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Introduction and Objectives: Oncogenic FGFR3-TACC3 fusions and FGFR3 mutations are target candidates for small molecule inhibitors in bladder cancer (BC). Because FGFR3 and TACC3 genes are located very closely on chromosome 4p16.3, detection of the fusion by DNA-FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) is not a feasible option. In this study, we developed a novel RNA-FISH assay using branched DNA probe to detect FGFR3-TACC3 fusions in formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human BC samples. Materials and Methods: The RNA-FISH assay was developed and validated using a mouse xenograft model with human BC cell lines. Next, we assessed the consistency of the RNA-FISH assay using 104 human BC samples. In this study, primary BC tissues were stored as frozen and FFPE tissues. FGFR3-TACC3 fusions were independently detected in FFPE sections by the RNA-FISH assay and in frozen tissues by RT-PCR. We also analyzed the presence of FGFR3 mutations by targeted sequencing of genomic DNA extracted from deparaffinized FFPE sections. Results: FGFR3-TACC3 fusion transcripts were identified by RNA-FISH and RT-PCR in mouse xenograft FFPE tissues using the human BC cell lines RT112 and RT4. These cell lines have been reported to be fusion-positive. Signals for FGFR3-TACC3 fusions by RNA-FISH were positive in 2/60 (3%) of non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) and 2/44 (5%) muscle-invasive BC (MIBC) patients. The results of RT-PCR of all 104 patients were identical to those of RNA-FISH. FGFR3 mutations were detected in 27/60 (45%) NMIBC and 8/44 (18%) MIBC patients. Except for one NMIBC patient, FGFR3 mutation and FGFR3-TACC3 fusion were mutually exclusive. Conclusions: We developed an RNA-FISH assay for detection of the FGFR3-TACC3 fusion in FFPE samples of human BC tissues. Screening for not only FGFR3 mutations, but also for FGFR3-TACC3 fusion transcripts has the potential to identify additional patients that can be treated with FGFR inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the structure of the unimolecular Zn3(OAc)4-3,3′-bis(aminoimino)binaphthoxide complex, a poly-Zn3(OAc)4-3,3′-bis(aminoimino)binaphthoxide (poly- Zn) complex was prepared from 3,3′-diformylbinaphthol, tetramine, and Zn(OAc)2. The first-generation poly- Zn catalyst (poly- Zn1) was prepared from poly(aminoiminobinaphthol) and Zn(OAc)2. Although poly- Zn1 showed high catalytic activity for iodolactonization, the catalyst could not be reused. The second-generation poly-Zn catalyst (poly- Zn2) was prepared by the self-organization of 3,3′-diformylbinaphthol, tetramine, and Zn(OAc)2. This produced a stable and active poly- Zn2 catalyst for asymmetric iodolactonization that was reused over five cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

p-type doping of ZnS1- xTe x alloy with N acceptors has been studied with an idea that an upward shift of the valence band maximum due to Te incorporation could improve p-type doping efficiency. The resistivity was found to be less than 100 Ωcm for the layers with 0.2 < x < 0.3, which are suggested to be p-type from the currentvoltage ( I - V) characteristic and the electron-beam induced current. For further characterization, ZnSTe:N/n-ZnS diode structures have been fabricated. It was found that the diode exhibits clear rectification in I - V characteristic, and blue-green electroluminescence probably due to hole injection from the ZnSTe:N layer into the n-ZnS layer. These results indicate p-type conduction in ZnSTe:N, and thus the light-emitting diode operation in the ZnS-based pn-junctions. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Polysulfones with –O(CH2)3SO3H side chains were synthesized. [•] Ni- and Pd-promoted polycondensation gave the polymers. [•] Crosslinking of the polymer with 1,4-benzenedimethanol. [•] The cross-linked polymer film showed proton conductivity of 0.26Scm−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

