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This paper explores one aspect of the geo-cultural axis constructing the "between" of England as island-metropole and the colonised islands of the Antillean archipelago: that of the crucial significance of the figuration of "island" in the colonial cultural imaginary of the early modern period. It is suggested that the development of "island" as key topographical trope, signifying sea power as opposed to continental imperialism, was a crucial means through which the metropolitan English curated an image of how colonial expansionism might be given meaning, and be experienced, in such a way as to enhance and enrich, rather than overwhelm and impoverish, England as "small island." Using material drawn from seventeenth- and eighteenth-century literature, the paper traces the emergence of, first, England imaged as island garden-paradise, and then, second, the transposition and translation of "garden-paradise" islands into the tropics. This is framed by two images: the first the late seventeenth-century Paston Treasure, and the second a late eighteenth-century portrait of two young women by David Martin. The first is used to illustrate the need to order and curate images of, and in response to, the 'colonial' as an experience of encounter and engagement with "Other" through processes of legitimated and authorised subjectification. The second is deployed to illustrate the extent to which the "insular" English cultural imaginary achieved and sustained an account of the beneficial-colonial overseas project and marginalised, to the point of suppression, the violence of the actual-colonial in/on remote "(small) islands." The portrait of the two women is then used to project forward in time in order to make visible the continuing strength of the colonial legacy of paradise-islands in the contemporary English cultural imaginary: in particular, in the exotic out-of-world and timeless imagery deployed in tourist brochures. As a final coda, the paper ends with referencing the potential of an-other "between islands": that of a complex network of inter-Antillean creolisation interrupting and challenging the legacy of the linear and centrifugal metropole-(post-)colonial island axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade has seen many calls for the development of unified ‘world historical archaeologies’ of the past 500 years. While the field benefits from growing international exchanges and collaborations, retaining the diversity of regional traditions is a major and emerging challenge. As the field increasingly tests the temporal, geographical and interdisciplinary limits of archaeological perspectives, engaging with the diversity of modern material, these complexities remain little discussed, and the situations and contingencies of disciplinary narratives, priorities and interactions remain unproblematized. Exploring these matters, this paper considers transatlantic interactions between British and North American traditions of historical archaeology over the past two decades, journeying between two garden landscapes – in Annapolis and Bristol. After considering Mark Leone's 1984 study of the William Paca garden in Annapolis, Maryland, and its subsequent reinterpretations, the paper discusses an eighteenth-century ‘eclectic’ garden at Goldney in Bristol. The paper argues that situational and ‘symmetrical’, rather than interpretative, approaches to archaeological material would aid the development of multi-vocal and inclusive ‘world historical archaeologies’, acknowledging and celebrating the archaeological complexities that are encountered in the past and the disciplinary present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality of life and life enrichment are important throughout the lifespan and no less during ill-health or later life. The role of the arts and gardens and their potential benefits are not prominent within healthcare practice. This paper outlines the evidence reported in two literature reviews, one addressing the arts and the other focusing on gardens and gardening so that district nurses can understand what art-based and gardening opportunities they may offer their clients and their carers.

The article offers information about the garden display of Sparsholt College at the Chelsea Flower Show 2014. Topics discussed include the garden's division into five sections, the selection of high fiber plants that are used in paper production such as the Musa basjoo banana, and a description of the 'Ice Tunnel' feature of the paper processing section of the display. It mentions other sections of the display such as the vending machine for citrus and tea seedlings, and the green turf roof.

In 2010, the Galleries of Modern London opened at the Museum of London, and included a re-making of London's Pleasure Gardens. Using an embedded ethnographic perspective at the museum, this paper explores the re-making of the gardens, and looks in detail at how and why the museum chose the gardens to explore London's history as a changing city. The gardens display required an ambitious combination of objects and display technologies, such as historic costume, film projections, Philip Treacy hats, object reproductions, specially made mannequins, and a soundscape, and this paper discusses the production and composition of these components. Reflecting on the gardens' place in London's history, the paper identifies what the gardens offer contemporary understandings of the city's past and the role of pleasure in public history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abel Evans's poem Vertumnus (1713) celebrates Jacob Bobart the Younger, second keeper of the Oxford Physick Garden (now the Oxford University Botanic Garden), as a model monarch to his botanical subjects. This paper takes Vertumnus as a point of departure from which to explore the early history of the Physick Garden (founded 1621), situating botanical collections and collecting spaces within utopian visions and projects as well as debates about order more widely in the turbulent seventeenth-century. Three perspectives on the Physick Garden as an ordered collection are explored: the architecture of the quadripartite Garden, with particular attention to the iconography of the Danby Gate; the particular challenges involved in managing living collections, whose survival depends on the spatial order regulating the microclimates in which they grow; and the taxonomic ordering associated with the hortus siccus collections. A final section on the ideal 'Botanick throne' focuses on the metaphor of the state as a garden in the period, as human and botanical subjects resist being order and can rebel, but also respond to right rule and wise cultivation. However, the political metaphor is Evans's; there is little to suggest that Bobart himself was driven by utopian, theological and political visions.

