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Most of the literature on the politics of industrial policy describes a policy realm that is dominated by business–state relations. This paper goes beyond this and proposes that, in democratic settings, political competition and civil society actors also play a vital role in industrial policy. Through a lens focused on Brazil during the 2000s, the study delves into the dynamics between the election of a centre-left party and the subsequent industrial policy, highlighting the interplay of democratic mandates, entrenched economic interests, and supportive developmental alliances. Notably, the continuation of a centre-left coalition and consistent institutional frameworks witnessed considerable shifts in industrial policy outcomes, which allows for an in-depth evaluation of interest group influence on policy formation and implementation. By triangulating data from 23 interviews with actors in the industrial policy process, data from the Brazilian National Development Bank (BNDES), and an analysis of industrial policy plans, this paper posits that the prevalence of economic issues in the electoral debate and the participation of societal actors in the policymaking process are enablers of innovation-focused industrial policies; this allows governments to countervail the power of incumbent sectors and undertake policies that are not favoured by the prevailing business interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differential access to life-saving COVID-19 vaccines reveals the inequitable distribution of wealth and power in the global system. While several countries have developed homegrown vaccines to avoid being priced out of markets dominated by transnational drug companies, Brazil—a country with a significant research and pharmaceutical base—lagged behind those of other middle-income countries. Why? This paper blends insights from dependency theory and the theory of global capitalism to demonstrate how political coalitions, leadership, and normative frameworks negatively affect state capacity and technological development. First, austerity in public investment in research, development, and innovation prior to and during the pandemic limited the amount of resources necessary to create homegrown vaccine candidates. Second, political leadership informed by science denialism did not prioritize the development of vaccines and even discouraged their use. The analysis of vaccine development in Brazil reveals that having a pharmaceutical base and strong leadership committed to scientific principles and backed by a political coalition seeking to expand social democratic rights play a vital role in developing treatments and responding to health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global activism led to the emergence of new international standards concerning state obligations to consult Indigenous peoples and, under certain circumstances, obtain their free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) when extractive projects impact their rights and traditional territories. However, a growing literature shows that the implementation of Indigenous peoples' participatory rights remains uneven and inconsistent at best. This paper focuses on Indigenous peoples' agency in operationalising their rights. We do so by focusing on an increasingly common yet overlooked Indigenous strategy: the development of community-based consultation and consent protocols. What role do unilateral Indigenous protocols play in shaping how participatory norms are implemented? How can protocols contribute to shaping Indigenous peoples' relations with state and industry actors? We present the result of a systematic comparative analysis of thirty-five consultation and consent protocols adopted by Indigenous nations and communities in Canada and Brazil between 2005 and 2020. While they vary in their structure and content, protocols in both countries converge in their use of both programmatic and performative languages to recast participatory processes as spaces to assert Indigenous peoples' status and legitimacy as self-determining polities. In doing so, protocols re-politicise and re-appropriate participatory processes and put forward an alternative interpretation of their participatory rights that challenges how state authorities and industry actors tend to operationalise consultation and FPIC standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to illustrate how industrial policy can support health policy through the construction of technological and innovation capabilities. This paper provides insights on this topic by examining the Brazilian ability to make patented antiretroviral (ARV) drugs universally accessible to people living with HIV/AIDS in the country. The Brazilian case study demonstrates the crucial role of industrial policy in making the use of compulsory licensing in price negotiations with pharmaceutical multinational corporations to improve the access to patented ARV drugs. The evidence presented in this paper supports that it is indeed possible to achieve synergies between industrial and health policy in order to improve the access to medicines and promote accumulation of technological capabilities in pharmaceuticals. Several policy instruments and initiatives, both horizontal and vertical, were implemented to support the industrial dimension of the successful Brazilian health strategy. These initiatives include direct support to capacity building, public procurement, and institutional changes. Furthermore, industrial policy initiatives can contribute to success of health programmes either immediately or with a time lag. Finally, the lessons learned from the Brazilian experience are re-specified and its relevance to other less developed countries, particularly those deprived of industrial capabilities, is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although