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This paper traces a historical geography of antiquarianism in the English county of Cornwall, paying particular attention to the period from 1750 to 1900 and to research conducted into the region's ancient stone monuments. The paper argues that from the mid-eighteenth century onwards Cornish antiquarianism was largely a field-based activity. After a short discussion of the work of notable eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century antiquarians the paper focuses on the labours of those in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Differences between the two periods are discussed – these, it is argued, centred around different valuations of place and method – before the anatomy of Victorian antiquarianism's field culture is mapped out. The paper concludes with a discussion of the place of Cornish antiquarianism in wider networks of intellectual exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses some of the main processes that occur during a flash-flood with a two-dimensional (2D) model (InfoWorks RS with a 2D module). The data collated in the Valency River after an extreme rainfall event in the Boscastle area, in the north coast of Cornwall (UK) in August 2004, are used to analyse such processes. The paper focuses on blockage of structures, which clearly influences flow distribution and water levels in the floodplain and on changes in flow paths by collapse of some structures, which have a relatively local influence. Changes of channel dimensions due to geomorphological processes as scour and deposition are also studied, although their influence is reduced by the effect of bridge blockage. Understanding the processes that occur in the river during a flash-flood contributes to the development of risk models to reduce vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working out from an encounter with a series of memorial benches at Mullion Cove, Cornwall, this paper develops an account of landscape in terms of absence and the non-coincidence of self and world. Arguing that recent work on the topics of landscape, embodiment, perception and material culture has tended to stress presence in various ways, I seek to explore instead here motifs of absence, distance, loss and haunting. The paper further attempts to combine descriptive and experiential accounts of the memorial benches and the views they open with conceptual arguments regarding the limits of certain phenomenological understandings of self and landscape. In particular, Derrida’s critical reading of Merleau-Ponty is outlined and explored. The final substantive section of the paper then takes a further cue from the memorial benches to discuss what it terms the geographies of love. The argument here is that such geographies constitute a fracture forbidding any phenomenological fusion of self and world, entailing instead a simultaneous opening-onto and distancing-from. It is within the tension of this openness and distance, perhaps, that landscape, absence and love are entangled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory paper examines the role of food tourism in developing and sustaining regional identities within the context of rural regeneration, agricultural diversification and the creation of closer relationships between production and consumption in the countryside. It focuses on Cornwall, South West England, an area with rural development issues, increasing tourism impacts and contested issues of regional identity. A literature and policy analysis, and in-depth interviews with 12 restaurateurs, were undertaken in four popular tourist locations. Correlation was found between increased levels of food tourism interest and the retention and development of regional identity, the enhancement of environmental awareness and sustainability, an increase in social and cultural benefits celebrating the production of local food and the conservation of traditional heritage, skills and ways of life. The paper draws attention to three issues: the role of food tourism in increasing tourist spending, the potential role of food tourism in extending the tourist season, and the re-examination of food tourist typologies within a sustainability framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a well-established interest in the relationship between space and identity, geographers still know little about how communal identities in specific places are built around a sense of religious belonging. This paper explores both the theoretical and practical terrain around which such an investigation can proceed. The paper makes space for the exploration of a specific set of religious groups and practices, which reflected the activities of Methodists in Cornwall during the period 1830–1930. The paper is concerned to move analysis beyond the 'officially sacred' and to explore the everyday, informal, and often banal, practices of Methodists, thereby providing a blueprint for how work in the geography of religion may move forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses cluster analysis, a form of a posteriori market segmentation, to understand the attitudes of tourists and the local community towards using the Looe Valley Branch Railway Line. The research revealed five segments of users distinguished by their attitudes towards using the train. Following this, the paper discusses the implications of the survey findings for attracting more people to use the Looe Valley Line. It sets its findings in the context of the sustainable tourism aims of reducing transport congestion and emissions, as well as recent work on assessing the scope for sustainable transport development in the leisure and tourism markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on an evaluation of the Cornwall Young Carers project (jointly funded by social services and the Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Health Action Zone), conducted during the period 2000–2002. A diverse range of methodological approaches were adopted (comparative national statistics, local pilot study, monthly and quarterly data capturing instruments, and a service user focus group) in monitoring and evaluating the project's high level statements/outcomes. Four evaluative themes are discussed, namely: identification of young carers; assessment of young carers' needs; direct service provision; and partnership working. Recommendations and action steps are proposed with a view of informing future planning and service delivery, as well as developing an ethos of integrating evaluation into everyday practice for the Cornwall Young Carers Project. Overall, the project has made significant progress in meeting and exceeding its original targets. The fact that the project has been able to identify 202 new young carers over this period is a key milestone in demonstrating the critical need for the project's services. It is suggested that existing referrals are only the ‘tip of the iceberg’ for work with young carers in Cornwall. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability is a key challenge facing society in the twenty-first century, although its implementation at heritage sites can present some significant challenges for the custodians. This paper investigates progress in the adoption of sustainable practices in the management of a sample of 416 heritage properties and sites in Devon and Cornwall. The findings are based on the compilation of an inventory of selected heritage resources; an extensive questionnaire survey of managers of historic houses, churches and museums, which investigated the extent of, and opinions about, sustainable management approaches; and targeted, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with a small number of heritage managers that probed key issues in greater depth. The results indicate that very few heritage sites produce sufficient surpluses to facilitate investment in sustainable practices that might ultimately enhance their financial viability and fund enhanced conservation activities. It is argued that future strategies for the management of heritage resources must therefore not only deal with capacity-building, such as access to information and training on sector-specific sustainable management, but also address institutional factors governing heritage in the UK, such as strategic leadership, the most effective models for governance and funding mechanisms for sustainability, and the creation of local and regional heritage networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change as a global problem has moved relatively swiftly into high profile political debates over the last 20 years or so, with a concomitant diffusion from the natural sciences into the social sciences. The study of the human dimensions of climate change has been growing in momentum through research which attempts to describe, evaluate, quantify and model perceptions of climate change, understand more about risk and assess the construction of policy. Cultural geographers' concerns with the construction of knowledge, the workings of social relations in space and the politics and poetics of place-based identities provide a lens through which personal, collective and institutional responses to climate change can be evaluated using critical and interpretative methodologies. Adopting a cultural geography approach, this paper examines how climate change as a particular environmental discourse is constructed through memory, observation and conversation, as well as materialised in farming practices on the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperation and complementarity are important but understudied components of tourism clusters, in general, and of the tourist attraction sector, in particular. This paper addresses product similarities, in general, and thematic similarity, in particular, in the context of spatial proximity and clustering among tourist attractions. These relationships are examined by exploring cooperation between tourist attractions in two tourism clusters in Cornwall, UK. Interviews with attraction managers and other key informants, and case studies, reveal that tourist attractions have established cooperative–complementary relationships of production based on external economies at both the local and the regional scales. Differences between the two clusters in terms of interviewees' perceptions of the relationships between factors indicate the importance of understanding the specific features of individual clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines an account of Cornwall published by Wilkie Collins in 1851, focusing specifically upon Collins's claim that the region lay 'beyond' the railway. In so doing it explores the way in which mid-nineteenth-century Gothic discourse can be understood to inform a scalar opposition between localised place - conceived of as static, isolated, anachronistic and particular - and globalised space - conceived of as kinetic, networked, modern and homogenous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the community regeneration dynamics of the Heartlands Project in Cornwall, UK. It is grounded in our autobiographical and experiential participation as artist consultants on the project during much of 2008. The paper addresses the issue of how landmarks of tin and copper mining are important spatial icons that generate some cohesion amongst the ambiguous constructions of culture and identity politics. The value of these derelict landscape features, which exist predominantly because of a large-scale shifting of matter, is of local, national and international significance. As emblems of heritage, such ruins provide a link with the past and equally a link with western industrialisation, capitalism and migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air inflated cushions are being used more and more as light roofs for large span structures, such as the Eden Project in Cornwall, UK (fig. 1). Most of the air inflated cushions are made of FTFE foil. Because air inflated cushions are form active structures they are subjected to geometric non-linear behaviour. This is usually dealt with by calculating these types of structures with form finding and finite element programmes with special membrane elements. For design purposes these calculations can be cumbersome, and do not necessarily provide the designer the required insight to make effective early design decisions. For this reason researchers have tried to derive simpler analysis methods without disregarding its geometric nonlinear nature (Wagner [1]). The method presented in this paper is a further step in developing these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cornwall has implemented significant changes to the way that it delivers its safeguarding adults training. This paper outlines the benefits of combining safeguarding adults, the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (HM