories, corresponding to differences in EDI between them. Thus, it is essential to put control measures in place to decrease the contamination and exposure to mycotoxins by Lebanese consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the broad and intense use of plastic, society is being increasingly affected by its degradation and by-products, particularly by microplastics (MPs), fragments smaller than 5 mm in size, and nanoplastics (NPs), with sizes less than 1 µm. MPs and NPs may enter the body primarily through inhalation, consumption, and skin contact. Once ingested, MPs can penetrate tissues, deviating to other parts of the body and potentially affecting important cellular pathways such as nonconforming chemokine receptors that control the communication between the fetus and the mother. Consequently, the potential health harm induced via MP internalization is a major issue, evidenced by multiple studies demonstrating harmful consequences in diverse animal models and human cells. Here, an overview of the various modes of exposure to MPs and NPs is presented, including inhalation, placental transfer, ingestion, breastmilk consumption, and skin absorption, as well as placental and fetal toxicity due to plastic particles based on animal and in vitro studies. Though MPs in our environment are becoming more recognized, their developmental toxicity is still scarcely known. Besides negatively affecting pregnancy, MPs and NPs have been shown to potentially harm the developing fetus, given their ability to cross the placental barrier. Still, considerable gaps remain in our understanding of the dispersion and toxicity of these particles in the environment and the precise types of NPs and MPs bearing the greatest dangers. As a result, we advocate for larger-scale epidemiological investigations, the development of novel approaches for measuring NP and MP exposures, and the necessity of understanding the toxicity of various kinds of NPs to guide future research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a set of complex carbohydrates and the third largest solid component of human milk, after lactose and lipids. To date, over 150 HMOs have been identified and the diversity of structures produced by lactating women is influenced by maternal genetics as well as other maternal, infant, and environmental factors. While the concentrations of individual HMOs have been shown to vary between individuals and throughout the course of lactation, the variability of HMO concentration profiles following different pregnancies occurring in the same woman is presently unknown. As such, the objective of this study was to compare HMO concentrations in human milk samples provided by the same women (n = 34) following repeat pregnancies. We leveraged existing human milk samples and metadata from the UC San Diego Human Milk Research Biorepository (HMB) and measured the concentrations of the 19 most abundant HMOs using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). By assessing dissimilarities in HMO concentration profiles, as well as concentration trends in individual structures between pregnancies of each participant, we discovered that HMO profiles largely follow a highly personalized and predictable trajectory following different pregnancies irrespective of non-genetic influences. In conclusion, this is the first study to assess the interactions between parity and time following delivery on variations in HMO compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Mediterranean diet is characterized by the predominance of the consumption of fruit, vegetables, cereals, nuts, and pulses; consumption of olive oil as the main source of fat; regular but moderate consumption of win; moderate consumption of fish, dairy products, eggs, and white meats; and low consumption of red meat as well as sugar and sugary products. In addition to the reported health benefits, the Mediterranean diet has also been widely recognized as a sustainable food pattern. The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet of employees of the University of Porto and the relationship with the carbon footprint of their food consumption. Methods: An observational, analytical study was carried out, through the analysis of food consumption data collected in the form of a survey in the previous 24 h inserted in the eAT24 software, as well as the analysis of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health data collected in the questionnaire. The carbon footprint was calculated from the previous 24 h surveys using data available on a website, obtained in carbon dioxide equivalent per kilogram of food. Sociodemographic, eating habit, and lifestyle questions were selected to understand the relationship between these and adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the carbon footprint of food consumption. Results: In total, 13.2% of the participants had a Mediterranean diet score equal to or greater than six, and the sample had an average food intake carbon footprint of 8146 ± 3081 CO2eq/Kg of food. A weak, statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.142, p = 0.006) was observed between Mediterranean diet adherence and the carbon footprint of food