Search

This paper presents the results obtained from the analysis of some filter paper samples using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. Based on the FTIR capabilities, using the infrared light to scan the samples and identify their chemical properties, organic, polymeric and inorganic materials can be characterized. The samples analysed were six filter papers with different mass additions of Ulva Rigida C. Agardh seaweed collected from the Black Sea, in Constanta area, SE Romania. The additions used consisted of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8% seaweed material, grounded to a certain grain size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its impact on all human activity, the new virus has therefore aroused increased interest in research. A large number of medical papers related to COVID-19 have been published as a result of the scientific community response to this emerging infectious disease. All measures that combat the spread of the disease came at a cost and the people had to add one more hardship which contributed to the rise in social inequality. Moreover, the costs for internet access, proper equipment to support online education, private healthcare, facemasks, and disinfectants have become a burden for a segment of Romanian society. In this study, 18 Romanian universities a Medicine bachelor specialisation, both public and private, were analysed to determine the dataset query from Web of Science. Our research aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 papers written by authors affiliated with Romanian universities with a medicine specialisation, which are the factors that influence the likelihood of a paper being cited and how the number of citations varies by university type. The obtained results reveal that University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" from Bucharest records the highest number of published papers, while "APOL-LONIA" University of Iași has the highest number of citations in both WOS Core Collection and in all WOS Databases per research. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in the number of citations between papers with and without a PUB MED ID. Logistic models show that neither the type of university nor the property type of the university (public or private) are determinants of the likelihood of an article being cited in the WOS core collection or in all WOS databases. As a consequence, a research paper with PUB MED ID and a higher number of pages, has a higher chance to be cited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A technique for manufacturing wood heat-insulating material for construction (known as wood delignification) without seriously affecting the cellulosic structure was inspired by the practices of the pulp and paper industry and adapted to the mentioned purpose. Among the numerous known methods of chemical treatment of wood for removing the lignin in the paper industry, the use of the suspension generated by mixing of NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and distilled water at 260 ℃ in an electric oven was adopted. For the first time, oak wood (recycled in the form of sawdust) was chosen as the basic raw material in the wood delignification process due to its large availability in Romania's climatic conditions. Using 58 % oak wood, 23.3 % NaOH, 16.7 % Ca(OH)2, and water addition, the best product had very low values of density (0,024 g·cm-3) and heat conductivity (0.031 W·m-1·K-1) as well as an acceptable value of compression resistance (0.9 MPa) for construction applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the results of a survey on university students' perceptions and attitudes towards the writing-up process of their final graduation paper. The google form questionnaire was addressed to all the BA and MA graduating philology students, covering four study programmes in English, in a university in western part of Romania. The findings indicate a possible re-thinking of the curricula aiming at the inclusion of mandatory courses in academic writing and research skills at the incipient phases of the study programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of the 'poporală' press, aimed at the illiterate peasant population, in promoting antisemitism and extreme right ideologies in rural areas of interwar Romania. It highlights the lack of comprehensive research on post-1918 'poporală' publications and the need for further investigation into their history and interactions with social actors.

