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Purpose: To aid prescribers in assessing a patient’s risk for statin-induced myopathy (SIM), we performed a comprehensive review of currently known risk factors and calculated aggregated odds ratios for each risk factor through a meta-analysis.Methods: This meta-analysis was done through four phases: (1) Identification of the relevant primary literature; (2) abstract screening using inclusion and exclusion criteria; (3) detailed review and data extraction; and (4) synthesis and statistical analysis.Results: Out of 44 papers analyzed from 836 papers searched from MEDLINE, 18 different potential risk factors were collected, divided into three categories: three demographics (11 papers), ten clinical factors (31 papers), and five pharmacogenetics/biomarkers (12 papers). Risk factors significant for myopathy and/or rhabdomyolysis included age, gender, diabetes, renal impairment, cardiovascular disease, certain interacting drugs, and mutations of the SLCO1B1 gene, which encodes a transporter protein in the liver. Several factors, such as gender, race, cardiovascular disease, and the GATM gene, which encodes a protein for creatine synthesis, appeared to be protective in terms of the outcomes of interest.Conclusions: This comprehensive assessment of risk factors can help support clinicians in reducing the incidence of SIM in their patient population on statins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a group of clinical syndromes related to severe acute liver function damage and multiple organ failure caused by various acute inducing factors on the basis of chronic liver disease. Due to its serious condition, rapid progression and high mortality, it has attracted more and more attention. Recent studies have shown that the pathogenesis of ACLF mainly includes direct injury and immune injury. As the main immune cells in the liver, the immunoregulatory role of liver macrophages in ACLF has been increasingly recognized. Liver macrophages have excellent phenotype conversion function and plasticity characteristics under the influence of epigenetic reprogramming or local microenvironment. This adaptive expression ability can use key mediators to promote the early conversion of anti-inflammatory phenotype to alleviate liver injury. A large number of studies have shown that liver macrophages have a certain potential in reversing the process of ACLF. Therefore, from the perspective of the plasticity characteristics of liver macrophages, this paper expounds the role of liver macrophages in ACLF and the research on the intervention of ACLF disease process, and summarizes its potential significance in the treatment of ACLF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of liver cancer that could potentially be surrounded by healthy arteries or veins that a surgeon would have to avoid during treatment. A realistic 3D liver model is an unmet need for HCC preoperative planning. Methods: This paper presents a method to create a soft phantom model of the human liver with the help of a 3D-printed mold, silicone, ballistic gel, and a blender. Results: For silicone, the elastic modulus of seven different ratios of base silicone and silicone hardener are tested; while for ballistic gel, a model using 20% gelatin and 10% gelatin is created for the tumor and the rest of the liver, respectively. It is found that the silicone modulus of elasticity matches with the real liver modulus of elasticity. It is also found that the 10% gelatin part of the ballistic gel model is an excellent emulation of a healthy human liver. Conclusion: The 3D flexible liver phantom made from a 10% gelatin-to-water mixture demonstrates decent fidelity to real liver tissue in terms of texture and elasticity. It holds significant potential for improving medical training, preoperative planning, and surgical research. We believe that continued development and validation of such models could further enhance their utility and impact in the field of hepatobiliary treatment planning and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Vet Indones. The Indonesian Veterinary Journal / Jurnal Acta Veterinaria Indonesiana is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss is one of the plant resources of the famous traditional Chinese medicine "Bai jiang cao (herba patriniae)," and it is considered to function at the liver meridian, thereby treating diseases of the liver as demonstrated by the traditional theory of TCM. Unfortunately, the therapeutic mechanism of the whole plant of PV is so far unknown. Method: UPLC QTOF-MS/MS was used to analyze the profile of PV. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were categorized into five groups, and PV groups (125 and 375mg/kg) were administered by oral gavage for seven consecutive days. The model of liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 40% CCl4 oil solution. H&E staining was performed for histological evaluation. The ELISA method was used to assess the serumlevel of ALT, AST, and T-BIL. Serum and liver bile acid (BA) profiling was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. TUNEL-stained liver sections were used to monitor apoptosis caused by CCl4. HepG2 cells were used to detect autophagy caused by CCl4. Results: A total of 16 compounds were identified from the 70% methanol extract of PV. PV (125 and 375 mg/kg) could reverse the ectopic overexpression of AST, ALT, and T-BIL caused by CCl4 administration. H&E staining indicated that PV (125 and 375 mg/kg) could reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells and restore liver tissue and hepatocyte structures. Six bile acids, including DCA, HDCA, GCA, TCA, TCDCA, and TUDCA, were significantly altered both in the serum and liver tissue after CCl4 administration, and the level of all these six bile acids was restored by PV treatment. Moreover, PV inhibited apoptosis caused by CCl4 stimulation in liver tissue and suppressed autophagy in HepG2 cells treated with CCl4. Conclusion: The results in this paper for the first time reveal the alteration of the bile acid profile in CCl4-induced liver injury and demonstrate that inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy was involved in P. villosa-elicited liver protection, providing a scientific basis for the clinical utilization of P. villosa as a natural hepatic protective agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review highlights noteworthy literature published in 2023 and pertinent to anesthesiologists and critical care physicians caring for patients undergoing abdominal organ transplantation. We feature 9 studies from 593 peer-reviewed papers on pancreatic transplantation, 3 from 194 on intestinal transplantation, and 28 from over 4513 on kidney transplantation. The liver transplantation section includes a special focus on 20 studies from 5666 clinical trial publications. We explore a broad range of topics, including donor management, perioperative recipient management, and innovative pharmacologic and mechanical interventions tested for the improvement of patient and graft outcomes and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common clinical pharmacogenic disease. In the United States and Europe, DILI is the most common cause of acute liver failure. Drugs can cause hepatic damage either directly through inherent hepatotoxic properties or indirectly by inducing oxidative stress, immune responses, and inflammatory processes. These pathways can culminate in hepatocyte necrosis. The