Government, 2005a) and equality and diversity training within a human rights framework. It examines the notion of learning transfer and considers how the design and delivery of training can improve the transfer of learning into practice. Finally, it highlights the importance of a receptive workplace culture to promote effective learning transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the process and progress of safeguarding adults in Cornwall since the murder of Steven Hoskin and the Serious Case Review that was carried out (Flynn, 2007). Interviews were carried out with frontline staff to assess how the processes have been delivered and whether this has had a beneficial impact. Multi-agency working has improved information sharing, but there is still work to be done to deliver consistent and effective responses from everyone involved in safeguarding adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the murder of Steven Hoskin, there have been considerable changes in the way that agencies in Cornwall operate. In order to prevent further tragedies on such a scale, a protocol was agreed by the agencies about when an alert should be triggered (Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Safeguarding Adults Board, 2008). This paper describes the process and implications of the protocol from the perspective of Devon and Cornwall Police, South Western Ambulance Service Trust and Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Primary Care Trust. The protocol has improved and encouraged information sharing within and between agencies, which will help to identify and reduce the risks to vulnerable adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime and disorder audits provide the opportunity to identify and address the concerns local people express about local policing. This paper discusses the findings of the 2001 and 2004 Cornwall Crime Surveys (CCSs) and identifies public perceptions of police and policing in the county. The 2004 survey is used to compare those holding more favourable views with those who are critical of the police. The findings are then used to test the hypothesis that those who are more critical of the public police will be more positive about plural policing alternatives. The findings indicate that rural residents' concerns over public safety are accentuated by their concerns that the police in Cornwall are less accessible than those in urban areas and they are generally supportive of increasing the policing mix. However, they clearly see improvements to the public police as the preferred solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's aims were to investigate the time and costs of healthcare professionals involved with follow-up clinics for breast cancer patients; and to quantify the numbers of local recurrences detected. An audit of breast cancer patients diagnosed with disease recurrence was conducted, and data were collected from the cancer audit system and from an analysis of relevant case notes. Costs of the time spent in follow-up clinics by clinical staff were also collected. The study found that sixty-nine breast cancer patients were diagnosed with local recurrence between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2004. Only 15% (10) of recurrences were detected at routine follow up, 48% were first noticed by patients themselves, and 37% were detected at routine mammography. Six separate follow-up clinics were scheduled each week. This involved a total clinic time of approximately 20 h, and a total weekly cost of around £4857, with an annual cost of £252 564. Our recommendation is that alternative methods of follow up need to be implemented so that healthcare professionals have more time for newly diagnosed patients, those on active treatment and those with relapsed disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite paying lip service to the local dimension to crime and disorder auditing,government policies in Britain have tended to prioritize national goals and standards. This is regrettable. The early acknowledgement that Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships could be grouped into families with distinct social, economic and criminogenic profiles underlined the importance of assessing crime and disorder issues in context. One example is the impact that tourism has upon crime and anti-social behaviour in areas catering for mass tourism and especially youth tourism. Using data from the 2001 and 2004 Crime and Disorder audits in Cornwall, and other local evaluations, this paper illustrates both how tourism impacts upon local crime patterns and how its impact needs to be recognized and incorporated into local planning processes.Crime Prevention and Community Safety (2008) 10, 158–173. doi:10.1057/cpcs.2008.11 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges superficial views of ‘recyclia’ (or recycled art) so to consider more conceptual, holistic perspectives. In questioning how the ‘cultural and visual art world’ invests a new imagination and creativity onto abandoned possessions and derelict artefacts, the paper explores the recovery of social memory and the recycling of the past. With an emphasis on the conversion of Cornish shipping and fishing artefacts into recyclia and recycled narrative, the paper thus addresses the recycling of identities, histories and social relations. It does so from an interdisciplinary approach grounded in social anthropology, human geography and material culture studies. My main concern is to map out the journeys that certain tangible markers of prosperity and socio‐economic hardship take through official and low‐key recycling initiatives. Hence, the aim is to look at how Cornwall's historically significant nautical relics and waste are transformed into works of art and therefore into solid metaphors of cultural distinction. In this way, issues pertaining to cultural resurgence are knotted into the creative production for an ‘afterlife’ of things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the submission in January 2005 of The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape to UNESCO for World Heritage Site status, this paper addresses briefly the contribution which the steam beam engine made to the Industrial Revolution through the development of mining in southwest Britain and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woodland colonization on wetlands is considered to have a detrimental effect on