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Amate (amatl) is a handmade paper of Mexico made by Otomi Indians. This craft is made from bark of tree bark amate or jonote. It is originally developed in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz especially in San Pablito, Puebla. However, amate paper is sold as background Nahua paintings by artists from the state of Guerrero. Amate paper paintings are a combination of Nahua and Otomi traditions. While there have been some minor innovations, the amate paper is still done with the same basic process used in the pre-Hispanic period by obtaining a classical amate tree bark fiber. This is negatively affecting the ecosystem of the North of Puebla and forcing vendors bark in search of other species, so it is necessary to make paper amate more sustainably, including new types of bark from other species and by-products of agro-industries such as rice, coffee sugar cane, and other types of fiber that have high-availability The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the Chemical pulp of coffee characteristics, as raw material for amate paper of higher quality than that produced from the bark of other species. The results showed that the structural and chemical characteristics of coffee pulp cellulose pulp showed ease of paper making, due to its properties of adherence, formation and agglutination of fibers similar to the high quality of the final product as the amate tree bark-derived paper.

The paper presents the results of the next stage of a comprehensive study concerning Russian state-legal doctrines in the 19th and early 20th centuries, taken in the triune of the external form of their expression: in dissertations, in monographs and in scientific papers of the periodical legal press. The authors analyzed the content and results of publication of monographs and the most famous papers published by pre-revolutionary Russian political scientists on key aspects of the state (constitutional) law science. Data are presented on the main priority areas of research, poorly developed fields of public law science, the laws of genesis and evolution, respectively, of monographic and periodical state-legal doctrines. The methodology proposed for the identification, analysis and general theoretical evaluation of state-legal doctrines has every reason to be applied for obtaining comprehensive knowledge of other branch pre-revolutionary legal doctrines.

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is a recently developed qualitative approach, not only in psychology but also in pedagogy. It turns out that not all IPA studies meet the indicated criteria of acceptability developed by Jonathan A. Smith (2011). The aim of this article is to present a set of criteria to evaluate IPA papers and to provide high-quality future research. The article is divided into three parts: first, I am going to focus on indicating limitations of pedagogical research in which IPA was used, later I shall go on to give examples of good practice. In the last section, I have correlated particular stages of research with the criteria of validity to show what makes IPA study excellent. I also formulate two main requisites for making high-quality IPA study.

This essay attempts to show that the ancient rhetorical theory has explanatory capabilities to understand and learn to write modern texts and to analyze them in order to understand their communication skills, as in the scientific article, one of the most prestigious forms on scientific communication. It starts with the notion of discourse in the field of scientific communication and then address the rhetorical dimension of the paper.

O artigo propõe-se a refletir a travessia dos signos do universo socioeconômico do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul e a constituição da identidade e representação em textos diversos da literatura e da crítica cultural que tematizam a questão. Adotando uma perspectiva baseada na crítica cultural e/ou nos estudos culturais, o artigo analisa a complexidade da relação entre narração e representação, elaborando uma síntese da noção de região num espaço que compreende o entorno do pantanal sul-mato-grossense. As conclusões do trabalho indicam que a travessia e circulação dos signos culturais se dão enquanto agenciamento discursivo, que ora reflete o objeto da representação, ora o mascara, pois a natureza desse objeto se demonstra enquanto tecido emblemático de um corpo despedaçado.This article reflects on the passage of signs through the socioeconomic universe of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and the establishment of identity and representation in various texts from both the literature and cultural critique dealing with the issue. Adopting a perspective based on cultural critique and/or cultural studies, the article analyzes the complexity of the relationship between narration and representation, elaborating a synthesis of the notion of region in the area around what is known as the Pantanal (Swampland) in Mato Grosso do Sul. The study concludes that the passage and circulation of cultural signs occur as a discursive agency which alternately reflects both the object of representation and the mask, since the nature of this object appears as the emblematic fabric of a shattered body.

This article is based on the analysis of the practices and representations of publishers who attend the fairs of printed art held in the city of São Paulo in recent years. Our goal is to understanding the sociotechnical vectors that organize these practices and the materialities of the editorial objects published and marketed there. At the heart of the analysis is the relationship between the technicities (codex, paper, and print) mobilized by these publishers and certain conceptions of the past, present, and future that are inscribed in their individual and collective investments, between the "return to the artisanal" and the pretension to build a viable future for the publication. It is concluded that the new forms of fetishization of the printed book are conditioned by both the technical evolutions provided by digital technologies and by the programmatic denial of the conventional book identified with the mainstream publishing market., O presente artigo parte da análise das práticas e representações de publicadores que frequentam as feiras de arte impressa realizadas na cidade de São Paulo nos últimos anos para compreender os vetores sociotécnicos que organizam essas práticas e as materialidades dos objetos editoriais que aí se publicam e comercializam. Coloca-se, no centro da análise, a relação entre as tecnicidades (o códice, o papel e a impressão) mobilizadas por esses publicadores e certas concepções de passado, presente e futuro inscritas em seus investimentos individuais e coletivos, com destaque para a tensão entre o “retorno ao artesanal” e a pretensão de construir um futuro viável para a publicação. Conclui-se que as novas formas de fetichização do livro impresso estão condicionadas tanto pelas evoluções técnicas proporcionadas pelas tecnologias digitais como pela negação programática do livro convencional, identificado com o mercado editorial mainstream.

This paper deals with the stages of the development of the green city concept by Russian authors for 100 years. It is noted that these concepts have always been associated with the dominant ideology and socio-economic processes. Due to fundamental changes in the social structure of Russia and a number of critical states (wars, changing types of social production), the linear trajectory of the development of the concept of a "green city" in Russian science and practice could not have developed. Throughout the years there has been a struggle between two social and town-planning concepts: urbanization and de-urbanization, the desire for socialization of everyday life and its individualization. The development of the concept and programs of "greening" of Russian cities continues today, taking into account modern realities.

El proceso primario realizado por la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTAR) Salitre no logra una remoción mayor del 60% de materia orgánica. En esta investigación se realizó un biotratamiento con la microalga Chlorella vulgaris de las aguas residuales tratadas por esta planta, antes de su vertimiento, haciendo énfasis en la remoción de materia orgánica por demanda química de oxígeno y sólidos suspendidos totales, para evaluar su eficiencia. También se evaluó la incidencia de la microalga en otros parámetros fisicoquímicos. Una vez culminado el biotratamiento, se analizaron los parámetros mencionados en el sobrenadante para comparar los resultados del tratamiento químico realizado por la PTAR Salitre (remoción por DQO de 35,30% y 57,51% por SST) con el mejor resultado del biotratamiento (muestra 1: 81,80% por DQO y 89,91% por SST). Finalmente, se obtuvo un mejor porcentaje de remoción de DQO con respecto a los resultados de trabajos similares de otros autores.