intake. Conclusions: Most of the participants had a low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, as well as a high carbon footprint of food intake when compared to other countries. People with higher scores for Mediterranean diet adherence have, on average, a higher carbon footprint from food consumption intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Next-generation probiotics (NGPs) represent an innovative group of beneficial bacteria that are currently undergoing research and development. NGPs are designed not only for conventional use as foods or dietary supplements but are also tailored for pharmaceutical applications. Research indicates that NGPs show therapeutic promise in addressing various chronic ailments. Offering multiple advantages over conventional probiotics, NGPs present opportunities for personalized probiotic therapies, involvement in synthetic biology and gene editing, participation in combination therapies, targeted delivery methods, and application in therapeutic settings. Our review discusses the potential therapeutic effect of the NGPs, covering diverse research trajectories for NGPs, including their identification, characterization, and targeted delivery. Furthermore, this review elucidates the influence of NGPs on critical aspects of human health, specifically, gut health, immune function, and broader health outcomes. Mechanistic insights encompass the production of bioactive compounds, competitive interactions with pathogenic bacteria, the modulation of immune cell activity, and the reinforcement of the gut barrier. What is noteworthy is that the current review points out the prevalent NGP strains and their diverse sources, providing a highlight for the comprehensive framework for understanding their potential applications and their future benefits in the domain of advanced therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neonatal nutrition plays a crucial role in the growth and development of infants, particularly in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) where specialized care is essential. This study aims to explore current practices, challenges, and innovations in the nutrition and feeding of neonates, focusing on the utilization of human milk, fortifiers, and formula. Materials and Methods: A retrospective clinical study was conducted at a tertiary care NICU over a period of two years. Data were collected from medical records of neonates admitted to the unit. Information regarding feeding practices, types of milk (human milk, fortified human milk, or formula), fortification protocols, and associated clinical outcomes were analyzed. Results: A total of 150 neonates were included in the study. The majority (85%) received some form of human milk during their NICU stay, with 60% exclusively receiving human milk. Among those receiving human milk, 40% required fortification with a human milk fortifier due to inadequate growth parameters. Formula supplementation was necessary in 25% of cases due to maternal lactation insufficiency or medical contraindications to human milk. The mean duration of parenteral nutrition was 10 days, with a median time to full enteral feeds of 14 days. Infants receiving exclusively human milk demonstrated a lower incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) compared to those receiving formula (5% vs. 12%, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Human milk remains the preferred source of nutrition for neonates in the NICU setting, associated with lower rates of NEC and improved clinical outcomes. However, fortification with human milk fortifiers or supplementation with formula is often necessary to meet the nutritional requirements of preterm infants. Further research is needed to optimize fortification protocols and improve long-term outcomes in this vulnerable population.

Human milk stimulates a health-promoting gut microbiome in infants. However, it is unclear how the microbiota salvages and processes its required nitrogen from breast milk. Human milk nitrogen sources such as urea could contribute to the composition of this early life microbiome. Urea is abundant in human milk, representing a large part of the non-protein nitrogen (NPN). We found that B. longum subsp. infantis (ATCC17930) can use urea as a main source of nitrogen for growth in synthetic medium and enzyme activity was induced by the presence of urea in the medium. We furthermore confirmed the expression of both urease protein subunits and accessory proteins of B. longum subsp. infantis through proteomics. To the same end, metagenome data were mined for urease-related genes. It was found that the breastfed infant's microbiome possessed more urease-related genes than formula fed infants (51.4:22.1; 2.3-fold increase). Bifidobacteria provided a total of 106 of urease subunit alpha alignments, found only in breastfed infants. These experiments show how an important gut commensal that colonizes the infant intestine can metabolize urea. The results presented herein further indicate how dietary nitrogen can determine bacterial metabolism in the neonate gut and shape the overall microbiome. This study indicates that nitrogen sources in human milk are potentially selecting