Heavy metals, especially lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr), are environmental contaminants which can be found in most foods in the food chain. These metals are also present in food contact materials, and, through them, can reach the human body. In the human body, these heavy metals are transported into body cells and tissues binding to proteins, nucleic acids destroying these macromolecules and disrupting their cellular functions. As such, heavy metal toxicity can have several consequences in the human body, such as affecting the central nervous function, damaging the blood constituents or vital organs, promoting several disease conditions. Within this study, several food contact materials (plastic, paper and board) were selected from different Romanian producers and evaluated in terms of heavy metals content. Analysis was performed in order to evaluate the compliance with the limits imposed by the legislation in force, using atomic absorption spectrometry as analysis technique. All the analyzed materials were compliant. Heavy metals content of paper and board samples were higher than all plastic samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses Romania's burgeoning development aid policy to the post-colonial space. By leveraging its expertise in petroleum extraction to forge a strategic relationship with India in the 1950s, Bucharest was able to gain a strategic foothold as oil assistance provider to the non-aligned countries. This text details Romania's efforts to help build India's national oil industry by bringing into focus the broad nexus of forces at play in such process. It therefore aims to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of 'the Second World's Third World' by discussing the ideological and geopolitical considerations of both East-East and East-South relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the global economic issues and environmental pollution, there is a growing interest in research addressing the use of biomasses resulting from agricultural production. One main category of biomass components is lignin, the use of plant waste in the pulp industry being one of the ways in avoiding additional deforestation by suppling inputs for the paper industry. The implementation of a strategy for capitalizing the potential of renewable sources, as, but not limited to, paper production, provides the appropriate framework for decision on renewable alternatives and inclusion in the acquis domains in Romania. The present study analyzed the potential use of waste obtained from field crops, mainly annual, as wheat, sunflower, maize, soy, rape, rye, barley, sorghum, rice, to produce paper. Biomass/waste from field crops is a promising source for paper, primarily because it is renewable and has the potential to exploit over 7 million hectares of arable land, with annual use. The diversity of pedoclimatic conditions in Romania makes possible the cultivation of a wider range of species and, within them, a multitude of varieties and hybrids, with variable amounts of lignocellulosic agricultural waste. In addition, accidental years as 2022, the year with the worst drought in Europe in the last 500 years, reshaped the need of valorizing any available biomass, regardless of the production of the main crop. Our calculations show that for a paper containing 28% of renewable cellulose, with the wheat straws collected from Romania in 2019, 9633.31 thousand tons of paper would have been obtained, with an average per hectare of 2786.62 kg of paper. Our analysis shows the opportunity of using lignocellulosic agricultural waste for use as a raw material for paper production. A throughout analysis is needed in the context of extreme droughts experienced recently, to show which valorization of by-products is the most economically justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These instructions give you guidelines for preparing the papers for Annals of the University of Craiova, Economic Sciences Series. These instructions are also formatted as a sample for your paper layout. No fulfillment of these instructions determines the Editorial Board to reject the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 1982 the living standard in the county of Timiș (like in the whole Romania) went up in decreasing following both the accelerate process of industrialization and the international energetic crisis, and need to pay back the external falling due. Crops export in order to pay back the external debt led to a ever greater penury of food of prime necessity: bread, sugar, and oil, meat and processed meat, flour, eggs, and butter, milk, cheese, etc. Lack of industrial products or the necessary products for an elementary hygiene – soap, toilet paper, or tooth paste – came together with the ones above. The population in Timiș County had to face the ever frequent stoppages of energy, of warm water, and apartments warming, or long files at the petrol stations or stations for gas cylinders. Such a crisis generated deep dissatisfaction in the county, a population frame of mind the reports of the Timiș County Inspectorate of the Ministry of Inner Affairs registered down and those reports were submitted to the prime-secretary of the County Committee of the Romanian Communist Party. The small retributions the villagers working in cooperates were given (after months and months) emphasized such dissatisfactions, all together with the salaries diminishing for unseating the plans in the case of those who worked in industry where the technological process was stopped for energy stoppages or lack of raw material. The papers register so the tensions of population, their critical reaction against the economical policy promoted by the Romanian communist leaders, and the distrust of people in the communist regime and ever frequent comparisons between the situation in Romania and Poland, an image that realistically put in