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Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are amongst the most common infections worldwide. Epidemiological research carried out in different countries has shown that the social and economical situation of the individuals is an important cause in the prevalence of intestinal parasites. Previous studies in Turkey revealed a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection. The objectives of the current study were to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Aydin among 7-14 years old school children and to identify associated socio-demographic and environmental factors, behavioral habits and also related complaints. Methods: Multistage sampling was used in the selection of the study sample. A questionnaire, cellulose adhesive and a stool specimen examination were done. Results: A total of 456 stool specimens were collected. 145 students (31.8%) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites. 29 (6.4%) of the students were infected more than one parasite, 26 (5.7%) with two parasites and 3 (0.7%) with three parasites. The three most common were E. vermicularis, G. intestinalis and E. coli. Intestinal parasite prevalence was higher in rural area, in children with less than primary school educated mother, in children who use hands for washing anal area after defecation, and in children who use toilet paper sometimes or never. The relation between child health and mother education is well known. Children were traditionally taught to wash anal area by hand. Toiler paper usage was not common and might be due to low income or just a behavioral habit also. Most of the complaints of the study population were not significantly related with the intestinal parasitic infection. Conclusions: Intestinal parasitic infection is an important public health problem in Aydin, Turkey. Rural residence, mother education less than primary school, sometimes or never usage of toilet paper, and washing anal area by hands after defecation were the significant associations. Interventions including health education on personal hygiene to the students and to the parents, especially to mothers are required. The ratio of uneducated women should be declined with specific programs. A multisectoral approach is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite a recent drive to increase diversity, the global academic workforce is skewed in favor of authors from high‐income countries, and women are under‐represented in the published medical literature. Objectives: To explore the trends in authorship of three high‐impact otolaryngology journals over a ten‐year period (2011–2020). Methods: Journals selected: JAMA Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Laryngoscope and Rhinology. Articles were reviewed from four issues per journal per year, and data was collected on: time of publication; subspeciality; number of authors; sex of first and last authors; country of practice of first author and country where each study was conducted. Trends were examined though univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Results: 2998 articles were included. 93.9% of first authors and 94.2% of studies were from high‐income countries. Women were first authors in 31.5% (n = 912) and senior authors in 18.4% (n = 524) of articles. Female first authorship significantly increased between 2011 and 2020 however female senior authorship remained the same. There have been no significant changes in the proportion of published articles from low‐and middle‐income countries (LMIC) over time (p =.65). Amongst the LMIC articles, 72% came from Brazil, Turkey or China and there were no published papers from countries with a low‐income economy (gross national income per capita of $1085 or less). Conclusions: Although female first authorship has increased in the last decade, there has been minimal other demographic change in authorship over this time. High‐impact otolaryngology journals poorly represent academia in low‐and‐middle income countries. There is a need for increased advocacy promoting gender and geographical research equity in academic medicine. Level of Evidence: III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Soft Computing technique is one of the essential problems solving techniques for the researchers present in the world. Compared to other issues solving techniques, the Soft Computing domain gives outstanding performance, so the researchers are concentrating the Soft Computing domain for solving problems. Soft Computing domain categorizes into many sub-domains, like Neural Networks, Machine Learning, and Genetic Algorithm. Through this paper, we considered to study the impact produced by the Institutions as well as authors in the domain of Soft Computing from the year 1999 to 2019 for PubMed database. From the overall study, we found that China has made more number of publications, author productivity, and influential authors. Some countries, like Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, with minimum author productivity and minimum publications from the Asian continent in the Soft Computing-related domains. From the research, we determined that china dominates in terms of Institutions wise and Author productivity in the field of Soft Computing domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its inception, YouTube has been a source of entertainment and education. Everyday millions of videos are uploaded to this platform. Researchers have been using YouTube as a source of information in their research. However, there is a lack of bibliometric reports on research carried out on this platform and the pattern in the published works. This study aims at providing a bibliometric analysis on YouTube as a source of information to fill this gap. Specifically, this paper analyzes 1781 articles collected from the Scopus database spanning fifteen years. The analysis revealed that 2006-2007 were initial stage in YouTube research followed by 2008 -2017 which is the decade of rapid growth in YouTube research. The 2017 -2021 is considered the stage of consolidation and stabilization of this research topic. We also discovered that most relevant papers were published in small number of journals such as New Media and Society, Convergence, Journal of Medical Internet Research, Computers in Human Behaviour and the Physics Teacher, which proves the Bradford's law. USA, Turkey, and UK are the countries with the highest number of publications. We also present network analysis between countries, sources, and authors. Analyzing the keywords resulted in finding the trend in research such as "video sharing" (2010-2018), "web -based learning" (2012-2014), and "COVID -19" (2020 onward). Finally, we used Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to find the conceptual clusters of research on YouTube. The first cluster is related to user -generated content. The second cluster is about health and medical issues, and the final cluster is on the topic of information quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to detect the determinants of ecological footprint (EF) in Turkey within the scope of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis over the period 1970–2016. For this purpose, the paper sets up an empirical model including GDP, the square of GDP, foreign direct investments, renewable energy consumption, and industrialization. Hence, the paper also searches for the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) for Turkey. The findings of the paper indicate that the EKC hypothesis prevails, whereas the PHH does not dominate in Turkey. The findings also imply EF is negatively related to renewable energy consumption while industrialization does not affect EF. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening is an important procedure to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) in a community However, it is difficult, time consuming and expensive. In this study we aim to investigate the efficacy and usefulness of fingerprint blood impregnated paper in HBsAg screening. To our knowledge, blood impregnated paper is a practical, useful method for HBsAg screening in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents findings from a corpus-assisted discourse analysis of mission and vision statements of 105 state and 66 private/foundation universities in Turkey. The paper combines a corpus-based approach with critical discourse analysis to interpret the data in relation to its institutional as well as socio-political context. It argues that the mission and vision statements are marked by a need for reassuring their legitimacy and the demands of a growing tertiary market. The historical and cultural backgrounds of the development of universities in Turkey, as well as political and economic conditions, are also decisive in the shaping of mission and vision statement of universities.