role of the gut microecology in human health and diseases is well recognized. Recent studies have revealed that the imbalance in the gut microecology is closely related to the occurrence and development of DILI. The gut microecology plays an important role in liver injury caused by different drugs. Recent research has revealed significant changes in the composition, relative abundance, and distribution of gut microbiota in both patients and animal models with DILI. Imbalance in the gut microecology causes intestinal barrier destruction and microorganism translocation; the alteration in microbial metabolites may initiate or aggravate DILI, and regulation and control of intestinal microbiota can effectively mitigate drug-induced liver injury. In this paper, we provide an overview on the present knowledge of the mechanisms by which DILI occurs, the common drugs that cause DILI, the gut microbiota and gut barrier composition, and the effects of the gut microbiota and gut barrier on DILI, emphasizing the contribution of the gut microecology to DILI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Liver cancer presents a growing global health concern, necessitating advanced approaches for intervention. This review investigates the use and effectiveness of software navigation in interventional radiology for liver tumour procedures. Methods: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines, a scoping review was conducted of the literature published between 2013 and 2023 sourcing articles through MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL and Embase. Eligible studies focused on liver cancer, utilised cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT), and employed software for intervention. Twenty‐one articles were deemed eligible for data extraction and analysis. Results: Categorised by type, software applications yielded diverse benefits. Feeder detection software significantly enhanced vessel identification, reducing non‐target embolisation by up to 43%. Motion correction software demonstrated a 20% enhancement in image quality, effectively mitigating breathing‐induced motion artefacts. Liver perfusion software facilitated efficient tumour targeting while simultaneously reducing the occurrence of side effects. Needle guide software enabled precise radiofrequency ablation needle placement. Additionally, these software applications provided detailed anatomical simulations. Overall, software integration resulted in shorter procedures, reduced radiation exposure and decreased contrast media usage. Conclusion: This scoping review highlights the innovative yet relatively underexplored role of software navigation for liver tumour procedures. The integration of software applications not only enhances procedural efficiency but also bolsters operator confidence, and contributes to improved patient outcomes. Despite the current lack of uniformity and standardisation, these software‐driven advancements hold significant promise for transforming liver tumour interventions. To realise these benefits, further research is needed to explore the clinical impact and optimal utilisation of software navigation tools in interventional radiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, staging the degree of liver fibrosis predominantly relies on liver biopsy, a method fraught with potential risks, such as bleeding and infection. With the rapid development of medical imaging devices, quantification of liver fibrosis through image processing technology has become feasible. Stacking technology is one of the effective ensemble techniques for potential usage, but precise tuning to find the optimal configuration manually is challenging. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel EVO-MS model—a multiple stacking ensemble learning model optimized by the energy valley optimization (EVO) algorithm to select most informatic features for fibrosis quantification. Liver contours are profiled from 415 biopsied proven CT cases, from which 10 shape features are calculated and inputted into a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to generate the accurate predictions, then the EVO algorithm is applied to find the optimal parameter combination to fuse six base models: K-Nearest Neighbors (KNNs), Decision Tree (DT), Naive Bayes (NB), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), and Random Forest (RF), to create a well-performing ensemble model. Experimental results indicate that selecting 3–5 feature parameters yields satisfactory results in classification, with features such as the contour roundness non-uniformity (Rmax), maximum peak height of contour (Rp), and maximum valley depth of contour (Rm) significantly influencing classification accuracy. The improved EVO algorithm, combined with a multiple stacking model, achieves an accuracy of 0.864, a precision of 0.813, a sensitivity of 0.912, a specificity of 0.824, and an F1-score of 0.860, which demonstrates the effectiveness of our EVO-MS model in staging the degree of liver fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-induced liver injury describes the adverse effects of drugs that damage the liver. Life-threatening results were also reported in severe cases. Therefore, liver toxicity is an important assessment for new drug candidates. These reports are documented in research papers that contain preliminary in vitro and in vivo experiments. Conventionally, data extraction from publications relies on resource-demanding manual labeling, which restricts the efficiency of the information extraction. The development of natural language processing techniques enables the automatic processing of biomedical texts. Herein, based on around 28,000 papers (titles and abstracts) provided by the Critical Assessment of Massive Data Analysis challenge, this study benchmarked model performances on filtering liver-damage-related literature. Among five text embedding techniques, the model using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) and logistic regression outperformed others with an accuracy of 0.957 on the validation set. Furthermore, an ensemble model with similar overall performances was developed with a logistic regression model on the predicted probability given by separate models with different vectorization techniques. The ensemble model achieved a high accuracy of 0.954 and an F1 score of 0.955 in the hold-out validation data in the challenge. Moreover, important words in positive/negative predictions were identified via model interpretation. The prediction reliability was quantified with conformal prediction, which provides users with a control over the prediction uncertainty. Overall, the ensemble model and TF-IDF model reached satisfactory classification results, which can be used by researchers to rapidly filter literature that describes events related to liver injury induced by medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Deadly Liver Mob (DLM) is a peer-delivered incentivised health promotion program by and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, and was introduced in response to the disproportionate number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians who are impacted by blood borne viruses (BBVs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The goal of the program is to increase access to BBV and STI education, screening, treatment, and vaccination in recognition and response to the systemic barriers that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples face in accessing