light the ever less living standard in Romania during the 80s of the past century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is the main cereal crop in the EU- world production is about 582.7 million tons from 213.8 million ha. (FAOSTAT, 2020). Romania is a traditional grower and producer of wheat; therefore it is necessary to obtain a high quality of seed material. Storage fungi are among the major factors causing post-harvest deterioration of crop produce worldwide. FAO estimates that annually, through conditioning and storage, the percentage of losses reaches 6-10%. Three varieties of wheat seeds from crops in south-eastern Romania were analysed, in storage conditions. Measurements were aimed at determining the associated fungal load of wheat seeds and establishing their influence on quality indicators. The paper presents a study on the appearance and development of storage-specific micromycetes. The research was carried out on common wheat seeds from the warehouses of the National Administration of State Reserves and Special Issues. Wheat is stored during the cold season at an optimal level of temperature and humidity, to preserve quality. Seed testing for germination and incidence of was performed in the laboratory by the classic method of filter paper and PDA medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current paper is to explore the way in which economics students from the Bucharest University of Economic Studies (Romania) make use of the opportunity to conduct research in modern languages provided by the Annual Students' Conference. We resort to a quantitative analysis focused on the panels organised by the Department of Modern Languages and Business Communication during the period 2016-2019. We place our investigation against the background of the 21st century job market demands for multilingual professionals with higher-order thinking skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a common condition with endemic prevalence in some areas of the world. In Romania, the mean prevalence is about 3%. New treatments became available on the market in recent years and new drugs are in the pipeline. A re-evaluation of HCV therapy was considered mandatory. The Romanian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology undertook this task for the practitioners of this country. Methodology: A group of recognized experts was created who screened the available literature and the major available guidelines. A list of items requiring attention has been created. These items were discussed and rated. Decisions were taken by consensus. Recommendations: We present here the first of the two parts of our Society's recommendations for chronic HCV infection treatment. An agreement was reached regarding the diagnostic tools, the assessment of severity and the up-dated therapy schedules. Conclusions: This Position Paper represents a guide for the assessment and the therapy of HCV infection. The recommendations are in concordance with other guidelines but are applied to the real-life conditions in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to perform dimensional, morpho-structural, mechanical and chemical characterization of four materials based on paper currently in use in Romania (RO), Italy (IT), Spain (SP) and Slovenia (SLO) designed for the temporarily wrapping of meat. SEM-EDXS, FTIR and DSC showed that RO is laminated on one side with polyethylene, SP is waxed, IT is modified with a multilayered polyethylene film and SLO is coated with hydrophobized starch. RO, IT and SLO comply with the standards of determination of density, roughness, breaking length and bending resistance. The highest content of metals found in the SP explains the highest electrical conductivity and the poor quality of the recycled material used for manufacturing. The highest values of total dissolved solids (TDS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) resulted for SP sample expressed its water solubility and availability of migration into foodstuff. RO, IT and SLO are suitable for food packaging. In contrast, SP do not meet the requirements for safety and mechanical resistance. [Display omitted] • Characterization of four types of materials based on paper. • RO, IT-single-face coated with PE, SP-double-side waxed, SLO-coated with starch. • RO, IT, SLO comply the standards of mechanical resistance and are suitable for food packaging. • SP do not meet the requirements for safety and mechanical resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades the web expansion from web of things to web of thought presents a real provocation for governments across societies to achieve citizens' expectations. The transition from e-government to digital government from reactive to proactive service delivery mechanisms is one of the governments main challenges worldwide. The aim of this paper is to analyse the readiness of governments across Europe for the transition from the traditional e-government to digital government. In the paper the digital government is analyzed comparatively with the e-government and focusing on the main differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey is a natural product with multiple health benefits. The paper presents the chemical characterization and the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of ten types of honey (knotweed, linden, wild cherry, acacia, honeydew, oilseed rape, sunflower, phacelia, plain polyflora and hill polyflora) from the Banat region, Romania. We studied the water content, dry matter, impurities, acidity and pH of honey. We also determined the content of reducing sugar, minerals and flavonoids and the total phenolic content. All honey samples analysed showed good nutritional characteristics according to the standard codex for honey. From the analysis of the mineral content of the honey samples, we observed a variability in the macro and microminerals, influenced by the