their ecological value, even though detailed analysis of this process is lacking. This paper provides an evaluation of the ecological changes resulting from succession of poor fen (base-poor mire) to willow wet woodland on Goss Moor NNR in Cornwall, UK. Different ages of willow carr were associated with eight understorey communities. During willow colonization, in the ground flora, there was a progressive decrease in poor fen species and an associated increase in woodland species, which appeared to be related to an increase in canopy cover and therefore shade. The most diverse community was found to be the most recent willow and was dominated by poor fen species. The oldest willow was the second most diverse and was associated with a reduction in poor fen species and an increase in woodland species. Architectural features were used successfully to assess the general condition and structure of willow. Tree height and DBH were identified as useful parameters to accurately assess willow age in the field. The implications of active intervention to remove willow in order to conserve the full range of communities within the hydrosere are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the emerging territorial framework of west Cornwall in relation to community expression and power. It examines such issues as increasing administrative competence, territorial order and communal action. However. although such notions as emerging territoriality, secular political development and local communal cohesion are often associated with studies of modernisation and the emergence of distinctly modern systems and relations, this paper focuses on a peripheral region during the later medieval period (c. 1350-1550) and identifies such transitions as inherent within this pre-modern society. Evolving local ecclesiastical patterns in Cornwall during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries saw numerous small chapels and sub-parochial foundations struggling for status and recognition amid an increasingly well-delineated territorial framework of parishes. By relating accounts of incidents and episodes of local ecclesiastical politics and discord to the territorial expressions of community organisation, combinations of local people are identified that were operating to control and order their local affairs. As well as questioning the implicit assumptions that some geographers and other scholars have about a medieval society that was supposedly dominated by a collage of lordly manorial and high ecclesiastical power, this paper also makes space for theories of territoriality and organisational complexity as a way of examining the developments of a period for which the written record is both sparse and partial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents findings from recent research undertaken into the characteristics and support needs of ethnic minority owned businesses (EMBs) in Devon and Cornwall. The study was commissioned by PROSPER (formerly Devon and Cornwall TEC and Business Link), in collaboration with the Rural Race Equality Project in South West England. EMBs have been the subject of growing interest from a variety of sources in recent years, generating considerable debate about their distinctiveness in comparison with other small firms and their needs in terms of public policy. Not surprisingly, perhaps, a great deal of this research has focused on areas where EMBs are concentrated, such as London and Birmingham. In contrast, this research focuses on EMBs in an area which is some distance from the main centres of EMB concentration and where the ethnic minority population is more dispersed, many in a rural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a case study in the relationship between people and place based on D.H. Lawrence's experience of living in Cornwall during the Great War. The first part shows the extent to which Lawrence's heavily Celticized vision was woven from a wider ideological web of Edwardian constructions of Cornwall. The second part goes beyond the borders of cultural construction to consider how far Lawrence's 20-month engagement with West Penwith departed from his 'imagined Cornwall'. His experience is contrasted both with the gaze of the passing tourist and with the traditional way of life of his farming neighbours. In maintaining his connections beyond Cornwall, and in his role of migrant, Lawrence can be productively compared with the Cornish people. Understanding the bond which Lawrence formed with his temporary home contributes to our broader comprehension of different ways of 'dwelling' in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. This paper discusses some well-known legends and hagiographic stories, and explores the context of their production and consumption. From an examination of Welsh foundation legends and Cornish hagiographical accounts, we focus on the methods by which versions of history were used in the Middle Ages to provide a context for fundamental changes in the way in which society was organised. It is found that, far from abandoning traditional versions of history, accounts of the past were promoted that sought to couch newer territorial notions of organisation within existing constructions of identity and mediations with the past. In an examination of the production and reception of these popular stories, we attempt to relate the legends to the generation of communal identity and memory. Consequently, drawing on Bourdieu's notion of habitus, we argue that pre-existing beliefs and customs were an important part in the development of newer institutional structures. Rather than initiating new practices that had no grounding in any particular past, institutional developments gained social currency by being inherently grounded in existing facets of cultural identity. In essence therefore, changing societal and institutional structures were unintentionally couched in the language and understandings of existing structures, so that in many ways a concept of continuity was at the very heart of actual change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about a submarine telegraph system that is located in Porthcurno beach in Cornwall, England. It mentions that it is one of the world's most important telegraph cable stations which offer several benefits in long-distance telegraphy. It also offers information about the construction procedure and also mentions about Porthcurno's Cable and Wireless Museum.