π-Conjugated polymers based on indigo unit were prepared. Dehalogenative polycondensation of N-hexyl-6,6'-dibromoindigo with a zerovalent nickel complex gave a homopolymer, P(HexI), in 77% yield. Copolymer of N-hexyl-indigo and pyridine, P(HexI-Py), was also prepared in 50% yield. P(HexI) showed good solubility in organic solvents, whereas P(HexI-Py) was only soluble in acids such as HCOOH. The weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of P(HexI) and P(HexI-Py) were determined to be 10,000 and 40,000, respectively, by a light scattering method. Pd-catalyzed polycondensation between 6,6'-dibromoindigo with N-BOC (BOC = t-butoxycarbonyl) substituents and a diboronic compound of 9,9-dioctylfluorene afforded the corresponding alternating copolymer, P(BOCI-Flu), as a deep red solid in 98% yield. P(BOCI-Flu) was soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrroridone and showed an Mw of 29,000 in GPC analysis. Treatment of P(BOCI-Flu) with CF3COOH smoothly led to a BOC-deprotection reaction to give an insoluble deep green polymer, P(I-Flu), in a quantitative yield. Diffuse reflectance spectra of powdery P(BOCI-Flu) and P(I-Flu) showed peaks at about 580 nm and 630 nm, respectively, which are thought to originate from the indigo unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrocene-containing amphiphiles [py-N-(CH2)nOCH2Fc]Cl (n = 6 (1a), 8 (1b), 10 (1c); py = C5H5N, Fc = Fe(C5H4)(C5H5)) were synthesized. The absorption spectra of 1a–1c in the presence of a small amount of dye (Nile red and pyrene) in aqueous media suggested the formation of micelles which encapsulated the dye molecules. Two critical micelle concentrations were observed at 1.1 mM and 2.3 mM at 20 °C. Compounds 1a and 1c showed a single CMC for each, while the formation of two kinds of micelles, the spherical and rod-like ones, depended on the concentrations. The addition of an oxidant, NaOCl, to the aqueous solution of the micelles of 1b turned ferrocene to ferrocenium and caused the disaggregation of the micelles. The addition of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) to 2b caused the disaggregation of the micelle and the formation of water-soluble [2]- and [3]pseudorotaxane [{py-N-(CH2)8OCH2Fc}(α-CD)m]Cl (1b(α-CD)m) (m = 1, 2), while mixing 1c and α-CD in water formed the rotaxane gel. The addition of NaOCl to the hydrogel of 1c and α-CD changed the gel to sol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT To open out new aspects of 9,9-diarylfluorene (DAF)-based polymers with high performances, 9,9-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-diazafluorene ( N-BPF) was designed as a new cardo structure and the properties of poly(ether ketone)s ( N-PEKs) containing N-BPF skeletons were examined in detail. N-PEKs were synthesized in high yields via polycondensation of N-BPF with difluoroarenes. N-PEKs showed cardo polymer-specific properties such as high thermal stability and high solubility in organic solvents. The addition of p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) to N-PEK resulted in the formation of network polymer based on interchain hydrogen bonds. It turned out that the films of network polymer are flexible and transparent and exhibit high refractive index and low birefringence. The effects of feed ratio of TsOH to N-PEK were also evaluated on the mechanical properties of network polymer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 4541-4549 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on religious practices of Theravada Buddhists in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. It informs that Buddhism was brought into Dehong from Myanmar and local religious practices and Buddhist practices were similar in Southeast Asia. It also informs that Buddhist rituals in Dehong are performed with the help of Buddhist texts, Buddha images and pagodas.