Introducción: El calcio, es un nutriente importante para aumentar la calidad y rendimiento en los cultivos hortofrutícolas, ya que es considerado como el mineral más importante para la calidad de las manzanas, algunas investigaciones han demostrado su incidencia en la reducción de ciertas alteraciones fisiológicas (bitter pit, corazón acuoso y la descomposición interna), conseración de la firmeza de la pulpa y prevenir la incidencia de podredumbres fúngicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del subproducto industrial carbonato de calcio (CaCO3) en los atributos de calidad, contenido fenólico y capacidad antioxidante de manzanas cvs Golden Delicious y Top Red.Método: Se utilizaron árboles de 21 años de edad cultivados en la región de Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua. México, los tratamientos fueron Kg ha-1 de CaCO3 (y su equivalente en Ca por ha): Testigo sin aplicación T1, 282.70 (100) T2;565.30 (200) T3; 847.90 (300) T4; 1130.60 (400) T5;1413.20 (500) T6; 1695.90 (600) T7; 1978.50 (700) T8; 2261.20 (800) T9;2543.80 (900) T10; 2826.50 (1000) T11; 3957.00 (1400) T12 respectivamente. Las variables evaluadas fueron: contenido de Ca, rendimiento, diámetro, peso, color, firmeza, sólidos solubles, acidez titulable, relación SST/acidez titulable, fenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante por el metódo de DPPH. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas (p ≤ 0.05) entre cultivares, los tratamientos incrementaron el contenido de Ca, la firmeza fue significativamente más alta, el cultivar Top Red presentó los valores más altos de compuestos fenólicos con 3.587 mg g-1 de ácido gálico, mientras que el cultivar Golden Delicious presentó la mayor capacidad antioxidante con 2.27 mg g-1 de Trolox. Discusión o Conclusión: Se concluye que la aplicación de CaCO3 influyó en los parámetros de calidad, contenido de compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante en las cultivares Top Red y Golden Delicious.

Este texto avalia alguns dos impactos provocados no mercado laboral português pela introdução do tema da flexigurança neste país. Tendo por referência o Livro Verde da Comissão Europeia, são discutidos os conteúdos e propósitos da flexigurança e testadas algumas das características do “modelo dinamarquês”, normalmente tido como exemplo a seguir. Com base na análise de vários exemplos reveladores de situações de vulnerabilidade face ao mercado de trabalho, conclui-se serem maiores os sinais de inadequação da flexigurança ao contexto português do que as virtualidades desta medida política deliberada. This text assesses some of the impacts on the Portuguese labour market resulting from the introduction of flexicurity. Taking the European Commission Green Paper as a reference, the contents and objectives of flexicurity are discussed and some of the features of the “Danish model”, normally taken as the example to be followed, are tested. From an analysis of various examples revealing vulnerable situations within the labour market, it is concluded that there is more evidence of the unsuitability of flexicurity in the Portuguese context than of the potential of this deliberate political measure. Ce texte évalue quelques-uns des impacts provoqués sur le marché du travail portugais par l’introduction du thème de la flexicurité dans ce pays. En prenant pour référence le Livre Vert de la Commission Européenne, on y débat des contenus et propos de la flexicurité et on y teste quelques-unes des caractéristiques du “modèle danois”, normalement tenu comme modèle à suivre. Partant de l’analyse de divers exemples révélateurs de situations de vulnérabilité face au marché de l’emploi, il est loisible de conclure que les signes d’inadaptation de la flexicurité au contexte portugais sont plus nombreux que les virtualités de cette politique délibérée.

Regional foresight is one of the regional planning approaches that increase the ability to deal with uncertainty and changes. This study aims to provide an overview of regional foresight studies and domain map to evaluate their merits and defects and direct future studies in this field. For this purpose, 111 papers related to regional foresight were identified at the “Web of Science” in the period 2000 to 2019 and used as the basis for further analysis. These papers have been reviewed in various aspects. In addition, the domain map of regional foresight and its intellectual bases was drawn based on co-citation analysis of these papers and their 4194 references. The domain map includes five main clusters of research areas or intellectual bases for regional foresight: normative forecasting, participation, foresight in policy and strategy, innovation systems, and multi-level governance. Finally, the merits and defects of regional foresight studies are evaluated based on research results and some suggestions are provided for future studies.

This study investigates the contribution of the sense of the uncanny to the intensification of mystery in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story titled “Morella” using Freudian ideas as a backcloth. This paper aims to look at how Poe makes use of the psychodynamics of the characters at the intersection of the (m)other, death and the uncanny. In this sense, typical of Poesque literature is that his work is marked by tales of horror, mystery, the macabre, and morbid imagery; the sense of the uncanny is an indispensable part of a plotline which includes semantic loopholes and narrative ruptures. The unnamed male narrator of the story offers a retrospective account of his past memories from his marriage to Morella up to the death of his daughter, which reveals that this unreliable narrator suffers from a psychic regression by establishing intrasubjectivity with his wife. Using Freudian ideas as the conceptual backcloth, this paper will also discuss the ways in which how the mysterious bond established between this couple generates its uncanny effect. Such a reading of the short story is especially useful because although much has been written on Poe’s representation of women and death, this paper aims to open up a discursive space to discuss the operations of the psychodynamics of characters within the framework of the Freudian uncanny, which has not received adequate scholarly attention from psychoanalytic circles.

The paper continues from previous joint studies and their practical application at the confluence of human geography, safety-related research and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The objective of the study was to identify the land cover types most at risk from fire. The study has contributed an original angle by taking into account various land cover types with a potential influence on the distribution of fires geocoded at the address level. The analysis considered 27,651 fire interventions, as recorded by the Polish State Fire Service between 2014 and 2016 in the country’s central region known as Łódzkie Voivodeship. The main methods employed include various GIS tools, including Voronoi tessellation (to identify the areas most at risk of fire) and the fire location quotient (FLQ, a measure of the colocation between the number of fires and land cover). The most important conclusion is that of all the land cover types considered in the study, the built-up area type, especially the multi-family residential and retail and service area subtypes, was virtually the only one with a strong influence on the location of fires. The fire high-risk areas (FH-RA) identified here were primarily limited to urban areas. The paper continues from previous joint studies and their practical application at the confluence of human geography, safety-related research and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The objective of the study was to identify the land cover types most at risk from fire. The study contributes an original angle by taking into account various land cover types with a potential influence on the distribution of fires geocoded at the address level. The analysis takes into account 27,651 fire interventions, as recorded by the Polish State Fire Service between 2014 and 2016 in the country’s central region known as Łódzkie Voivodeship. The main methods employed include various GIS tools, including Voronoi tessellation (to identify the areas most at risk of fire) and the fire location quotient (FLQ, a measure of colocation between the number of fires and land cover). The most important conclusion is that of all the land cover types considered in the study, the built-up area type, especially the multi-family residential and retail and service area subtypes, was virtually the only one with a strong influence on the location of fires. The fire high-risk areas (FH-RA) identified here were primarily limited to urban areas.

The paper is a summary of the studies conducted by several authors on the impact of digitalisation on human resource management. In the paper the filtering is done by classifying the authors according to the data and results. The first division presents a general summary of the positive and negative aspects of Digitalisation in HRM processes. The second section talks about the impact of digitalisation on the recruitment process, its impact on the recruitment process, the changes which happened in the improvement aspects. The latest part emphasizes the impact of digitalisation on the training and development process, on the importance of digitalisation in training in this case in the hotels’ sector. The literature used in the paper is mainly taken from prestigious journals to increase the quality of the paper, as well as geographical filtering of the works which has been done in this relation, taking works by authors from different countries. Digitalisation is one of the essential processes of technological change, changes that affected every HRM process. The drastic changes made in human resources have created and accelerated many other changes in HR processes. Most authors point out that digitalisation and technological developments have created an ever-changing era, some of them emphasize the importance of digitalisation at work, and some others think that the HRM course has changed completely. Russian authors discuss the impact of the Digitalisation process on employees by discussing the aspect of negative sides. Nevertheless, all the authors agree that digitalisation and technological change are inevitable and that investing in this aspect is indisputable. As the world rotates, everything is in motion.