Abstract: Concerns about the sustainability of an ageing farming population have brought interest in so called entry-exit issues in policy circles. Policy interventions to date have offered limited scope in stimulating farm transfer in UK, however, the increase in unconventional tenures which include partnerships, share farming and contract farming (collectively called joint ventures) would appear to offer new opportunities for those wishing to enter or leave farming. In recognition of this the Fresh Start initiative in Cornwall set up a matchmaking element with the aim of identifying and facilitating potential joint ventures agreements between new entrants and older farmers. The emphasis was on setting up long-term arrangements that would enable the new entrant to ‘buy into’ an existing farm business, gradually taking over managerial control. This paper examines the processes of matching partners for the possible formation of farm joint ventures, using qualitative data derived from interviews with the participants, deliverers and stakeholders involved in the matchmaking element of this initiative. The results reveal that there is a deep rooted reluctance amongst participants in the initiative to enter formal long term joint ventures due to differing motivations, expectations, and concerns about their respective responsibilities in the working relationship and about the validity of the legal framework. Only where a relationship had already been informally established was there a commitment to formalise a joint venture agreement. Future emphasis in policy should therefore be on helping to facilitate and formalise existing partnerships, rather than trying to artificially orchestrate matches where the parties do not know each other. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper a generic methodology is presented that allows the impacts of climate change on wave energy generation from a wave energy converter (WEC) to be quantified. The methodology is illustrated by application to the Wave Hub site off the coast of Cornwall, UK. Control and future wave climates were derived using wind fields output from a set of climate change experiments. Control wave conditions were generated from wind data between 1961 and 2000. Future wave conditions were generated using two IPCC wind scenarios from 2061 to 2100, corresponding to intermediate and low greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC scenarios A1B and B1 respectively). The quantitative comparison between future scenarios and the control condition shows that the available wave power will increase by 2–3% in the A1B scenario. In contrast, the available wave power in the B1 scenario will decrease by 1–3%, suggesting, somewhat paradoxically, that efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions may reduce the wave energy resource. Meanwhile, the WEC energy will yield decrease by 2–3% in both A1B and B1 scenarios, which is mainly due to the relatively low efficiency of energy extraction from steeper waves by the specific WEC considered. Although those changes are relatively small compared to the natural variability, they may have significance when considered over the lifetime of a wave energy farm. Analysis of downtime under low and high thresholds suggests that the distribution of wave heights at the Wave Hub will have a wider spread due to the impacts of climate change, resulting in longer periods of generation loss. Conversely, the estimation of future changes in joint wave height-period distribution provides indications on how the response and power matrices of WECs could be modified in order to maintain or improve energy extraction in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In 1984 two roundhouses within the Bronze Age settlement at Bosiliack were partially excavated byjeannette Ratcliffe and Charles Thomas on behalf of the Institute of Cornish Studies. Six radiocarbon determinations have now been obtained on charcoal from these. The dates fall into two groups, with three in the later part of the Bronze Age in the centuries between 1390 and 1000 cal. BC, and three in the Iron Age between 750 and 200 cal. BC. The radiocarbon dates are important because, although settlements of roundhouses are well known in west Penwith, none had been scientifically dated. They are also significant because they demonstrate the longevity and changing character of occupation within the roundhouses, and demonstrate the differing biographies of adjacent structures. This paper outlines the results from the excavations and the radiocarbon dating programme before moving on to a discussion of settlement on the west Penwith uplands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Both large- and small-scale ceremonial monuments are a well-known feature of the third and second millennia cal BC. However, from the middle of the second millennium cal BC the character of the evidence changes, firstly with the appearance of widespread settlement remains, and then in the earlier first millennium cal BC with the appearance of hillforts. This paper considers the evidence from a number of newly discovered enclosures in Cornwall, which, given their similarity to much older ceremonial monument forms, have unexpectedly been found to date from the first millennium cal BC. The implications of these discoveries are discussed as well as the evidence for possible Atlantic Connections across the Irish Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a small building of humble origins but in a dominant position at the centre of a picturesque riverside village in Cornwall. It had been at risk for some years before the owners declared that they wished to sell. At this point, the local community (through the parish councils for each side of the river) combined to preserve the building for general use. Despite the modest scale of the project, significant volunteer effort resulted in grant aid from a variety of sources including the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) and the Regional Development Fund (RDF). The building was in a state of considerable disrepair; roof failure and regular tidal flooding from the river had caused the original timbers to rot, which had led to some stonework movement. Thus the aims were twofold: to conserve the original building, and to create a useful functional space for the benefit of the local community. This paper describes how the Red Store was conserved and converted to a resource centre and craft workshop for community use. It includes the flood mitigation measures taken to prevent damage from regular tidal flooding and potential future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The county of Cornwall was the subject of an early nineteenth century attempt to compile an exhaustive regional fauna, Jonathan Couch's three volume A Cornish Fauna (1838-44). Although the Fauna was part of a much broader contemporary impulse to document the natural history of Britain, it was a very early example of a zoological study organised by geography rather than faunal group. It therefore required the author to make an explicit defence of its geographical approach and focus. According to Couch the region was the best place from which to build a better understanding of nature and, ultimately, of nature's creator. In particular, careful observations of a naturalist's local fauna could contribute to mid-nineteenth century debates over the distribution and migration of animals, their extinction, and their value to human industry. According to Couch, the county of Cornwall was especially suited to this sort of investigation. Indeed, although little had been done on the Cornish fauna before Couch's own study, his work was the catalyst for a number of other Cornish naturalists over the latter half of the century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of micro-businesses to sustainability issues, and their use of environmental management tools and systems, are often presented as simply scaled-down versions of those of larger businesses in the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector as a whole. This paper presents the findings of a series of focus groups with the owners of tourism micro-businesses in South East Cornwall about their awareness, understanding and adoption of sustainable tourism practices. The results reveal a complex and diverse response to the concept that resists such generalizations. A genuine need for measures to increase awareness and integrate sustainability issues within business practice is highlighted. Initiatives that do not account for the heterogeneity of the sector are likely to have only limited success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the work on the A30 Bodmin to Indian Queens road improvement scheme in Cornwall, England. The scheme has reduced the environmental impact of the road forming the key arterial route for Cornwall. The design team for the scheme considered the complex environmental factors of the site throughout every stage of planning, design and construction. The design work on the A30 scheme has received an award at the International Road Federation's (IRF) awards in 2007.