health care. This commentary introduces a series of papers that report on various aspects of the evaluation of the Deadly Liver Mob (DLM) program. In this paper, we explain what DLM is and how we constructed an evaluation framework for this complex health promotion intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This technical paper introduces a novel organ preservation system based on isochoric (constant volume) supercooling. The system is designed to enhance the stability of the metastable supercooling state, offering potential long-term preservation of large biological organs at subfreezing temperatures without the need for cryoprotectant additives. Detailed technical designs and usage protocols are provided for researchers interested in exploring this field. The paper also presents a control system based on the thermodynamics of isochoric freezing, utilizing pressure monitoring for process control. Sham experiments were performed using whole pig liver sourced from a local food supplier to evaluate the system's ability to sustain supercooling without ice nucleation for extended periods. The results demonstrated sustained supercooling without ice nucleation in pig liver tissue for 24 and 48 h. These findings suggest the potential of this technology for large-volume, cryoprotectant-free organ preservation with real-time control over the preservation process. The simplicity of the isochoric supercooling device and the design details provided in the paper are expected to serve as encouragement for other researchers in the field to pursue further research on isochoric supercooling. However, final evidence that these preserved organs can be successfully transplanted is still lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through their personal experience of having intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), this paper covers the development of current understanding of ICP. It summarises how research and clinical practice was developed through clinicians and followed by the inception of an ICP research group in the 1990s. This group's work has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind ICP, the risk threshold for stillbirth, and a genomic understanding of the condition. It focuses on how collaborative work between the author and researchers led to the formation of a charity for ICP. Despite this, some obstetric healthcare professionals continue to provide misinformation about ICP to women and birthing people. Furthermore, the views of those affected by ICP, together with the research they present to clinicians, are being ignored. It highlights a need for those managing ICP to listen to their patients and to pay closer attention to the research being published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the impact of past liver metastases on the survival duration of patients who are undergoing surgery for lung metastases. Methods: We conducted a review of literature published from 2007 to 2014. The studies were identified by searching PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase and were supplemented by a manual search of the references listed by the retrieved studies. The following search terms were used: lung metastasectomy, pulmonary metastasectomy, lung metastases, and lung metastasis. We selected retrospective and prospective studies published from 2007 to 2014 on patients with lung metastases from colorectal cancer and were undergoing surgery with curative intent. We excluded reviews, studies that focused on surgical techniques, patients who were treated non-surgically, analyses of specific subgroups of patients, and those that did not report follow-up of the patients undergoing surgery. Results: We identified 28 papers that assessed survival after lung metastases, 21 of which were mostly retrospective studies that identified previous liver metastases to explore their impact on patient survival. In more than half of the papers analyzed (63.2%), patients with a history of resected liver metastases had a lower survival rate than those who did not have such a history, and the difference was statistically significant in eight of these studies. However, data were presented differently, and authors reported mean survival time, survival rates, or hazard ratios. Conclusions: A history of liver metastases seems to be a negative prognostic factor, but the individual data need to undergo a meta-analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celery juice use is a trend all over the world, acclaimed with healing effects from acne, to autoimmune diseases. The paper aims to show the effect of celery juice for weight loss and liver cleansing, starting from the healing effect of acne and autoimmune diseases. The best way to detox was 3-6-9 which is segmented into 1-3 days, 4-6 days, and 7-9 days, where each part strictly follows the diet regime, and the 9th day is all liquids. The goal of detoxification is to cleanse the liver and increase the body's energy levels. This review examines whether detox diets are necessary, their content and effectiveness. This paper was based on a 9-day clinical trial with healthy adult volunteers to evaluate the effects of celery juice, including 28 volunteers, 17 men and 11 women aged 29 - 61 years. Participants answered a questionnaire, which was used to assess their usual daily nutrient intake and body toxicity. The questionnaire also contained questions about their: gender, age, height and weight, pulse, arm circumference of the respondents. Inclusion criteria were gender, age over 20 years. For 9 days, subjects were served intermittent meals. Blood samples were taken from participants before the first meal and after the detox cleansing. Body weight and arm circumference, blood pressure and pulse of the participants were measured. The meals and celery juice were all prepared and served according to guidelines recommended by Celery Juice Medicine, which uses a fat-free, gluten-free, eggfree celery seed detox formula, according to Medical Medium platform. The whole detox was divided into 3-6-9 days for 9 days. Blood samples were analyzed for bilirubin level with (bilirubin blood test-method), alanine-transaminase (ALT) level with serum-glutamic-pyruvic-transaminasemethod, and aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) level with serum-glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase - SGOT test method. In this study, after detoxing celery, 89% of participants had lower levels of bilirubin, ALT and AST in their blood, and 81% had weight loss. After the detox, blood analyses showed a significant improvement of health, especially in the liver/hepatic profile, the detoxification diet has an influence on weight loss, and it has been proven effective in removing toxins from the body and improving health in general. The tendency toward improvement in liver detoxification measures is consistent with the hypothesis that improved liver detoxification capacity may contribute to well-being. It is important that the next studies concentrate on other therapeutic and industrial attributes of celery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Most of the existing data on the resection of liver metastases with inferior vena cava infiltration come from case reports or small case series. This systematic review on the subject found postoperative morbidity and mortality rates and overall survival to be acceptable, offering a surgical alternative to these patients previously considered unresectable. Combined hepatic