This paper examines how queerness interacts with and is implicated in traditional genocides, i.e. those directed at racial, religious, national, and ethnic groups - the groups defined as protected classes in the Genocide Convention. It poses the following question: How can scholars of Genocide Studies learn from the queer theory-Genocide Studies nexus? To answer, this paper demonstrate how three distinct queer theory concepts can be woven with Genocide Studies to reveal novel insights into some of the field’s preeminent questions. Specifically, it draws on queer intellectual curiosity, heteronormativity, and reproductive futurism. Connecting queer theory with Genocide Studies yields empirical, analytical, and normative insights into the latter. Deploying queer theory concepts in Genocide Studies ensures the field is more attentive to queer lives, something all academic disciplines should strive for, and advances the field’s understanding of genocide as a phenomenon.

Aim. Georgia has traditionally been a country of cultural diversity. Due to the proper political approach, Georgian authorities of all times have managed to successfully govern the peaceful coexistence of people of different nationalities and religions. It is true that in the post-Soviet period, there was some disagreement between the cultures inspired by external forces; however, generally, all the authorities made every effort to legally strengthen the inherited tolerant habit. The paper does not deal with the conflicts of ethnopolitical nature, staged by Russia. The mentioned issue is a part of the country’s domestic policy, which is important and still is relevant nowadays, therefore the paper aims to study the role of cultural diversity and tolerance in modern Georgian politics, the attitude to it, and how the country managed to preserve the centuries-old heritage. Methods. Based on several empirical materials, various researched-studied documents, scientific papers, analysis of government documents, the use of the method of historicism is presented in the paper. Results. The paper presents the current existing reality in Georgia in the field of cultural diversity and the effective steps of the state for the proper development of cultural diversity. Conclusion. Modern Georgian politics is motivated to involve ethnic and religious minorities in the process of monitoring and implementing the Culture Policy Action Plan, based on the recent history and new current worldwide tendency, which will guarantee the establishment of a tolerant society and democracy in Georgia.

Aim of research. Design thinking (DT) is an essential context for knowledge management (KM), as it promotes the link between KM initiatives and an organization's strategic goals and objectives. This article analyzes the DT process in terms of its capability to create KM. The detailed analysis on the aspect of the working mechanism of DT – how KM is represented and created in the process. This article examines the DT procedure in terms of its ability to generate design knowledge. In this regard, the main purpose of this paper is to review the approaches to KM applied to DT and to suggest directions for how such a supervisory system could evolve. Methodology. This study is thematic in its nature and it was prepared on the basis of secondary data and also based on an inclusive review of the literature and similarly computation of secondary information. To formulate this paper the researchers used books, earlier published articles, conference papers, and numerous research reports. Results and conclusions. This article concludes by proposing an intuitive model for DT and KM. KM for its successful application in higher learning institutions in the areas of course design institutional strategy formation and faculty resource sharing.

Drawing from literary and cultural studies, this paper situates U.S. adaptations of Anne Frank’s diary in the 1950s within a lineage of other films about historical genocide, including Schindler’s List, Hotel Rwanda, and The Killing Fields. Analysis of these narrative adaptations matters because it helps us better understand the danger of what critic Dominick LaCapra calls “harmonizing narratives,” or stories that provide the viewer with an “unwarranted sense of spiritual uplift” (14). Tracing the metamorphosis of Frank’s own diary from play to film adaptation, this article builds on existing scholarship to focus on how, in the wake of what has become known as the Holocaust, Hollywood began to construct popular and simplified understandings of complex genocidal crimes—all in the name of celebrating globalized humanity. In the first part of the article, I take a longer view of these adaptations by situating U.S. interpretations of Frank’s diary within a lineage of other Hollywood versions of historical genocide, including The Killing Fields, Schindler’s List, and Hotel Rwanda. I argue that in making Anne Frank’s story morally simplifying and ultimately uplifting for U.S. audiences—in other words, shaping it into what critic Dominick LaCapra calls a “harmonizing narrative”—these Broadway and Hollywood adaptations privileged rose-colored narratology for that would influence future mainstream cinematic representations in dangerous ways. The second part of the paper then considers cinematic alternatives from outside of Hollywood (such as Canada, Rwanda, and Spain) that challenge these harmonizing narratives by enlisting a mise en abyme structure—in other words, the nesting of stories within stories—that ultimately suggest the full representation of genocide is impossible. By making false promises of harmony, Hollywood’s interpretation of Frank’s story has, in turn, limited our understanding of subsequent genocides. On the other hand, alternative modes of cinematic storytelling—most notably, ones such as Ararat that fracture a coherent narrative—compel the audience to grapple with questions of spectatorship, agency, and above all, the problems of representation.

Aim. The aim of the paper is to reflect on role of urban wastelands in context of legal and social construction of urban public spaces. This reflexion is based on analysis of what ecological values are connected with urban wastelands and how those values manifested during pandemic. Methods. Paper is based on observatory research put in the context of theoretical reflection on urban research, especially applying to ecology and urban management. Results. Spontaneous social animation of urban wastelands related to restrictions placed upon using green areas by Polish government in order to stop the spread of COVID-19 in April 2020 revealed potential of such places to trace regulations introduced in public spaces resulting in transfer of some social practices to less ordered and supervised areas. Conclusions. Nowadays urban wastelands gained appreciation as areas of specific high biodiversity and ecological value. However they can also be useful as a measure of social practices excluded from planned and highly organised urban places. They can be used to trace them and rethink legal and social circumstances that led to that exclusion.