Simple Summary: The 2016 World Health Organization classification system distinguishes between urothelial carcinomas (UCs) with divergent differentiation (DD) and those with variant morphologies (VMs), which until now had been considered to indicate highest-risk cases. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) treatment is an alternative therapeutic and adjuvant option after transurethral resection of a bladder tumor. However, data comparing oncological outcomes after intravesical BCG treatment among pure UC, UC with DD, and UC with VMs are sparse. This is a retrospective study to investigate the outcomes of bladder-preservation therapy using intravesical BCG treatment on cases of bladder UCs with DD or VMs. We followed the outcomes of 1490 patients with pure UCs, UC with DD, or UC with VM. We found that concomitant VMs, not DD, was more likely to result in cancer-specific death. The VM-associated risk was significant for cancer-specific mortality only, not for recurrence-free or progression-free survival rates. The 2016 World Health Organization classification newly described infiltrating urothelial carcinoma (UC) with divergent differentiation (DD) or variant morphologies (VMs). Data comparing oncological outcomes after bladder-preservation therapy using intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) treatment among T1 bladder pure UC (pUC), UC with DD (UC-DD), and UC with VMs (UC-VM) are limited. We evaluated 1490 patients with T1 high-grade bladder UC who received intravesical BCG during 2000–2019. They were classified into three groups: 93.6% with pUC, 4.4% with UC-DD, and 2.0% with UC-VM. Recurrence-free, progression-free, and cancer-specific survival following intravesical BCG were compared among the groups using multivariate Cox regression analysis, also used to estimate inverse probability of treatment weighting-adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval for the outcomes. Glandular differentiation and micropapillary variant were the most common forms in the UC-DD and UC-VM groups, respectively. Of 1490 patients, 31% and 13% experienced recurrence and progression, respectively, and 5.0% died of bladder cancer. Survival analyses revealed the impact of concomitant VMs was significant for cancer-specific survival, but not recurrence-free and progression-free survival compared with that of pUC. Our analysis clearly demonstrated that concomitant VMs were associated with aggressive behavior in contrast to concomitant DD in patients treated with intravesical BCG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editorial Comment from Dr Kojima to Renal function after bladder-preserving therapy for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Results of selective bladder-preserving tetramodality therapy consisting of maximal transurethral resection, induction chemoradiotherapy and partial cystectomy Radical cystectomy (RC) with urinary diversion is a standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In addition, they treated their patients by tetramodality therapy, not TMT, which was more commonly utilized as bladder-preservation therapy. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has a poor prognosis, with limited second-line systemic therapy options, and represents an increasing disease burden in Japan. In the phase 3 RATIONALE-302 study, the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 antibody, tislelizumab, significantly improved overall survival (OS) versus chemotherapy as second-line treatment for advanced/metastatic ESCC. Here, we report the Japanese patient subgroup results. Methods: Patients with advanced/metastatic ESCC, with disease progression during/after first-line systemic therapy were randomized 1:1 to open-label tislelizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks or investigator's choice of chemotherapy (paclitaxel/docetaxel). Efficacy and safety were assessed in all randomized Japanese patients. Results: The Japanese subgroup comprised 50 patients (n = 25 per arm). Tislelizumab improved OS versus chemotherapy (median: 9.8 vs. 7.6 months; HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.31, 1.12). Among patients with programmed death-ligand 1 score ≥ 10%, median OS was 12.5 months with tislelizumab (n = 10) versus 2.9 months with chemotherapy (n = 6) (HR 0.31; 95% CI 0.09, 1.03). Tislelizumab improved progression-free survival versus chemotherapy (median: 3.6 vs. 1.7 months, respectively; HR 0.50; 95% CI 0.27, 0.95). Objective response rate was greater with tislelizumab (32.0%) versus chemotherapy (20.0%), and responses were more durable (median duration of response: 8.8 vs. 2.6 months, respectively). Fewer patients experienced ≥ grade 3 treatment-related adverse events with tislelizumab (24.0%) versus chemotherapy (47.8%). Tislelizumab demonstrated an improvement in health-related quality of life versus chemotherapy. Conclusions: As second-line therapy for advanced/metastatic ESCC, tislelizumab improved OS versus chemotherapy, with a favorable safety profile, in the Japanese patient subgroup, consistent with the overall population. Clinical trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03430843. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides information on the management and treatment options for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the 10th most common cancer in Canada. It discusses the factors that influence treatment decisions for localized RCC, including patient characteristics and the size and location of the lesion. Surgical excision, ablation, and active surveillance are options for localized RCC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the standard first-line treatment for metastatic RCC, but resistance eventually develops in most patients. The article also covers risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and ongoing research in RCC treatment. [Extracted from the article]

