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Outdoor and natural environments have been steadily recognised as conducive to learning and social development. Most practice and research in this field has mostly focused on green spaces, such as forests and parks, and practices such as forest school. This particular paper looks at outdoor learning in a coastal environment, which has not received as much attention. Through the lens of affordance theory, we examine the possibilities for practice in such a space. Interviews with experienced early years and primary-school practitioners provide a rich narrative of ways that the beach environment can support and extend teaching and learning. Findings suggest that space, natural resources and the elements provide a wealth of opportunities for different types of pedagogical approaches and self-directed learning and play. We examine the potential for beach environments to be used more widely for learning in primary settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research explored the storytelling (collection, curation and use) in the Cabrach, a remote Scottish glen. This study aims to capture the methodological process of storytelling and curation of heritage knowledge through the lens of the Cabrach's whisky distilling history, a central part of the area's cultural heritage, tangible and intangible. This research was conceptualised as "telling the story of telling the story of the Cabrach". It was concerned with how the history, heritage, historiography and testimony associated with the parish could be harvested, made sense of and subsequently used. Design/methodology/approach: The study was epistemological in nature and the research was concerned with how heritage knowledge is gathered, curated and understood. It was built around the collection of knowledge through expert testimony from Colin Mackenzie and Alan Winchester, who have extensively researched aspects of life in the Cabrach. This was done using a series of theme-based but free-flowing conversational workshop involving participants and research team. Issues of trust and authority in the research team were crucial. Data were recorded, transcribed and coded. A conceptual model for heritage storytelling in the Cabrach was developed together with a transferable version for other contexts. Findings: The research was conceived around identifying the stories of the Cabrach and grouping them into cohesive narrative themes focused on the most important aspect of the glen's history (the development of malt whisky distilling). The research showed how all crucial narratives associated with the Cabrach were interconnected with that malt whisky story. It was concerned with identifying broad thematic narratives rather than the specific detailed stories themselves, but also from a methodological perspective how stories around those themes could be collected, curated and used. It presents the outcome of "expert testimony" oral history conversations and presents a conceptual model for the curation of heritage knowledge. Practical implications: This paper reports on research which focuses on the confluence of those issues of heritage-led regeneration, intangible cultural heritage, as well as how stories of and from, about and for, a distinctive community in North-East Scotland can be collected, curated and displayed. It presents methodological conceptualisations as well as focused areas of results which can be used to create a strong and inclusive narrative to encapsulate the durable sense of place and support the revival of an economically viable and sustainable community. Social implications: This conceptual model offers a framework with universal elements (Place, People, Perception) alongside a strong core narrative of storytelling. That core element may vary but the outer elements remain the same, with people and place being omnipresent and the need to build an emotional or visceral connection with visitors being crucial, beyond "telling stories" which might be regarded as parochial or narrowly focused. The model informs how communities and heritage organisations tell their stories in an authentic and proportionate manner. This can help shape and explain cultures and identities and support visitors' understanding of, and connection with, places they visit and experience. Originality/value: The originality lies in two principal areas, the exploration of the narratives of a singularly distinctive community – the Cabrach – which plays a disproportionately significant role in the development of malt whisky distilling in Scotland; and also in terms of the methodological approach to the collection and curation of heritage storytelling, drawing not on first-hand accounts as in conventional oral history approaches but through the expert testimony of two historical and ethnographic researchers. The value is demonstrating the creation of a conceptual model which can be transferred to other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Military Survey of Scotland (1747-1755) was an influential document in the history of cartography. Commissioned in response to the last Jacobite Rebellion (1745-1746), it systemized cartography in the United Kingdom and across the British Empire. Researched from primary sources and existing literature, this paper emphasizes the importance of the survey in increasing the number of surveys and maps produced in the British Empire, creating a "family" of maps in places as distant as Ireland, British North America, and India. The most important legacy was the creation of the Ordnance Survey in 1791, due to the efforts of William Roy, the lead engineer on the Military Survey of Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridge aerodynamic studies are essential in ensuring the safety and acceptable performance of long-span bridges vulnerable to the effects of cross-winds. Aerodynamic studies were traditionally carried out in wind tunnel facilities, but there are now greater opportunities for using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling. Few three-dimensional (3D) aerodynamic simulations of lightweight vehicles on bridges exist, but limited validation and verification work has been carried out. In the study reported in this paper, 3D CFD models were developed for Queensferry Crossing – a cable-stayed bridge in Scotland – containing wind shields and sample vehicles. The models considered the wind effects from a range of yaw wind angles and subsequently determined the aerodynamic coefficients of vehicles. The models were verified by means of a mesh sensitivity study, a domain sensitivity study and comparisons with wind tunnel tests. The models were then validated using the same modelling process but with a different type of wind shield and again comparing the results with wind tunnel test data for the same configuration. The results showed that CFD modelling can determine aerodynamic coefficients to a level of accuracy similar to that of wind tunnel tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While investment in social housing is mentioned in the Government's white paper on levelling up, it does not receive the emphasis extended to infrastructure investment. Traditionally, the case for affordable housing was based on merit goods arguments. While the economic effects of housing have been explored, this has mainly been through traditional economic impact studies whose perceived weakness has led to a degree of policy scepticism around the findings of such studies. Recently, however, a strong case has been made for treating investment in housing on a comparable basis to infrastructure on the basis of its potentially important impacts on the supply side, stimulating labour supply and productivity. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential economic impacts of meeting the projections of affordable housing needed in Scotland to combat homelessness using a framework that overcomes the weaknesses of conventional impact analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opening years of the 1700s were financially difficult for Scotland. The poor harvests of 1696 and 1697 had pushed up food prices and led to widespread starvation in the country, while coin flowed out to buy much needed imports. The loss of trade and taxation associated with the Nine Years' War (1688–97) exacerbated issues, before the relinquishing of the Scottish colony at Darien compounded the nation's economic problems in the new century. In 1704, a funding deficit then forced the Bank of Scotland to stop cash payments, lending, and discounting. In response to the economic crisis, a body of financial literature emerged from Scotland in 1705 which attempted to improve the situation. This included proposals to address the shortage of coin by debasing existing stocks with copper, schemes to establish land banks and issue a new paper currency on this security, and a proposal for credit secured on the money tied up in the failed Darien scheme. The works emerged from various men, with various models, but all were focused on capitalising the Scottish economy. This article will provide an overview of these works, and will make the case that by the middle of 1705 many of the Scottish parliamentarians tasked with considering these proposals were already predisposed to the idea that a union with England was the solution to Scotland's economic problems. Therefore, despite the revolutionary nature of some of the financial proposals, all were rejected by the administration, as the focus of the Scottish parliament shifted to paving the way for Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recruitment and retention of medical practitioners is a challenging contemporary policy issue for rural areas. In this paper we explore this issue in the context of doctors in rural and remote Scotland, drawing on findings from a service mapping exercise into the recruitment and retention of doctors in rural areas, conducted by interviewing key stakeholders in the delivery of healthcare in rural and remote Scotland, most of whom combine clinical and organisational responsibilities. The aim of this paper is to understand the key issues, drawing on what the stakeholders see across the day‐to‐day delivery of their clinical roles and within the varied levels of the organisational structure of Scottish healthcare to which they contribute. Our findings build on a review of key literature of contemporary issues in rural Scotland, healthcare delivery in rural areas and wider international literature on recruitment and retention of medical practitioners. Our findings focus around three key themes: power of place; how people make place; and place and policy. In our conclusion, we argue that the importance of this stakeholder research is three‐fold. First, that such insights from stakeholders are important in shaping and preparing for future research on the topic, particularly interviewing those currently working. Second, it adds to and echoes the growing body of literature globally focused on recruitment and retention by expanding on the Scottish context. Finally, it proposes that appropriate and effective rural proofing is important in the implementation of new policies where place‐based challenges or differences can emerge. Recruitment and retention of medical practitioners is a challenging contemporary policy issue for rural areas. The aim of this paper is to understand the key issues, drawing on what the stakeholders see across the day‐to‐day delivery of their clinical roles and within the varied levels of the organisational structure of Scottish healthcare to which they contribute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is an international move towards greater integration of health and social care to cope with the increasing demand on services.. In Scotland, legislation was passed in 2014 to integrate adult health and social care services resulting in the formation of 31 Health and Social Care Partnerships (HSCPs). Greater integration does not eliminate resource scarcity and the requirement to make (resource) allocation decisions to meet the needs of local populations. There are different perspectives on how to facilitate and improve priority setting in health and social care organisations with limited resources, but structured processes at the local level are still not widely implemented. This paper reports on work with new HSCPs in Scotland to develop a combined multi-disciplinary priority setting and resource allocation framework. Methods: To develop the combined framework, a scoping review of the literature was conducted to determine the key principles and approaches to priority setting from economics, decision-analysis, ethics and law, and attempts to combine such approaches. Co-production of the combined framework involved a multi-disciplinary workshop including local, and national-level stakeholders and academics to discuss and gather their views. Results: The key findings from the literature review and the stakeholder workshop were taken to produce a final combined framework for priority setting and resource allocation. This is underpinned by principles from economics (opportunity cost), decision science (good decisions), ethics (justice) and law (fair procedures). It outlines key stages in the priority setting process, including: framing the question, looking at current use of resources, defining options and criteria, evaluating options and criteria, and reviewing each stage. Each of these has further sub-stages and includes a focus on how the combined framework interacts with the consultation and involvement of patients, public and the wider staff. Conclusions: The integration agenda for health and social care is an opportunity to develop and implement a combined framework for setting priorities and allocating resources fairly to meet the needs of the population. A key aim of both integration and the combined framework is to facilitate the shifting of resources from acute services to the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the importance of equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in the aquaculture industry, with a particular emphasis on the sector in Scotland. Aquaculture is a particularly important industry when it comes to EDI, given its potential to address Sustainable Development Goals on gender equality and diversity. The paper highlights the increasing attention being paid to EDI in many areas and the significant benefits to businesses that adopt EDI policies, including improved reputation, increased innovation, and greater profitability. This paper draws on a survey of EDI in Scottish aquaculture, a workshop and interviews with industry experts to suggest concrete actions that could improve EDI in the sector. A key priority is the collection and publication of workforce data in Scottish aquaculture as well as industry champions who raise awarenes and promote EDI, and supporting cross-sector organizations who provide EDI training. We conclude by calling for more research to support the development of EDI in Scottish aquaculture, which will contribute to future resilience and fairness as well as a dynamic, relevant, and accessible industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scotland is a small country with an education system whose roots lie within an inclusive and egalitarian approach to the education of young people. Subsequent legislation, policies, and curriculum frameworks have been influenced by this, and also by the international move toward equitable, inclusive, and quality lifelong learning for all. Supporting those who are highly able/gifted and talented against such a backdrop offers both opportunities and challenges. In this qualitative study, the Global Principles for Professional Learning in Gifted Education are used to interrogate recent key legislation; the current curriculum framework, Curriculum for Excellence, and the National Framework for Inclusion; to ascertain the extent to which this inclusive approach, on paper, affords in-class and school-based support for gifted and talented/highly able learners. The results indicate that the legislative and policy frameworks coalesce with the Global Principles. While legislation does not change practice, it does influence and shape practice, and so can be used as a springboard for developing dynamic, culturally appropriate opportunities for Scotland's gifted young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although frequently perceived as a 'woolly' policy concept and a means to reduce public service delivery costs, co-production can lead to increased quality and efficiency of services. In this paper, we explore the contribution of a community empowerment policy to co-production processes. Analysing empirical findings from a mixed-method, longitudinal study through the lens of Myers et al.'s (2017) Theory of Change, the paper develops a model of a successful co-production process. We show that changes in working practices and shifts in power can create friction between co-producing actors. By critiquing specific policies, we inform future co-production research, policy, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scotland currently has the highest rates of drug-related deaths in Europe, so drug checking services are being explored due to their potential role in reducing these deaths and related harms. Drug checking services allow individuals to submit presumed psychoactive drug samples for analysis, and then receive individualised feedback and counselling. This paper explores participants' views on the advantages and challenges of three hypothetical service models, to inform future service delivery in Scotland. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 43 people: 27 professional stakeholders, 11 people with experience of drug use, and five family members across three cities. Vignettes were used to provide short descriptions of three hypothetical service models during the interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Participants identified advantages and challenges for each of the three potential service models. The third sector (not-for-profit) model was favoured overall by participants, and the NHS substance use treatment service was the least popular. Participants also noted that multiple drug checking sites within one city, along with outreach models would be advantageous, to meet the diverse needs of different groups of people who use drugs. Conclusions: Drug checking services need to be tailored to local context and needs, with a range of service models being possible, in order to meet the needs of a heterogeneous group of people who use drugs. Addressing issues around stigma, accessibility, and concerns about the potential impact of accessing drug checking on access to and outcomes of drug treatment, are essential for successful service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Infant Mental Health Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper identifies documented collections of red-sulphur gem casts by Christian Dehn (1696–1770) that have survived unrecognized in three British country houses: Burton Constable in Yorkshire, Burghley House in Lincolnshire, and Mountstuart on the Isle of Bute in Scotland. All three collections resulted from Grand Tours to Italy, where, in Rome, Dehn's workshop supplied bespoke collections of casts representing engraved gemstones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 crisis highlighted the important ways that communities can support each other in and across neighbourhoods. Volunteers played a fundamental role assisting individuals with basic needs and with keeping people connected. In a number of different settings, volunteering is part of everyday life for many people, making a huge and often hidden contribution to the lives of individuals and communities. This paper looks at the specific case of a community football club in Scotland who played a significant role in engaging with its local populace and becoming a focal point for people during a very challenging period. The case study club looked at here were like many Third Sector agencies and community groups the 'go to' agencies for local council's during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many social, community organisations adapted quickly to undertake a huge range of critical roles in neighbourhoods such as food distribution and prescription delivery services. This paper suggests that these types of locally owned and operated 'hubs' may offer the best opportunities for important co-designed and co-delivered services, accessible to all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the concept of intersectionality to think about the ways people negotiate diversity on a daily basis in Glasgow, Scotland. The paper draws on ethnographic fieldwork, in‐depth interviews and focus groups carried out in semi‐formal spaces such as public libraries, community‐centres and local cafes. Discussing the ways in which people speak about their experiences of encountering others across ethnicity, age, gender, religion, and class, the paper examines situations where different positionalities interconnect to produce mundane and fleeting moments of relation. Despite tensions, misunderstandings and moments of uneasiness, the paper finds that connections and relations are built. Set in the political context of contemporary Scotland, the paper argues that being together in diversity can be a decisive act that marks the everyday as political. It contends that an openness to and through these intersectional relations can counteract notions of crisis and emergency normatively constructed around issues of immigration and multiculturalism in Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: Between policing and health, there are many shared issues. Mental health distress and crises and caring for people who may be vulnerable are priority areas.Working together in partnership is challenging, and fragmented systems and processes are the result. This leads to poor experiences for the police, health professions and the public. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: This paper describes an event that brought together 26 stakeholders involved in law enforcement and public health.The aim of this work was to identify the biggest shared challenges that they experience in their day to day jobs.The five key priorities were as follows: vulnerability; mental health crisis; decision‐making around assessment and triage across professional groups and professional roles; peer support and organizational well‐being; and information and data sharing. What are the implications for practice?: This paper demonstrates the strength of bringing partners together throughout law enforcement and public health, making proper time to actually discuss the "big issues" which affect them, how they each experience these issues, and how they might have overcome these within their own professions.Only through working together as partners and having everyone on the same page with the shared priorities can we really start to make a difference in the areas and with the people who matter.The focus on "vulnerability" and "mental health crisis" demonstrates the complexity of the issues between the professions, and that they need to find effective ways to work together to support people.No one professional group can solve inter‐professional challenges alone. Introduction: Law enforcement professions now assume more responsibility for tackling mental health issues alongside public health colleagues than ever before. The term "vulnerability" is frequently used within Law Enforcement and Public Health (LEPH) to identify those requiring emergency mental health care. However, there are ongoing challenges within LEPH to determine whose responsibility this is. Aim: To co‐create the most important priorities for LEPH research in Scotland. Method: The paper describes a collaborative workshop which brought together an Expert Advisory Group (EAG) of 26 senior stakeholders, from academia, policing, mental health nursing, psychiatry, paramedics, emergency medicine, people with lived experience, policy makers and third sector. Results: The five key priorities included: vulnerability; mental health crisis; decision‐making around assessment and triage across professional groups and professional roles; peer support and organizational well‐being; and information and data sharing. Discussion: The paper discusses the EAG group event as a co‐production process, focusing on how key LEPH research priorities were derived. Implications for practice: This paper demonstrates the inextricable link between co‐production and co‐creation of value via EAG group consensus on LEPH research priorities. Shared vision and professional will are not enough to ensure progress: there must also be shared policy, knowledge and access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores different ways of thinking about evaluating cultural resources in East–West migration in Europe and broader international migration. It goes beyond the dominant Bourdieusian approaches used to evaluate migration in terms of cultural capital, which tend to measure migrants' cultural competencies as calculable entities and overlook emergent regimes of value often leading to the exclusion of itinerant people. The paper draws on the ideas of Gilles Deleuze and Friedrich Nietzsche to reformulate value in relation to transnational cultural resources, re‐think distance in negotiation of cultural preferences, and highlight spatio‐temporal uncertainty of evaluation. It unsettles the attempts to represent cultural resources of migrants solely in relation to the external system of values, determined in relation to Bourdieu's habitus. It argues that in the process of migration habitus mediates what things are valued, converted, and exchanged in different contexts, but obscures emergent, affective practices and attitudes. To attend to these mobile practices, the paper explores evaluations as "ways of being" and highlights active or becoming evaluation that expresses the migrants' relational movement with the world. Using a range of qualitative examples from a long‐term study of Eastern European migration to Scotland, it questions the placement of evaluation in relation