Öz: Siyasî, kültürel, ekonomik, dînî vb. gelişmelerin sikkeler üzerinde izlenebildiği artık bilinen bir gerçektir. Bundan hareketle, çalışmada, Hamdânîlerin tarihi süreçleri içerisinde yaşanan siyasi olayların ne şekilde ve ne kadarının sikkelerine yansıdığı ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Öncelikle Hamdânîler Dönemi’ne ait günümüze ulaşabilmiş, yayımlanan veya web sitelerinde verilen koleksiyonlardaki örnekler ışığında, tasarım-form, üzerinde yer alan yazılar ve diğer özellikler tespit edilmiştir. Asıl gaye olarak da, genel ve özel karakterlerinin belirlenmesi neticesinde, özelde siyasi/tarihi olaylarla ilintilerin ortaya konulması ve genelde Hamdânî sikkelerinin etraflıca tanıtılması amaçlanmıştır. Hamdânî sikkeleri üzerinde yer alan halife isimleri ya da darp sahibi emirlerin adları, çalışmanın ortaya koyduğu bir yenilik değildir. Bunlar zaten kroniklerden, tarihi vesikalardan elde ettiğimiz ve şimdiye kadar bilinen verilerdir. Ancak bunların dışında, sikkeler analiz edildiğinde dikkati çeken, akla gelen, nedir, neden vb. sorular ile çözümlenmesi gereken durumlar ilginç verilere ulaşılmasına neden olmaktadır. Sikkelerle ilgili soruların cevabı, o dönemdeki sosyal, siyasal, kültürel ve ekonomik olaylarla ilgili olabilmektedir. Bu bilgiler bazen kroniklerde açıkça bahsedilmeyen, fakat doğru okuma ve değerlendirme sonucu fark edilen gelişmeler de olabilmektedir. Nitekim Hamdânî sikkelerinde bu tür ipuçlarına rastlanılmıştır. Bunlar açıklanmaya ve detaylandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu olaylara aynı zamanda sikkelerin içerdiği gizli anlamlar/bilgiler olarak da bakılabilir. Bütün bunlar gösteriyor ki, hak ettikleri ilginin ötesinde, sikkelerin her birinin ayrı ayrı ele alınarak üzerinde durulması ve gizemli dünyalarının ortaya konulması, gerçeğin bilinmesi adına çeşitli bilim dalları için zorunludur. Abstract: It is known that the impact of political, cultural, economic, and religious developments can be traced on coins. This study reveals how and to what extent the Hamdanid reflected the political events on their coins throughout the historic process. The design-form, the script and other important features of the coins are investigated by relying on the coins belonging to the Hamdanid period and on the collections distributed in the websites. By focusing on the general and specific features of the coins, this paper aims to reveal the connection between the coins and the political, historic events in the Hamdanid period, and to introduce the Hamdanid coins in detail. The names of the caliphs or the emirs imprinted on the Hamdanid coins do not represent the novelty of this study. This data is already exhibited in the chronicles and historical records, thus the names are already widely known. While analysing the script on the coins, asking questions such as “why and on which purpose were the scripts put” open a road to very intriguing information. The script detected on the coins could be read in correlation with the social, cultural, political and economic changes occurred on the Hamdanid period. This information can be obtained by the means of correct reading and evaluation of the developments- which may not be explicitly stated in chronicles. Indeed, some of the traces in Hamdanid coins have guided me to this finding. In this paper, I have explained and elaborated on these traces. In the meanwhile, the developments can be also seen as the hidden meaning/information in the coins. Therefore, I argue that beyond the deserved interest to these coins, each of them should be separately evaluated in order to explore the mysterious parts of their world and to learn the truth about coins.

This paper provides an overview of the literature on the current refugee crisis in Europe, which primarily focuses on the situation of refugees that are children. Due to its magnitude, the world is currently facing one of the biggest humanitarian crises it has ever witnessed. Millions of people and young children have fled their home countries and became refugees The horror of wars and conflicts has affected all of the refugees while undoubtedly, it has had a more profound and significant impact on the children refugees. The rights of these refugee children are paramount, and one of these rights is that they are provided with safety and resources that will help them cope with the crisis while also ensuring they are provided a chance to a brighter future. The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. The European Union and the whole world have a direct responsibility to provide basic necessities such as food, shelter, education, health which can help and alleviate the mental and emotional suffering which the refugee children face. My research will focus on three important aspects of the child refugees crisis in Europe The general conditions of the children refugees, the conditions of camps especially in Italy, Greece, and Spain, and how the crisis has affected their daily lives and mental health. In the end, my conclusion will focus on the question of, what are the policies which Europe has to change which are designed to help and lead the refugee children which to a better futureThe aim of this paper to have a better understanding of children refugees in Europe and to raise global awareness about their conditions and the humanitarian crisis at hand. My research will consist of information from academic articles, published books, various websites, data from previous studies, and resources.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the narratives about the inclusion-exclusion of university students with disabilities in the city of Temuco, Chile. Therefore, it was decided to reconstruct the university experience of young people through the biographical-narrative method as it offers insight to give meaning and understand the cognitive, affective and action aspects of students with disabilities. In the same way, for the purposes of this paper a discourse analysis model has been formulated based on the theoretical-methodological proposals proposed by Gilberto Giménez (1989) that guide the work with the corpus obtained for the present study. Consequently, the analysis of the corpus allows us to describe and highlight that each experience should not be treated as an expression of a unique thought, since disability is not a standard situation and each case enriches its very notion based on its particularities. Finally, the students who agreed to share their stories reinforce the importance for them of both family context, institutionalization and the role of friendships; same that acquire the role of thematic axes from which topics emerge, as well as implications around the inclusion-exclusion binomial.

The present paper investigates the latest developments in the Japan-South Korea economic and political relationship, reviewing the recent (2019) far-reaching consequences of the conflict over the compensation for forced labour. The paper argues that the issue of wartime forced labour has been intensely politicized by both governments, and their inability to find consensus on this particular historical issue has severely corroded economic and diplomatic ties. Ultimately, the analysis of bilateral relations shows that both governments have been acquiring political capital from positioning themselves one against the other.

Aim: The paper aims at highlighting philosophical roots of the relation issue between nature and education in the process of socialization. Method: For the purpose of the research critical philosophical analysis and comparison of Thomas Hobbes’ and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s texts has been used. Concept: The first part of the paper clarifies the concept of nature and explains changes in understanding of this concept thorough the history of philosophy, with the special emphasis on transformation that happened in transition from medieval to modern period. Since both Hobbes and Rousseau are representatives of modern philosophy, the second section of the paper shows how modern concept of nature manifests in the works of the two philosophers and compares, in a more detailed way, their understanding of human nature or natural state of mankind, focusing on comparison of their concepts of human natural unsociability. The third part examines more closely the role of education in transformation of human individuals into social beings. Results: Research shows that, for the two philosophers, the role of education in the process of socialization consists in denaturalization of human beings. Conclusion: Hobbes’ and Rousseau’s idea of the relation of education and nature in the process of socialization constitutes a basis for justification of manipulations of education for political ends. To avoid such manipulations and find the adequate concept of education, paper suggests to search for the adequate concept of human nature first. Key Words: education, human nature, sociability, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Based on the Copenhagen School’s approach to the securitization theory, this paper examines the Iranian promotion of the United States (US) as a security threat in political, military, economic, and societal sectors despite the nuclear deal concluded in 2015. Analyzing the speeches of the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, as the highest authority in Iran, and the historical context that constitutes the structure of the Iranian-American enmity, the paper shows how Iran has engaged in legitimizing its ongoing securitization discourse vis-à-vis the United States. Within the framework of the socially created discursive historical context in which Iran portrays itself and the US identity, Iran has historically accused the United States for interfering into its domestic affairs for a possible regime change in the country. Emphasizing the embeddedness of such discourses within historical conditions, the paper highlights that Iran exploits the historical context to justify and promote its securitization against the United States. Öz: Bu çalışma, güvenlikleştirme teorisinin Kopenhag Okulu yaklaşımı çerçevesinde, 2015’te imzalanan nükleer anlaşmaya rağmen İran’ın Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ni (ABD) siyasi, askeri, ekonomik ve toplumsal sektörlerde güvenlik tehdidi olarak tanımlamaya devam etmesini incelemektedir. İran’daki en yüksek siyasi otoriteyi temsil eden Ruhani Lider Ayatollah Hamaney’in konuşmaları ve İran-Amerikan düşmanlığının yapısını oluşturan tarihsel bağlam analiz edilerek İran’ın ABD’ye karşı devam eden güvenlikleştirme söylemini nasıl meşrulaştırmaya çalıştığı gösterilmiştir. Hem kendisinin hem de ABD’nin kimliğini tanımladığı söylemsel tarihsel yapı çerçevesinde İran, ABD’yi tarihsel olarak İran’da rejim değiştirmek amacıyla ülkenin iç işlerine karışmakla suçlamıştır. Bu tür söylemlerin tarihsel koşullardan kaynaklandığını vurgulayan makalede, İran’ın ABD’ye karşı yürüttüğü güvenlikleştirme sürecini meşrulaştırmak için tarihsel bağlamdan yararlandığı ileri sürülmüştür.