for a healthy gut microbiome, which is important for infant feeding and health considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk metabolites are associated with species of dairy animals and also affect the nutritional value of infant formulas. The objective of this study was to characterize the profile of milk metabolites between human milk and cow, horse, and goat milk, and identify any differences using non-targeted LC/MS metabolomic approaches, and analyze possible metabolic pathways. The results showed that 37 significantly different metabolites (P < 0.05 and VIP value > 1) were identified in the four milk samples. The metabolic pathways analysis revealed seven main metabolic pathways (P < 0.05 and pathway impact value > 0.1), including synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism. These metabolic pathways could provide the data for the metabolism of dairy products in vivo. A better understanding of milk metabolites from different dairy animals could provide a rich reference to evaluate milk properties, and improve the quality of formulas and develop formulas closer to human milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of pasteurization on antioxidant and oxidant properties of human milk. Methods: 42 samples of milk before and after pasteurisation were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity by the ferric reducing capacity and by scavenging the 2,2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid radical. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the concentration of malondialdehyde product using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay and by the evaluation of advanced oxidation protein products. Results: No significant difference was observed in fresh human milk and after pasteurization in relation to antioxidant properties determined by the ferric reducing capacity (50.0±3.4% and 48.8±3.0%, respectively) and by scavenging the 2,2’-azinobis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical (28.9±1.5% and 31.2±1.3%, respectively). The results of malondialdehyde (62.6±4.1 and 64.3±3.6 μM/mg) and protein oxidation products (59.4±3.4 and 54.2±3.8 μM/L) of fresh and pasteurized milk, respectively, did not exhibited an y significant difference. Conclusions: This data showed that human milk has an important antioxidant activity and that the pasteurizing process does not influence the antioxidant capacity, avoiding the peroxidation of breast milk lipids and the formation of advanced protein oxidation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the composition of macronutrients present in the milk of mothers of preterm newborn infants (PTNB) — protein, fat, carbohydrate, and calories — by gestational age (GA), chronological age (CA) and maternal variables. Methods: Longitudinal study that analyzed 215 milk samples from the 51 mothers of PTNB admitted in three Neonatal Intensive Care Units of Rio de Janeiro from May/2013-January/2014. Milk collection was performed by pickup pump, on a fixed day of each week until discharge. The spectrophotometric technique with Infrared Analysis (MilkoScan Minor 104) was used for the quantitative analysis. A sample of 7 mL of human milk was taken from the total volume of milk extracted by the mother. The data was grouped by GA (25-27, 28-31, 32-36, 37-40 weeks) and by CA (zero to 4, 5-8, 9-12, 13-16 weeks). Results: Protein, carbohydrate, fat and calories did not show any pattern of change, with no difference among groups of GA. When the macronutrients were analyzed by groups of CA, protein decreased, with significant difference between the first two groups of CA. Carbohydrates, fat and calories presented increasing values in all groups, without significant differences. Weight gain during pregnancy, maternal hypertension and maternal age were associated with changes in fat and calories in the first moment of the analysis of milk. Conclusions: There was a significant decrease in the levels of protein during the first eight weeks after birth. CA may be an important factor in the composition of human milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic engineering, which was first developed in the 1980s, allows for specific additions to animals' genomes that are not possible through conventional breeding. Using genetic engineering to improve agricultural animals was first suggested when the technology was in the early stages of development by Palmiter et al. (Nature 300:611-615, ). One of the first agricultural applications identified was generating transgenic dairy animals that could produce altered or novel proteins in their milk. Human milk contains high levels of antimicrobial proteins that are found in low concentrations in the milk of ruminants, including the antimicrobial proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme. Lactoferrin and lysozyme are both part of the innate immune system and are secreted in tears, mucus, and throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Due to their antimicrobial properties and abundance in human milk, multiple lines of transgenic dairy animals that produce either human lactoferrin or human lysozyme have been developed. The focus of this review is to catalogue