botanical origin, ranging between 0.25% (wild cherry honey) and 0.54% (honeydew). The toxic metals' (Cd and Pb) levels met the standard for almost all samples analysed except for knotweed. The flavonoid content of the samples ranged from 9.29 mg QE/100 g for wild cherry honey to 263.86 mg QE/100 g for linden honey, and for polyphenols between 177.6 mgGAE/100 g for acacia honey and 1159.3 mgGAE/100 g for honeydew. The best antioxidant capacity was registered in the case of linden honey (79.89%) and honeydew (79.20%) and the weakest in acacia (41.88%) and wild cherries (50.4%). All studied honey samples showed antimicrobial activity, depending on the type of honey, concentration and strain analysed. The novelty of this study is given by the complex approach of the study of honey quality, both from the perspective of chemical attributes and the evaluation of the antimicrobial potential on specific strains in correlation with the botanical and geographical origin of the analyzed area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development potential of bioeconomy in Romania, in the context of European Union membership. The paper presents the concept of bioeconomy and an overview of the documents referring to the bioeconomy sector in the European Union and in Romania. Many European Union countries, including Romania, emphasize the importance of bioeconomy in many official documents, but they have not developed a complex strategy for this sector. Romania has one of the largest agricultural sectors in Europe and a strong chemical industry. These sectors, together with the food industry, wood processing, pulp and paper industry can contribute to the development of bioeconomy in Romania, creating high value-added and environmentally friendly products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many proposals in literature for improving the forecast performance. In this paper we applied the regression approach and Bayesian inference to obtain more accurate forecasts of the inflation rate in the case of the Romanian economy. The necessity of using the most accurate forecasts for the inflation rate is required by the realisation of economic criteria for the accession to the eurozone and by the inflation targeting strategy of the National Bank of Romania. Considering the assumption that simple econometric models provide better forecasts than complex models, in this paper we combined various forecasts from individual models using as prior information the expectations of experts. The empirical findings for Romanian inflation rate forecasts over the horizon of 2016-2018 indicated that a fixed effects model performed better than other simple models (autoregressive moving average model, dynamic model, simple and multiple linear model, VAR, Bayesian VAR, simultaneous equations model). The Bayesian combined forecasts that used experts' predictions as priors, with a shrinkage parameter tending to infinity, improved the accuracy of all predictions using individual models, outperforming also naïve forecasts and zero and equal weights forecasts. However, predictions based on Monte Carlo simulation outperformed all the scenarios in terms ofthe mean error and mean absolute error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the sugar market in Romania, focusing on production, trade, and consumption trends from 1990 to 2023. The study highlights the significant decline in domestic sugar beet production, which has led to increased dependency on imports, primarily from the European Union. Despite Romania's favorable conditions for sugar beet cultivation, internal production meets only 10% of national demand. The findings underscore the challenges faced by local producers, including high production costs and limited processing capacity. The paper also examines market concentration, revealing an oligopolistic structure dominated by a few key players. Recommendations include enhancing local production capacities, promoting modern technologies, and supporting consumer education to balance market dependency on imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important step in the conservation of old paper documents is the analysis of both the medium and the ink, in an attempt first to determine the extent of deterioration and degradation and then to choose the best preservation and restoration solutions. Our paper focuses on the analysis of three old documents displayed at the 'Poni-Cernătescu' Museum in Iaşi City, Romania by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), micro-FTIR spectroscopy and FT-Raman. Thus, the morphology and chemical composition of the paper media and the type of ink, as well as the cellulose crystallinity index were determined. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) was also used while relying on spectra collected by FTIR spectroscopy. We were able to determine the extent of degradation of the documents by corroborating all these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the author's address at the 2007 "Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods" ("JAQM") prize awarding festivity. The festivity was included in the opening of the 4th International Conference on Applied Statistics, November 22, 2008, Bucharest, Romania. In the address, the author reflects on three theses that question the gnoseological and operational efficiency of quantitative methods in the social domain. The first refers to symbolical analysis, where the connections between different qualitative categories are transposed into equation systems, including different types of inequalities or existence conditions. The second refers to empirical research. The third thesis upon which the author reflects refers to the skepticism concerning the predictive capacity of quantitative analysis. Here, the author cites several causal factors contributing to the recent global crisis in the context of these theories. (Contains 1 note.)