The catalyst can be easily recovered by addition of mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New co-oligomers containing trifluoromethylphenylthiazolyl and phenylene units were prepared. The derivative with thiazolyl and biphenyl units showed high-performance n-type FET behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "List of reviewers 2022–2023" is a compilation of names of individuals who have served as reviewers for the International Journal of Clinical Oncology during the specified period. The list includes a diverse range of names from different cultural backgrounds, highlighting the journal's commitment to inclusivity. These reviewers have contributed their expertise by providing valuable editorial assistance and conducting thorough reviews for the journal. However, the document does not offer any additional information beyond the names of the reviewers, leaving the purpose and context of the list unclear. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Preoperative pain is known as one of the most powerful risk factors for chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP), while its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate patients with preoperative pain from the pathological perspective and discuss the potential pathogenesis of CPIP in those patients. Methods: This was a single-institutional retrospective study. The study population was inguinal hernia patients with preoperative pain who underwent open anterior hernia repair for primary inguinal hernia with pragmatic ilioinguinal neurectomy during surgery between March 2021 and March 2023. The primary and secondary outcomes were proportion of collagen deposition and mucus accumulation within ilioinguinal nerve in those patients, respectively, which were evaluated histologically using Image J software. Results: Forty patients were evaluated. Median value of proportion of intraneural collagen deposition was 38.3% (27.7–95.9). These values were positively correlated with the duration of pain (r2=0.468, P<0.001). Median value of proportion of mucus accumulation in ilioinguinal nerve was 50.1% (0–82.0). These values had no correlation with any clinicopathological variables. Conclusions: In the present study population, all patients with preoperative pain had intraneural fibrosis within ilioinguinal nerve, and its degree had a positive correlation with the pain duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a series of chemical equations for the use of cyclopropanes in Nicholas Reaction for the formation of spiroketals.

This article examines the analytical concepts frequently used to describe the complex situations caused by contact between different cultures and proposes a new framework to describe this reality. Although "syncretism" and "hybridity" have traditionally been the focus of argumentation about cultural mixtures, the majority of arguments choose one or the other term and fail to adequately define these words. Consequently, I will examine several terms and words, including these two, and arrange them into a conceptual framework to analyze the various phenomena that arise during cultural contact. This case study was conducted in Dehong prefecture in Yunnan province, China, where Theravada Buddhism meets Mahayana Buddhism. Surveying over eighty temples, I describe the four types of religious contact and mixtures that have occurred in Dehong, including "syncretism," "hybridity (in a narrow sense)," "bricolage," and "separative coexistence." The key to this classification involves a greater focus on the insider's subjectivity and an introduction to a continuum between the dichotomy of diversity (hybridity) and unity (syncretism) seen from an observer's perspective. The framework is set by considering the insiders', the outsiders', and the observer's views. Finally, the causes of diversification will be considered with reference to different conditions, including history, topography, and the balance of political power in the place concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnS1-xTex:N/n-ZnS diodes have been fabricated in an attempt to convert ZnS into p-type by Te incorporation and the resulting upward shift of the valence band maximum. The diodes exhibit clear rectification in the current–voltage characteristic and a peak of the electron-beam-induced current at the ZnS1-xTex:N/n-ZnS interface. Furthermore, a ZnS0.85Te0.15:N/n-ZnS diode exhibits blue-green electroluminescence due to self-activated emission in n-ZnS at 290 K under a forward current. These results suggest p-type conduction in ZnS1-xTex:N, and thus the LED operation of a ZnS-based pn-junction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the development of additive manufacturing, research on micro-lattice structures has been actively conducted because proper design of the unit cell structure can help achieve various mechanical properties, such as ultralightweight, high strength, and high energy absorption capacity. In aerospace, lattice structures made of polymer matrix composites have great potential, but their application requires an understanding of the properties of polymers. This study aims to clarify the strain rate dependence of the compressive properties of polymer lattice structures and the deformation modes of the struts forming their unit cells. Polymer lattice structures with different unit cell geometries were fabricated using a laser-based optical 3D printer, then compression tests were performed at different strain rates in the low strain rate range. Strain distributions on the side surfaces of the lattice structures were obtained by digital image correlation, revealing the principal deformation modes of the struts composing each structure. The relationship between the macroscopic compressive properties