and inferior vena cava (IVC) resection is the only potentially curative treatment for patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) involving the IVC. Most of the existing data come from case reports or small case series. In this paper, a systematic review based on the PICO strategy was performed in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Papers from January 1980 to December 2022 were searched in Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library databases. Articles considered for inclusion had to present data on simultaneous liver and IVC resection for CRLM and report surgical and/or oncological outcomes. From a total of 1175 articles retrieved, 29, including a total of 188 patients, met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 58.3 ± 10.8 years. The most frequent techniques used were right hepatectomy ± caudate lobe for hepatic resections (37.8%), lateral clamping (44.8%) for vascular control, and primary closure (56.8%) for IVC repair. The thirty-day mortality reached 4.6%. Tumour relapse was reported in 65.8% of the cases. The median overall survival (OS) was 34 months (with a confidence interval of 30–40 months), and the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year OS were 71.4%, 19.8%, and 7.1%, respectively. In the absence of prospective randomized studies, which are difficult to perform, IVC resection seems to be safe and feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effects of alcohol intake to the human liver. Chronic alcohol consumption can produce in primates a whole spectrum of liver damage ranging from fatty liver to cirrhosis. Alcohol metabolized predominantly in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase which catalyzes the initial reaction to acetaldehyde and aldehyde dehydrogenase which converts acetaldehyde to acetate.

Segmenting medical images is a necessary prerequisite for disease diagnosis and treatment planning. Among various medical image segmentation tasks, U-Net-based variants have been widely used in liver tumor segmentation tasks. In view of the highly variable shape and size of tumors, in order to improve the accuracy of segmentation, this paper proposes a U-Net-based hybrid variable structure—RDCTrans U-Net for liver tumor segmentation in computed tomography (CT) examinations. We design a backbone network dominated by ResNeXt50 and supplemented by dilated convolution to increase the network depth, expand the perceptual field, and improve the efficiency of feature extraction without increasing the parameters. At the same time, Transformer is introduced in down-sampling to increase the network's overall perception and global understanding of the image and to improve the accuracy of liver tumor segmentation. The method proposed in this paper tests the segmentation performance of liver tumors on the LiTS (Liver Tumor Segmentation) dataset. It obtained 89.22% mIoU and 98.91% Acc, for liver and tumor segmentation. The proposed model also achieved 93.38% Dice and 89.87% Dice, respectively. Compared with the original U-Net and the U-Net model that introduces dense connection, attention mechanism, and Transformer, respectively, the method proposed in this paper achieves SOTA (state of art) results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs, catalyzed by FAEE synthase) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis. In previous studies, we demonstrated that FAEE synthase, purified from rat liver microsomes, is identical to rat liver carboxylesterase (pI 6.1), and structurally and functionally different than that from pancreas. In this study, we purified and characterized rat pancreatic microsomal FAEE synthase, and determined its relationship with rat pancreatic cholesterol esterase (ChE). Since most of the serine esterases express p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA)-hydrolyzing activity as well as synthetic activity to form fatty acid esters or amides with a wide spectrum of alcohols and amines, respectively, we used PNPA-hydrolyzing activity to monitor the purification of FAEE synthase during various chromatographic purification steps. Synthesizing activity towards FAEEs, fatty acid methyl esters, and fatty acid anilides was measured only in the pooled fractions. At each step of purification (ammonium sulfate saturation, Q Sepharose XL, and heparin-agarose column chromatographies, and high performance liquid chromatography (anion exchange and gel filtration)) synthetic as well as hydrolytic activities copurified. Using ethanol, methanol, or aniline as substrates, the ester or anilide synthesizing activity of the purified protein was found to be 8709, 13000, and 2201 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively. The purified protein displayed a single band with an estimated molecular mass of ~68 kD upon SDS-PAGE under reduced denaturing conditions, cross-reacted with antisera against rat pancreatic ChE and showed 100% N-terminal sequence homology of the first 15 amino acids to that of rat pancreatic ChE. These results suggest that the purified protein has broad substrate specificity towards the conjugation of endogenous long chain fatty acids with substrates having hydroxyl and amino groups and is identical to ChE. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:338–345, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10097 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In past times, the analysis of endocrine disrupting properties of chemicals has mainly been focused on (anti-)estrogenic or (anti-)androgenic properties, as well as on aspects of steroidogenesis and the modulation of thyroid signaling. More recently, disruption of energy metabolism and related signaling pathways by exogenous substances, so-called metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs) have come into focus. While general effects such as body and organ weight changes are routinely monitored in animal studies, there is a clear lack of mechanistic test systems to determine and characterize the metabolismdisrupting potential of chemicals. In order to contribute to filling this gap, one of the project within EU-funded Partnership for the Assessment of Risks of Chemicals (PARC) aims at developing novel in vitro methods for the detection of endocrine metabolic disruptors. Efforts will comprise projects related to specific signaling pathways, for example, involving mTOR or xenobioticsensing nuclear receptors, studies on hepatocytes, adipocytes and pancreatic beta cells covering metabolic and morphological endpoints, as well as metabolism-related zebrafish-based tests as an alternative to classic rodent bioassays. This paper provides an overview of the approaches and methods of these PARC projects and how this will contribute to the improvement of the toxicological toolbox to identify substances with endocrine disrupting properties and to decipher their mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MR is a powerful diagnostic tool in the diagnosis and management of most hepatic and pancreatic diseases. Thanks to its multiple sequences, the use of dedicated contrast media and special techniques, it allows a multiparametric approach able to provide both morphological and functional information for many pathological conditions. The knowledge of correct technique is fundamental in order to obtain a correct diagnosis. In this paper, different MR sequences will be illustrated in the evaluation of liver and pancreatic diseases, especially those sequences which provide