A recent publication on the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition in carbonate platforms of NE Turkey reported some major discontinuities. Based on biostratigraphy and Sr-derived ages, one associated hiatus was estimated spanning the Tithonian whereas the remaining three minor hiatuses are supposed to have occurred during the Hauterivian - Barremian interval. The revision of the material (foraminifers and calcareous algae) from the 2 localities studied led to identify Kimmeridgian strata below the discontinuity and Valanginian to ? lower Hauterivian strata above the discontinuity, but no upper Hauterivian or Barremian strata at the top of the section. The major stratigraphic gap possibly corresponds to the Berriasian and most, if not all, of the Tithonian at this location. • The revision of microfossils from NE Turkey leads to different datings than those obtained earlier, which implied Sr ages. • The hiatus associated to the major unconformity spans the Berriasian and probably most of the Tithonian. • The oldest transgressive deposits above the subaerial exposure surface are Valanginian in age, not Berriasian. • Upper Hauterivian to Barremian strata are reascribed to a Valanginian to (?) lower Hauterivian interval. • Such significant changes in the timing of the events should help writing a different scenario for the area and the Black Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explains the publication policy of the periodical 'Turkish Journal of Botany,'. Recommendations on delimiting and naming units; Suggestions for homogeneity and floristic quasi-completeness.

This study aims to provide information about the Q Concept defined as the division of journal impact factors into quartiles based on given field categories so that the disadvantages resulting from the direct use of journal impact factors can be eliminated. While the number of "Original articles published in the Web of Science (WoS) database-indexed journals like SCI, SSCI and A&HCI" is an important indicator for research assessment in Turkey, neither the journal impact factors nor the Q Concept of these papers have been taken into account. Present study analyzes the scientific production of the Amasya University researchers in journals indexed in WoS database in the period 2014-2018 using the Q concept. The share of publications by Q category journals as well as the average citations received by the works from Amasya University were compared to the average situation in Turkey and other different countries in the world. Results indicate that the articles published by Amasya University researchers were mostly published in low impact factor journals (Q4 journals) (36.49%), in fact, only a small share of papers were published in high impact journals (14.32% in Q1 journals). The share of papers published in low impact journals by researchers from Amasya University is higher than the Turkish average and much higher than the scientific leading countries. The average citations received by papers published in Q1 journals was around six times higher than papers published in Q4 journals (8.92 vs. 1.56), thus papers published in Q1 journals received 30.02% citations despite only 14.32% of the papers was published in these journals. The share of papers published which were never cited in WoS was 27.48%, increasing from 9.68% in Q1 to almost half (48.10%) in Q4. The study concludes with some suggestions on how and where the Q Concept can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to adapt the "Nursing Practice Readiness Scale" to Turkish culture, and evaluate its psychometric properties. Background: New graduates' nursing practice readiness can impact their work adaptation and performance. Design: The research employed a methodological design. Methods: Data were collected between May and July 2022. The sample consisted of 436 newly graduated nurses. Content validity, construct validity and criterion validity were evaluated. Reliability was examined with adjusted item‐total correlation, Cronbach's a coefficient, composite‐reliability and split‐half reliability. Results: The Turkish version of Nursing Practice Readiness Scale was found to have good content and criterion validity. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the original five‐factor structure of the scale was also confirmed for the Turkish version. The scale's overall Cronbach's α coefficient was determined to be 0.96, with subscale coefficients ranging from 0.73 to 0.94. The composite reliability values of the subscales were found between 0.75 and 0.94. In split‐half reliability, the correlation coefficient between half was 0.952, with a Spearman–Brown Coefficient (Unequal Length) of 0.976. Conclusions: The Turkish version of Nursing Practice Readiness Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for evaluating the nursing practice readiness of newly graduated nurses. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? The nursing practice readiness of newly graduated nurses may impact their work adaptation and performance.Work adaptation is an important predictor of intention to leave the profession and productivity. What this paper adds? This study adapted the Nursing Practice Readiness Scale to Turkish culture, and evaluated its psychometric properties.The Turkish version of Nursing Practice Readiness Scale was shown to be a valid and reliable tool that can be used to evaluate newly graduated nurses' nursing practice readiness. The implications of this paper Nurse educators will be able to assess the readiness of graduating students for nursing practice by using the scale.Nurse managers will be able to evaluate the readiness of new graduate nurses for nursing practice using the scale.Nurse managers and educators will be able to identify areas that need to be prioritized to increase the readiness of newly graduated nurses for nursing practice by using the scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate the relationship between the psychological resilience and burnout of nurses caring for COVID‐19 patients and to determine the factors that affect their psychological resilience and burnout. Background: In pandemic diseases such as COVID‐19, nurses experience burnout due to long working hours, decreased quality of life and anxiety/fear about their own/families' health. Psychological resilience helps to control burnout in nurses and prevent the development of a global nurse shortage. Design: This was a descriptive, correlational study. Methods: The sample of this study included 201 nurses in a Training and Research Hospital. The study used the Brief Resilience Scale and the Burnout Measure Short Version. Data were collected between 4 May and 1 June 2020. Statistical analysis was made with Pearson/Spearman, independent sample t test, one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Results: Nurses reported moderate burnout and psychological resilience, with a negative and highly significant correlation between psychological resilience and burnout levels. Conclusions: In order to increase the quality of patient care/treatment, nurse managers need to reduce nurses' burnout and increase their psychological resilience. Nurses are recommended to adopt a healthy lifestyle, organize training programmes and implement psychological resilience interventions to prevent sleep disorders. Giving nurses the tools to understand what they need to manage within their locus of control will allow them to find a new sense of resilience, preventing potential burnout. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Epidemics and pandemics cause many negative effects on the individual/society in terms of physical, psychological, social and economic aspects.During epidemic and pandemic, nurses experience burnout caused by the accumulation of professional stress.Nurses with high levels of psychological resilience experience less psychological distress such as anxiety, fear, burnout, sensory and psychosocial problems. What this paper adds? Nurses experienced moderate burnout and resilience during the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic.A negative correlation was found between nurses' burnout and psychological resilience.The burnout levels of nurses who were not college graduates, who were dissatisfied with their jobs and who intended to leave their jobs were found to be high. The implications of this paper: Nurses were vulnerable to burnout due to increased workloads in the COVID‐19 crisis, increased shifts and the fear of infecting themselves and their families.It is necessary to increase the psychological resilience of nurses in order to provide the highest level of care to patients with COVID‐19.Nurse manager should focus on reducing burnout in their nursing teams by supporting the postgraduate education of nurses and reducing their workload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of male nurses towards human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccination and to examine whether knowledge about the HPV vaccine affects attitudes and beliefs about HPV vaccines. Background: HPV is responsible for ≈5% of all cancers worldwide. Therefore, vaccination against HPV is recommended to prevent HPV infections and HPV‐related cancers in men and women. Methods: The study group included 383 male nurses who were asked to complete online questionnaires. The data were collected using the following tools: a sociodeomographical characteristics form, the Human Papillomavirus Knowledge Scale (HPVKS), and The Carolina HPV Immunization Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (CHIAS). Results: It was determined that the general HPV knowledge of the male nurses participating in the study was at a moderate level, but their knowledge of HPV screening test, HPV vaccination, and current HPV vaccination programmes were at a low level. Male nurses' HPV vaccination rates were relatively low, and most of them did not intend to be vaccinated. In addition, CHIAS Attitudes and Beliefs scores of the male nurses were at an average level and HPV knowledge affected the attitudes and beliefs of the nurses. Conclusion: These results demonstrate an opportunity to improve information and awareness about HPV and vaccines by nursing education. Summary statement: What is already known about the topic? Although HPV vaccination is recommended to prevent HPV infections and HPV‐related cancers in men and women, vaccination rates are far behind the target, especially for men. What this paper adds? Findings showed that male nurses' HPV vaccination rates were relatively low.Male nurses' knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccine was not sufficient.HPV knowledge affected the attitudes and beliefs of these male nurses. The implications of this paper: Nurses need to be aware of the HPV vaccine during their undergraduate education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aims to reveal the violent experiences of nurses working in the emergency department and the meanings they attribute to them. Methods: This research was conducted as narrative inquiry and interpretive phenomenology and recruited 15 nurses. Interviews with nurses actively working in the emergency department and who had been exposed to violence by patients or their relatives were conducted with a semi‐structured interview form. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist was used. Results: In the study, three themes were determined (1) Unpredictable event, (2) Interminable effects of violence, and (3) Like a bottomless pit. With seven sub‐themes. Conclusions: This study underlined that violence applied to nurses by patients or relatives of patients in the emergency department is an unexpected situation that causes negative emotions. Violence affects all aspects of life and limits communication with the patient. Coping with a violent situation is challenging for nurses, and they demand support from the management. Summary Statement: What is already known about this topic? Violence is most commonly reported as experienced by nurses in the emergency department.Violence affects nurses deeply and causes negative effects in daily life. What this paper adds: Nurses described the violence perpetrated by patients or by patients' relatives as a situation that causes negative feelings such as anger, worthlessness, and injustice.Nurses emphasized that violence affects their clinical environment and their daily lives. The implications of this paper: The multidimensional and destructive effects of violence on nurses have shown that it is important to make the necessary arrangements quickly to reduce violence in the emergency departmentThe study provides information about the experiences of nurses who have been exposed to violence by patients or their relatives in the emergency department. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the Roy adaptation model‐based strengthening program (RAMBSP) applied to nursing students on social media addiction, healthy lifestyle behaviours and self‐esteem. Methods: One hundred five nursing students studying at a nursing faculty of a university were included in this prospective, two‐armed (1:1), randomized controlled study. The study group (n:54) had 12 weeks of RAMBSP online group sessions. No intervention was made to the control group (n:51). The social media addiction level, which was the primary outcome of the study, was evaluated with the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and healthy lifestyle behaviours and self‐esteem, which were secondary outcomes, were evaluated with the Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours Scale II (HLBS‐II) and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Inventory (REI). Students filled out BSMAS, HLBS‐II, and REI online via Google Forms before and after RAMBSP. Findings: At the end of the programme, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of BSMAS scores of the students in the study group (p > 0.05); however, the difference was significant in terms of HLBS‐II and REI scores (p < 0.05). It was determined that the empowerment programme increased students' awareness of social media addiction. Conclusion: It is recommended to implement programmes that will increase students' awareness of social media addiction and its effects and to conduct new research that will cover large and different sample groups. Trial registration: It was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov in March 2021 (NCT04820517). Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? With the development of technology, social media addiction is widely seen in nursing students, who are a fragile group.Biopsychosocial approaches should be presented together in practices aimed at reducing or controlling the use of social media.It is not known whether an empowerment programme based on the nursing model (Roy adaptation model) to reduce social media addiction in nursing students is effective. What this paper adds? This programme constitutes an example of how to combine Roy adaptation model, one of the nursing models related to reducing social media addiction and providing controlled social media use, with the empowerment programme.The strengthening programme based on Roy adaptation model helped student nurses to acquire and maintain healthy lifestyle behaviours by increasing their awareness of social media addiction and improving their self‐esteem. The implications of this paper Roy adaptation model‐based psychoeducation should be conducted to enable nursing students to gain awareness of social media addiction and its consequences.Roy adaptation model‐based activities should be planned and implemented to intervene in students with social media addiction and to lead them to healthy social media use.Course contents should be added to the nursing curriculum to encourage the use of social media in a way that is effective, safe and contributes to personal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper examines the factors that influence behavioral intention in the context of medical tourism in Türkiye. With the growing popularity of Türkiye as a destination for medical tourism, it is essential to understand the key determinants influencing individuals' intention to engage in medical tourism activities. Design/methodology/approach: This study used the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (E-PBT) variables, which include attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control, to measure their