Fishing communities in Europe are facing significant challenges due to policy measures aimed at reducing fishing effort in order to cope with the “crisis” in key stocks. While it is imperative to ensure sustainability of the resource, such policies may overlook the contribution of fisheries to the social and cultural well-being of coastal communities. This article explores the contribution that sense of place can make to understanding the relationship between fishing and cultural ecosystem services, drawing on case studies from Cornwall, southwest England. Through semistructured interviews with fishing community stakeholders we outline how fishing contributes to sense of place in terms of individual and community identities, as well as a particular place character associated with the physical presence of fishing. We suggest that a co-constructionist account of the relationship between sea and land can provide a starting point for understanding the cultural landscape that emerges as a result of fishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aims to describe the patterns of testing and retesting for chlamydia in Cornwall during the first 5 years of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme. We evaluate the factors associated with retesting and estimate the incidence of chlamydia diagnosis and repeat diagnosis. Methods Study design: Secondary database analysis. Selection criteria: men and women tested for chlamydia between March 2003 and January 2009 in Cornwall, aged ≥12 years and ≤25 years at the first test. The factors associated with retesting in those with at least one known test result and at least 14 days follow-up time were analysed using Cox regression and the incidence of diagnosis and repeat diagnosis were calculated. Results The final dataset consisted of 71 066 records from 49 941 individuals; of whom 59.0% were female and 75.4% were only tested once. There were 48 375 individuals with at least one known test result (negative or positive) and at least 14 days follow-up, included in the Cox regression analysis. Factors associated with testing more than once were (adjusted HR, 95% CI): being female (2.24; 2.14 to 2.34) and initially testing positive (1.43; 1.35 to 1.51). The positivity at first episode declined from 13.2% (1077 cases) in 2003/2004 to 5.8% (843 cases) in 2008/2009. The incidence of diagnosis at the second test was 5.9 per 100 person years in those testing negative at the first test compared with 18.1 per 100 person years in those initially positive. Discussion Most individuals in this analysis were tested only once, but the testing volume and proportion of repeat tests were highest at the end of the study period. As the testing rate stabilises to 30% coverage, maintaining retesting rates in those previously tested and especially in those previously diagnosed with chlamydia will be necessary for the sustainability of the screening programme. Conclusions A key feature of the next 5 years of the screening programme will be to maintain screening and rescreening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Re-infection with chlamydia may increase subsequent reproductive morbidity in women. The authors sought to identify characteristics associated with re-infection. Methods A cohort of all women aged 10-49 years with a notification of genital chlamydia in the Australian state of New South Wales during 1999-2008 was defined. Probabilistic linkage was used to identify women with repeat notifications in the same period. The risk of repeat notification was examined according to age and other characteristics using proportional hazards regression. Results Among 40 936 women in the cohort, 3236 had at least one repeat chlamydia notification over an average of 3.5 years of follow-up. The incidence of repeat notification was greatest in the first year after index notification (4.5 per 100 person-years) and decreased thereafter. The RR of repeat notification increased by 8% (95% CI 7% to 9%) for each year decrease in age. Compared with women aged 20-21 years at index chlamydia notification, women aged <16 years were twice as likely to have a repeat notification (adjusted HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.75 to 2.56), while women aged 26-27 years were half as likely (adjusted HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.66). Year of index notification, parity and concurrent or past gonorrhoeal infection were also significantly associated with the risk of repeat notification, but socioeconomic status and area of residence were not. Conclusions Younger age is a strong predictor of chlamydia re-infection in women. The results support targeting interventions to prevent re-infections to very young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cementing of English political control over Cornwall and the British of the south-west in the tenth century falls between the creation of the Anglo- Saxon kingdoms between the sixth and seventh centuries, and the burst of English expansionism at the expense of the Welsh, Scots and Irish that occupied the two centuries following the Norman Conquest of England. Consequently, the absorption of Cornwall into the English state tends to be a rather neglected subject. This article provides some redress of this neglect and examines, through a consideration of not just the historical narratives but also charters and manumissions, the way in which the kings of the English and their agents extended royal control over Cornwall between the late ninth century and the mid-eleventh. These processes, while making Cornwall part of the new kingdom of the English, also allowed the maintenance of a highly distinctive local identity well into the later medieval period and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed processes for emergency response work and demand and resource