information not otherwise obtainable with other imaging techniques. Practical MR protocols with the most common indications of MR in the study of the liver and pancreas are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liver is the second most common solid organ injured in blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Non-operative management (NOM) has become the standard of care for liver injuries in stable patients, where transarterial embolization (TAE) represents the main treatment, increasing success rates and avoiding invasive surgical procedures. In hemodynamically (HD) unstable patients, operative management (OM) is the standard of care. To date, there are no consensus guidelines about the endovascular treatment of patients with HD instability or in ones that responded to initial infusion therapy. A review of the literature was performed for published papers addressing the outcome of using TAE as the primary treatment for HD unstable/transient responder trauma liver patients with hemorrhagic vascular lesions, both as a single treatment and in combination with surgical treatment, focusing additionally on the different definitions used in the literature of unstable and transient responder patients. Our review demonstrated a good outcome in HD unstable/transient responder liver trauma patients treated with TAE but there still remains much debate about the definition of unstable and transient responder patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histologically cirrhosis is characterised by vascularised fibrosis septa that link portal tract with each other and with central veins leading to hepatocyte islands that are surrounded by fibrotic septa which are devoid of a central vein. The major clinical manifestations of cirrhosis are impaired hepatocyte function and increased intrahepatic resistance and development of portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver has multiple functions including key role in metabolism, control of infection, elimination of toxins and byproducts of metabolism. This was a prospective study from 1st January 2023-31st December 2023 with a total of 100 deaths with presence of cirrhosis of liver detected during autopsy conducted in mortuary, Department of FMT, PMCH was analysed. Complete demographic, clinical details were obtained from accompanying relatives of the diseased, information sourced from police IO, inquest paper and medical records of the treatment furnished at the time of autopsy. Higher incidence of liver cirrhosis was found in age group 31-50 years, 74 percent of them were males, 30 percent were diabetic, alcohol was the etiological factor in 65 percent cases, NASH was etiological factor in 19%, hepatitis B and C was etiological factor in 12 % of the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using liver phantoms for mimicking human tissue in clinical training, disease diagnosis, and treatment planning is a common practice. The fabrication material of the liver phantom should exhibit mechanical properties similar to those of the real liver organ in the human body. This tissue-equivalent material is essential for qualitative and quantitative investigation of the liver mechanisms in producing nutrients, excretion of waste metabolites, and tissue deformity at mechanical stimulus. This paper reviews the mechanical properties of human hepatic tissues to develop liver-mimicking phantoms. These properties include viscosity, elasticity, acoustic impedance, sound speed, and attenuation. The advantages and disadvantages of the most common fabrication materials for developing liver tissue-mimicking phantoms are also highlighted. Such phantoms will give a better insight into the real tissue damage during the disease progression and preservation for transplantation. The liver tissue-mimicking phantom will raise the quality assurance of patient diagnostic and treatment precision and offer a definitive clinical trial data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the third of four papers updating standards for the care of pwCF. • Monitoring and treating lung infection is important in all people with CF. • People with more advanced CF disease need holistic individualised care. • This should balance quality of life, treatment burden and clinical outcomes. • The CF team delivers lifelong care through advanced disease and end of life. This is the third in a series of four papers updating the European Cystic Fibrosis Society (ECFS) standards for the care of people with CF. This paper focuses on recognising and addressing CF health issues. The guidance was produced with wide stakeholder engagement, including people from the CF community, using an evidence-based framework. Authors contributed sections, and summary statements which were reviewed by a Delphi consultation. Monitoring and treating airway infection, inflammation and pulmonary exacerbations remains important, despite the widespread availability of CFTR modulators and their accompanying health improvements. Extrapulmonary CF-specific health issues persist, such as diabetes, liver disease, bone disease, stones and other renal issues, and intestinal obstruction. These health issues require multidisciplinary care with input from the relevant specialists. Cancer is more common in people with CF compared to the general population, and requires regular screening. The CF life journey requires mental and emotional adaptation to psychosocial and physical challenges, with support from the CF team and the CF psychologist. This is particularly important when life gets challenging, with disease progression requiring increased treatments, breathing support and potentially transplantation. Planning for end of life remains a necessary aspect of care and should be discussed openly, honestly, with sensitivity and compassion for the person with CF and their family. CF teams should proactively recognise and address CF-specific health issues, and support mental and emotional wellbeing while accompanying people with CF and their families on their life journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Yaks are a major economic source for people in the Tibetan Plateau region. Yaks are rich in nutrients, but their low fat content is not conducive to the large-scale promotion of yak meat, so the study of the mechanism of yak lipid deposition is beneficial to the marketing of yak meat. In this paper, the results of transcriptome sequencing analysis of yak liver showed that it could be determined that the expression levels of genes associated with partial lipid deposition were significantly up-regulated during yak fattening. In addition, this study found that the tenderness of yak meat improved during this process. Fattening significantly affects fat deposition in yaks, which may be realized through its effects on lipid metabolic pathways. Therefore, studying the mechanism of lipid deposition in yaks and fattening yaks will improve the quality of yak meat. Yak meat is nutritionally superior to beef cattle but has a low fat content and is slow-growing. The liver plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism, and in order to determine whether different feeding modes affect lipid metabolism in yaks and how it is regulated, we employed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology to analyze the genome-wide differential gene expression in the liver of yaks maintained under different raising systems. A total of 1663 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (|log2FC| ≥ 0 and p-value ≤ 0.05), including 698 down-regulated and 965 up-regulated genes. According to gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analyses, these DEGs were significantly enriched in 13 GO terms and 26 pathways (p < 0.05). Some DEGs were enriched in fatty acid degradation, PPAR, PI3K-Akt, and ECM receptor pathways, which are associated with lipid metabolism. A total of 16 genes are well known to be related to lipid metabolism (e.g., APOA1, FABP1, EHHADH, FADS2, SLC27A5, ACADM, CPT1B, ACOX2, HMGCS2, PLIN5, ACAA1, IGF1, FGFR4, ALDH9A1, ECHS1, LAMA2). A total of 11 of the above genes were significantly enriched in the PPAR signaling pathway. The reliability of the transcriptomic data was verified using qRT-PCR. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms regulating yak meat quality. It shows that fattening improves the expression of genes that regulate lipid deposition in yaks and enhances meat quality. This finding will contribute to a better understanding of the various factors that determine yak meat quality and help develop strategies to improve yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver diseases are constantly increasing throughout the world and are often associated with other diseases, but above all they are caused by improper diet. Adherence to a diet with abundant vegetables has now been widely demonstrated to be important in combating this pathological condition. The aim of this study was to explore the protective role of lycopene (LYC) extracts from cooked and fresh tomato. Methods: The study cohort included 969 participants assessed in the NUTRIHEP cohort (2005–2006) and the associated follow-up (2014–2016), divided into two groups, based on liver condition: NAFLD, or AFLD and FLD. Results: The results indicated a statistical significance of LYC consumption, showing a protective role against liver disease, the best concentration being 9.50 mg/die, with an RR value of 0.59, p = 0.01, 0.39 to 0.90 at 95% C.I., and RRR = 0.40, p = 0.002, 0.22 to 0.71 at 95% C.I. Conclusions: The protective role of LYC extracts from tomato has not been amply demonstrated in humans. We conclude that this is one of the few papers in the literature to evaluate the protective effect of LYC against liver disease, as well as how this molecule could be used in future possible treatments. Utilizing lycopene as a supplement alone or in combination with other foods could be useful for developing treatments with reduced contraindications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transplantation is currently the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver failure. In recent years, many advanced studies have been conducted to improve the efficiency of organ preservation techniques. Modifying the composition of the preservation fluids currently used may improve graft function and increase the likelihood of transplantation success. The modified fluid is expected to extend the period of safe liver storage in the peri-transplantation period and to increase the pool of organs for transplantation with livers from marginal donors. This paper provides a literature review of the effects of antioxidants on the efficacy of liver preservation fluids. Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched using a combination of MeSH terms: "liver preservation", "transplantation", "preservation solution", "antioxidant", "cold storage", "mechanical perfusion", "oxidative stress", "ischemia-reperfusion injury". Studies published up to December 2023 were included in the analysis, with a focus on publications from the last 30 years. A total of 45 studies met the inclusion criteria. The chemical compounds analyzed showed mostly bioprotective effects on hepatocytes, including but not limited to multifactorial antioxidant and free radical protective effects. It should be noted that most of the information cited is from reports of studies conducted in animal models, most of them in rodents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) continuously release a complex mixture of municipal, hospital, industrial, and runoff chemicals into the aquatic environment. These contaminants are both legacy contaminants and emerging-concern contaminants, affecting all tissues in a fish body, particularly the liver. The fish liver is the principal detoxifying organ and effects of consistent pollutant exposure can be evident on its cellular and tissue level. The objective of this paper is thus to provide an in-depth analysis of the WWTP contaminants' impact on the fish liver structure, physiology, and metabolism. The paper also gives an overview of the fish liver biotransformation enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and non-enzymatic antioxidants, their role in metabolizing xenobiotic compounds and coping with oxidative damage. Emphasis has been placed on highlighting the vulnerability of fish to xenobiotic compounds, and on biomonitoring of exposed fish, generally involving observation of biomarkers in caged or native fish. Furthermore, the paper systematically assesses the most common contaminants with the potential to affect fish liver tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pressing health problem, both in clinical and socio-economic terms, is the increase in the number of patients with liver damage caused by viral diseases (hepatitis), cancer, toxicological damage, or metabolic disorders. Liver function assessment is a complex task, for which various existing diagnostic methods are used. Unfortunately, they all have several limitations which frequently make prompt and accurate diagnosis impossible. The high level of disability and mortality caused by liver diseases makes the development of new liver diagnostic methods very urgent. In this paper, we describe a new joint methodology for studying liver function based on optical densitometry and dynamic light scattering. This will help to diagnose and predict the dynamics of liver function during treatment with greater efficiency, due to including in consideration the individual characteristics of the cardiovascular system and tissue metabolism. In this paper, we present a laboratory model of a combined sensor for optical densitometry and dynamic light scattering. We also developed special software for controlling the sensor and processing the recorded data. Modeling experiments and physical medical studies were carried out to adjust and calibrate the sensor and software. We also assessed the sensor resolution when registering the concentration of dye in the human body and the minimum measured flow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhubarb, the Rhei radix et rhizoma (Da huang) is a member of the Polygonaceae family, included in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and is mainly distributed in Gansu, Sichuan, Qinghai, northwestern Yunnan, and eastern Tibet. Rhei radix et rhizoma is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines, processed into drinkable tablets in different concoctions for clinical use. Phytochemical studies showed that more than 170 compounds were isolated and identified from Rhei radix et rhizoma, including anthraquinones/anthrones (major constituents), stilbenes, chromones, flavonoids, tannins, and other compounds, etc. Rhei radix et rhizoma is an herb with a long history of traditional use and many potential therapeutic benefits. It can play the role of diarrhea, clearing heat in response to different combinations and concoctions. It is mainly used for the treatment of constipation, gastrointestinal function impairment, and other diseases. In addition, Rhei radix et rhizoma has significant antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepato-renal protective, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic, and immunomodulatory activities. Its active constituents have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and hepato-kidney protective properties. Although it is primarily used for gastrointestinal disorders, it may also have wider applications in various inflammatory and liver disorders. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore its full potential and mechanism of action. This paper reviews the research progress of Rhei radix et rhizoma in terms of botany, traditional use, chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical studies. It aims to provide a scientific basis for in-depth research and development of Rhei radix et rhizome resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell junctions, including anchoring, occluding and communicating junctions, play an indispensable role in the structural and functional organization of multicellular tissues, including in liver. Specifically, hepatic cell junctions mediate intercellular adhesion and communication between liver cells. The establishment of the hepatic cell junction network is a prerequisite for normal liver functioning. Hepatic cell junctions indeed support liver‐specific features and control essential aspects of the hepatic life cycle. This review paper summarizes the role of cell junctions and their components in relation to liver physiology, thereby also discussing their involvement in hepatic dysfunctionality, including liver disease and toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No effective drugs currently exist to cure Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to its complexity and the lack of understanding of the involved molecular signaling and pathways. The relationship between liver health and AD is now widely recognized. Still, molecular links and shared pathways between the liver and brain remain unclear, making the liver-brain axis in AD therapies a new area for exploration. However, bibliometric studies on this topic are lacking. Objective: This study aims to review the liver-brain axis in AD and identify future research hotspots and trends through bibliometric analysis. Methods: Articles and reviews related to AD and liver and its related diseases were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database up to 2024. Data were processed and visually analyzed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Pajek. Results: We collected 1,777 articles on AD and liver and its related diseases from 2,517 institutions across 80 countries. Keyword cluster analysis identified 11 clusters, with 'insulin resistance,' 'amyloid-beta,' 'apolipoprotein-E,' 'oxidative stress,' and 'inflammation' appearing most frequently, and exhibiting strong total link strength. These results indicate that these topics have been the primary focus of research on the liver-brain axis in AD. Conclusions: This study is the first to comprehensively analyze the liver-brain axis in AD using bibliometric methods. The research results identify recent research frontiers and hotspots, aiding scholars in gaining a deeper understanding of the correlation between AD and the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver segmentation is a prerequisite for various hepatic interventions and is a time-consuming manual task performed by radiology experts. Recently, various computationally expensive deep learning architectures tackled this aspect without considering the resource limitations of a real-life clinical setup. In this paper, we investigated the capabilities of a lightweight model, UNeXt, in comparison with the U-Net model. Moreover, we conduct a broad analysis at the micro and macro levels of these architectures by using two training loss functions: soft dice loss and unified focal loss, and by substituting the commonly used ReLU activation function, with the novel Funnel activation function. An automatic post-processing step that increases the overall performance of the models is also proposed. Model training and evaluation were performed on a public database—LiTS. The results show that the UNeXt model (Funnel activation, soft dice loss, post-processing step) achieved a 0.9902 dice similarity coefficient on the whole CT volumes in the test set, with 15× fewer parameters in nearly 4× less inference time, compared to its counterpart, U-Net. Thus, lightweight models can become the new standard in medical segmentation, and when implemented thoroughly can alleviate the computational burden while preserving the capabilities of a parameter-heavy architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on a fertile eggs of total number 200 of broiler Ross 308 from 31weeks laying flock, their weight ranged from (49.2-58.9gm). The eggs were inserted to an automatic incubator according to standard procedures (37.5 of temperature and 60% of RH). Eggs were candled and un fertilized eggs were removed at day 6 of incubation. At the same day of injection, the remaining were randomly subdivided into 3 groups at incubator each set contain 60 egg. Solutions for injection were freshly prepared at the same day of injection; ascorbic acid was dissolved at physiological saline 0.9 % then fertilized with 0.22Mm filter paper and subsequently placed in incubator 2 hours before injection. The three groups were: non-injected control group (negative control), saline group injected with 0.6 ml of physiologic al isotonic saline (0.9%), and Ascorbic acid injected group (3 mg of pure ascorbic acid with 0.6ml of physiological saline). Histological examination of Ascorbic acid group showed highlighting typical structure of hepatic tissue with intact central vein endothelial lining, highlighting obvious regular organization of muscle fibers with multinucleated light vesicular & elongated peripheral nuclei, highlighting obvious improvement along intestinal tissue structure with increasing in intestinal villi length with significant difference than control negative group as well as control positive group. Hatchability percentage noted better in ascorbic group than other groups. Also, platelet count, White blood cells count, monocyte level was better in ascorbic group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living Donor Liver Transplantation (LDLT) is a promising approach to treating end-stage liver diseases, however, some post-operatory complications such as pneumonia, bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and hepatic dysfunction have been reported. In murine models using partial hepatectomy (PHx), a model that emulates LDLT, it has been determined that the synthesis of hepatic cell proliferation factors that are associated with noradrenaline synthesis are produced in locus coeruleus (LC). In addition, studies have shown that PHx decreases GABA and 5-HT2A receptors, promotes loss of dendritic spines, and favors microgliosis in rat hippocampus. The GABA and serotonin-altered circuits suggest that catecholaminergic neurons such as dopamine and noradrenaline neurons, which are highly susceptible to cellular stress, can also be damaged. To understand post-transplant affections and to perform well-controlled studies it is necessary to know the potential causes that explain as a liver surgical procedure can produce brain damage. In this paper, we