influence on behavioral intention. In addition, a customer experience scale was used to assess the influence of dimensions such as education, entertainment, aesthetics and escapism on behavioral intention. The research instrument was validated by expert review, and data were collected using purposive sampling. A total of 420 surveys were deemed suitable for analysis. Findings: The path analysis revealed that attitudes and perceived behavioral control positively impacted behavioral intention within the domain of medical tourism in Türkiye. Conversely, subjective norms did not have a significant positive effect on behavioral intention. Furthermore, it was observed that the dimensions of entertainment, escape and aesthetics positively affected behavioral intention. However, education and aesthetics did not significantly influence behavioral intentions. Practical implications: The results of this paper have practical implications for marketers and policymakers in the medical tourism industry in Türkiye. Understanding the factors that drive individuals' behavioral intentions can assist in developing effective marketing strategies to attract and serve potential medical tourists. Medical tourism providers can enhance their services by optimizing attitudes and perceived behavioral control while emphasizing entertainment and escapism for their clientele. Originality/value: This research focuses on uncovering factors influencing individuals' behavioral intentions in medical tourism in Türkiye. Using the E-PBT framework and exploring the dimensions of the customer experience scale, this study aimed to understand the driving forces behind individuals' decisions to engage in medical tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the vital importance of infrastructure protection and risk management in the context of the devastating 2023 earthquake in Turkey, which resulted in over 50,000 deaths and left 1.5 million homeless. Highlighting the consequences of inadequate infrastructure and government failure to enforce building standards, the study stresses similar risks in countries like Kosovo and North Macedonia. It argues for enhanced government regulation, improved urban planning, and robust international collaboration in disaster response to better prepare for and mitigate future seismic events. Through a detailed analysis of the Turkey earthquake, the paper provides essential insights into creating more resilient and disaster-ready communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the evolving research area of emotions and norms within international relations, focusing on the EU-Turkey dynamics amid the Syrian refugee crisis. Utilizing Emotion Discourse Analysis (EDA), it examines discourses from key EU and Turkish leaders between 2011 and 2023 to understand how their emotional responses to Syrian refugees influence the universal norm of human rights. Since the specific interconnection between leadership emotions and human rights norms remains largely unexplored, this study seeks to fill this gap by examining how emotions expressed by leadership in Turkey and the EU variously challenge, protect, or construct human rights norms related to Syrian refugees. Preliminary findings reveal contrasting emotional expressions: while President Erdoğan's discourse often aligns with the protection and construction of human rights norms, EU leaders' emotions reflect a tension between human rights commitments and border security priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquake death tolls are a basic statistical measure of the capability of a country to manage seismic risk. The extremely high Turkish death toll of 50,000 from the Kahramanmaras earthquake doublet of 6 February 2023 is the product of a cascade of detrimental factors. These need to be explained if lessons from this disaster are to be learned. This is the purpose and objective of this paper, which is a contribution to the interdisciplinary Frontiers research topic on integrated perspectives on the 2023 Turkey and Syria earthquakes: advancing understanding and preparedness across earth sciences, engineering and public health. This paper covers these three disciplines by focusing on casualties, and identifying crucial aspects of earth sciences and engineering which contributed to the high death toll. First, there was a surprising combination of multiple fault segment ruptures, and a high level of ground motion relative to the risk-based Turkish code, indicative of the under-representation of the M7.5+ earthquake doublet event in the national probabilistic seismic hazard model. This combination of fault segment ruptures was missing from all seismic source models. Furthermore, the capability of buildings to cope with strong ground motion was much reduced by informal construction methods, which eroded the margin of safety needed to avoid building collapse. The extent of building code non-compliance was widely underestimated in seismic risk models. Noncompliance is often hard to identify, but construction amnesties make noncompliance more transparent and trackable. The disastrous outcome of the Kahramanmaras earthquake doublet of 6 February 2023 has drawn global attention to systemic building code non-compliance, and the open official acceptance of informal housing. To demonstrate that this key systemic risk is far from being just a Turkish problem, notably in Istanbul, the challenge of Italian informal housing is highlighted within the context of international building code non-compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I draw on ethnographic fieldwork (participant observation) carried out at a Bulgarian service area to argue that such spaces create a 'meaningful sociality' building on imagination and sensual experience, as well as on experiences of intersectional oppression or dominance. I draw on the history and adaptations of shkembeto (tripe soup) and my observations of its preparation and serving at one such service area. This soup, which is famous in Turkey and Bulgaria, offers some people disorienting sensory experiences that are associated with complex power relations, which makes the service area a site for reflection on discrimination and gender roles. The paper closes with reflections on the sociality of such places, which is ephemeral but meaningful both there and at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the vexed question of the origins and nature of archaic Greek tyranny by focusing on the conceptual roots of the phenomenon, namely by investigating the political significance and implications of the Luwian notion of tarrawanni-, 'just, justice,' the term from which Greek tyrannos is believed to derive. Firstly, the paper shows how both Neo-Hittite and early Greek societies display a similar attitude towards justice as a key element for political legitimation. After concluding, however, that this commonality is not enough to explain why the Greeks borrowed the concept of tarrawanni- as tyrannos, the paper moves on to examining what specific way of doing politics is captured by the two concepts, arguing that they identify a type of political actor that exercises supreme powers independently of any kind of institutional arrangement. Finally, the paper discusses reasons, modalities, contexts, and timing of the transmission of Luwian tarrawanni- into Greek. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 has caused psychological distress such as anxiety and fear among nurses worldwide. Nurses are a creditable source of vaccine‐related information and have a primary role in building confidence regarding vaccines. Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the fear and anxiety of nurses regarding novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and their attitudes towards the COVID‐19 vaccine. The predictors of fear, anxiety and attitudes towards the vaccine were also investigated. Methods: A descriptive and correlational design was used. The study was conducted in three public hospitals from different parts of the Turkey, and 405 nurses from the three hospitals were recruited by stratified sampling. Results: Anxiety and negative attitudes towards the vaccine were positively related to fear of COVID‐19. Age and fear were also positively associated with anxiety related to COVID‐19. Nurses who had received the vaccine and those who were fearful had a positive attitude towards the vaccine. Conclusion: Psychosocial support programmes should be implemented to improve psychological resilience and coping strategies in nurses and organized education programmes are needed to increase positive attitudes towards vaccination. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? The COVID‐19 pandemic significantly affected the psychological health of nurses.Nurses have a fundamental function in the general acceptance of vaccines. What this paper adds? Relationships were found between COVID‐19‐related fear, anxiety and attitudes towards the COVID‐19 vaccine.Anxiety and a positive attitude towards the vaccine were found to be predictors of fear related to COVID‐19.Fear related to COVID‐19 and being vaccinated against COVID‐19 were predictors of attitudes towards vaccination. The implications of this paper: Nursing managers could organize programmes to improve the coping skills of nurses in responding to situations that cause psychological burden.Nursing managers could support nurses through education to develop positive attitudes towards vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) remains high worldwide in today's society, especially among young people. Youth education on STDs could help to reduce the prevalence of the condition in society and prevent new cases. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of peer‐based short‐form educational videos on youths' knowledge of STDs. Methods: This quasi‐experimental study was conducted in Turkey. The sample consisted of 121 students divided into experimental and control groups. Pre‐ and post‐test control group quasi‐experimental research design was employed in this study during the spring semester of the academic year 2021–2022. Peer‐based short‐form educational videos created by nursing students were used as an intervention. The survey form and Sexually Transmitted Disease Knowledge Questionnaire were used to collect data. Results: Participants with parental responsibilities and had previous STD experience had higher knowledge score than the other subgroups. There was a significant main effect of peer‐based short‐form educational video on participants overall knowledge score of STDs. Additionally, the effect of intervention continued at 12‐week follow‐up measurement. Conclusion: Peer‐based short‐form educational videos increase young people's knowledge of STD, and the impact of the intervention continued at 12‐week follow up. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Sexually transmitted diseases continue to be prevalent in society, particularly among young people.Sexually transmitted diseases can lead to serious health conditions and have a significant impact on sexual and reproductive health.The effectiveness of internet‐based education and lectures on sexually transmitted diseases has already been investigated.Little research has been addressed to determine the impact of educational materials, which are short videos on knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases created by utilizing nursing students' peer assessment. What this paper adds? Peer‐based short‐form educational videos increase young people's sexually transmitted disease knowledge.People with parental responsibilities and a previous sexually transmitted infections responded to interventions more favourably.The effects of peer‐based short‐form educational videos persisted 3 months afterwards. The implications for this paper: This cost‐free method has a potential to be widely used as a public health intervention to educate young people on sexually transmitted diseases.The peer‐based short‐form educational videos can be combined with other interventions to increase young people's knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Studies of the effects of COVID‐19, especially post‐acute COVID‐19 syndrome, on psychological health in non‐severe cases are limited. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of psychological symptoms, and quality‐of‐life in three groups of outpatients, hospitalized and intensive care patients. Methods: A total 276 patients, previously confirmed with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, attending the COVID‐19 follow‐up outpatient clinic from December 2020 to July 2021 were interviewed face‐to‐face. In this cross‐sectional, retrospective study, all participants were asked our self‐designed demographic and screening questions to assess their psychological symptoms and administered the WHQOOL‐BREF survey to evaluate quality of life. Results: In screening questions, major depressive disorder symptoms were detected at a rate of 20.3%, generalized anxiety disorder symptoms at a rate of 16.7%, panic attack symptoms at a rate of 10.9%, post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms at a rate of 28.6% and obsessive‐compulsive disorder symptoms at a rate of 18.1%. The outpatient group with COVID‐19 infection had a higher risk of developing psychological symptoms and decreased quality of life. Conclusion: COVID‐19 infection was found to have a considerable psychological impact on those treated as outpatients despite the less severe course of their illness. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Post‐intensive care syndrome affects physical, cognitive and psychological health.It is associated with symptoms such as generalized weakness, memory disturbances, cognitive function impairment, depression, anxiety and post‐traumatic stress disorder.Some physical and psychological symptoms persist for over 12 weeks in some patients and have been classified as 'Post‐acute COVID‐19 Condition or Syndrome' (PCS). What this paper adds? At the post‐acute‐COVID‐19 period, a considerable number of outpatients with COVID‐19 infection were at higher risk for psychological distress symptoms than those who had been treated in the hospital or intensive care unit.Depression, anxiety, panic disorder and PTSD symptoms were found to be higher in outpatients and those with these symptoms were also shown to have a lower quality of life.Our findings highlight the significant psychological impact of COVID‐19 on patients, even after their reported recovery from the acute manifestations of this disease. The implications of this paper: Ongoing psychological symptoms in the post‐COVID period are not associated with the severity of the disease in the acute phase.It is important that healthcare professionals are equally concerned not only with physical condition of post‐COVID‐19 patients but also with their psychological state and the patient's psychology‐related quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the linguistic phenomenon of code-switching (CS) in the bilingual Ethnic-Adyghe community in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Specifically, this paper aims to analyze the types of CS and the factors that influence CS in different situational conversations, with a focus on Ethnic Adyghe individuals. The study utilizes a qualitative research design, using a purposive sample type of 10 Ethnic Adyghe individuals living in Samsun, Turkey. This study favors the use of informal settings to gather data from various linguistic contexts and analyze the frequency of CS. The findings indicate that participants used intra-sentential CS the most (59.9%). One major reason for that was the lack of vocabulary in Adyghe, leading participants to switch to Turkish to fill the lexical gap and effectively communicate their thoughts. Moreover, a total of 14 factors were identified. These factors encompassed aspects such as proficiency, social norms, cultural identity, vocabulary limitations, and communication effectiveness. The identification of these factors contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics of code-switching within the bilingual Ethnic-Adyghe community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the total (market and non-market) gender-based production and consumption activities of Turkish men and women at different stages of their life-cycle. Turkey, one of the few emerging economies within the OECD, offers an interesting case-study as its female labour force participation rate is one of the lowest among OECD countries. Our results show that time spent by Turkish women on household activities is, on average, 30 h a week, basically three times as much as men. In fact, the women-to-men time use ratio for unpaid work is roughly twice as much as the OECD average. We estimate that the monetary value of women unpaid household production exceeds 29% of GDP, while the corresponding estimate for men is around 8%. Using the concept of life-cycle deficit, we also show that Turkish men are dependent on housework undertaken by women over their entire lifetime, which is an almost unique feature in comparison to the European and OECD countries. Finally, unlike other OECD countries that have introduced disincentives to early retirement, Turkish men continue to retire early but retain their acquired habits of not sharing the burden of household work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) and ergonomic risk factors are very common in bakery workers. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to (1) assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among bakers because they use automated machines or traditional baking, and (2) to determine the strategies to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in bakers. METHODS: A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted from the beginning to February 4, 2022, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Mesh keywords and phrases were used to execute the search strategy. Information on MSDs and ergonomic risk factors in bakery workers was collected. Two reviewers worked independently on study selection, data extraction, and paper quality ranking. RESULTS: This study identified 14 papers from seven countries. Although the prevalence of MSDs in bakery workers has been studied, only a handful of them have been studied ergonomic risk factors, and the findings have been very limited. The association between different risk factors and MSDs seemed significant compared to many other occupational diseases. The traditional bread-baking system and lack of mechanization may increase the risk of MSDs in bakery workers. CONCLUSION: WRMSDs for bakery workers have been less studied than other occupational diseases. Our systematic review found several significant relations between the factors influencing the prevalence of MSDs. This study also showed the comparison of traditional and modern cooking systems with diseases of the upper limbs, shoulders, and back pain as possible fields for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the role and importance of agriculture-based investments in sustainable development were investigated. For this purpose, a situation analysis of these matters was conducted for Yozgat province, which is from the 1st Degree Priority Regions in development. In the study, interviews were conducted with managers or expert personnel of institutions and organizations related to the subject. Data obtained via the interview were the primary data of the study. Papers and books published related to the subject, and data obtained from the database of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) and the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) were also the secondary data of this study. According to the research findings, it is seen that significant investments based on agriculture have been made in the province. Among these investments, there are sugar factory (2 units), Kabalı Integrated Orchard (Turkey's largest integrated orchard), geothermal greenhouses, flour production (12 units), milk and milk products (12 units), meat and meat products (11 units). and fruit and vegetable processing-packaging facilities (4 units). With investment depended on agriculture, there have been positive developments in per capita gross domestic product, employment, labor force participation rate and unemployment rate in the province. While in 2004, gross domestic product per capita was USD 3,272, employment rate was 31.6%, the participation rate to labor force was 36.2% and unemployment rate was 12.8%, in 2021 these were, respectively, USD 4,869, 48.5%, 55.1% and 12%. In Kabalı Integrated Orchard, which is one of the largest orchards in Turkey, in addition to orcharding, there have been animal breeding activities such as goose, sheep and beekeeping. The cherry orchard located in the integrated facility is the third-largest cherry orchard in Europe. This study is important in terms of the sustainability of investments depending on agriculture and the formation of strong expectations for rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper covers a comprehensive study of the creative class in Türkiye in terms of new job prospects. Nowadays, creativity is one of key skills necessary for future jobs. People, who have creative and innovative thinking, generate original ideas and produce unique products, form a special stratum of society called creative class. Creative class professionals include scientists, teachers, artists, models, social media influencers, etc. This article is intended to outline the specifics of new type of workers' lifestyle which implies comfortable living conditions known as "quality of place." In order to clarify how ready Türkiye is for the development of the creative class, the state of the labor market is analyzed. It has been revealed that the Turkish labor market is characterized by both strengths (e.g. large population, a large share of the youth, increase in labor productivity) and weaknesses (e.g. labor underutilization, limited female labor participation, lack of skills). People mainly work in agriculture, industry, service sector and construction. These characteristics outline the basis for the rise of the creative class and the emergence of new careers in Türkiye. Correspondingly, this research is aimed at analysis and assessment of factors, circumstances and preconditions for the emergence of the creative class in Türkiye as well as determining the creative class job opportunities. The methodology of the study is founded on exploring new and potential jobs that will be required by the future. The article presents a framework for the assessment of the creative class in Türkiye based on the standard measures of job quantity, as well as job quality and labor market inclusiveness. The paper proposes the vision of how Türkiye can drive talent transformation and upskill its workforce in order to satisfy demand for innovative type of workers and take advantage of new opportunity. This study provides a unique and vital contribution to ongoing discussions about the significance of the creative class for employment highlighting the universalized assumptions concerning the position of these professionals in the Turkish economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do nonstate organizations carry out their programs in political contexts hostile to civil society activity? This paper examines the case of refugee-supporting organizations in Turkey, which hosts over 3.6 million Syrians under a temporary protection regime. While the Turkish state has taken a central role in refugee reception, nonstate organizations have played a sizeable role in refugee support. Analyzing interviews with key personnel across 23 organizations in Istanbul, the paper finds that organizational capacity and organizational identity together explain variations in CSO-state relations. While high-capacity organizations that adopt a variety of "rights-based" and "needs-based" identities will cooperate with state institutions, lower-capacity organizations use comparable signifiers to justify selective engagement or avoidance of state institutions. The paper argues that analyzing how organizations negotiate their identities can help explain variations in CSO-state relations in restrictive contexts without relying on a priori assumptions about CSO alignment with or opposition to the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences / İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on examining how ecotourism can help rural development. Eco-tourism is an important type of tourism that provides economic and social benefits to the local community by exhibiting rural