the different lines of genetically engineered dairy animals that produce either recombinant lactoferrin or lysozyme that have been generated over the years as well as compare the wealth of research that has been done on the in vitro and in vivo effects of the milk they produce. While recent advances including the development of CRISPRs and TALENs have removed many of the technical barriers to predictable and efficient genetic engineering in agricultural species, there are still many political and regulatory hurdles before genetic engineering can be used in agriculture. It is important to consider the substantial amount of work that has been done thus far on well established lines of genetically engineered animals evaluating both the animals themselves and the products they yield to identify the most effective path forward for future research and acceptance of this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article report on Human milk based fortifiers improve health outcomes for the smallest premature babies. It mentions that babies are born prematurely in the U.S. each year, according to the March of Dimes, and the "Preemies" can be severely underweight babies and struggle to get nutrients they need from breast milk alone, so neonatal intensive care units provide an additional milk fortifier, either in form of cow's milk or manufactured from donor breast milk, to keep them healthy.

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Objective: to analyze the understanding of mothers about the donation of human milk. Methods: a qualitative and quantitative study with 13 potential milk donors who answered a sociodemographic and obstetric background questionnaire, as well as a semistructured interview guide on milk donation. Mothers were approached in the hospital environment, after delivery and the visit of the milk bank. Data were analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20.0 and NVivo 11 Starter. Results: the mean age was 24.62 ± 3.95 years; 84.6% had more than eleven years of formal education; 38.5% declared themselves housewives; 46.2% were in a stable union and 76.9% had an income of up to two minimum wages. Most of the mothers (69.2%) experienced previous pregnancy; 76.9% had 6 or more prenatal consultations and 62.5% had previously breastfed. The motivating factors of the donation were altruism; empathy with other mothers; recognition of the primacy of breast milk; the child's understanding of breast milk need; excess milk production and family support. Unawareness of the process, limited time available, and lack of transportation and collection points can make donation difficult. Conclusions: there was a desire for information and support for breastfeeding and donation, which made the donation act complex and distant from reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association of the human microbiome with health outcomes has attracted much interest toward its therapeutic manipulation. The likelihood of modulating the human microbiome in early life is high and offers great potential to exert profound effects on human development since the early microbiota shows more flexibility compared to that of adults. The human microbiota, being similar to human genetics, can be transmitted from mother to infant, providing insights into early microbiota acquisition, subsequent development, and potential opportunities for intervention. Here, we review adaptations of the maternal microbiota during pregnancy, birth, and infancy, the acquisition and succession of early-life microbiota, and highlight recent efforts to elucidate mother-to-infant microbiota transmission. We further discuss how the mother-to-infant microbial transmission is shaped; and finally we address potential directions for future studies to promote our understanding within this field. Changes in microbial communities inhabiting the maternal gut, vagina, and breast milk are observed during the period of pregnancy and throughout lactation. The seeding and development of the microbial communities in early life of humans differ among individuals, and may relate to host health status in later life. Being similar to human genetics, shared microbial strains have been observed among mothers and their babies, suggesting vertical transmission of microbiota mainly from the maternal gut, vagina, and breast milk. Human genetics, gestational age, mode of delivery, antibiotic exposure, and maternal diet during pregnancy all influence the developing microbiota of the infant. There may be an opportunity to address such influences through probiotic intervention with 'missing' microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • −30 °C is the appropriate temperature for preserving human milk at home. • Freezing at −30 °C and lower can effectively retain microorganisms in human milk. • Freezing at −30 °C and lower reduces the loss of active proteins in human milk. • Freezing at −30 °C and lower reduces lipid hydrolysis degree. • −18 °C quick freezing has no significant advantage in preserving human milk. Human milk is the best source of nutrition for infants. Lower freezing temperatures and faster freezing rates allow for better preservation of human milk. However, research