management can be recognisably modelled using system dynamics. The Emergency Service Incident Model (ESIM) successfully joins together the very short timescales associated with providing an emergency service to the public, to the far longer periods involved in planning for the recruitment and training of police patrol officers within Devon and Cornwall Police. A system dynamics model is presented which can help inform decisions on patrol officer staffing requirements. The impact of a range of policies can be studied to determine new and better ways to resolve the supply-demand equation that delivers frontline policing services to the public. A number of alternative policy interventions directed at improving police patrol officer incident resolution are highlighted in this study and related scenarios are tested. Results show that particular attention should be directed towards better management of the backlog of routine incidents. Copyright © 2011 System Dynamics Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an examination into the population of the Cornish people in England and Wales, as measured through the 2001 census of the two regions. Introductory comments are offered noting the significance of the debate surrounding the size and legitimacy of the Cornwall region as a distinct ethnic zone. The methodology used to determine the Cornish population through the larger census is described in detail. Several charts and statistics are then given mapping the results of the estimation study.

The article discusses local and regional history at England's University of Exeter, examining both the Streatham Campus and the Tremough Campus near Falmouth, Cornwall. It comments on the university's Institute of Cornish Studies and its community outreach work. The author also reflects on Knowledge Transfer grants awarded to Exeter by the British Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). Other topics include public history projects and the Exeter Local Maritime Archives Project (EMAP) of the Streatham Centre for Maritime Historical Studies.

This article explores the effect of perceptions of rural life upon the subsequent actions of counterurbanisers and the resulting impact for rural economic development in the contrasting counties of Cornwall and Northumberland. Perceptions of a high quality of life attract migrants to remote rural areas yet these areas also have high rates of economic deprivation. In-migration can stimulate rural development but in this article we hypothesise that the effectiveness of counterurbanisers as catalysts for economic development depends upon their attitudes towards the receiving community. If rural represents a slow pace of life and a step away from the pressures of modern, urban, lifestyles, counterurbanisers are unlikely to bring the dynamism to rural communities. By contrast, counterurbanisers that understand and engage with the local community are better placed to introduce new forms of human and social capital and provide valuable connections beyond the local area. Building on more endogenous development approaches, a greater understanding of the integration and economic activity of counterurbanisers can guide rural policies and highlight the significance of external representations for peripheral rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores whether a novel parent-supported emotional literacy programme called Parents And Children Together (PACT) is associated with improved social and emotional development for children compared to a standard curriculum. In eight schools in Cornwall, 686 children from Years 3 to 6 and their families participated in the PACT programme, and were compared with 212 peers from four demographically- matched schools who received a standard curriculum. Parents in intervention schools believed that the PACT programme had a significant positive impact on the social and emotional development of their children and improved the partnership with their child's school. Parental ratings of their child's emotional literacy was significantly higher after participation in the programme, and the children rated themselves significantly less likely to need further help in the future than those in the control schools. The implications for comprehensive mental health services are considered, and recommendations made for developing school and home-based emotional literacy programmes. Schools, particularly in deprived areas, should be supported to take part in PACT. School nurses and other community practitioners should play a leading role in these primary prevention and mental health improvement initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of hepatitis A is falling. In contrast, autochthonous hepatitis E is an emerging infection in developed countries. The objective of this study was to compare both laboratory-confirmed cases of hepatitis A and autochthonous hepatitis E over a 2-year period in Cornwall and Devon and anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgG and anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) IgG seroprevalence in blood donors. The databases of microbiology laboratories in Cornwall and Devon were searched for the number of diagnostic HEV and HAV assays performed during 2005–2006 and the number of confirmed cases of acute hepatitis A and hepatitis E detected. Patients were followed up until recovery or death. Sera from 500 blood donors from the regional centre were tested for HEV and HAV IgG. In total, 28 cases of autochthonous hepatitis E were identified from 838 assays, and 20 cases of hepatitis A were identified from 4503 assays. Compared to hepatitis A cases, patients with hepatitis E were older (mean age 61 vs. 45 years, P = 0.003), less likely to present in winter ( P = 0.028) and had more complications (five vs. one). The IgG seroprevalence rates in blood