life, culture, and nature in rural areas. The study was conducted in Yozgat province of Turkey using primary and secondary data. In this context, interviews were had with the authorities of the Culture and Tourism Provincial Directorate, Yozgat Culture, Tourism and Development Association, and local administrations, plus it was observed in the field. Published publications and scientific studies on the subject were also used as secondary sources. According to the research findings, ecotourism was considered an effective and important model for the sustainable development of local communities. In the study, the eco-tourism potential of the province, strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T) were revealed by SWOT analysis. Opportunities and strengths were considered significant for sustainable ecotourism potential. Focusing on local tourism and rural development as a leverage point, this paper puts forward proposals on management strategies and offers a different viewpoint on the need for rural innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of quality assurance (QA) is one of the most challenging reform areas for Turkey due to the unique organization of its higher education system. This paper explores the development of QA systems in Turkish universities. Using a qualitative case study approach, the authors examine how Turkey accomplishes the goal of implementing QA practices at institutional, national and international levels. The data included policy documents and interviews with the Turkish Bologna Experts who shared their experience of the implementation process. The findings suggest that Turkish policy-makers and universities have made considerable progress in improving QA systems and aligning national policies with those found in other Bologna nations. We conclude that the focus of current reform should be on developing internal quality practices and encouraging participation of all stakeholders. Turkish higher education needs to find its own combination of measures that will consider historical and social characteristics of quality culture and to develop strategies befitting Turkey's conditions.

The article focuses on the seals used to mark kaimes, or internal debt certificates sometimes used as currency, by the twelve ministers of finance of the Ottoman Empire from 1838 to 1877. Descriptions of the notes' appearance, interest rates, yield to maturity, printing, and design during the period are presented. The article provides images of eighteen seals used, including those created for ministers of finance such as Abdurrahman Nafiz, Haci Ibrahim Saip, Musa Safveti, and Köse Hüseyin Hüsnü.

This study aims to examine the main idea questions included in Turkish course exams. The study was carried out with a non-intervention research model. The research analyses were carried out on 178 questions which were determined to be the main idea questions among 1,432 questions in 238 exam papers from 138 schools. It was observed that there were no main idea questions in approximately half of the exam papers examined in the study. The main idea questions in the exam papers were asked with 10 different question stems. More than half of the main idea questions examined were open-ended. An expository text type was used in the majority of the main idea questions. Examination of the main idea questions revealed that in most of them, the main idea was explicitly included in the text. Moreover, it was seen that in the texts used for main idea questions, the main idea was mostly included at the end of the text. This situation casts doubt on the extent to which the exams applied in schools are adequate in terms of preparing students for international exams. For this reason, curriculum development studies should be included that will serve to make teachers more competent in increasing the quality and quantity of main idea questions in Turkish exams and to improve students' ability to find the main idea, scaffolding models should be designed and made familiar to teachers and students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last two decades, Turkish-Israeli relations were downgraded from a strategic importance status to an almost hostile one. At the same time, the trade between these two countries has not been affected at all by this negative development. Even though this paradox has already been noticed in the relevant literature, scholarly works have not yet focused on the study of the strategic trade between these two countries in order to examine deeper this contradictory trade-foreign relations interaction. Taking into account that the bilateral relations reached a bottom level only after a political change in Turkey in 2002, the present paper focuses on the strategic products that Turkey imported from Israel. Therefore, the paper addresses the question whether the latter turbulent Turkish-Israeli relations have affected the Turkish imports of strategic products from Israel. To this research question, the paper hypothesizes that the unfavorable climate of the bilateral relations had a quite negative impact on the imports of such products from Israel. Thus, the aim of the paper is to study these imports of strategic products in terms of size and magnitude in order to explore their role in the overall imports of Turkey from Israel and the bilateral relations of these two countries, as well. To achieve this aim, the paper analyzes the quantitative data of Turkish imports from Israel concerning a number of strategic products, from 1995 to 2019, employing descriptive and correlation statistics. The research results reveal that strategic products constitute the main content of the imports of Turkey from Israel, while their trading took place mainly during the years when the bilateral relations had been severely deteriorated. Therefore, the role of strategic products is proved fundamental for the trade and foreign relations between Turkey and Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent and unprecedented levels of importance attached to subordinate organization citizenship behavior have enabled researchers to appreciate the issue from various perspectives including leadership styles and leader-member exchange relationships. This paper makes a contribution to the literature because few studies that encompass both of these theories are present in the literature. Under this framework and embedding the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation dimensions as further independent variables, the present paper yields some unexpected yet statistically significant findings using 156 sample units out of a total of 250 who received the questionnaires. The conclusions drawn from regression analyses revealed the positive effect of transformational leadership style on followers. In particular, under this circumstance, employees do not show any extra role performance when there is assurance of their managers’ support. Further, a step wise regression analyses procedure excluded the Leader-Member Exchange Relation dimension from the model which further substantiated the positive correlation between motivational tools and transformational leadership style over subordinate organization citizenship behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We pursue a two-fold objective in this paper. First, we try to describe comprehensively the behaviour of sectoral growth cycles in Turkish manufacturing by using several statistical measures and to analyse the co-movement between them via correlation and peak-through analysis. One of the remarkable results of this study is the emergence of the "chemicals" and "paper and paper products" sectors as the leading sectors of total manufacturing. Another important result reveals that export-oriented sectors, which have a high correlation with total manufacturing and with each other, appear as the main drivers of total manufacturing. The second objective of this study is to investigate the response of output in Turkish manufacturing industries to monetary policy shocks within the vector autoregressive framework. The results show that all manufacturing sectors respond to a contractionary monetary policy shock with a reduction in absolute output but that the degree of output reduction is