to a region and specific type of migration. The paper challenges the existence of a self‐defining migrant subject making evaluations and highlights the emergence of hybrid arrangements of people, memories, and things in migration. It considers how such migration "assemblages" redefine "minor" in existing systems of cultural validation and expand cultural con/dis‐junctions. It highlights temporal and spatial uncertainty of evaluation and expresses multiple evaluating claims in migration that are not teleological or subordinated to consciousness. It concludes with conceptual observations about the use of "nomadic" thinking, the language of multiplicity, non‐representation, and immanent production of difference in migration research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade issues lie at the heart of the two biggest constitutional challenges the UK has faced in decades: Brexit and Scottish independence. Brexit has demonstrated the economic importance of borders and led to renewed calls for Scottish independence. While there are a range of possible trading arrangements an independent Scotland could pursue, all of them involve economically significant change. In this paper, we describe Scottish trade patterns and review the range of options that a newly independent Scotland might have for its trading arrangements. We then model the relative economic importance of these different potential trading arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project employed community researchers as a means of improving community engagement around their Private Water Supplies (PWS) in rural Scotland. In this paper, we reflect on working with community researchers in terms of the benefits and challenges of the approach for future rural research that seeks to improve community engagement. The paper (1) critiques the involvement of community researchers for rural community engagement, drawing on the experiences in this project and (2) provides suggestions for good practice for working with community researchers in rural communities' research. We offer some context in terms of the role of community members in research, the importance of PWS, our approach to community researchers, followed by the methodological approach and findings and our conclusions to highlight that community researchers can be beneficial for enhancing community engagement, employability, and social capital. Future community researcher approaches need to be fully funded to ensure core researchers can fulfil their duty of care, which should not stop when data collection is finished. Community researchers need to be supported in two main ways: as continuing faces of the project after the official project end date and to transfer their newly acquired skills to future employment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread and growth of ubiquitous smart technology to deliver public health outcomes, particularly within/at home, urgently requires greater scholarly attention. This paper uses data from interviews with professionals in Scotland who are designing and implementing Technology‐Enabled Care (TEC) for current and future homes. Theoretically informed by both critical geographies of home and futures scholarship, this paper presents a three‐part framework – "homes‐that‐are," "homes‐that‐ought," and "homes‐to‐be" – to explore the techno‐solutionist accounts of home, bringing to bear the messiness and complexity of home, both its conceptualisation and experience. It highlights prediction as an emerging form of anticipatory practice, generating new questions and conceptualisations about the openness of futures. Moreover, it demonstrates the importance of understanding the underlying assumptions of those who make decisions when planning for future TEC and housing; about who they imagine they are planning for, and how diverse these futures are. This paper presents a three‐part framework – "homes‐that‐are," "homes‐that‐ought," and "homes‐to‐be" – to explore the techno‐solutionist accounts of home, bringing to bear the messiness and complexity of home, both its conceptualisation and experience. Using data from interviews with professionals in Scotland who are designing and implementing Technology‐Enabled Care (TEC) for current and future homes, it highlights prediction as an emerging form of anticipatory practice, generating new questions on the openness of futures. It also demonstrates the importance of understanding underlying assumptions of those who make decisions when planning for future TEC and housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper locates the educational psychologist's (EP) involvement in addressing social justice in practice. It uses some philosophical ideas from Jacques Rancière, particularly the idea of the distribution of the sensible and dissensus, to help us question how systems that are aimed at contributing to a socially just society can limit social justice itself. Whilst the argument of this paper is applicable to educational psychologists internationally, this paper is situated within a Scottish context. It uses a vignette to draw out a philosophical reading of the EP's involvement in the narrative. This paper gives some examples of how structures that are aimed at supporting social justice often position the EPs within these systems so that thinking, being and doing are shaped according to the structures that they inhabit. The establishment of such structures and discourses have limited the meaning and implementation of social justice. This means that the identity of both those requiring the involvement of the EP, as well as the EP and other professionals is determined in terms of their 'proper place' and their activity is determined in terms of its 'proper function'. The paper argues that EPs can interrupt the procedural flow and provide a dissenting voice which can ultimately lead to social justice in ways that the normal flow of procedure does not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Special Issue examines Swedish and Scottish education through the lens of social justice and citizenship. Each paper has a slightly different take on these central concepts, but all recognise that social justice has multiple dimensions relating to (re)distribution, recognition and participation. The multi-dimensional nature of citizenship is also recognised, encompassing civil, political and social rights. This introductory chapter highlights the central concerns of the papers, which compare and contrast the educational systems of Sweden and Scotland. While the achievements of comprehensive and inclusive education are recognised, future challenges are also noted, in particular, the extent to which education may be used as a means of achieving social justice and supporting citizenship rights at a time when economic inequalities are increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The ongoing integration of health and social care in Scotland presents both challenges and opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to consider emerging enablers and barriers to integration by focusing on the views of senior stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presented an opportunity to gain an insight into the integration movement by considering the views of key stakeholders within Scottish Local Authorities, NHS Boards and other relevant stakeholders. These insights, were collected through a combination of interviews and questionnaires. Findings – This paper highlights a number of factors key to the success of the integration agenda. These include: governing terms and conditions of existing staff; engagement of clinical and professional leads; and synthesising joint outcomes in locality planning. Acts of transformational change such as integration place particular demands upon those in leadership positions. This paper identifies key leadership strengths pivotal to driving forward change, such as effective performance management and influencing skills. Originality/value – This is one of a small number of papers addressing the scale and scope of efforts to integrate health and social care within Scotland. Integration between health services and social care continues to be a priority of the Scottish Government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 38th annual conference and Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Scottish Legal History Group which was held on October 6, 2018 in Edinburgh, Scotland, and it mentions the next conference on October 5, 2019. Abstracts are provided for papers such as "Supplications to the Papacy in Late Medieval Scotland" by Dr. Alan MacQuarrie and "Continuity and Change: the Highland Estate and the Regality Court of Grant" by Charles Fletcher which were presented at the 2018 event.