donors were 45% for HAV and 16% for HEV. There was no relationship between HAV and HEV IgG seropositivity. Autochthonous hepatitis E may be more common than hepatitis A, affects older patients, is less likely to occur in winter and may be associated with more complications. Patients with acute hepatitis, whatever their age or travel history, should be tested for HEV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: Little is known about the working practices of community children's nurses and how they manage the complexities of working with children and young people with life-limiting, life-threatening and chronic ill-health conditions and their families. This action research project aimed to find ways of managing community children's nursing caseloads that would improve the efficiency, effectiveness and equity of services and inform negotiations with service commissioners. METHODS: A data collection template comprising six input categories was adapted from the Cornwall Community Trust's health visitor weighting framework to reflect the complexity of need and the family focus of the service provided. Data were collected for one year by nurses in one integrated community children's nursing and clinical psychology service in the Southwest of England. Qualitative interviews were held with the nurses to further explore patterns identified in the input data. RESULTS: From the documentary analysis and the interviews it was possible to identify a typical ratio of client numbers in each category which allowed the nurses to be proactive in meeting children's and families' assessed needs. The numbers of clients on caseloads fluctuated over time and varied between geographical caseload areas. The type of work carried out by individual nurses varied depending on the type of contract for their locale. However, by weighting the clients in each category it was possible to arrive at a means of meaningful comparison in terms of family centred nursing. CONCLUSION: The nursing input framework supports monthly caseload monitoring by community children's nurses and informs reports to the service commissioners as part of activity monitoring data. The mechanism will be tested in comparable services in the UK to gauge its transferability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent initiatives have been introduced by the UK government into secondary schools to increase pupils' access to physical activity (PA). Despite this, not enough is known about pupils' levels of physical activity or whether the delivery of these initiatives in schools facilitates or creates a barrier for pupils' PA. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of adolescents PA levels from the perspective of those responsible for delivering physical education (PE) in schools; heads of PE (HOPE) and heads of school (HS). Methods: Seventeen semi-structured qualitative interviews were carried out with a snowball sample of HOPE and HS in schools in the Northwest and Southwest of England. Thematic data analysis using NVIVO was used to identify emergent themes. Results: 17 core themes were generated, 12 of which confirmed the findings from similar research. However, five themes relating to 'ethos of performance/elitism', 'lower fitness leads to lower ability', 'undervaluing activities within PE dept' or school as a whole', 'role of the school' and 'PE department doing all it can' offer valuable new insight into the factors which may encourage or prevent PA inside or outside the curriculum. Conclusion: Despite many positive perceptions of the delivery of PE in schools, it is evident that barriers still exist within that delivery which discourages physical activity. More research is needed to particularly address the complex issues of elitism and the ethos of PA in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking its cue from Pooley and Turnbull's (1998) claim that there is no evidence of any difference in the propensity to migrate by region or settlement size, this article investigates the appropriate scale for migration research. It presents some preliminary findings from a micro-level study of three occupationally contrasting communities in Cornwall in the second half of the 19th century. Reconstructing the migration histories of a cohort of children from the 1851 census enumerators' books and making use of local and online census and civil registration index databases, the study identifies some clear differences in migration patterns and propensity at the community level. Moving from patterns to processes it argues that labour markets and occupational structures remain the most important explanatory variables structuring migration, but that these were mediated at the individual level by the influence of the family which played a key role in facilitating or deterring movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looked at 30 primary aged children between 10 and 11 years old who were visiting the Eden Project, Cornwall and participating in workshops led and designed by the Eden Education Officers. The study attempted to directly test the effects of the Education Officers' workshops on children's learning. Personal meaning mapping, a constructivist approach was used to measure change in the children's understanding along four semi‐independent dimensions: extent, breadth, depth and mastery. The children's mastery of the subject regardless of ability was improved. Most of the workshop aims, such as ‘to recognise some plant adaptations in the humid tropics climate’ were shown to have been met. The research also highlighted areas to be reviewed, such as educating children about the way indigenous people use plants for their survival and also how children can transfer knowledge, so that they can understand the significance of plants in their own daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]