Purpose: In the context of current prison safety and reform, the purpose of this paper is to discuss findings of an impact evaluation of a horticultural programme delivered in 12 prisons in North West England., Design/methodology/approach: The programme was evaluated using quantitative and qualitative methods, including Green Gym© questionnaires, the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) and Biographic-Narrative Interpretive Method interviews., Findings: Against a backdrop of high rates of suicide, self-harm and poor mental health, the horticultural programme studied proved beneficial to prisoner participants, the most marked effect was on mental health and wellbeing. In addition to data related to the original mental health outcome indicators, the study revealed multiple layers of "added value" related to mental health arising from horticultural work in a prison setting., Research Limitations/implications: The main research limitations were the limited completion of follow-on questionnaires due to prisoners being released and the inability to conduct longitudinal data collection post-release. There was also concern about response bias and lack of resource to compare with the experience of prisoners not participating in the programme., Social Implications: Positive impacts on prisoners' mental health and wellbeing included increased confidence, social interactions with staff and other prisoners and gaining skills and qualifications and work experience, increasing potential for post-release employment., Originality/value: Benefits of horticulture work on health are well established. However, to date, there is little research concerning the effects this work may have on mental wellbeing of prisoners both within prisons and more so upon their release back into the community.

As both private and public spaces, gardens are a major source of leisure activities in the UK and a way of life for many British citizens. As garden tourism is increasing in the country, there is an urgent need for more knowledge, particularly regarding the motivation of garden owners. Using a qualitative approach, this paper presents the owners’ perceptions of the garden and examines the role of the garden in garden opening during the open days. Although the significance of charity openings (in many cases with personal and local interests) is undoubtedly a manifestation of the success of the National Garden Scheme, this study reveals that participation in garden opening differs according to the person’s motivation, varying from charity support and community engagement to social reasons, community creation, age resistance or nostalgic reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the question of how much private gardens contributed to the supply of vegetables and fruit available for purchase in late medieval and early modern England. After an introduction describing the sale of crops from many monastic gardens in the later Middle Ages, the paper covers the surplus traded from gardens of both rich and poor in England to the early nineteenth century. Sources used include household accounts, estate records, gardeners' contracts, market records, tithe disputes and contemporary writings on gardening. Overall quantification of the sales of surplus produce is not possible from the data so far discovered but the diverse sources of information give an impression of a significant level of trade in surplus produce of all types: cheap vegetables and fruit sold in the open markets for general consumption and luxury items, pineapples, grapes and the like emanating from stoves and hothouses of the rich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the local authorities in London's historic Bloomsbury district have carried out a number of refurbishments of the area's public squares. These landscaping schemes have typically been labelled 'historical restorations' in attempts to predetermine the evaluation criteria as 'historic' rather than political, social and aesthetic. Focusing on Russell Square and Bloomsbury Square, this paper illustrates how the 'restorations' were selective: the introduction of gates and railings and the removal of planting were not primarily designed to restore these historical gardens, but reflect a surveillance-friendly ideal of urban space, specifically introduced to displace the men who used these squares for cruising. Through a detailed review of archival material from both mainstream and gay media, I illustrate the shifting forms of policing and landscaping in Bloomsbury's squares, while also highlighting how homonormative capital has colluded with the regulation of public space in this part of London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a pilot project to examine the concept of wellbeing as expressed locally by public reaction to the Peace Gardens refurbishment in the city centre of Sheffield completed in 1999. It was immediately popular with the public, but the aim was to find out what benefit people felt they derived from using the space. The study was conducted via a questionnaire delivered on site to pedestrian traffic over three weeks one summer. Over a thousand users of the space were asked one very simple question: How do the Peace Gardens make you feel? The authors' interpretation of the responses indicates a very high level of approval. Users of the space reported high satisfaction across four themes: wellbeing, safety, community and respite. While these findings largely accord with the literature, further planned city-centre development threatens the success of the Peace Gardens. The paper considers whether the planning of such spaces is designed to empower users to meet others on their own terms, or whether planners recognize that social needs require to be more controlled in busy urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though domestic gardens are often understood as places where the people of Britain are happy to host a variety of living things, it is worth examining the factors that will collectively decide whether this continues to be the case. This paper considers some of these factors by developing a particular argument about practice and using it to scrutinise certain forms of talk associated with the contemporary acquisition of plants. More specifically, it is interested in how current consumer trends may be somewhat inadvertently encouraged by the group of people we understand as garden designers. By attending to how these designers handle particular points during the client consultations they convene, it examines why the notion of an animate garden can sometimes become uncomfortable for them and what this means for the gardens they subsequently supply. Moments such as these often seemed to go unnoticed by the people involved. Yet they are collectively likely to make a considerable impact on what comes after them and my central argument is that we could usefully investigate exactly these points of passing discomfort when they show us how human habits can become gradually more entrenched and why sensible strategies of social interaction could indirectly influence the future form of many gardens in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes as its subject the gardens and gardening activities of the rural county gentry in early seventeenth-century England. Extant gardens from this period are extremely rare and current knowledge is largely limited to the well-documented, but unrepresentative, and extravagant showpieces of the nobility. However, close examination of manuscript collections, household accounts, and contemporary maps, plans and engravings has offered valuable insight into gardens at gentry level, providing new evidence about what was actually happening in the generality of such gardens during the period. Focusing here on the examples of two Midlands gentlemen, Sir Thomas Temple (1567-1636) and Sir Richard Leveson (1598-1661), who were both engaged in creating gardens during the early 1630s at their respective estates in Warwickshire and Staffordshire, it has been possible to add new facets to our fragmentary knowledge of gardens and gardening in the early modern period, as well as to give consideration to the idea that gardens were an appropriate way for a gentleman to demonstrate his standing in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Development of garden land has attracted political and media attention in recent years, yet there remained uncertainty over whether the issue was nationally or locally significant. Gardens are not a land use in their own right and have no special status in planning law. This enabled them to be considered, until very recently, as previously developed land according to The Brownfield Guide (). This allowed garden sites to be developed for new housing, thereby helping some authorities to meet their targets for residential development on brownfield land as monitored through their strategic housing land availability assessment (SHLAA). This paper reports the findings of a survey of local planning authorities carried out in 2009 and focused on planning applications and permissions on garden sites over a five year period ending 31 March 2008. The results reveal that garden development was a significant issue in only certain regional contexts, South East, London and West Midlands, and its actual and potential contribution to the local housing stock was variable. Where other forms of brownfield land were in short supply, garden sites might be crucial in meeting targets. The paper examines the policy framework underpinning such applications and shows that where local planning authorities had specific policies on the subject in place they were able to reach more robust decisions on garden site planning applications and there was less likelihood of first stage rejection decisions being overturned on appeal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the life and work of botanist Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. The centenary of his death was celebrated on December 9, 2011 by over 150 participants at a conference at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, England. The event highlighted the quantity and quality of collections accumulated during Sir Joseph's career, both in his official role as director of Kew and as an avid collector and scientist. Information on several plant species that he discovered and collected is provided.