much industrial policy research addresses the "supply side' task of discerning superior policies, it pays less attention to 'demand side' questions of when and to what extent countries adopt reforms. And while exogenous shocks serve as the impetus for new industrial policy adoption across a broad array of empirical case studies, less is known about when such shocks register as salient enough to elicit policy shifts. This paper considers the conditions under which exogenous shocks motivate varying degrees of industrial policy change. We examine divergent reforms in Mexico and Brazil's petroleum industries after the 1973 Oil Shock, and automotive industries following the 1982 Debt Crisis. The evidence informs a 'satisficing' model, which suggests that the interaction between exogenous shocks and two main local factors – the 'goals' of a paradigm shared by industry decision-makers, and the aggregate levels of 'slack' resources available to quell dissent in times of uncertainty – shapes varying orders of policy response. This satisficing model proves useful in anticipating how responses to external crises might unfold at the industry level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper aims to examine the design and implementation of industrial policy in Brazil based on their capacity to affect the prevailing institutions. We argue that the main reason for the failure of policies in Brazil, and in Latin America, is their inability to induce persistent changes in firms' innovative behavior. Based on the analysis of national innovation indicators, and on previous empirical studies, we demonstrate that the Brazilian industrial policy was not able to change the prevailing conventions. The main problems related to this fragility are: institutional problems and related to industrial policy development conventions; serious coordination problems; maintaining a macroeconomic policy that is not convergent toward industrial policy efforts; policy instruments that were not able to change prevailing conventions, such as low R&D and innovative expenditures; a set of strategic choices that are inconsistent with innovation, technological catch-up and structural change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Economia & Gestão is the property of Revista Economia & Gestao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• The pandemic-crisis effects on Brazilian manufacturing industries are investigated. • An input-output model is employed to address its sectorial composition and linkages. • The pandemic-crisis has further harmful effects on knowledge-intensive industries. • EIHC promotes high-tech industries, while it showed higher degree of import dependence. • COVID-19 may be crucial to rethink industrial policy space within societal purposes. The COVID-19 crisis represents a turning point to rethink industrial policy spaces and countries' productive autonomy, especially for developing economies, such as Brazil, that call for new ways of thinking about manufacturing within societal purposes. Using an input-output model, the paper explores the pandemic-crisis-effects in the case of the Brazilian manufacturing sector. We find that the pandemic-crisis has harmful effects on the Brazilian productive structure, revealing the dependence on imports of the Brazilian Health System. Reductions in manufacturing gross output and value-added are mainly seen in knowledge-intensive subsectors, followed by job losses and tax revenue reduction. We suggest that the pandemic points to some roads to reindustrialization and resilience, given the reorganization of international production networks and the growing dependence on imports in key manufacturing sectors. Thus, the potential role of the manufacturing sector to achieve inclusive and sustainable growth reveals the importance of building productive capacity beyond the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present an ex-post analysis of industrial and science, technology and innovation (sti) policies to the Health Industrial Complex, between 2003-2017 in Brazil, from the perspective of the public health value. We concluded that the intention to meet social health needs was present in the policies' design, however, the lack of objectivity and clarity in their definitions made it difficult to articulate the three fields of policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the changing strategies of developmental states using Brazil's oil-based industrial policy as a case study. We analyse the relationship between the state, Petrobras and industrial elites in the context of Brazil's renewed emphasis on sector-specific industrial development strategy. Taking stock and re-examining the developmental state model, we suggest that developmental states are inherently political, particularly their bureaucracy and state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and that money politics is intricately woven into state-guided high growth regimes. Given the difficulty of privatisation as a solution to SOE (mis)governance, the challenge for Brazil is to mediate extreme political interventions that have eroded Petrobras' autonomy in the past and to sustain institutional capacity to direct rents towards investment and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global health community is increasingly advocating for the local production of pharmaceuticals in developing countries as a way to promote technology transfer, capacity building and improve access to medicines. However, efforts to advance drug manufacturing in these countries revive an old dilemma of fostering technological development versus granting access to social services, such as healthcare. This paper explores the case of Brazil, a country that has developed large-scale health-inspired industrial policies, but is, yet, little understood. Brazil’s experience suggests that progressive healthcare bureaucrats can create innovative practices for technology and knowledge transfers. It also demonstrates that highly competitive pharmaceutical firms can collaborate with each other, if a government provides them the right incentives. Reforming regulatory policies is crucial for guaranteeing high-quality products in developing countries, but governments must play a crucial role in supporting local firms to adapt to these regulations. These findings send a strong message to global health policymakers and practitioners on the conditions to create a suitable environment for local production of medical products. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents abstracts on economic development and foreign relations topics including the history of African and Asian economic relations, China's influence on Brazil's economic development, and industrial policies in North African countries.

The quantity vs. quality trade-offs in network industries are well known from the theoretical literature and have been the subject of many empirical assessments, although mostly for the telecoms and energy sectors. The purpose of this paper is to expand the evidence for the railway sector by documenting the importance of this trade-off in the context of the Brazilian freight railway industry reform, the first example of a railway sector in which tariff revisions are subject to joint output and quality performance indicators. The analysis is based on the calculation of the Malmquist productivity index proposed by Färe et al. (1995) . The decomposable nature of this total factor productivity (TFP) index reveals the prevalence of quantity-quality trade-offs up to the end of the reform period, but a positive correlation between them during the period just afterwards. This type of information would certainly be useful for regulation purposes, particularly as an alternative way of taking into account quality without introducing complex, and very often ineffective, penalty schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the current position of environmental social science from a perspective which locates it within an increasingly contested set of conditions. These are associated with the politics and economics of denial, on the one hand, but the increasing legitimacy of environmental vulnerabilities and resource depletion on the other. In this context it is important to assess how elements of ecological modernization—as diverse alternatives and more spatially embedded, resource-based frameworks—can be established and developed in different regions. The paper argues that environmental social science sits in the juxtaposition of increasing environmental and social vulnerability and the economics and politics of its denial. This context needs to encourage more critical treatment of alternatives to the conventional ‘treadmill of production’ model while situating these in their contested and competitive relationships with it. This could contribute to a more effective and normative ‘sustainability science’. More specifically, it is argued that it is in the ‘newly-industrializing’ regions—such as the agri-food regions of China and Brazil—that the ‘battleground’ between the ‘treadmill of production’ and carbon-intensive models and the alternative sustainable development models are particularly intense. This argument suggests a re-interpretation of environmental uneven development in ways which assess both conventional and alternative resource frameworks at the same time and in parallel scales and spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent to which government initiatives in Brazil have been successful in promoting innovative activities in biotechnology both in academia and industry, and also in setting the foundation for the development of the Brazilian Biotechnology Innovation Network (BBINet). The federal government's role in carrying out these tasks is, however, shown to have been somewhat ambivalent. On the one hand, the government appears to have been reluctant and even wanting in its pursuit of science and technology policy. This is mainly reflected in the instability of government funding for innovation, which is claimed to have contributed to the weakness of the innovation network. In addition, policy has not been operating as a system geared to maximizing the benefits of synergy and the release of Brazil's innovative potential. On the other hand, government policies have been crucial for the emergence and growth of the BBINet. The existence of some programmes and some 'islands of efficiency' show that it is possible to establish efficient networks of innovation. Given this evident potential and recent changes in the perception of Brazil's innovation potential in government and academic circles, there are grounds for hope. Realization of this hope is, however, contingent upon the provision of policy stability in lieu of the institutional 'roller-coaster' that has been at the heart of Brazil's science policy. It would also depend on the extent of the scope for exploiting synergies between different policy domains that affect innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been attracting increasing attention from analysts of contemporary capitalism as their role changed with the crisis of 'fordism'. In the new techno-economic paradigm, SMEs that are clustered in a region and are inserted in market niches have more chances to meet the requirements of globalization. However, most institutions and policy instruments that operate industrial and technology policy are still formatted to meet the requirements of the 'fordist' economy. Therefore, policy-makers today face the challenge to design effective industrial and technology policies to support SMEs. The aim of this paper is to discuss possibilities of alternative industrial and technology