on the freezing conditions of human milk is limited. This study investigated the effectiveness of quick freezing and suitable freezing conditions for home preservation. Human milk was stored under different freezing conditions (−18 °C, −18 °C quick freezing, −30 °C, −40 °C, −60 °C, and − 80 °C) for 30, 60, and 90 days and then evaluated for changes in the microbial counts, bioactive protein, and lipid. The results showed that the total aerobic bacterial and Bifidobacteria counts in human milk after storage at freezing temperatures of − 30 °C and lower were closer to those of fresh human milk compared to − 18 °C. Furthermore, the lysozyme loss, lipid hydrolysis degree, and volatile organic compound production were lower. However, −18 °C quick freezing storage was not markedly different from −18 °C in maintaining human milk quality. Based on the results, for household and environmental reasons, the recommended temperature for storing human milk is suggested as −30 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The development and deployment of a practical and portable technology for on-site chiral identification of enantiomers hold immense significance in the fields of medical and biological sciences. Among the essential amino acids, Tryptophan (Trp) plays a crucial role in human metabolism and serves as a diagnostic marker for various metabolic disorders. In this study, we introduce an innovative approach that combines an enantio-selective ZIF-8-His MOF-MIPs packed-bed centrifugal microfluidic system with an enantioselective colorimetric sensor probe. This system is further integrated with smartphone-based on-site data recording. The basis of this colorimetric sensor's operation lies in the controlled morphology and surface passivation of gold nano-ovals (Au–NOs) through DL-Alanine. To confirm the successful synthesis of the chiral recognition elements, we employed various characterization techniques, including FE-SEM, TEM, FTIR, CD, UV–Vis, zeta potential, DLS, and XRD. Our focus was on optimizing operational parameters for the effective separation and determination of L-chiral tryptophan on-site. The sensor exhibited two linear ranges for L-Trp detection: 0–5.42 and 5.42–80.47 mM, with a detection limit of 0.5 mM. The integrated system possesses advantages such as ease of availability, preparation, high stability, desirable selectivity even in the presence of similar biomolecules, and rapid detection capabilities. Furthermore, our method demonstrated successful enantioselective sensing of L-Trp in various biological samples, including human blood plasma, urine, milk, and bovine serum albumin (BSA), yielding promising results. The integrated microfluidic platform follows a "sample-in and answer-out" approach, making it highly applicable in healthcare, environmental monitoring, food safety analysis, and point-of-care testing. The chiral recognition pretreatment assay and self-contained, automated colorimetric detection on the microfluidic disc represent a promising avenue for cutting-edge research in these domains". [Display omitted] • Integration of ZIF-8-L-His-MIPs packed-bed centrifugal microfluidic with an on-site enantioselective colorimetric sensor. • Controlled morphology and surface passivation of gold nano-ovals (Au–NOs) on a microfluidic paper chip for the sensor. • Broad linear ranges and a desirable detection limit achieved, with minimal reagent consumption & instant analytical feedback. • Successful enantioselective sensing of L-Trp in various sample matrices, such as BSA, bovine milk, human blood plasma & urine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous balance of electrode materials and electrode structures can energize the development of innovative electrochemical sensors. In this work, a 3D nanocarbon layer of hybrid heteroatoms and metal atoms (CN/Fe) with excellent electrical properties and abundant active sites was self-constructed on the surface of a quartz-based nanofiber by high-temperature pyrolysis. Further, the nanofiber tip was selected as the sensing region to develop an electrochemical sensing platform with high sensitivity, miniaturization, and portability. A common broad-spectrum antibiotic (Doxycycline hyclate, DOX) was used as a model to evaluate the designed miniaturized sensing platform, and the stability, reproducibility, and applicability of the microsensor were verified in a variety of real samples, including algal solution, milk, human serum, and cell culture media. The results show that the proposed sensing platform has a detection limit as low as 82 nM in aqueous environments. Furthermore, it is further shown that coupling the design of electrode materials and electrode structures facilitates the development of electrochemical sensors with more practical applications. This concept will open up new avenues for the development of electrochemical sensors that meet many application scenarios. [Display omitted] • A method for preparing multi-doped carbon microelectrodes is presented. • The active sites on the microelectrodes play an important role in detecting DOX. • The miniaturized electrochemical sensor was integrated based on CN/Fe ME. • The miniaturized analytical platform was