Aim. The paper will revisit nature of symbolization in depressive position with respect to its realization in external reality. Base for the analysis will be Hanna Segal paper Delusions and artistic creativity: some reflections on reading “The Spire” by William Golding (Segal, 1974/1988), enriched with findings she presented in her later paper Acting on phantasy and acting on desire (Segal, 1992/2007), context for the analysis will be provided by Kleinian psychoanalytic framework. Methods. Psychoanalysis core interest is thinking and thought formation. In the paper I will try to move this emphasis on examining pure thinking into exploration of mixture that thought and action create. I will therefore analyse on what tokens mind content can be put into action, and conversely how action is being incorporated into thought. I will perform the study using Hanna Segal interpretation of The Spire by William Golding, which she issued on 1974. I will also reach out to her other papers to broaden the interpretation, including the paper she wrote almost twenty years later on Festschrift for her colleague, philosopher Richard Wollheim (Segal, 1992/2007), that actually proposes the solid linkage between thinking and its expressions in the world. The study will be performed with reference to Kleinian psychoanalytic framework, it will be centred around object relation and anxieties the object arouses (paranoid schizoid and depressive positions), with respect to their impact on thought formation (symbolization, sublimation). Results and conclusions. Analysis of relationship between symbolisation and action enhances understanding of two main responses to depressive position: sublimation and maniac defences, for it explores the extent to which ego benefits/refuses to benefit from internal and external reality. While the rereading Segal interpretation of The Spire allows to spot how creative act enables capturing most difficult internal and external truths, it also reveals – when put in context of Wollheim’s concept of acting on phantasy and acting on desire- that maniac response is less a form of protection and more a direct attack on receptivity and penetrating exploration for their associations to primary scene. Cognitive value. Studying depressive symbolization as a vehicle for acting on either phantasy or desire reveals, that employment of behavioural component forces to revisit maniac defences in light of their actual aftermath in external world. Such refined view onto depressive defences further contributes to improved differentiation of symbolization in depressive position, for it puts under scrutiny relation between ego and performed action. It allows to recognize that in addition to symbol proper (formed by anxiety for object) and symbolic equation (defined by anxiety of object), there is also partly malformed form of symbol shaped by maniac defences (and so by absence of anxiety for object), which disfiguration is best examinable in changes to external reality it makes.

The paper studies change and continuity in the urban semiosphere of Kharkiv in the post-Maidan period, focusing on themes such as the interplay of languages, street art, toponyms, and the significance of political, ideological, commercial, and artistic discourses in the urban space. The urban vernacular of Kharkiv is examined via the concept of the palimpsest that helps to expose the process of acceptance or rejection of the past, and to assess how things are remembered and forgotten through the tropes of the old narrative that were scrapped and replaced with new ones. The analysis of the linguistic landscape in this study focuses on a broader, more inclusive set of components that are part of public spaces, such as street graffiti metaphors and reactions to the text on graffiti. Thus, а multimodal approach is essential to provide deeper meanings and interpretations of public spaces. To examine the complex linguistic landscape, I bring together a representative collection of public signage that mirrors the dynamics of different historical, linguistic, and ideological factors that shape the contemporary Ukrainian identity, along with the too obvious and simultaneous presence within it of markers of the collective identity from the Soviet period. The juxtaposition of overlapping narratives provides a means to discuss the city’s community-building efforts. My paper introduces a few familiar cases of how post-Soviet urban dwellers have shaped social spaces.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are generally recognized as important actors in societies, fulfilling diverse sets of roles. Given the nature of their work and the complexity of the fast-changing contexts in which they operate, foresight techniques can potentially be useful in helping them prepare for future disruptions and maximize the positive influence of their work over future developments. The possibilities for and benefits of the application of foresight approaches and techniques are increasingly being discussed in various private and public organizations, especially with the aim to innovate and grow. However, little attention has been given to the question of how NGOs use foresight and whether their work benefits from it. The paper presents results of a survey conducted among Czech and Slovak NGOs active in development cooperation, humanitarian assistance, and environmental protection fields, filling the existing research gap by analyzing their application of foresight processes and the benefits foresight brings to them. The paper concludes that future-oriented processes in Czech and Slovak NGOs are of a rather informal and non-institutionalized nature, given the insufficient knowledge of foresight concepts and limited human capacities of NGOs. Nevertheless, they positively influence their creativity and growth.

Öz: Bu yazıda demokrasinin epistemik değerine, yani demokratik karar alma usulünün adil bir yönetim biçimi olmanın yanı sıra, doğru kararlar üretmeye de meyilli olduğuna dair iddialar incelenmektedir. Yazıda özellikle epistemik demokrasi yaklaşımının önemli bir temsilcisi olan Helene Landemore’un görüşleri ele alınmaktadır. Landemore’un ‘demokratik akıl’ kavramı çerçevesinde şekillenen fikirleri ele alındıktan sonra bu yaklaşım, demokrasi ve doğruluk ilişkisine dair farklı pozisyonlarla karşılaştırılarak demokrasi teorileri içerisinde bir bağlama oturtulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, epistemik demokrasi yaklaşımının doğruluk kavramıyla kurduğu ilişkide bazı sorunlar ya da eksiklikler olduğu tespit edilmekle birlikte, bu yaklaşımın özellikle demokrasinin neden çoğulculuğu benimsemesi gerektiğine dair önemli bir argüman sunduğu ve böylece demokrasi ile liberalizm arasındaki bağı sağlamlaştırdığı savunulmaktadır. Abstract: This paper will analyze the arguments in favor of the epistemic value of democracy, which holds that apart from being a fair from of government, democratic decision making procedure tends to produce correct decisions. The paper will focus especially on the views of Helene Landemore, who is one of the most prominent representatives of this approach. After examining the views of Landemore that are centered on the concept of ‘democratic reason’, this approach will be placed in a context by comparing it with different approaches within the democratic theory concerning the relationship between democracy and truth. Lastly, it will be concluded that although it faces some difficulties or deficiencies concerning how to treat the concept of truth, epistemic democracy provides an especially powerful argument in favor of showing why democracy should embrace pluralism and hence of strengthening the tie between democracy and liberalism.