Concerns have been raised globally about the impact of the pandemic on the mental health and wellbeing of children and young people (CYP). How prospective headteachers rose to the challenge posed by the pandemic in supporting the wellbeing of their school communities and reaching out to the most vulnerable CYP and families during the recovery phase is the focus of this paper. It is a longitudinal, principally qualitative study conducted in two phases with 60 former students of the Into Headship programme in Scotland. Phase 2 of the study drew on the accounts of eight students drawn from the primary, secondary, and special education sectors using individual interviews and focus group discussions. This paper draws on the accounts of three secondary sector participants in interview. Data were analysed via thematic analysis using a modified framework of King and Horrocks. The respondents had encountered a wide range of challenges and had been highly proactive in their approach through adopting both targeted and universal approaches to meeting need and addressing inequalities. The findings of this paper should inform the development of headship preparation programmes globally and the responses of schools in the recovery phase, furthering our understanding as to what constitutes inclusion in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine housing need for older people and people with dementia, with reference to Scotland. This paper also examines policy responses and tensions arising from such need and looks critically at the evidence of care needs and what older people want in relation to later life conditions, including dementia. Design/methodology/approach: Taking the Being Home: Housing and Dementia in Scotland report (2017) as a baseline descriptor, the authors have collated evidence from a range of sources to help them examine what has changed in terms of policy, practice and population ageing. Set against this backdrop, using desk-based analytical methods, the authors interrogate existing planning processes and systems in Scotland. Findings: Scottish Spatial Planning has a policy blindness on the overwhelming evidence of the housing needs derived from an ageing population. Policy focus is geared towards the amount of housing supplied, rather than appropriate types of housing, leaving older people with little choice of suitable accommodation. A key area to improve is in establishing greater co-operation and policy synthesis between health, social, housing and planning functions. Broad policy ambition must be transferred into detailed reality for older people and people with dementia to benefit. Originality/value: The integrated approach and in-depth analysis, linked to planning policy and housing need, is highly original and much needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private collectors and museums have coveted the eggs and skins of the great auk (Pinguinus impennis) both before and after the species became extinct in 1844. Because of their monetary and scientific value, the provenance of most great auk eggs and skins is well documented. In the 1930s and 1940s one wealthy collector, Vivian Vaughan Davies Hewitt (1888–1965) amassed no fewer than thirteen great auk eggs (of a total of about 75 known) and four mounted skins (of 78 known). After he died in 1965, the skins and five of the eggs were sold through the dealer Spink & Son Ltd, but the remaining eight eggs remained unsold until 1992 when they were purchased by Dr John Alan ("Jack") Gibson (1926–2013) of Kilbarchan, Renfrewshire, Scotland. Gibson informed several individuals that he intended to donate the eggs to the National Museum of Scotland. This did not happen, however, and the fate of these eggs has, until now, been unclear and undocumented. We present some details of how Gibson acquired and later disposed of the eight great auk eggs, and, where known, their current whereabouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although fostering values is promoted within environmental and sustainability education (ESE) and a shift in values is seen as essential for a sustainable future, recent international findings indicate that this aspect of ESE is being neglected. Previous research has shown there to be common ground between ESE and the field of character education (CE), a form of values education. Bringing together these two strands of theory and practice has the potential to be fruitful in terms of strengthening current, and introducing new, practices in both fields, particularly through drawing on existing evidence‐based strategies within CE to inform ESE. While there has been some work in this regard, this has been almost exclusively theoretical and there has been little research regarding the practice of such integration. This paper details an instrumental case study exploring an existing case of where ESE and CE come together in practice. A study was conducted at a Scottish, independent, all‐ages, holistic education‐oriented school, exploring how ESE is carried out. Data were gathered via teacher interviews, school observations, field notes and document analysis. Thematic analysis revealed four themes: the school as a sustainable organism; holistic learning; fostering a connectedness with nature; and nurturing the whole person. The data were then analysed from a CE perspective revealing multiple points of ESE–CE intersection, e.g. school climate/ethos, role‐modelling and service‐learning. The findings reveal commonalities between ESE and CE and provide examples of integrated ESE–CE practice, demonstrating potential for collaboration or shared ESE–CE practice. Avenues for further research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organisation recognises the importance of dementia education across all sectors of the population, including children. Previous research has shown that dementia education in schools has positively changed students' knowledge about and attitudes to dementia, however little is known about the process of learning about a complex condition, such as dementia. This paper explores how pupils learn about dementia through a pre-planned educational session in the primary classroom to improve our understanding of the pedagogical approaches required for effective dementia education. Using a participatory video approach, 23 primary 6 pupils (aged 10–11) used iPads to film their experiences of a dementia education session using a resource called Understanding Dementia: Class in a Bag. These videos, along with researcher field notes were combined to create analytical vignettes to illustrate the learning processes and interactions that happened within the classroom. Two weeks later, the pupils were invited to a focus group to view footage of the session and reflect on their experiences and explore the understanding of dementia. The findings highlight the importance of embodied learning within the session, particularly in understanding the experience of living with dementia. By understanding the session from the pupil's perspective, the findings show how pupils developed an empathetic understanding of dementia through play and felt more confident about engaging with and helping people living with dementia in future. This paper provides a new understanding of the process of learning about dementia for primary children, as well as demonstrating the viability of including dementia education within school curriculums internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical geography of Scotland's nineteenth-century lunatic asylums has only been lightly researched to date, and particularly under-studied is what might be termed Scotland's 'Asylum Age' – c.1857 into the 1870s – when publicly-funded and purpose-built district asylums started to appear across the Scottish landscape. This was a period of therapeutic optimism about what these asylums could achieve, as curative institutions buttressed by medical and moral ideas about how lunacy should be treated. Using Annual Reports of the General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland over a fifteen-year period, 1857–1872, this paper explores 'expert' criticisms directed at the perceived geographical failings of the pre-1857 establishments housing lunatics (royal asylums, private licensed houses and Poor Law facilities). Attending to the macro and micro-geographies discussed in these Reports, the Commissioners' ideal for asylum location and architecture is reconstructed, noting how this became a geographical blueprint for the emerging district asylum system. Over the fifteen-year study period, ideas about the ideal site and building shifted once more as lunacy numbers increased and money dwindled, suggesting that the ideal was soon to be overtaken by a more pessimistic turn less sure about the curative benefits of rural sites or homely buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether consumers in Scotland's remote areas suffer from food prices that are higher than the average national prices (i.e., whether a "remoteness premium" exists). The question has been raised by several organizations in those communities looking at the high prices in local stores. This paper provides a new perspective using actual purchasing prices of a sample of 5,252 households in Scotland for 2017 and 2018. In this way, households' ability to shop for lower prices is considered, unlike in previous studies. An expensiveness index was computed to measure the expensiveness of food at household level and control for differences in quality. It showed that consumers in remote areas pay a small premium (0.3 to 0.4 percent) with respect to average prices, which is statistically significant but economically not relevant. To understand the effect of several factors, AHEI was regressed on a number of explanatory variables including local area characteristics and household demographics and consumers' shopping strategy. The results were used to simulate three hypothetical scenarios related to impact of changes in the population's age, access to discount stores, and social deprivation on food expensiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Capsule Reviews are intended to provide a short succinct review of each paper in the issue in order to bring the content to a wider readership. The Capsule Reviews were compiled by Fairouz Kamareddine. Professor Kamareddine is an Associate Editor of The Computer Journal and is based in the Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Capsule Reviews are intended to provide a short succinct review of each paper in the issue in order to bring the content to a wider readership. The Capsule Reviews were compiled by Fairouz Kamareddine. Professor Kamareddine is an Associate Editor of The Computer Journal and is based in the Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm nitrogen (N) balances and N surplus from the in total 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202±28, 179±63 and 178±20 kgNha-1 yr-1, respectively. However, all landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with landless large-scale poultry farming. So, whereas the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep grazing was only 31±10 kgNha-1 yr-1, the landscape average was similar to those of PL and DK (122±20 and 146±55 kgNha-1 yr-1, respectively) when landless poultry were included. However, the challenge remains how to account for indirect N surpluses and emissions from such farms with a large export of manure out of the landscape. We conclude that farm N balances are a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate levels in soils and groundwater, measured during the landscape data collection campaign from 2007-2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. However, no significant correlation was found to N measured in surface waters, probably because of the short time horizon of the study. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998-2008 showed a 22% reduction, related to statistically significant effects (p < 0.01) of measures targeted at reducing N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences between the average and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that N-surplus reductions of 25--50% as compared to the present level were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective at comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options, and is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed 5 N sink and N source hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Recent UK legislation allows dental therapists or jointly-qualified dental hygienist-therapists to work in the general dental service. This study aimed to investigate the extent of dentists' knowledge of the clinical remit of jointly qualified hygienist-therapists, their willingness to consider employing such a professional, and factors associated with these two measures.Materials and methods A postal questionnaire was sent to 616 NHS-registered dentists in South-East Scotland. Analysis and classification of responses to open-ended questions used standard non-parametric statistical tests and quantitative techniques.Results Following two mailings, a 50% (n = 310) response rate was obtained. A total of 65% of dentists worked in a practice employing a dental hygienist, while only 2% employed a dental therapist. Hygienists tended to work in larger practices. Dentists' knowledge of the clinical remit of the dually-qualified hygienist-therapist was found to be limited, reflecting a restricted and inaccurate view of the professional remit of a hygienist-therapist. The majority (64%) said they would consider employing a hygienist-therapist in their practice, rising to 72% amongst dentists already working with a hygienist. Reasons given by dentists who were negative about this prospect were sought. Those who worked with a hygienist tended to refer to lack of physical space, whilst those who did not tended to cite reservations on clinical skills, competence and responsibilities, or on the costs involved.Conclusions This study identified considerable ignorance and negativity among dentists about the nature and clinical remit of this group of professionals. Dually-qualified hygienist-therapists will be in a position to treat much of the routine disease that exists within the population, and dentists may benefit from education in relation to the substantial contribution these individuals could potentially make to patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers at the 28th annual conference sponsored by the Legal Scottish History Group on October 4, 2008 at the Advocates Library in Edinburgh, Scotland on matters regarding the law reports is presented. Topics include the long-term project for publication of Sinclair's "Practicks," the earliest Scottish form of law reports, the parliamentary process in the reign of James VI and a re-analysis of the "duel under the law of Clann Duib."