policies directed at SMEs that are located in industrial districts or clusters, so that these firms may assert their role in the economic development of Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of different kinds of merger and acquisitions (M&As) on domestic industries’ productivity in the form of technological change (TC) and efficiency change (EC) in the Brazilian extracting and processing industries.Design/methodology/approach Panel data analysis is employed to test the impact of different kinds of M&As spillovers on each component of productivity growth. The database contains data collected from 2007 to 2011 referring to the Brazilian industries. The estimation procedure involves two stages. The first stage decomposes TFP growth into EC and TC using a input-based Malmquist Productivity Index. In the second step, EC and TC indexes are used interchangeably as a dependent variable in panel data regressions on the M&As-spillover variables.Findings The results indicate a positive relationship between TC and M&As made by Brazilian majority capital acquiring foreign-held capital from a company established abroad, which is consistent with reverse spillover theory. They also suggest an inverse relationship between TC and M&A operations made by companies with foreign majority capital acquiring both Brazilian-held capital and foreign-held capital from a company established in Brazil. Only the sectors that are capable of increasing their productivity via TC are able to benefit from technology transfer.Research limitations/implications This study is limited by the extent of data aggregation applied, which did not identify M&A transaction effects at the firm level. The available data do not allow isolating the effects of M&A processes on industry performance, given the co-occurrence of several factors that affect the performance of the industry. The study results imply that public managers must remain cognizant of the critical need to preserve and maximize competition between foreign and domestic firms while promoting a competitive environment that encourages the development of domestic technological capacities and skilled human capital.Practical implications M&A processes raise important issues with respect to organizational decisions and industrial policy. Studies of M&A transactions may be of fundamental importance to the expansion of healthy companies as they evolve through successive stages of growth and development. Liberalizing regulations to promote M&A transactions, and corporate market control is only justified if it promotes social welfare and economic development. Understanding the complexity and dynamics of this phenomenon and appreciating the heterogeneity of possible outcomes can lead to more relevant discussion regarding their contributions.Social implications Results found in this study indicate the need for greater efforts to understand how M&A operations, especially those associated to foreign-held capital, interact with local owned enterprises in developing economies and what benefits can be achieved through public policy. M&A operations need to be well evaluated by considering the kinds and intensities of externalities they might generate, whether and how local firms can potentially internalize those gains, building up absorptive capacities in order to achieve productivity spillover gains.Originality/value This study not only offers a more accurate understanding of the diverse nature and effects of M&A operations, but also stimulates a more relevant public policy discussion related to both foreign direct investment and OFDI incentives in Brazil. The growing economic importance of the activities of developing emerging countries’ multinational enterprises is making governments more inclined to re-evaluate their political strategies. Indeed, governments are beginning to recognize that markets need to be created, monitored and nurtured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian government has over the past years promulgated a mix of orthodox and heterodox policies for Brazil's economic development. This paper seeks to test whether the existing economic ideas have been prescriptive in formulating the policies, or whether they have been the outcome of the "infusion of private interests" (Katzenstein, 1978) in the policy making process. To this end, the paper charts the origins of the unilateral opening for trade in the agribusiness and contrasts them with the policy process in the car industry, where trade barriers have been erected. The article will identify the channels through which private actors informed the government's interventions and show that the industry bodies have largely prodded the government. The resulting policy maze has left both the representatives of the orthodox as well those of the heterodox approach unsatisfied and has failed to halt Brazil's dwindling manufacturing capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout its twenty years of existence, a Brazilian research network, RedeSist, has developed and improved the theoretical and methodological framework of National Systems of Innovation. The first aim of this article is to present RedeSist's focusing device of Local Innovation and Production Systems (LIPS), a combination of the Systems of Innovation framework with the contributions of the Latin American Structuralist Approach and to explain the main tools devised to capture collective and systemic processes of production and innovation, taking into account that every LIPS is inserted in specific, local, regional, national and global systems. The second objective is to discuss the Brazilian experience in designing and implementing LIPS policies as part of its industrial and innovation policies. The concluding remarks attempt at recuperating the most important arguments of the discussion and at highlighting the advantages of creating and