In this article, we propose to address some of the central aspects of the political-affective rhetoric that characterized the discursive configuration of Cambiemos (2015-2019). For this, we will take two specific scenes: the praise of the police officer Luis Chocobar in early 2018; and the exhibition, earlier this year, of a gigantography of Romeo and Juliet as a tribute to ‘Valentine’s Day’. In the first case, it is about the agent that killed Juan Pablo Kukoc and gave rise to the 'Chocobar doctrine'; a doctrine which enabled the easy trigger and prompted police violence; while, in the second case, it is the symbol of romantic love –heterosexual- that the government used as part of its celebration of ‘love’. As we will show in the paper, both scenes are significant to understand the affective ambivalence manifested by the macrista narrative: love and hate as two sides of the same political practice and rhetoric that operated through a logic of segregation and exclusion. Therefore, from the framework of Sara Ahmed's theory of affections, and from the discursive analysis of these two episodes, the objective of our paper is to understand the affective economy that sustained and configured the contours of this political discourse.

The original Qatar National Museum that was established in 1975 as a pioneer museum in the gulf region was closed in 2005 for renovation. The new National Museum of Qatar (NMoQ) took more than a decade, around fourteen years from 2005-2019 to accomplish. It is one of Qatar’s mega projects, which was opened with a VIP opening celebration that was held in 27th of March 2019, and opened officially for the public on 28th. After more than a decade in creation, the NMoQ finally designed to reflect and narrate the story, history and ambition of the state and to become an icon for modern Doha. Ever since its establishment in 1975 the national museum has been a matter of making a place for the Qatari culture and history. Although the museum is refurbished into totally new vision and setting, it still belongs to the same history and serves the same nation. Both visions are pursuing to identify the continuance progressions of the country, which takes the state's history as its stem. However, we need to know which methodology the current establishment is using, and to what drama it could lead? What differences does the present introduce with respect to the past? This paper discusses and analyses the interpretation of the Qatari culture, heritage, and history, by examining the architecture of the new NMoQ. The purpose of the paper is to trace and compare the national museum’s presentation and interpretation of Qatari culture and history, between the past and present, through its architecture. In addition, the paper investigates the changing economic, social, and political codes of Qatar through the reordering of cultural materials.

The importance of innovativeness and competitiveness is rising and it is the essential condition for the survival in a global market. Especially it is vitally important for small countries (and their regions), which do not have the exceptional situation and position in the market, acknowledged products (services) or resources, even stable long-term traditions of innovation culture, etc. The present paper focuses on absorptive capacity, its development issues in regional innovation systems and well-being creation in a small country’s regions. For the purposes of the research, analyses were carried out, identifying reasons (or barriers), promoting (or limiting) innovative activities, impeding organizational propensities and desire to develop activities of knowledge access, anchoring and diffusion at the organizational and inter-organizational level. This paper reveals the experience of Lithuanian regions from the point of view of experts, representing institutions of science, business, innovation and business support. This paper represents the experience of partnerships (successful and failed) for the knowledge absorption in Lithuania and their connection to subsequent directions of organizational behavior and decisions. Furthermore, the author suggests main aspects for managers, seeking to maintain (gain) organizational absorptive capacity, corresponding to requirements and speed of the modern market.

This article explores the tensions of crip time when it comes to the ways in which chronically pained people (or: people living with chronic pain) move in/through time in both normative and non-normative ways. In exploring how chronic pain develops slowly, and is often accompanied by disbelief and silencing, the paper considers whether crip time can include liminal spaces of becoming chronically pained, including medicalised spaces/times of testing and diagnosis. The paper then considers how pacing, which can be both a rehabilitative normalizing practice and a practice of self-care, is a part of moving through time in ways which can be read as both normative and non-normative. The paper concludes that there are multiple ways of moving through crip time, and multiple ways of living crip lives—which include liminal spaces, and spaces with conflicting understandings.

People with profound and multiple learning disabilities (PMLD) are some of the most marginalised in society and are perceived to lack agency. This paper contests such a narrative, presenting findings from an innovative project in Scotland, UK, exploring the impact of artists working collaboratively with people with PMLD and their formal carers. Art is conceived as a social practice, a process, an embodied aesthetic and sensory experience that takes place between individuals. Theoretically, the paper adopts an original approach, combining crip theory, the capability approach and social pedagogy to re-imagine and re-position people with PMLD. The year-long qualitative study used data from reflective diaries (n = 111) and semi-structured interviews (n = 9) with artists, carers and management of a day centre. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of these shared experiences was used. The results reveal an unsettling of prevailing norms and creative ways of doing and experiencing social care that is relational.

Informal settlements present a challenge for fire safety because they lack the regulation of building standards that have been central to reducing fire risks elsewhere. Rather than being the product of specialist designers (such as architects and engineers), constrained by regulation, informal settlement dwellings are instead predominantly the work of their occupants. Thus, the design and construction of informal settlement structures can be understood as a result of proximal design by the residents themselves – drawing on the concept proposed by Usenyuk et al. in their 2016 paper “Proximal Design: Users as Designers of Mobility in the Russian North.” This paper applies, and critiques, the proximal design concept through a focus on the informal settlement fire problem in South Africa. Our case study points to weaknesses in the way that Usenyuk et al. apply the concept of proximal design. Not only do Usenyuk et al. emphasize that proximal design involves mastery of a severe environment, but they also fail to give sufficient attention to the social context. Although a focus on proximal design provides insights into the informal settlement fire problem, it is vital that the focus on proximate activities does not obscure the importance of broader societal factors.

This paper draws on an ethnographic research to critically analyze the process of formalization of the so-called “informal” recyclers within the Buenos Aires metropolitan area. It claims that their recognition by governmental and nongovernmental agencies has been mostly oriented to crystallize their role as a workforce in the lower shackles of the recycling value chain. In contrast, other valuable contributions of waste pickers, such as the development of a practical pedagogy towards the segregation and recycling of materials, or the design and manufacturing of their own technological devices, have not been yet properly recognized or strengthened in the same way. Therefore, to approach the waste management field by focusing on the innovations dynamic is revealing of to what extent it is shaped by asymmetric power relations, which include epistemic and techno-cognitive dimensions. Drawing on the notion of epistemic (in)justice, this paper provides a critical reflection on the drivers and obstacles that shape innovation skills aimed at waste management, and thus, define which actors are to be legitimated as “innovators” within this field and which are not. Finally, I share some open reflections about some policy guidelines that could help to profit from the rich body of technological experience and knowledge elaborated within waste picker’s grassroots organizations. At the same time, I will highlight the specific contribution of an ethnographic perspective to the study of grassroot innovations.