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Romania, domestic tourism is increasingly incorporating rural tourism. The number of travelers using the specific services provided by agritourism and tourism guesthouses increased during the pandemic. In this context, in this paper it was analyzed the evolution of this categories of guesthouses, at the national level in the period 2018-2023, with the following statistical indicators: tourist destinations, types of tourists, degree of occupancy, accommodation capacity, tourist arrivals, occupancy rate, and number of overnight stays. The study reveals a preference of tourists for guesthouses and the efficient use of natural, cultural and human zonal resources. The creation of tourism products that capitalize on the zonal development potential is one of the options with a great development potential. Tourism and agritourism guesthouses have adapted more easily to the requirements of the health crisis by promoting a personalized tourist offer closer to the needs of tourists. The creation of diversified tourism products that capitalize on the regional specificity is one of the options with a great potential for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlighting the potential of the social, educational, cultural, economic and physical media on rural communities seemed a gesture of great responsibility to entrust this potential to teachers, particularly primary school teachers in some geographical areas from Braşov, Covasna and Buzau counties. The investigations conducted in the field belong mostly to an inductive qualitative-interpretative paradigm and the results show the mentality and lifestyle which locals have in this area, within the social and community context and which actually define the traditional rural culture in the Romanian villages from the mentioned areas. All these elements were amplified by writing and implementing school-decision optional courses which we can generically call spatial and temporal landmarks of a „Geography education" of the rural South -- East of Transylvania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work paper is focused on the evaluation of university engagement in innovation (the third mission of university), and aims to establish the main directions for improving the current systems used to evaluate this university function in Romanian Higher Education. In the first part of the paper a general overview on models and indicators for evaluation of university third mission is presented. The second part briefly describes how university participation in innovation is assessed in Romania. Final conclusions summarize the previous analysis, and point out some recommendations of improvement. The novelty of the study consists in the complex analysis of the models used for the assessment of university third mission. The overview is based on methodologies presented in official publications and other studies related to the assessment of the universities' engagement in innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces selected papers from the 12th International Symposium on Web Systems Evolution (WSE 2010) held in Timişoara, Romania, on September 17 and 18, 2010.

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the position of agriculture among the bioeconomy sectors in the European Union and Romania, focusing on the recent period. It explores the National Competitiveness Strategy 2015-2020, which identified 10 economic sectors, including the 5 considered part of the bioeconomy. Using Eurostat statistical data and processing them through SPSS software, indicators such as minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation were calculated to highlight the evolution of this sector. In the EU, the bioeconomy generated around 17.2 million jobs and €664 billion in value added in 2020, with an increasing trend in value-added and a decreasing trend in jobs. Sectors with high potential, such as food, agriculture and wood products, have seen significant added value. Romania is presented as having a high potential to develop the bioeconomy, based on the diversity of natural resources. The bioeconomy has been found to have a significant presence in primary sectors such as agriculture and the food industry and can contribute to sustainable growth and job creation in the private sector. Agriculture is considered an important pillar of the bioeconomy ecosystem, by providing added value and creating employment opportunities. As of 2020, across the EU-27, the agriculture sector represented a high share of the value added in the bioeconomy, supporting the efforts to sustainable development and the efficient utilization of biological resources on European scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the role that cereal crop byproducts could play in a circular economy context in Romania. The study focuses on the quantification of biomass availability using Residue-to-Product Ratio (RPR) and estimating the bioenergy potentials by means of Lower Heating Value (LHV) calculations for a variety of byproducts of vegetal crops. Results show that cereal crop side products an important source of biomass and hence offer opportunities for bioenergy and circular agricultural systems. However, in an effort to balance the approach of biomass utilization, sustainability issues related to soil health and food security are also discussed. This work emphasizes the importance of considering environmental and economic advantages in contributing to a circular bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to analyzes the development of access to the internet in Romania for the last decade highlighting digitalization in rural areas. The main indicators studied in this research are: household access to the Internet in different regions of Romania and in the EU, and internet usage of households in Romania and the EU, analyzed in their dynamics in the period 2014-2023, based on Eurostat data. The results proved an increase in internet connectivity