examined in a variety of real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Morphological study of new metal-complex (AFM, FESEM, EDX and XRD). • Spectroscopical characterizations (FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, UV–Vis, and mass spectrometer). • New coated carbon brush electrode of azo-azomethine-Ca(II) membrane. • Fabricated sensor for Ca2+ determination in life samples (Water, Milk, human blood serum and Urine). Current coordination chemistry trends are designing and synthesizing new azo-azomethine alkaline earth metal complexes for medicinal, diagnostic, and catalytic uses. Because of their many uses, it has been noted for decades that azo-azomethine metal complex chemistry is receiving particular attention. Therefore the present work involves the synthesis of a new azo-azomethine ligand (L) by condensation of 4-((3-formyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl)benzoic acid and 3-methoxy aniline. From that azo-azomethine ligand, complex Ca(II) has been prepared (L-Ca(II)). EDX, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV–vis, thermal analytic techniques, mass spectrometry, FESEM, AFM, and magnetic susceptibility examinations were used to describe the structure. The new complex of azo-azomethine was used to fabricate coated carbon brush electrode as an ionophore of the membrane sensor for the analytical determination of Ca2+. The response of Ca(II) was linear over the concentration ranging from 1.0 × 10−6 –1.0 × 10−1 mol/L, with selectivity coefficients between 0.001455–0.411661, and detection limit for 1.9 × 10−6 mol/L. The membrane responded within 8 s, depending on the concentration of Ca2+. The fabricated CBE demonstrated excellent selectivity, as well as remarkable repeatability and reproducibility, in the determination of Ca2+ ions. The experimental results provided compelling evidence of the sensor's effectiveness in accurately measuring the Ca2+ levels in various real-life samples. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 /MoO 3 via a facile route. • Application of Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 /MoO 3 for phosphopeptide enrichment through AEX and MOAC mechanisms. • High enrichment specificity, selectivity, and recovery of Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 /MoO 3. • Good recyclability of Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 /MoO 3 for phosphopeptide enrichment. • High enrichment efficiency in non-fat milk, human serum, saliva, and A549 cell lysate. Here, two-dimensional magnetic graphite nitride nanosheets were synthesized, over which molybdenum trioxide was distributed evenly. The magnetic nanocomposite served as an enrichment platform for phosphopeptides based on metal oxide affinity chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. Owing to the abundant affinity sites, positive electricity, and large surface area, the nanocomposite had high selectivity (α -casein/ β -casein/bovine serum albumin, 1:1:5000), sensitivity (0.1 fmol), quantitative recovery (91.3%), and good recyclability (10 cycles). The nanocomposite also showed good enrichment performance for phosphopeptides from non-fat milk, human serum, saliva, and A549 cell lysate. The results demonstrated the value of this material in phosphorylated proteomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a multi-host zoonotic pathogen causing human and livestock diseases. Dairy farms that make artisan cheese have distinctive concerns for S. aureus control. Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) S. aureus is a public and animal health concern. There is a need to study the population structure of AMR S. aureus at the human-animal interface and understand the path of zoonotic transmission. This cross-sectional observational study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and AMR patterns of S. aureus isolated from cattle and humans on conventional and organic Vermont dairy farms that produce and sell farmstead cheese. Results: A convenience sample of 19 dairy farms in Vermont was enrolled, and 160 S. aureus isolates were collected from cow quarter milk (CQM), bulk tank milk (BTM), human-hand and -nasal swabs. After deduplication, 89 isolates were used for the analysis. Sequence types (STs) were determined by multilocus sequence typing and cataloged to the PubMLST database. Nine defined and five novel STs were identified. For BTM and CQM samples, six STs were identified within cow-adapted CC97 and CC151. Two human-adapted STs were isolated from BTM and CQM. Seven human-adapted clonal complexes with eight STs were identified from human samples. One cow-adapted ST was isolated from a human. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was tested using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Approximately 27% of the isolates were beta-lactam resistant and blaZ gene-positive. S. aureus isolates from human swabs were more likely to carry blaZ compared to isolates from CQM or BTM. S. aureus isolated from cows and humans on the same farm belonged to different STs. Conclusion: Humans were more likely to carry beta-lactam-resistant S. aureus compared to cows, and on organic farms only human-adapted blaZ positive STs were isolated from BTM. Moreover, we identified potential spillover events of S. aureus sequence types between host species. The presence of penicillin-resistant-human-adapted S. aureus on both organic and conventional dairy farms highlights a "One Health" concern at the junction of public and animal health requiring further surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Disruptions of the gut microbiota of preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during the first 2 weeks of life are of critical importance. These infants are prone to various complications, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis. Studying the gut microbiota will improve outcomes in preterm infants. In the present study, we examined the gut microbiota of preterm infants admitted to the NICU in the first month of life. Methods: Neonates admitted to the NICU were recruited, and stool samples were collected weekly from the seventh day of the infant's life until the 30th day of life. DNA was extracted using a DNeasy Powersoil DNA isolation kit. 16S rRNA gene sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region was performed using the MiSeq platform. Sequenced reads were processed on DADA2 pipeline to obtain an amplicon sequence variant (ASV) table. All bioinformatic and statistical analyses were performed using different packages in the R statistical framework. Results: Fourteen preterm infants were recruited, and 48 samples were collected. Alpha diversity metrics, observed ASV count, and Shannon index were found to have no differences in any clinical variables. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed discrimination of neonates by gestational age and administration of probiotics. Differential abundance analysis showed a decreased abundance of Bifidobacterium Breve in extremely preterm infants (gestational age <28 weeks) compared to moderate preterm infants (gestational age 29-32 weeks). Supplementation with probiotics decreased Acinetobacter and increased Bifidobacterium in the gut of preterm neonates regardless of gestational age. Conclusion: Gestational age and probiotic supplementation alter the gut microbiota of preterm infants admitted to the NICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) is a widely consumed vegetable, very popular due to its various nutritional and bioactive components. Since studies on the lipid components of broccoli have been limited so far, the aim of the present work was the study of free fatty acids (FFAs) present in different broccoli parts, aerial and underground. The direct determination of twenty-four FFAs in broccoli tissues (roots, leaves, and florets) was carried out, using a liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method in a 10 min single run. Linolenic acid was found to be the most abundant FFA in all different broccoli parts in quantities ranging from 0.76 to 1.46 mg/g, followed by palmitic acid (0.17–0.22 mg/g) and linoleic acid (0.06–0.08 mg/g). To extend our knowledge on broccoli's bioactive components, for the first time, the existence of bioactive oxidized fatty acids, namely hydroxy and oxo fatty acids, was explored in broccoli tissues adopting an HRMS-based lipidomics approach. 16- and 2-hydroxypalmitic acids were detected in all parts of broccoli studied, while ricinoleic acid was detected for the first time as a component of broccoli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Follow-on formulas are necessary for newborns that are unable to breastfeed. Thus, the development of formulas more tailored to infants' needs is highly important. Recently, using camel milk, goat milk, and sweet milk whey in the formulation of follow-on formulas has gained researchers' attention. Moreover, developing postbiotic systems to create formulas that mimic human milk, are easy to digest, improve compatibility with an infant's gut, and boost immunity is crucial. Thus, this study aimed to create and assess different formulations using fermented whey from camel and goat milks. The fermentation process involved the use of Lactobacillus helveticus as a probiotic and proteolytic lactic acid bacterium strain. The study monitored the proteolytic activity and antioxidant properties of sweet whey produced from cow, camel, and goat milks during the fermentation process with L. helveticus. Also, three different milk fat blends were recombined using edible vegetable oils (coconut oil, rice bran oil, and canola oil) and then they were used to formulate follow-on formulas with a similar fat composition to human milk. Finally, the prepared formulas were tested for their in vitro digestibility and antioxidant activity before and after digestion. The L. helveticus strain had high proteolytic activity towards whey proteins from all the types of milk used in the study. A fermentation time of 6 h produced a higher proteolytic degree and antioxidant activity than 2 and 4 h of fermentation. No significant differences were observed for proteolytic degree and antioxidant activity between 6 and 12 h of fermentation for the cow, camel, and goat whey samples. Regarding the fat blends, animal milk fat, rice bran oil, and canola oil in a fat combination were essential to provide the required amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the follow-on formulas, especially the linoleic acid–α-linolenic acid (LA:ALA) ratio. Adding coconut oil in small amounts to the follow-on formulas provided the required amounts of saturated fatty acids, especially lauric and meristic acids. The follow-on formula based on cow or goat milk whey fermented with L. helveticus released more free amino acids (mmol tyrosine equivalent mL−1) with high levels of antioxidants compared to unfermented ones. The release of free amino acids in the follow-on formula based on camel milk whey was not affected by fermentation. Our results recommend using L. helveticus in the fermentation of follow-on formulas based on camel and goat whey instead of formulas based on cow milk proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers in developed and Western European countries are becoming more aware of the impact of food on their health, and they demand clear, transparent, and reliable information from the food industry about the products they consume. They recognise that food safety risks are often due to the unexpected presence of contaminants throughout the food supply chain. Among these, mycotoxins produced by food-infecting fungi, endogenous toxins from certain plants and organisms, pesticides, and other drugs used excessively during farming and food production, which lead to their contamination and accumulation in foodstuffs, are the main causes of concern. In this context, the goals of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the presence of toxic molecules reported in foodstuffs since 2020 through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) portal and use chromatography to address this challenge. Overall, natural toxins, environmental pollutants, and food-processing contaminants are the most frequently reported toxic molecules, and liquid chromatography and gas chromatography are the most reliable approaches for their control. However, faster, simpler, and more powerful analytical procedures are necessary to cope with the growing pressures on the food chain supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human milk is abundant in carbohydrates and includes human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and N/O-glycans conjugated to proteins. HMO compositions and concentrations vary in individuals according to the maternal secretor status based on the fucosyltransferase 2 genotype; however, the profile of N/O-glycans remains uninvestigated because of the analytical complexity. Herein, we applied a label-free chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) technique to elucidate the variation in the composition and concentration of N/O-glycans in human milk. We used label-free LC–MS to relatively quantify 16 N-glycans and 12 O-glycans in 200 samples of Japanese human milk (1–2 months postpartum) and applied high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection to absolutely quantify the concentrations of 11 representative HMOs. Cluster analysis of the quantitative data revealed that O-glycans and several HMOs were classified according to the presence or absence of fucose linked to galactose while N-glycans were classified into a different group from O-glycans and HMOs. O-glycans and HMOs with fucose linked to galactose were more abundant in human milk from secretor mothers than from nonsecretor mothers. Thus, secretor status influenced the composition and concentration of HMOs and O-glycans but not those of N-glycans in human milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work was carried out in El-Beheira Province, Egypt to estimate the frequency of Candida species occurrence in mastitic milk of cattle and buffalo as well as oral swabs from humans besides detection of some virulence factors and determine the antifungal susceptibility of the obtained Candida strains. A total of 350 raw milk samples were randomly collected from clinically mastitic bovine milk. Also, 140 oral swabs were obtained from patients attending external clinics of El-Delingat Hospital to be examined for the presence of Candida. The recorded results showed a high frequency of Candida spp. (36.9%) among the examined milk samples. Candida spp. isolated from cow milk (39.9%) was higher than that isolated from buffalo milk (29.3%). Also, the total prevalence of Candidiasis in human samples was 62.9% and the highest prevalence in relation to age groups was noticed in the age group > 2 - < 16 years (65.5%) and finally, the age group >40 years (58.8%). The identified Candida spp. in human samples were C. albicans (37.5%), C. glabrata (17.1%), C. krusei (14.8%), C. parapsilosis (13.6%), C. tropicalis (11.4%), C. guilliermondii (4.5%) and C. kefyr (1.1%). It was observed that the highest prevalence of Candida species was among artificially fed infants (77.8%) and the lowest prevalence was detected in breastfed infants (53.3%). Based on the recorded results, Candida species constitute a major threat to both dairy animals and humans. Also, improperly heated milk constitutes a potential source of infection for humans so efficient pasteurization must be performed to avoid this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]