espanolEn este articulo se propone una interlocucion entre el Trabajo Social y los estudios feministas en el proceso de construccion del conocimiento, a traves de la introduccion de la categoria interseccionalidad como una de las formas de tratar la multiplicidad de diferencias que enfrentamos en nuestra experiencia profesional cotidiana. La investigacion pone en discusion el reduccionismo de la vertiente marxista presente en las publicaciones sobre esta tematica en Brasil y entiende que la categoria “genero” es un elemento clave para comprender y explicar el estatus de la profesion. El trabajo presenta las tres principales tendencias de la Epistemologia feminista: la teoria del punto de vista; el empirismo feminista; y el postmodernismo feminista, cuyos puntos de distincion se dan por la forma en que se establecen las relaciones entre mujeres y ciencia. Ademas, resalta el valor epistemologico otorgado a la categoria “experiencia” de las mujeres y considera importante reflexionar en la dialectica entre lo epistemologico y lo empirico, creyendo que el saber se nutre de las practicas. Se concluye, a partir de la investigacion, que un “Trabajo Social bajo una perspectiva feminista” posibilitara un mayor compromiso de los/las profesionales en los procesos de intervencion. EnglishThis article proposes a dialogue between social work and feminist studies in the knowledge construction process, through the introduction of intersectionality as one of the ways to examine the range of differences that are encountered in daily professional practice. The study discusses the reductionism of the Marxist approach present in publications on this topic in Brazil and argues that the category of “gender” is a key element to understand and explain the status of the profession. The paper presents the three main trends in feminist epistemology: standpoint theory, feminist empiricism, and postmodern feminism. The distinctions among these trends arise out of how they establish relationships between women and science. The paper also emphasises the epistemological value accorded to the “experience” category for women and affirms the importance of reflecting on the dialectical relationship between the epistemological and the empirical, arguing that knowledge is fed by practice. The study concludes that “social work from a feminist perspective” will facilitate greater commitment on the part of professionals in intervention processes. Key words: feminist epistemologies; social work; intersectionality; professional intervention

Strategic product development in the offer of specific forms of tourism takes place very Dental tourism in the Republic of Croatia in the last ten years has proven to be a model of extremely profitable business in dentistry but at the same time also a very risky one. In the present day, we can find only one research paper dealing with dental tourism in the Republic of Croatia. There is a minimal number of scientific and professional papers by Croatian researchers and only a rare professional publication. To date, not all aspects of business/operations in dental tourism in the Republic of Croatia have been researched, including business risks. This paper provides an overview of the status of dental tourism in the Republic of Croatia with an overview of the foreign market's potentials and a focus on Italian. It explains the modes, advantages and disadvantages of advertising dental products and services in dental tourism in the Republic of Croatia on social networks, and presents the business/operations of Croatian dental clinics as a result of investment in advertising and communication. The Croatian dental tourism market is analyzed through the current difficulties of dental clinics due to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, as a business risk, i.e. the recent crisis, and states and explains steps to be taken to mitigate the impacts and continued the development of dental tourism in the Republic of Croatia in the new circumstances.

According to the Spanish law of assisted reproduction, women intending to donate eggs must be “in good psychophysical health” and “do not suffer from genetic or infectious hereditary diseases transmissible to the offspring” (chapter II, article 5). What a “good” psychophysical health condition is, what the “transmissible diseases” are, and what counts as disease at all remains contested. In this paper, we explore how these broad legal criteria materialize through different tests and selection procedures. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in Spanish fertility clinics and with egg donors in Spain, we argue that selection and management procedures are organized to split egg donors as “multiple bodies” (Mol 2002), which will have to be tamed in different ways. On the one hand, we will refer to the making of a “biographical subject,” for which we understand the donor to be a conscious autonomous subject. And on the other hand, we refer to the “body object,” for which we understand the donor to be a terrain of potential extractability. As we argue, clinics aim to select a responsible biographical subject who kindly obeys professionals’ instructions throughout the process in order to make the body object accessible to clinics’ extraction purposes. To conclude, our paper sheds light on issues of “reproductive in/justice” by discussing how the reproductive rights of intended parents through egg donation are entangled with inequalities of egg donors.

espanolEste trabajo se ha desarrollado en el marco de una investigacion mas amplia sobre las diferencias y semejanzas de la participacion social de las personas mayores en Alemania y Espana. En este articulo nos aproximamos a la situacion de las personas mayores en el marco del Estado de bienestar y a la cobertura que reciben de los sistemas de proteccion social, comparando las formas que los respectivos modelos de Estado de bienestar tienen de abordar los fenomenos emergentes del envejecimiento demografico y la pobreza en la vejez, en el contexto de crisis global. Con un enfoque cualitativo, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos de discusion, abordamos los diferentes discursos acerca de los roles de los actores sociales en los sistemas de proteccion de las personas mayores. Las conclusiones mas relevantes apuntan a una convergencia de los modelos de Estado de bienestar aleman y espanol. La opinion mayoritaria considera que la sociedad civil debe tomar protagonismo en la sostenibilidad del Estado de bienestar, por lo que es necesario encontrar estrategias, dentro de la politica social, que incentiven el compromiso social. Se plantean finalmente propuestas dirigidas a promover la participacion e integracion de las personas mayores. EnglishThis paper has been produced in the framework of a broader investigation of differences and similarities in terms of social participation by older adults in Germany and Spain. The article examines the situation of older adults within the context of the Welfare State and their coverage under social protection systems, comparing how the respective models of Welfare State address the emerging phenomena of demographic aging and poverty in old age in the context of global crisis. We use a qualitative approach involving semi-structured interviews and discussion groups to examine the different discourses regarding the roles of social actors in systems for the protection of older adults. The most significant conclusions point to a convergence of the German and Spanish Welfare State systems. Majority opinion argues that civil society should play the leading role in sustaining the Welfare State, for which reason there is a need to develop strategies as part of social policy that will incentivise social commitment. The paper concludes by offering proposals aimed at fostering the participation and integration of older adults

Historical sites may be found in nearly all small towns in Poland. Some are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the role of these resources in the broader set of elements shaping the tourism potential of towns, and also to illustrate the regional differences among small towns in Poland in terms of their potential to develop a local or regional tourism sector. The study provides a typology of towns based on local natural and landscape elements, cultural heritage resources as well as hotels and other tourist accommodations. The statistical data discussed in this paper was obtained from the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland for the period 2012–2014, while historical sites were chosen from the National Heritage Board of Poland. The study covers all small towns in Poland and has shown unequivocally that the presence of a historical site is not necessarily a factor in the overall development of a local tourism sector. The cultural resources appear to be an undervalued asset, which can be used to develop a local tourism sector, especially in towns which are searching for new development paths.

Italy is undoubtedly one of the key actors in the current international “migration crisis” in the Mediterranean region. The paper aims to provide an overview of both the opportunities and problems for the Italian integration policy as of today. The authors intend to indicate the role of civil organisations in the ‘Italian migration issue’ and to emphasize the uniqueness of their initiatives. The study will provide an insight into one of the major immigrant communities, the Africans, through the civil organisations which have been working with them. The paper, based especially on empirical field experiences, is the result of a two-and-a-half-year research in Italy with different scholarships, coupled with other field trips in several sub-Saharan African countries.

The subject of this research paper is the teaching of Turkish as a foreign language. The authors’ more than twenty-year experience in teaching Turkish to university students constitutes the empirical foundation of this investigation. The theoretical and methodological basis of this research is the source criticism method, the experimental method, the questionnaire method of data collection and the statistical method. The history of foreign languages teaching methods is analysed, and special attention is paid to the approaches of teaching grammar, discussed in methodological works. Implicit and explicit approaches to the teaching of grammar are especially examined in this paper. The subject of this research is oriented at teaching Turkish as a major and training future specialists in Turkish interpreting/ translation and future teachers/ lecturers in Turkish, therefore, the authors of this paper stress upon the necessity of teaching grammar on the basis of conscious perception principle as a separate subject of study in strict integrity with the communicational approach. The list of problems and difficulties in learning Turkish grammar by Ukrainian students at University level was established as a result of this research as well as the sources of these difficulties are deduced which mostly originate in genetical and typological differences between the Ukrainian language, native for Ukrainian students, and Turkish, which is the language of their future professional activities. The mentioned difficulties are grouped on two levels which are morphology and syntax according to the level of difficulty for Ukrainian students in terms of the conscious perception of grammatical facts and phenomena and their subsequent application in actual practice. The ways of overcoming the problems and difficulties in teaching and learning Turkish grammar are also offered in this paper. At the same time textbooks and grammar manuals published in Turkey, Ukraine and European countries are examined in terms of grammar teaching. The grammatical subjects to be investigated in detail for increasing the level of mastering Turkish by Ukrainian students at universities are listed.