review several cellular processes that could induce gliosis in LC after rat PHx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant focal liver lesions (FLLs) represent various kinds of epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. In pediatric patients, the understanding of pediatric liver diseases and associated imaging manifestations is essential for making accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis. This paper will discuss the latest knowledge of the common pediatric malignant FLLs, including undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, and malignant rhabdoid tumor. Medical imaging features are not only helpful for clinical diagnosis, but can also be useful in the evaluation and follow-up of pre- and post-treatment. The future perspectives of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) enhancement patterns of FLLs in pediatric patients are also mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular adenomas are benign endothelial tumors of the liver, mostly associated with female individual users of estrogen-containing medications. However, the precise factors underlying the selective development of hepatic adenomas in certain females remain elusive. Additionally, the conventional profile of individuals prone to hepatic adenoma is changing. Notably, male patients exhibit a higher risk of malignant progression of hepatocellular adenomas, and there are instances where hepatic adenomas have no identifiable cause. In this paper, we theorize the role of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, specifically, of bacterial species producing β-glucuronidase enzymes, in the development of hepatic adenomas through the estrogen recycling pathway. Furthermore, we aim to address some of the existing gaps in our knowledge of pathophysiological pathways which are not yet subject to research or need to be studied further. As microbial β-glucuronidases proteins recycle estrogen and facilitate the conversion of inactive estrogen into its active form, this process results in elevated levels of unbound plasmatic estrogen, leading to extended exposure to estrogen. We suggest that an imbalance in the estrobolome could contribute to sex hormone disease evolution and, consequently, to the advancement of hepatocellular adenomas, which are estrogen related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hepatoblastoma is a rare childhood liver cancer with poor outcomes for high-risk patients. Better treatments and better ways of identifying patients who respond poorly to treatment are needed. This paper uses new methods for identifying chemicals or metabolites produced in the tumour. By comparing the profiles of these metabolites in tumour tissue versus normal liver tissue taken from the same patient, we demonstrated that some metabolites differ significantly in hepatoblastoma. This correlates with gene expression data, suggesting that we identified the metabolites correctly. We also stained tumour tissues for proteins (enzymes) that regulate transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria, which are the cell's powerhouses. Taken together, our results indicate that tumour cells change the energy sources they use and rewire the cellular systems accordingly. Further work is required to verify this, but these leads could improve our understanding of the disease and lead to the development of novel therapies. Hepatoblastoma (HB) is a rare childhood tumour with an evolving molecular landscape. We present the first comprehensive metabolomic analysis using untargeted and targeted liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of paired tumour and non-tumour surgical samples in HB patients (n = 8 pairs). This study demonstrates that the metabolomic landscape of HB is distinct from that of non-tumour (NT) liver tissue, with 35 differentially abundant metabolites mapping onto pathways such as fatty acid transport, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, branched-chain amino acid degradation and glutathione synthesis. Targeted metabolomics demonstrated reduced short-chain acylcarnitines and a relative accumulation of branched-chain amino acids. Medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines in HB were similar to those in NT. The metabolomic changes reported are consistent with previously reported transcriptomic data from tumour and non-tumour samples (49 out of 54 targets) as well as metabolomic data obtained using other techniques. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) from RNAseq data (n = 32 paired HB and NT samples) demonstrated a downregulation of the carnitine metabolome and immunohistochemistry showed a reduction in CPT1a (n = 15 pairs), which transports fatty acids into the mitochondria, suggesting a lack of utilisation of long-chain fatty acids in HB. Thus, our findings suggest a reduced metabolic flux in HB which is corroborated at the gene expression and protein levels. Further work could yield novel insights and new therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sjogren's syndrome is a refractory disease for which TCM demonstrates certain advantages in its treatment. "Prevalent dryness affecting the liver" is a classical theory from Huangdi Neijing (Huangdi's Internal Classic), which has important guiding significance for the treatment of Sjogren's syndrome with TCM. In this paper, the connotation and development of the theory of "prevalent dryness affecting the liver" is comprehensively analyzed in combination with clinical practice. Sjogren's syndrome is closely related to the liver itself, its functions, and the coordination between the liver and other viscera. The liver itself pertains to yin, and it nourishes blood and moistens dryness. The liver's functions pertain to yang, and they help to move body fluids without any sign of dryness. It's also of great significance that the liver and other viscera are well coordinated. In ancient books and modern studies, many clinical manifestations of Sjogren's syndrome, including anxiety and depression, are closely related to the liver. Therefore, the treatment methods based on regulating and soothing the liver are summarized, such as soothing the liver qi, clearing the liver heat and nourishing the liver yin, taking into account all the five zang organs, and dredging the channels and collaterals. Taking the theory of "prevalent dryness affecting the liver" as the breakthrough point, this paper systematically sorts out the onset, pathogenesis, pattern differentiation, and the significance of addressing the liver in the treatment of Sjogren's syndrome to provide reference for clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Numerous complementary feeds to support liver function are commercially available for small animals. Aiming to furnish a scientific support for clinicians/nutritionists that necessitate a complementary feed to support liver function in dogs and cats, with the present paper, we analyzed scientific evidences supporting the use, for this purpose, of ingredients/additives such as artichoke (Cynara scolymus), curcumin, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), phosphatidylcholine, and S-adenosylmethionine. Although sustained by significant results, our review found only few scientific papers, and albeit we believe that they represent a significant aid in handling hepatopathies, in the authors' opinion, this topic probably deserves, and would benefit of, further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]