across three tiers of location: cities, towns, and rural areas. While internet reached almost the entire population of the cities, this has been more than doubled in rural areas: from 41.08% in 2014 to 88.12% in 2023. Despite these increases, Romania still ranks behind most the EU countries regarding overall digitalization, particularly at a rural level. In this context, the rapid increase in rural internet access indeed points to an improvement in digital infrastructure, but further investments in improving the gap will be required. The study, therefore, highlights the importance of sustained efforts toward improving rural digital literacy and connectivity for all, but in particular for embracing digital agriculture technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the digital behaviour on one widely used instant messaging (IM) platform, namely WhatsApp, of young people in Romania, with a focus on the reasons for sharing information on the platform and dependency of using it. Within the broad framework of the digital single market, little is known about the motivations and behavioural patterns of young Europeans while using the increasingly popular IM platforms, nor is it clear whether country characteristics are relevant or not when evaluating the impact of such technological platforms on the life of young audiences. Rooted in the uses and gratifications perspective, this study uses media diaries (N = 229), filled in by young people in an ordinary day of the week and self-administered questionnaires in order to assess what might be the main gratifications that lead young and educated people to share information on WhatsApp and what makes them spend more time and be dependent on the platform on a daily basis. Main results show that the most frequent reasons why young Romanians use WhatsApp are social, professional, and instrumental. Moreover, the tendency to share content on the platform is higher for people who use it for instrumental and informative purposes. Dependency on the platform is significantly higher for young people who use it to fulfil affective needs (i.e., to express or receive affection or emotional support and avoid loneliness). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper continues the work of Pop et al. (2019) on what concerns the drivers of rural accommodation development in Romania. The study covers the same period: 2005 to 2019. This study introduces a new factor/driver: the accessibility of communes via the national and county road network. Similar to the findings of Pop et al. (2019), the 2008 and 2012 ranks were established based on the existing tourist attractions. The 2012 rank is strongly influenced by 2008 ranks and, under the present study, by accessibility. Though, the influence of both ranks on lodgings (both under NIS and MoT data) remains weak to very weak hence suggesting the need to introduce new factors in order to explain the lodging development in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which discusses the use of mebeverine, an antispasmodic drug, in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The methodology used include selection of working group, development of draft statements, and a systematic literature review on the evidence to support the statement. Topics discussed include the use of antispasmodics in IBS treatment, impact of mebeverine on quality of life (QOL) of IBS patients, and prescription of mebeverine in Romania.

The paper aims to make a comparison between the national situation and the realities related to the consumption of milk and dairy products at global and community level. For this purpose, total consumption and consumption per capita at the general level of the product group, for milk, butter and cream respectively, were used as indicators. At national level, total consumption reached 4,935 thousand t (average of the period 2017-2019), of which milk held 4,905.67 thousand t, butter 23.67 thousand t and cream 5.67 thousand t. Worldwide, Romania accounted for an average of 0.58% of total milk and dairy consumption, 0.59% of milk consumption, 0.21% for butter consumption and 0.16% in case of cream consumption. Related to the Community context, Romania held shares of about 3.30% regarding the total consumption of milk and dairy products, 3.38% for milk consumption, 1.37% for butter consumption and 0.24% for cream. If we refer to the situation of consumption per capita, there are averages of the indicator, as follows: 233.54 kg - total consumption, 232.04 kg - milk consumption, 1.20 kg for butter and 0.30 kg for cream. Reported worldwide, Romania exceeded 3.23 times the total consumption of milk and dairy products and 3.29 times the consumption of milk and in case of butter and cream only 82.19 and 66.67% beside the global level of the indicator were achieved. unlike European Union, Romania exceeded consumption at the general level of the product group and for milk, but for butter and cream the situation was unfavorable (about 1/3 of the Community consumption for butter and only 6.05% for cream). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to test the aggregates chosen for an efficient application of granulated chemical fertilisers of different types during the optimal period, as well as to reduce the time and costs required for the agricultural work performed. The experiments were carried out within the IF Raicsics Mihailo Dragan Farm in the Commune of Sânpetru Mare, Timiș County, Romania. Depending on the capacity of the fertiliser hoppers of these machines, we chose the tractor with which to work in the aggregate. Obtaining high-quality crops at the lowest possible costs can only be achieved through the application of specific, perfected technologies, which allow a superior utilisation of both natural resources and inputs. Therefore, comparing the fertiliser machines studied, we notice a difference in terms of direct costs due to the technological characteristics of each one. That is why it is very important to calculate