using contextualized and systemic theories, concepts, indicators and policy models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of a study that sought to reflect, based on two cases, upon opportunities and challenges, possibilities and limits, for the insertion of small business ventures -- new ventures and micro and small enterprises -- in the productive field that became known, especially after the Rio Conference 92, as green economy. The search for clean technologies has become a great challenge and at the same time, a great business opportunity. The possibilities were opened up for large companies, able to mobilize the necessary resources for this transition. The limits were evident for small businesses. Evidence has been pointing out the necessity of developing instruments, particularly on public policies, able to offer support to small businesses so that they can overcome their limits. The focus of the study was precisely on this point: the experience of two incubators, one American and another Brazilian, specialized in supporting small businesses oriented to the markets of clean technologies. Qualitative in the method and with exploratory purposes, the research was designed as a multiple case study (based on two cases), having the documentary research as strategy for data collection. Supported by the literature of environmental management (with emphasis on small businesses with clean technologies) and business incubators (with greater emphasis on the typology of incubators), the research revealed a large gap between the realities of the two countries, either in numbers of incubators within the field of clean technologies, or in the mobilization of institutional actors who act in support of these incubators. Based on the two case studies it was possible to identify a single strategic affinity between the two incubators and a set of dichotomous elements, both strategically and in terms of management. In view of these findings, as conclusions of the paper, some suggestions are pointed out for the Brazilian movement of incubators in the will to incorporate environmental elements into their strategies and their management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: This study aims to analyse how different types of public policies have supported the internationalisation of latecomer science-based firms, taking the case of large Brazilian pharmaceutical companies (LBPCs). Design/methodology/approach: The methodology comprises a multiple case study and uses a literature review, fieldwork interviews and document analysis of eight LBPCs, five policymakers and three sector experts. Findings: Direct and indirect policies differ in supporting LBPCs' internationalisation motivation. The indirect policies created the necessary conditions to accumulate knowledge and capacity in the domestic market. LBPCs that adhere more to policies supporting production and technological capabilities development are internationalising as an extension of their innovative efforts. In contrast, LBPCs that have built productive capacities and have not yet reached a minimum level of technological capacity go abroad to exploit their production capabilities with the support of direct policies. Originality/value: This study contributes to international business and evolutionary literature, demonstrating the channels through which public policies support latecomer science-based firms. The results show that direct and indirect policies assist firms' internationalisation in different ways, according to actors' perception: providing support to strengthen their domestic capabilities, which have become competitive advantages in the international market; or offering support to external expansion. It emphasises that industrial policies are relevant to support companies in creating the initial conditions (ownership advantages) to internationalise, and direct policies are important to help companies to design international strategies. This study also debates that policies supporting companies' internationalisation depend on their adhesion to programmes and incentives and their routines and capabilities, which are specific to each company and lead to different motivations for international expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental licensing is a command-and-control (C&C) instrument used at the state level in Brazil to enforce compliance with legal requirements and environmental standards; however, it does not encourage continuous improvement. The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology that can be used as a licensing and monitoring policy for industrial activities, based on both command and control and economic instruments. Therefore, the development of a matrix to measure the environmental performance of companies is proposed so as to include mandatory compliance requirements, environmental management requirements and continuous improvement indicators. Performance assessment could be used by the environmental agency as a tool to support environmental management policy change by working with environmental incentives for better-performing companies. The results obtained with the matrix will demonstrate exactly what the theory describes: in an environment where the control imposed to the entrepreneur is by the attendance of a legislative standard and not the demonstration of continuous improvement, there is no evolution of the environmental performance over the 3-year period of the companies. Consequently, the inclusion of a tool to assess environmental performance constitutes a requirement for the environmental evolution of the country. • Development of a matrix for the use of environmental management in licensing. • Licensing is an instrument of command and control. • The matrix makes it possible to apply economic instruments. • Improvement environmental performance for enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A significant number of German companies are installed in Brazil, many of them in the automotive or automotive supplier sectors. Information about the economic, environmental and social performance of major companies in these sectors is easily obtainable from sustainability reports, available as printed reports distributed by the head offices or as files for downloading in corporate websites. This paper gives a brief review about corporate sustainability and the results of a study carried out on sustainability reports of three companies with head offices (or, in one case, a relatively independent subsidiary) in Germany and subsidiaries in Brazil. The results show that, although the sustainability reports of the analyzed companies contain relevant information, they do not allow any sustainability benchmarking that could distinguish better and worse environmental and social performances. They also do not help an environmental and social performance comparison between plants in the European Union (e.g. Germany) and Mercosur (e.g. Brazil). Nevertheless, they give some evidence of efforts aligned with the principles of the Global Compact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments all over the world hope to make their industrial sectors more competitive in the global economy. Th is paper introduces a foresight methodology created to defi ne long-term strategy plans for six industrial sectors in Brazil each of which is aligned with an industrial policy that aims to reorganize strategic sectors, enhance their competitiveness in the global market, and increase foreign sales of value-added products. The method was created while CGEE developed prospective studies for the six sectors, and is based on the development of strategic and technological roadmaps, adapted to accommodate unique requirements for each sector. It consists of four phases - Pre-Foresight Planning, Understanding the Present, Futuring Perspectives, and Prospecting Future Opportunities. Pre-Foresight includes: defi ning a work plan and foresight approach; and negotiating with stakeholders. Understanding the Present includes: data gathering; and segmentation and prioritization. Futuring Perspectives includes: scanning and detecting trends; and developing vision and action goals. Prospecting Future Opportunities includes: defining strategies and roadmaps; and making recommendations. This paper focuses on formalizing this process so that it can be more broadly disseminated and more easily used. It starts by introducing the meaning of foresight concepts relevant in the industrial context of Brazil, and subsequently introduces an adaptation of the roadmap technique to the broader scope of the industrial sectors. This paper emphasizes the challenges and results obtained while working with the aeronautical, shoes, plastic, furniture, medical equipment, and textile sectors of Brazil. The final recommendations for prospective studies are not shared due to the sensitive nature of the information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the misuses of estuaries in Northeast of Brazil and the social contrasts there found. The several kinds of impacts promoted by capitalist enterprises in one side and by traditional population, who uses estuary areas at another side, are in complete disagreement with the ethic of sustainable development. Our intention is to demonstrate how these aspects occur in the River Paraíba do Norte estuary, in the State of Paraíba. Observing the conditions of infrastructure besides the multiple ways to handle along with the extension of the estuary, we could recognize 59 focus of conflict between the incorrect use and sustainable mode. Most of the uses concern to traditional artisan fishing, slums and recreational marinas, reflecting the great social contrast between rich and poor people settled in area studied. Ecological and social implications of these conflicting uses are discussed and measures to improve the situation are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic activity is becoming increasingly globalised. Multinational enterprises, which are the main drivers of that process, are reconsidering the role of their subsidiaries. In countries where the industrialisation process was heavily dependent on multinationals, such as Brazil, these changes are intrinsically relevant, as they influence the operations of local companies as well as the definition of economic and industrial policies. This paper, based on longitudinal studies of 21 leading Brazilian companies (11 subsidiaries and 10 local), identifies the different roles performed by the subsidiaries in the global competitive strategies chosen by distinct TNCs as well as the strategic and organisational changes adopted by local companies aiming to participate in global productive chains and networks. The final picture reveals that the transition to a globalised competition logically requires the development of new concepts of production systems for developed and developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of economic literature tends to discuss economic development issues by analysing the industrial policy and other long-term development policies separate from short-term macroeconomic policy. However, development strategies require a close coordination of the macroeconomic regime with the industrial policy. In addition to Brazil, our analytical discussion and normative implications can be addressed to other developing countries also facing premature deindustrialisation. We propose an analytical discussion of the phenomena of industrialisation, deindustrialisation and reindustrialisation, including a discussion on the connection between the macroeconomic regime and industrial policy, both oriented to reindustrialisation and catching up. The main point is that both policy regimes must be closely