of the lattice structure and the principal deformation modes of the struts was confirmed. It was suggested that the strain rate dependence of the compressive properties depends on the principal deformation mode of the struts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New co-oligomers containing pyrimidine units were prepared. The planar molecular and π-stacking structures were revealed by X-ray structure analysis. The FET devices based on them showed good n-type performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A couple of naphthalenediimide derivatives carrying TEMPO radicals were found to exhibit n-type FET with mobilities up to 2.6×10-5 cm2/V·s as the first examples of spin-carrying acceptor systems while no FET property could be discerned in the corresponding naphthaleneimide derivative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New oligomers containing tricoordinated boron atoms were prepared, and OFET devices based on these compounds were fabricated. These are first examples of OFET devices based on compounds containing tricoordinated boron atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the involvement of pretreatment C‐reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the prognosis of patients who underwent intravesical bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) therapy for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Methods: The clinicopathological data of 1709 patients with NMIBC who underwent initial intravesical BCG therapy after transurethral resection of bladder tumor were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the outcome of intravesical BCG therapy in a multicenter study conducted by the Japan Urological Oncology Group. The prognoses of these patients were analyzed to determine whether the biomarkers (CRP and NLR) could predict the efficacy of intravesical BCG therapy. Patients were divided into two groups according to the pretreatment CRP and NLR, with cutoff values defined as CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dl and NLR ≥ 2.5, based on several previous reports. Results: In the univariable analysis, CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dl was significantly associated with intravesical recurrence, cancer‐specific survival, and bladder cancer (BC) progression, while NLR ≥ 2.5 was not significantly associated with patient prognosis. In the multivariable analysis, CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dl was significantly associated with intravesical recurrence and BC progression. The concordance index was used to examine the accuracy in predicting recurrence and progression events. While CRP was slightly, though not statistically significant, inferior to the European Association of Urology risk classification, the combination of them showed improved predictive accuracy. Conclusion: This study suggests that CRP can be a prognostic factor after intravesical BCG therapy and may provide useful data for determining treatment and follow‐up strategies for patients with NMIBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literature review summarises a wide range of empirical and systematic studies published between 1954 and 2010, including anthropological, cultural, historical, psychological, and sociological perspectives still underrepresented in cross-cultural communication and competence. Missionaries' adaptation and acculturation, as well as of their families to new social and cultural environments and during reintegration at home are characterised by stressful experiences such as critical life events, premature termination, and upcoming retirements. Other studies highlight that certain personality traits and an ability to cope with psychological stress can predict the effectiveness of a mission assignment, e.g., spiritual and organisational commitment and expectations. Additionally, the review brings to light different role orientations of missionary wives, the psychological well-being within marriage, and the role of women in the Christian mission. Eventually, all findings will be subject to critical analysis and be instrumental in providing future research perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It remains unknown whether the early response to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFR‐TKI) management in malignancies links to long‐term survival. The objective of this study was to investigate the survival rates and predictive factors of early response in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) managed by VEGFR‐TKIs. From Jan. 2008 to Oct. 2018, 496 patients were treated with VEGFR‐TKIs as first‐line treatment at the eight Japanese hospitals (Michinoku RCC). Early cessation was defined as VEGFR‐TKIs being given up within 3 months after their initiation. The number of patients in early cessation VEGFR‐TKIs (Cohort I) was 173 (34.9%), and in long‐term use (Cohort II) was 323 (65.1%). The cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were better in Cohort II. IMDC Poor‐risk was at risk of early cessation of a first‐line VEGFR‐TKI. Axitinib was the most preferred drug for long‐term treatment. On closer examination, both Cohort I and II were divided into two groups, the patients ceased VEGFR‐TKI due to adverse events (Group A [67 from Cohort I] and Group C [51 from Cohort II]) and disease progression (Group B [106 from Cohort I] and Group D [272 from Cohort II]). Despite that the cessation was adverse events, CSS and OS in Group A were worse than both Group C and D. Axitinib was administered with the safer profile. IMDC Poor risk was the risk factor for the early disease progression. Managing early adverse events may contribute to a better prognosis in mRCC patients treated VEGFR‐TKIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous clinical trials have demonstrated the potential efficacy