not the same in all sectors. The total manufacturing output declines very quickly after the shock, reaching its minimum value within three quarters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the colemanite (a natural calcium borate mineral, NCBM) and Fe 2 O 3 used as a catalyst on the liquefaction of Elbistan Lignite (EL, which has the most reserves in the east of Turkey). The liquefaction experiments were carried out at the reaction temperature of 400 °C, the reaction time of 90 min, the solvent/solid ratio of 3/1, stirring speed of 400 rpm, and initial nitrogen gas pressure of 20 bar. Fe 2 O 3 and colemanite were together prepared as a new catalyst. Research has been made the recent observation that the highest liquefaction product yields, especially from a series of valuable fractions, obtained, with the highest mineral content of lignite. According to that model colemanite mixed with Fe 2 O 3 to decide if the mineral content effect on total conversion if mineral substances added separately from coal. Fe 2 O 3 selected as the most suitable catalyst type. To understand how to affect colemanite (as an economical catalyst source and also has high reserves in Turkey) as a catalyst on the liquefaction of EL with waste paper. The experiment conditions fixed and so compared due to the total conversion values. Unlike previous studies, this study was 67.1% of the total fluid conversion without catalyst, but this value increased to 77.6% when 15% NCBM catalyst was used. The total conversion was up to 83.8% with the catalyst concentration of 3% Fe 2 O 3. On the other hand, when only 3% of Fe 2 O 3 was used, the total conversion was only 75%. As a result, the mixture of NCBM and Fe 2 O 3 increased the liquefaction efficiency by 15% by the synergistic effect. • Colemanite is suitable for commercial liquefaction. • The use of NCBM with Fe 2 O 3 increased total conversion by about 15%. • Low catalyst cost significantly determines liquefaction cost. • As the high total conversion will affect the oil product conversion and the by-product is low means NCBM is eco-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether teachers prioritize the use of technology. More specifically, this paper focused on how Turkish teachers think about the importance of technology and technological tools for their daily routines. The research design employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. The data were collected through document analyses, interviews, and a survey. The results showed that the following factors lead teachers to prioritize the use of technology in the classroom: (a) globalization, (b) society's needs, (c) technological literacy, (d) student learning, and (e) practicability. (Contains 5 tables.)

The pollution haven hypo thesis (PHH) postulates that foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows can increase environmental deterioration in developing countries as multinational firms tend to transfer their dirty industries to these countries. Turkey, as a developing economy, has witnessed intense FDI inflows over the last decades. Within this scope, the goal of this paper is to examine whether the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) prevails in Turkey within the scope of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis over the period 1970–2016. To that end, the paper employs unit root and cointegration methods based on the nonlinear smooth transition models. The empirical findings of the paper indicate that both hypotheses are valid in Turkey. The findings also imply that environmental quality in Turkey is negatively related to electricity production from renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turkish economy has undergone a structural transformation with impressive economic performance during 2002–2018 and then a slowdown. The implementation of policies on the financial markets results in a significant capital inflow, which leads to an increase in the volume of domestic credit. Despite improvements in Türkiye, income inequality and poverty are still relatively high. While much of the literature shows that financial development accelerates growth, there is no consensus on its clear impact on poverty and inequality. While some studies stress that financial development improves inequality and combats poverty by increasing the ability of advantage of new investment opportunities, and by improving the allocation of capital, others point out that the beneficial impact of financial development depends on whether the overall population or the upper-income groups benefit or not. Therefore, this paper aims to empirically investigate the impact of financial development on inequalities and poverty during the 2002–2017 period when Türkiye relatively has been prosperous. According to simultaneous equation regression findings, the widening of the financial sector leads to more equal income distribution and poverty alleviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration state can be a very useful analytical tool for analysing how states regulate international migration, and for comparing the practices of different states in this realm. However, we need an extended understanding of the notion of migration state to include the regulation functions of the developing country states for international migration and to reflect on the historical changes concerning these regulation functions which take place in parallel with the changes in the economic and geo-political position of the countries. This paper starts with a discussion of Hollifield's conceptualisation of the migration state, reflecting on its existing assumptions. Hollifield's conceptualisation is reviewed critically especially based on the criticisms in Adamson and Tsourapas (2020) as well as Tsourapas (2020). While the paper benefits from the typology of nationalising, developmental, and neoliberal migration management regimes in Adamson and Tsourapas (2020), the importance of having a temporal perspective is emphasised which is lacking in this study. Rather than looking at these three types (nationalising, developmental, neoliberal) as existing in different contexts, the paper focuses on the shift from one type to the other in the case of a single country. The paper demonstrates how the migration state in Turkey has gone through transformations during the period from the foundation of the Republic until today. The paper then discusses the implications of this focus on Turkey for a revised and extended understanding of the concept of the migration state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social & Cultural Geography is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Internationalization has become an indispensable part of universities worldwide. Since the 1990s, various research has been conducted with those often seen as the main stakeholders of universities, namely administrators, academics, and students. However, the leading implementors of internationalization and especially mobility programs, international office professionals (IPs), are rarely considered by research. In this study, qualitative research was conducted through 36 semi-structured interviews with IPs in Poland and Turkey. The results revealed that IPs have several professional and institutional challenges. While the professional challenges include diversified responsibilities, incoming students' problems, and communication difficulties with the young generation; institutional challenges are mainly associated with administrative issues like lack of participation in decision-making, temporarily appointed leaders, and lack of academic support. Additionally, in this study, IPs were referred to as street-level bureaucrats as the main contact with the beneficiaries of internationalization. The research revealed that IPs use a high level of discretion in practice. This paper presents examples of how to structure internationalization policies so that the IPs use their power of discretion in a positive way, contributing to policy implementation. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a roadmap for the practical implementation of internationalization and mobility programs in universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]