coordinated with each other. Concerning the macroeconomic regime, we argue that consistent monetary, fiscal, wage and exchange rate policies are those which are able to not only keep price stabilisation, but also provide average real interest rates below the average real return rates on capital, a competitive real exchange rate and real wage rates increasing in accordance with labour productivity growth. As for industrial policy, theoretical and empirical evidence suggest strategies aimed at the diversification of production, processes and products, especially within the manufacturing sector and within tradable segments of the service sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Brazil attracted relatively little innovation-intensive and export-oriented foreign investment during the liberalization period of 1990 to 2010, especially compared with competitors such as China and India. Adopting an institutionalist perspective, I argue that multinational firm investment profiles can be partly explained by the characteristics of investment promotion policies and bureaucracies charged with their implementation. Brazil's FDI policies were passive and non-discriminating in the second half of the 1990s, but became more selective under Lula. Investment promotion efforts have often been undercut by weakly coordinated and inconsistent institutions. The paper highlights the need for active, discriminating investment promotion policies if benefits from non-traditional FDI are to be realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vigorous growth of the Chinese economy together with its increasingly successful role in international trade may have profoundly impacted developing countries. This study examines the large increase in the international trade exposure of the Brazilian economy during 2000–2012 to assess the impacts of import competition on its manufacturing formal and informal labor markets. In this period, import penetration grew by more than 20 percent in Brazil, and the share of the import penetration originating in China increased from 3 to 20 percent. At the same time, the share of informal workers in manufacturing declined from 27 to approximately 15 percent. Employing a switching regression model and Brazilian household survey data, this study finds that a greater industry-level Chinese and 'rest of the world' import penetration increases the likelihood of jobs becoming informal at different intensities, and these effects are smaller in unskilled-labor intensive industries and manufacturing states. Additionally, both types of import penetration positively impact the average informal wage. In contrast, the estimates suggest that a larger Chinese import penetration reduces average formal wages, while imports from elsewhere have the opposite effect. The results also indicate that the magnitude of the effects on wages are moderated by the unskilled labor intensity of the industry and whether the worker is located in a manufacturing state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Brazil is a country with excellent conditions to achieve the “electrification of the economy” based on renewable energy sources. It is one of the best examples of sustainable development of energy sources based on the abundant natural environment. Brazil has already reached the goal of the World Power Renewable Energy Plan, and is meeting the goal of diversifying renewable energy sources from a political point of view. However, the current insertion of Brazil into the energy transition paradigm presents gaps in socioeconomic aspects. As all countries have different characteristics, it is important to guarantee national independence and autonomy for Brazil's energy transition. Although the advanced model of developed countries deals with the economic efficiency and soundness of implementation of the electricity sector, the most important question is what kind of benefits the industry can provide to consumers in the domestic market. If a new public infrastructure project ignores the social public interest, the energy industry may lose its meaning. If domestic consumers are disadvantaged by overly foreign-oriented industrial policies, the future of the national economy may not be guaranteed either. Just as fossil energy caused irreversible natural destruction, if the generation of renewable energy is not ensured in the interests of the country's consumers, renewable energy will lose its own value. Above all, the energy sector is a strategic industry and an important economic resource related to all industries. In this context, the opening of the electricity market in Brazil and the “electrification of the economy” must be redesigned and adapted for Brazil. It is necessary to establish a regulatory system suitable for Brazil and lay the foundations for renewable energies in which Brazilian society enjoys its uses as domestic consumers. Although the expansion of renewable energy sources for the benefit of Brazilian society, what is more important is that the actors dealing with the energy transition and with the insertion in the new paradigm in the electricity sector must be responsible for public, social and environmental integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Little is known about how MNE-affiliates are using their linkage capabilities to source or combine technological inputs in emerging economies. This paper attempts to address this critical gap in the literature by comparing and contrasting innovation practices (IPs) employed by MNE-affiliates in two large emerging economies, India and Brazil. Using a sample of over 1200 MNE-affiliates, factor analysis and segmentation techniques identified different combinations of technology inputs for innovation and the factors that influence the knowledge linkages between MNE-affiliates and national innovation systems. Our findings demonstrate the critical role played by host nations’ industrial policy in shaping IPs of MNE-affiliates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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The article presents information on the value-added tax VAT) competition among the states in Brazil between 1985 to 2001. The several states of the country have their independent when it comes handling their bases and VAT rates and all of them are using the tax as equipment of industrial policy. However, these states are strongly reacting if there are some modifications in VAT codes in their neighboring states and they both tend to move in their policy. On the other hand, the intervention of the federal government will alleviate the cost of horizontal VAT competition.