of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis) in patients with cancer involving homologous recombination repair (HRR) gene-mutation. Moreover, HRR gene-mutated cancers are effectively treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with the increase in tumor mutation burden. We have proposed to conduct a multicenter, single-arm phase II trial (IMAGENE trial) for evaluating the efficacy and safety of niraparib (PARPi) plus programmed cell death-1 inhibitor combination therapy in patients with HRR gene-mutated cancers who are refractory to ICIs therapy using a next generation sequencing-based circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and tumor tissue analysis. Methods: Key eligibility criteria for this trial includes HRR gene-mutated tumor determined by any cancer gene tests; progression after previous ICI treatment; and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status ≤ 1. The primary endpoint is the confirmed objective response rate (ORR) in all patients. The secondary endpoints include the confirmed ORR in patients with HRR gene-mutation of ctDNA using the Caris Assure (CARIS, USA). The target sample size of the IMAGENE trial is 57 patients. Biomarker analyses will be performed in parallel using the Caris Assure, proteome analysis, and T cell repertoire analysis to reveal tumor immunosurveillance in peripheral blood. Expected outcome: Our trial aims to confirm the clinical benefit of PARPi plus ICI combination therapy in ICI-resistant patients. Furthermore, through translational research, our trial will shed light on which patients would benefit from the targeted combination therapy for patients with HRR gene-mutated tumor even after the failure of ICIs. Trial registration: The IMAGENE trial: jRCT, Clinical trial no.: jRCT2051210120, Registered date: November 9, 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

List of reviewers 2021-2022 We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to the following reviewers who have served the journal by providing invaluable editorial assistance, in-depth reviews during the 2021-2022 period. [Extracted from the article]

We would like to extend our thanks to the following referees who have provided reviews for the I International Journal of Urology i during the September 2021-August 2022 period. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To identify the clinicopathological features of adrenal malignancies and analyze the prognoses of patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) and malignant pheochromocytoma (MPCC). Patients and methods: We used a hospital‐based cancer registry data in Japan to extract cases of adrenal malignancies that were histologically confirmed, diagnosed, and initially treated from 2012–2015. For survival analysis, we used data from the 2008–2009 cohort to estimate 5‐year overall survival (OS) by the Kaplan–Meier method. Results: A total of 989 adrenal malignancies were identified in the 2012–2015 cohort. The most common histologies were ACC (26.4%), diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL; 25.4%), neuroblastoma (22.2%), and MPCC (11.9%). While most ACC and MPCC patients were in their 60s, DLBCL patients accounted for 61.5% of adrenal malignancies in the over‐70 cohort. Among ACC patients with clinical staging data, 46.3% of patients were stage IV. Although surgery was a chief strategy for all stages, younger patients tended to receive combination therapy, including surgery and chemotherapy or hormone therapy. In the 2008–2009 cohort, the 5‐year OS rates of ACC (n = 49) and MPCC (n = 23) patients were 56.2% and 86.4% while ACC patients without surgery had 1‐ and 2‐year OS rates of 25.0% and 12.5%. Conclusion: In Japan, DLBCL accounted for the majority of adrenal malignancies in older patients. Despite advanced staging, ACC patients were mainly treated with surgery and their prognosis was not satisfactory. Such epidemiological data may be useful in considering initial management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess real‐world oncological outcomes between the radical cystectomy (RC) group and non‐RC group for early relapse and refractory disease. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 953 patients with recurrent non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) who received bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) at 31 affiliated hospitals from 2000 to 2019. Patients with missing data on the timing of failure were excluded and 871 patients remained eligible, of whom 447, 357, and 67 were classified as early relapse/refractory disease, intermediate/late relapse disease, and intolerant disease, respectively. For early relapse/refractory disease, patients were divided into two salvage treatment groups: RC and non‐RC. The clinicopathological variables of each group were examined using Kaplan–Meier plots and proportional Cox hazard ratios with matched score analyses to compare oncological outcomes between the two groups. Results: Significantly worse progression‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) were confirmed in the early relapse/refractory disease group compared to the intermediate/late relapse group. Of the 88 salvage patients in the RC group with early relapse/refractory disease, ≤pT1 was observed in 47, pT2 in 11, and ≥pT3 in 28 (two patients with unknown pT category). In early relapse/refractory disease, the RC group showed significantly high‐risk tumor compared to the non‐RC group. However, no significant difference was observed in CSS after matched score analyses (p = 0.45) between the RC and non‐RC groups. Conclusions: This study found that the RC group showed no significant superiority compared to the non‐RC group in CSS for early relapse/refractory disease in terms of first salvage therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]