the economic efficiency of the types of aggregates chosen for different agricultural works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of university education in providing access to the labour market (employment) is reflected in increased employment opportunities for the educated population. The relationship between the unemployment rate and educational attainment is evident: the unemployment rate decreases as one moves from lower to higher levels of education. It can be seen that the unemployment rate, in terms of its size and dynamics, is inversely proportional to the level of education: it falls as the level of education rises, and vice versa. The aim of the research in this paper is to respond to the need to teach students with practical solutions for getting the skills needed to be easily employable in the labour market after graduation. The paper used a quantitative (questionnaire) and a qualitative (bibliometric) analysis. The data studied through the research shows the need for final-year students to receive additional practical skills training for employability. Entrepreneurship education, in addition to the university curriculum, can provide them with a viable alternative to increase their chances of integrating into the 21st century labour market. The innovative character of the work derives from the concrete practical activities that supported the optional entrepreneurial training of IULS students from Iasi. We can affirm, following the study undertaken, that the development of such additional and adapted educational activities increases young graduates' practical skills needed on the labour market. The access to non-reimbursable European funds, which offer additional educational opportunities to students, must be continued in order to produce the major economic effects expected by the whole Romanian society, with the aim of reducing youth unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to analyze the dynamics of livestock and milk and meat production in the top five EU countries growing sheep and goats: Spain, Romania, Greece, France and Italy. The empirical data from Eurostat and Faostat for the period 2012-2021 were processed using usual methods and procedures like fixed basis and structural indices, trend regression equation, determination coefficient and points method. The comparison between these five countries pointed out the decline of sheep number in four countries, except Romania and the decrease in goats number in Greece and Spain, but an increase in Romania, France and Italy. Ewe milk production increased in three countries, except Spain where it remained relatively constant and Romania where it declined. Goat milk production raised in three countries, except Greece and Romania. Sheep meat output increased in France and Spain, but in the other countries went down, while goat meat output increased only in Spain, the other four states recording a decline. In the year 2021, these five countries all together counted 46.1 million sheep, representing 76.% of the EU sheep livestock, and also they had 9.4 million goats, meaning 82.1% of the EU goats livestock. In 2020, all these countries produced 2.73 million tonnes sheep milk and 1.87 million tonnes goat milk, accounting for 1.7% and respectively 1.16% in the EU milk output. These counties also contributed by 85% to the EU sheep and goat meat production. This reflects the importance of small ruminants in the EU animal livestock and production. These species have to help the EU for greening agriculture, as they could valorize natural resources from the mountains and less favored areas and also could be grown in organic farming system, assuring jobs and income to the local population, food security and at the same time contributing to the biodiversity preservation and production of renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to emphasize the importance of foreign direct investments in fostering the sustainable development of the Romanian economy, as well as their influence on economic growth and the evolution of the business environment. Statistical data on foreign direct investments (FDI) provided by the National Bank of Romania formed the basis of the research. The study presents the dynamics, structure, and volume of foreign direct investments in Romania during the 2013-2023 period. A simple linear regression econometric model was employed to analyze the impact of foreign direct investments on economic growth. The findings revealed a rising trend in foreign direct investments in Romania. Additionally, there was a strong and statistically significant correlation between FDI and the gross domestic product (GDP). The overall conclusion highlights that FDI serves as a vital instrument for narrowing the economic disparity between developed and developing nations, promoting sustainable economic growth, and tackling structural challenges in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an analysis of Romania's sunflower oil market from the perspective of sunflower seed agricultural production and oil processors. Romania is a key player in the European sunflower market, covering approximately 29% of the European Union's production and playing a significant role in seed exports. However, a substantial share of the agricultural output is exported as raw material, leading to considerable economic losses for the national economy. The oil processing sector generates a turnover of approximately €1.7 billion and employs over 2,500 people. The industry is dominated by a few major players, with a high market concentration that limits the entry of new competitors. Reduced processing capacities and a lack of diversification in value-added products are the main challenges facing the sector. To capitalize on the country's agricultural potential, it is essential to expand processing capacities, adopt modern technologies, and promote exports of finished products. Integration into European value chains and effective management of economic and geopolitical