The question of whether devolved assemblies should be established for Scotland and Wales dominated considerable parliamentary time in the 1970s and became a key pillar of the Labour government's legislative agenda after the two 1974 general elections. The main building blocks of the government's devolution proposals for Scotland and Wales were in place from 1975 with the publication of the white paper, Our Changing Democracy, which outlined proposals for a primary lawmaking assembly for Scotland and a Scottish executive, operating under a 'conferred powers model of devolution'. For Wales, the assembly was to be a body corporate (with no split between executive and assembly) exercising only executive functions and able only to pass secondary legislation. With some important modifications (including crucially the requirement for a referendum, which was then further amended to require a Yes tally equating to 40% of the electorates in both nations), these proposals were eventually incorporated into law as the Scotland and Wales Acts 1978. While the political debates surrounding devolution in this period are well known, less attention has been paid to the practical plans undertaken by the civil service for devolution to become a reality. Considerable time was spent drawing up, from an early stage, detailed preparations for devolution, particularly in Scotland. In Wales, planning was more tentative, yet, none the less, was taken seriously by the Welsh Office. These plans never materialised in the way envisaged, with neither Welsh nor Scottish devolution able to pass the referendum thresholds put in place. However, as this article also demonstrates, both the Scotland and Wales Acts had a constitutional legacy when devolution became reality under New Labour in the late 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusive growth is a label increasingly deployed as the uneven consequences of growth are brought sharply into view. Whilst numerous policy transfer agents are shaping policy diagnoses and suggesting indicator dashboards, conceptualisations of inclusive growth remain markedly varied. Proposing some foundations, this paper argues that capabilities enables a pluralistic and agent-centred view of place-based change to be developed. In order to apply this perspective to a particular policy context, the paper outlines steps to develop an inclusive growth framework – taking the starting perspective of an 'evaluability assessment' – to inform the monitoring and evaluation of a large urban infrastructure project. Questions about the benefits that existing communities may experience from the development come to the fore in this framing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This historical perspective paper attempts to provide a unique picture of Norman Dott through three vignettes from periods of his life and career. Materials and methods: Archive materials relating to Norman Dott in the Lothian Health Service Archive and the University of Edinburgh's Centre for Research Collections, including letters, notes and speeches, were consulted and provide the principle sources supporting this paper. Additional materials including books and journal articles written by or about Dott were accessed while writing this paper. Results and conclusions: Norman Dott CBE FRCSE FRSE FRCSC (1897–1973) is now considered one of the most influential surgeons of his generation. During a 44-year career he was a pioneer of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, craniopharyngioma surgery, intracranial aneurysm surgery and other neurosurgical topics. The historical vignettes explored in this paper illuminate certain aspects of Dott's life, career and character that had an important impact on his achievements in neurosurgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents Brian Sissons and his research with D. E. Smith and R. A. Cullingford on the "Lateglacial and Postglacial Shorelines in South-East Scotland" which was published in 1966 in the journal "Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers." Sissons and others described the Scotland's Lateglacial and Halocene relative sea-level change in the research. Likewise, they were able to provide and to summarize new geomorphological and stratigraphic data on various raised and buried shorelines.

Focuses on the six papers presented during the International Geographical Union's Spatial Modelling sessions at a conference in Glasgow, Scotland in August 2004 and was published in the 2005 issue of the "Journal of Geographical Systems."

Accounting for ecosystems is increasingly central to natural capital accounting. What is missing from this, however, is an answer to questions about how natural capital is distributed. That is, who consumes ecosystem services and who owns or manages the underlying asset(s) that give rise to ecosystem services. In this paper, we examine the significance of the ownership of land on which ecosystem assets (or ecosystem types) is located in the context of natural capital accounting. We illustrate this in an empirical application to two ecosystem services and a range of ecosystem types and land ownership in Scotland, a context in which land reform debates are longstanding. Our results indicate the relative importance of private land in ecosystem service supply, rather than land held by the public sector. We find relative concentration of ownership for land providing comparatively high amounts of carbon sequestration. For air pollution removal, however, the role of smaller to medium sized, mostly privately owned, land holdings closer to urban settlements becomes more prominent. The contributions in this paper, we argue, represent important first steps in anticipating distributional impacts of natural capital (and related) policy in natural capital accounts as well as connecting these frameworks to broader concerns about wealth disparities across and within countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the global health pandemic of COVID-19, a spotlight has been placed on care homes in the UK and the disproportionate impact the virus has had, and continues to have (Hanratty et al., 2020). There is an urgent need to widen our knowledge base about care homes and the inclusion of people living and working in care homes in research studies. This paper presents qualitative findings from a study exploring the facilitators and barriers to research participation in care homes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with residents (n = 12), staff (n = 15), relatives (n = 6) and researchers (n = 8) across three care homes in Scotland between 2014 and 2015. The findings suggest that the key barriers and facilitators to research participation are best captured by three themes: relationships, knowledge about research, and structural challenges. The way these themes are navigated within the care home is expected to shape the willingness and ability of care homes to engage in research. Positive relationships, accessible information about research, and adequate time and space are all likely to increase research presence within care homes. Conversely, poor relationships, alienating research communication, and limited time and space are all likely to result in care homes being unable or unwilling to participate. Overall, this paper demonstrates that care homes face several barriers to research participation, and efforts to improve relationships, raise awareness of the research process and provide flexible solutions for structural challenges are needed. Future research needs to be mindful of these challenges in order to facilitate research relating to COVID-19 and more generally in gerontology and dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implementation of investments in the water and sewage sector in Poland and other European countries using the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) formula. The paper identifies the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats arising from the use of this formula for local government public tasks for the delivery and treatment of domestic wastewater, in the context of EU legislation. It also examines the validity of the use of PPP in the context of the implementation of the principle of sustainable development in water management. PPPs are commonly used to deliver