The main aim of this paper is to verify whether the world tendency to have the financial capital as the main sponsor of university research is also true in Brazil and the consequences of this move to education and to economic development. The objective is to prove, through comparing Brazilian data to international data, the level of government expenditures on basic university research and its effects on education and improvement of knowledge basis. Furthermore, the lack of incentive to the innovative process in the private sector and its effects on firm and country competitiveness are also shown. Figures point to a very low governmental expenditure on R&D as well as on university research in Brazil. The incentives for the business sector to promote innovation and expand competitiveness are also very poor and insufficient to compensate for the public sector deficiency. The conclusion is that in order to have a positive effect on education and economic development Brazil must change its industrial and technological policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a working definition of 'competitiveness' and 'social capabilities' which should be taken into consideration when dealing with industrializing countries that are facing the challenges and opportunities of the ICT techno-economic paradigm. Empirical evidence from nine production and innovation 'arrangements' in Brazil are used in order to indicate the need for public policy, so that these challenges can be properly managed and the opportunities fully captured at a time of intense competition in the world market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defense industry is part of a country's industrial base and often has multiple uses, serving both civilian and military purposes. It does not stand alone and is a significant part of the country's industry. From this perspective, this article demonstrates the Brazilian military's influence on industrialization policies. Such influence has not always been vested with legitimacy, as in the 1964 coup d'état and the subsequent military government (1964-1985), nor has it always been due to internal reasons. Political-military events, such as World War I and especially World War II, have directly affected the country's industrialization policies. The methodology employed in this article is a review of policies, institutions, laws, and historical facts. The conclusions highlight that during the 20th century Brazil went from the stage of not producing defense equipment to the status of one of the largest exporters in the world. This role underwent profound changes in the 1990s, and 2000s. However, there are threats that a new dictatorship could be established in Brazil. If the country suffers another democratic-era coup d'état, what happened in the 1990s could repeat itself. That is, deindustrialization and the subsequent dismantling of what remains of the defense industry, which would also affect the civilian industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author, the Brazilian Finance Minister in the late 1980s, uses his insights and experience to examine critically the identity crisis of the World Bank. Trapped by the neo-liberal turn in the 1980s, and unable to return to the Keynesian lending principles of earlier decades, the Bank is claimed to be facing an unsettled future in terms of its operational philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geo UERJ is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This viewpoint reflects on the challenges of promoting affordable and innovative medicines while fostering a competitive environment for research and development in developing countries. We explore the life sciences industrial policies of Brazil and the United Kingdom in order to identify mechanisms and conditions that could serve as lessons to practitioners in other countries. We suggest three crucial design attributes: a strategic collaboration between a health system and the private sector, coordination and accountability mechanisms, and a network of support (that is, embeddedness). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais is the property of Associacao Nacional de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Planejamento Urbano e Regional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our argument revalidates and advances the idea of learning that is central to literatures on economic development, innovation and industrial policy. Global shifts where developing countries are advancing and innovating at the technological frontier challenge the conventional view of learning that focused on adapting existing technologies from advanced economies to build domestic firms' capabilities. Our research contributes to capture new dynamics of innovation, emerging technologies and government industrial policy, crucial in the learning perspective. Our field study of Brazilian government programmes in the bio-based industry illustrates how industrial policy is reinvented to catalyse firm innovation at the technological frontier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]