Combining trans-disciplinary theories with cross-cultural ethnographic research, this paper explores community-based approaches to genocide prevention among Canadian-Indigenous groups as well as with Rwandan student genocide survivors. A Salutogenic framework is used to examine community responses to the micro-foundations of genocide (Antonovsky 1987). These processes are explored using first-hand accounts from “New Family” networks of student genocide survivors in Rwanda and members of a Canadian urban-Indigenous “Village.” These perspectives shed light on how locally adaptive, socially networked practices can help promote emergent forms of genocide prevention (Williams 1977). This paper focuses on three areas of local practice that have helped build meaningful community resilience: mutual aid, kinship, and ritual. These features contribute to salutogenic pathways that enhance group life and help communities to circumvent and supplant the day-to-day conditions that Claudia Card describes as social death (Card 2003).

Fevzi Çakmak (1876-1950) is mainly known with his Military personality and activities in Turkey. The fact that he is one of the few soldiers with the title of Marshal is enough to show his success in the Military profession. He was also noted as; the Minister of Defence in the First cabinet of the executive ministers of Turkey in 1921,the Chairman of the second cabinet of the executive ministers of Turkey, and the Chief of General Staff from 1924 and 1944 without interruption. However it is little known, Fevzi Pasha has an important role in the political life in the multi-party period as well. In 1944, Fevzi Çakmak, who did not intend to retire from the Chief of General Staff except for his request, found himself in the middle of Politics after loneliness he had lived for a short time.The study discusses Fevzi Çakmak's activities and role in the political life between1946-1950. The process of rapprochement with the Democratic Party (DP) and becoming an independent member of parliament and even the desire for him to lead the DP will be examined in the paper. Then, the activities of the Marshal that heinitiated with some circles of left-wing and abandoned in a short time in the context of human rights will be evaluated. In the meantime, the debates on how the leftist circles wanted him to launch a public movement in the country getting rid of the oppressiveness will be included. Later, the process of becoming the honorary chairman of the Nation Party (MP) formed by the people most of whom left the DP following the Marshal’s separation from the DP afte the July 12 Declaration as a result of his worsening Relations with the party will be mentioned. Fevzi Çakmak ,like the other ones who setup the MP, thought that the DP did not have enough strong opposition against the Republican People’s Party(CHP). In the last part of the paper, the political activities of Marshal Çakmak who spent the last two years of his life in the MP will be examined within the framework of character analysis and leadership features. The paper not only discusses the four-year wavy political life of Fevzi Çakmak who was seized by great ambitions and entered politics in 1946 as a result of self- confidence based on Military Reputation and the love given by the people, but it also examines the case of his being manipulated by some political currents and parties because of his personality which is unfamiliar witht he functioning of political life. How and with which motives Fevzi Çakmak, an obedient person to the legitimate and existing authority pushed himself into a strong opponent against the political staff that he had been to gether with for nearly 25 years will be examined. In that, during the election in 1946 and his presence in the Assembly, the Marshal had strong opposition against the CHP and İnönü, which did not arise from policy differences.

This paper aims to explore three Victorian novels, namely Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847), Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights (1847), and Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations (1861) bringing together Marxist and postcolonial theories. While some novels written in the Victorian era deal with imperialism and the colonized overtly, in these three novels, the colonies and the colonized are dealt with indirectly as if only in-passing. However, these in-passing references are very significant because they constitute the recurrent silences, gaps, and absences in these texts, which has critical implications. In Marxist terms, it is history that haunts these texts in these gaps and silences, which means that these Victorian novels are inevitably related to Britain’s imperial history and its ideologies. What is given repeatedly at the margins or gaps of these texts demonstrates the obsessive return of the issue of colonialism though the texts seek to repress it. Exploring the return of the colonial repressed in the gaps and silences of these novels by focusing on Fredric Jameson’s conception of the political unconscious, this paper argues that these novels have twofold function: while expressing the deep-seated anxieties, fears and desires of the Victorian society by projecting them onto the non-white others, they contribute to shape a certain understanding of the colonized other and also a certain sense of national identity.

The aim of this paper is to explore the art of Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) as an impressionist writer by focusing on one of his novels, Under Western Eyes (1911) as a psychological novel. In order to understand Conrad’s motives and style to write this novel one should start with a sound beginning by looking at his concept of narrative fiction and recurring themes in the novel. The points that are highlighted in the paper are the concept of betrayal and its reasons and results for the characters, and the absence of a father as a driving force. Also, such philosophical issues and questions as ‘who sees what?’, seeing versus understanding and the impossibility of free will be explored in this article. This study argues that Joseph Conrad as a novelist uses impressionism as a tool to capture and convey the psychological principles concerning human consciousness in the aforementioned novel; in this sense, this article is also an attempt to contribute to the scholarship on Conrad’s narrative fiction.

Aim. The aim of the paper is to interpret and analyse Orthodox symbols through the prism of the Orthodox theology. Methods. The senses of the Orthodox symbolism as proposed by the artist are not always compliant with Orthodox doctrine. Therefore, in order to fully understand the sense of Ivan Vyrypaev’s drama, it is necessary to first decode the Orthodox symbols that make up the language of the work discussed. For this reason, the major Orthodox symbols occurring in July will be listed at the very beginning of the paper. Then, they will be discussed in the context of the Orthodox theology as well as the artist’s own words. This task will contribute to the decoding of the language of I. Vyrypaev’s work. Results. According to I. Vyrypaev, the cruelty of a patient of the Smolensk madhouse is an inverted hierarchy of values which at the same time serves as his path of inquiry. On the other hand, the superficial attitudes, such as good, culture, humanitarianism, liberal values or democracy are obstacles (demons) which he has to overcome in order to find himself and God. The Orthodox symbols in July are allegories by means of which the author wants to show the main hero’s path to the truth. Furthermore, a justification for this way of thinking is one of the mottos that I. Vyrypaev included in July. Conclusions. In the drama July, I. Vyrypaev utilised the following sacral symbols: the theological significance of the Church in the Orthodox faith, the idea of communality, the concept of Orthodox humility as well as the idea of deification and martyrdom. The threads of the Orthodox symbolism used by I. Vyrypaev are superficial and should not be interpreted literally. The author consciously inverts the hierarchy of the Orthodox symbols in his work in order to show the bewilderment and corruption of the modern society. In the drama July I. Vyrypaev is more focused on being inspired by the Orthodox culture than on closely reflecting its senses. The symbolism of the altar and the ideas of martyrdom as applied in July are similar to the Christian symbols in the Roman Catholic approach.