strategic public services under financial limitations. Countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland, based on years of experience and good practices, are effectively implementing PPP projects, including those in the water and sewerage sector. The provision of treated drinking water and the treatment of municipal wastewater is a fundamental task ensuring an adequate quality of life for people by maintaining public health at an appropriate level. The fact that water and sanitation infrastructure and service provision in this sector is expensive, both at the construction and operational stages, has led countries at different levels of development to turn to public-private partnerships. Properly managed PPP projects secure the interests of both the private and public partner and the end user of the services. The analysis of data and examples of European PPPs in the water and wastewater sector shows that PPPs have been successful for most public entities that have chosen them. Good practices from Scotland, Ireland and Poland, as well as projects that have experienced difficulties, show that stable and friendly legislation, thorough pre-feasibility studies and an appropriate allocation of risk make PPPs successful. In the context of the conducted analysis, PPP is a tool enabling the realization of tasks in the water and sewage sector, where the public party's budget possibilities are limited. Moreover, PPP is a component of the realization of the sustainable development principle. The idea that the use of natural resources, including water, which is fundamental to the biological and cultural needs of humankind, should be met in such a way as to save them for future generations, is realized in PPP projects. This paper demonstrates that the use of financial assembly opportunities in PPPs makes it possible to significantly intensify the construction of new and upgrading of existing water and wastewater infrastructure. It contributes to the protection of aquatic ecosystems and securing public health associated with living in direct proximity to surface water and discharging wastewater without affecting the natural environment and human habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The paper explores how regional actors engage with energy systems, flows and infrastructures in order to meet particular goals and offers a fine-tuned analysis of how differences arise, highlighting the policy-relevant insights that emerge. Methods: Using a novel framework, the research performs a comparative case study analysis of three regions in Italy and two of the devolved territories of the UK, Wales and Scotland, drawing on interviews and documentary analysis. Results: The paper shows that acknowledging the socio-materialities of renewable energy allows a fine-tuned analysis of how institutions, governance and infrastructure can enable/constrain energy transitions and policy effectiveness at local and regional levels. The heuristic adopted highlights (i) the institutions that matter for renewable energy and their varied effects on regional renewable energy deployment; (ii) the range of agencies involved in strategically establishing, contesting and reproducing institutions, expectations, visions and infrastructure as renewable energy deployment unfolds at the regional level and (iii) the nature and extent of infrastructure requirements for and constraints on renewable energy delivery and how they affect the regional capacity to shape infrastructure networks and facilitate renewable energy deployment. The paper shows how the regions investigated developed their institutional and governance capacity and made use of targets, energy visions and spatial planning to promote renewable energy deployment. It shows that several mediating factors emerge from examining the interactions between regional physical resource endowments and energy infrastructure renewal and expansion. The analysis leads to policy-relevant insights into what makes for renewable energy deployment. Conclusion: The paper contributes to research that demonstrates the role of institutional variations and governance as foundations for geographical differences in the adoption of renewable energy, and carries significant implications for policy thinking and implementation. It shows why and how policy-makers need to be more effective in balancing the range of goals/interests for renewable energy deployment with the peculiarities and specificities of the regional contexts and their infrastructures. The insights presented help to explain how energy choices and outcomes are shaped in particular places, how differences arise and operate in practice, and how they need to be taken into account in policy design, policy-making and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review is based investigations on the Western Isles, Scotland, by Martin Martin, a notable Scottish Highlander, academic and medical doctor, of the 17th–18th century. His extensive observations of the geography and peoples of these Isles were recorded in his books, "On the Description of the Western Islands of Scotland Circa 1695" and "A Late Voyage to St Kilda". In these books and subsequent papers there were some noteworthy observations on the occurrence (and as he says non-occurrence) of "epidemical" diseases and conditions afflicting the peoples of The Isle of Skye and the Western Isles of Scotland in this period, and these are discussed in this review. Martin also gives details of a wide variety of remedies that were observed or reported by inhabitants around that time. Some of these remedies are interesting for their relevance to the period but others are of doubtful merit. These are reviewed here more for their significance in the understanding of the diseases and conditions of humans and even in some cases animals at that time. Introductions by Charles Withers and R.W. Munro, 11 and re-assessments of the contributions of Martin and colleagues of that time have given insight into the health and condition of peoples of the Western Isles of Scotland(the Occidental) (Martin 1695; Martin 1716). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly digital Scotland, it is easy to think that generation equal has been achieved. Women make up almost 50% of MSPs at Holyrood, and Scotland has recently had the first woman First Minister. But, increasingly women in public and political life are being put off, turning away, and seeking to leave elected office because of the toll of social media abuse amounting to online violence against women. This paper will explore the concept of online violence against women (OVAW) in the context of women in politics and public life, and against the backdrop of Scottish society. It discusses the challenges, and obstacles of OVAW in Scottish political contexts, not least because of the impact that has been imposed on politically active and prominent women in Scotland. Finally, this paper explores whether the melting pot of misogyny, tempered by a new women-led political class, and facilitated by digital technologies is too much of an ask for women who are already shouldering the expectations and hopes of Scottish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the prevalence and benefits of upward social mobility in the early accountancy profession by analyzing the lifespan of chartered accountants admitted to membership in Scotland between 1853 and 1940. We find that 76 percent of the chartered accountants in our sample experienced upward social mobility, a greater percentage than found in previous studies. The chartered accountants in our sample experienced an average life expectancy premium of approximately three years over the general population, irrespective of social origins, and were less likely to die from most preventable causes than the general population. Upwardly mobile chartered accountants achieved lifespans consistent with their achieved professional status rather than their previous social class. While the findings confirm the existence of a social mortality gradient, the increase in longevity is likely attributable to the superior resources of higher social class and other factors affecting self-selection into the accountancy profession. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: I1; I3; M4; N3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]