risks could enhance competitiveness on the international market. Furthermore, increasing the area of organic cultivation and meeting consumer demand for sustainable products represent crucial opportunities for the sector's growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EMERG: Energy. Environment. Efficiency. Resources. Globalization is the property of Romanian National Committee of World Energy Council and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is devoted to the study of the synoptic-dynamical conditions that contributed to the development of a rare explosive cyclogenesis event that occurred at the beginning of the winter from 2012 to 2013 in south-eastern Romania, more precisely between 2 and 3 December 2012. The minimum sea level pressure observed was 980.2 hPa, the lowest ever observed record for the surface of the Sulina weather station, and also over the western side of the Black Sea during the of period 1961- 2000 and 1965-2004. It was found that the cyclone was not a regular one, but a real "meteorological bomb" one, where the central pressure at sea level recorded an extraordinary decrease at about 32.3 hPa in 24 h, equivalent with 1.7 B (Bergeron unit). Compared to the 20th century storms named Lothar and Martin (level 2 and 1 on the hurricane scale) which devastated western and central Europe in December 1999, this case of explosive cyclogenesis can be considered one of the most extreme for our area, from both a meteorological view as well as its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When choosing the theme of my research, I was guided by the desire to get to know and investigate the organ, as a musical instrument, and by the affection and love for my homeland. I thought that I would choose a theme and a searching area, that has been infolded only in the slightest extent, and which constitutes an important piece of the history of Erdővidék and of the reformed diocese from Erdővidék. Many researchers surveyed the organs of Transylvania4, among others Dávid István published his results too. With my work I would like to complete this research of great dimensions, especially the part referring to the reformed churches from Erdővidék, and to correct the occurent false informations, and confirm them with authentic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed the dynamics of tourist demand and offer in Romania's mountain resorts in the period 2010-2019 using the statistical data collected from National Institute of Statistics in order to identify the main trends and suggest solutions for enhancing this sector of the national tourism. Fixed basis index, structural index and comparison method have been used for data processing. Romania has more than 100 mountain resorts, with a wonderful scenery and breathtaking splendors and treasure which must be discovered. More than 95 resorts are suitable for skiing. The most attractive mountain resorts are Poiana Brasov, Sinaia, Busteni, Predeal, Azuga, Paltinis, Vatra Dornei, Ranca and Transalpina. Over 2.3 million tourists spent their vacations in Romania's mountain resorts in 2019, being 2.8 times more then 2010 and accounting for 17.2% of total Romania's visitors. Romanians are dominant with a share of 91%. Not only the number of Romanians is growing up, but also the foreign visitors number which reached over 196 thousand in 2019, that is 2.2 times more than in 2010. The overnight stays increased 2.8 times, accounting for 4.42 million in 2019. In the mountain resorts there are 2,370 units for tourists accommodation, of which about 70% were represented by tourist and agro-tourist guesthouses, 8.7% tourist villas, 7.9% hotels and 6.2% chalets etc. Their number represent 27.5% of Romania's tourism accommodation units. In 2019, the offer of places (beds) was 63,943, by 80.4% more than in 2010 and representing 17.8% of the total offer in Romania's tourism. The beauty of the natural mountain landscapes, biodiversity, local economy, humans, cultural and historical heritage have to be better valorized, developed and promoted to enhance mountain tourism to increase its efficiency and competitiveness. Mountain skiing resorts have to continue their efforts to improve the access roads, buildings, equipments, installations, facilities, to enlarge the range of activities and to offer to tourists unforgettable vacations and to entirely cover their expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to analyze the demand and offer in Romania's balneary (spa) tourism in the decade 2010-2019 in order to identify the main trends and correlations and the aspects which have to be improved for increasing spa tourism contribution in the economy and to people's health and relaxation. The data provided by National Institute of Statistics were processed using usual methods for dynamic analysis, trend equation, regressions and correlations, and determination coefficient. In 2019, Romania's offer in spa tourism was represented by 37 balneary resorts, 620 units with reception function for tourist accommodation, and 35,643 places, while the demand consisted of 1.33 million tourist arrivals and 4.81 million overnight stays. All this figures represent much more than in 2010, except the number of places which declined by 2.3%. Romanian spa tourism keeps 7.1% of the number of tourist accommodation units, 10% of the number of places, 8.5% of tourist arrivals, and 16% overnight stays. A positive and strong connection was found between the number of tourist arrivals and overnight stays, but also an unbalanced ratio between overnight stays and number of places as well as between tourist arrivals and number of places. Therefore, balneary tourism has to be much more sustained to become a strong branch of Romania's tourism. A new strategy is required to better valorize the richness of natural resources, to continue investing in infrastructure, to diversify spa services, and to promote more intensively Romania's spa tourism abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]