John Evelyn (1620–1706) is a prominent character in the historiography of seventeenth-century science. His friendships with Robert Boyle, Christopher Wren and Sir Thomas Browne, to name a few, ensure this, as does the huge volume of relevant archival material that he left behind. He was not particularly accomplished as a scientist, or natural philosopher to use the contemporary term, but he did engage earnestly with the project of establishing new experimentalist directions for the investigation of nature, both in the Royal Society after its establishment in the early 1660s, and in other milieux in the lead up to that event. As a figure in garden historiography, Evelyn is equally important. He was not a professional gardener, but a gentleman educated for public office. However, until the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, the year he turned forty, he was excluded from public service because of his political allegiances – he was a Royalist. The 1650s were for Evelyn a decade of retirement, and from this time come both the gardens at Wotton – the topic of this paper – and his own famous garden at Sayes Court in Deptford, established in 1653. It was also the time when he composed much of the material on gardening and other virtuoso topics that he published both during that decade and subsequently. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Residential landscapes are crucial to achieving sustainable housing. However, there are concerns that higher housing densities will lead to unsustainable loss of gardens, greenspace and tree cover. This paper explores the effect of housing density on these variables, and finds that only garden provision is negatively correlated. Total greenspace cover need not decrease with densification if flats are combined with communal spaces. However, the quality of these spaces and their sustainable credentials were seen to be highly variable. Tree cover provided by developers is not related to density—they appear to be reluctant to plant trees across the density range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the last ten years tourism literature has been dominated by the use of the concept of sustainability as a means by which tourism growth might be examined, evaluated and managed. However, there has been little work produced on the limits of use that this concept must, by definition, set. It is the purpose of this paper to present a case study from Sissinghurst Castle Garden in Kent, England, where the management has set limits of visitation based on an intuitive knowledge of what is sustainable both physically and perceptually. A recent visitor survey shows that the limits to visitation have a beneficial effect on the long-term marketing and, thus, the commercial viability of the garden. It concludes that, in this case, some form of control was more effective than management by self-regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Corydalis mucronata Franch., illustrated here, is among several Corydalis collected by Père Armand David in Moupine (now Baoxing) in western Sichuan. It can be a conspicuous plant, forming large populations on shady, wet slopes. Though introduced to England over 20 years ago, it is still rare in gardens. Suggestions for its successful cultivation are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Venice, Italy friar, philosopher and architectural theorist Carlo Lodoli's perspective on England's landscape garden designs in the mid 18th century. An overview of Lodoli's relationship with the English Consul in Venice, wealthy merchant and art connoisseur Joseph Smith is provided.

For some geographers, the world has become imaginatively alive with arrays of new nonhumans. Yet how well these vocabularies actually adhere to personal practice is something which could be better explored. Recent accounts of consumption, meanwhile, are committed to closely observed contextual experience. Yet, physical things can seem somewhat subdued in these accounts. With these ideas in mind, in this paper I align a geographical embrace of material vitality and an in-depth approach to practised consumption. I report on a period of ethnographic work with seven garden centres in London to reconsider the ways in which contemporary urbanites encounter the items on sale there. In the London garden centre there are some different ways of approaching life and some changing cultures of control, as the rumbling agencies that certain products purvey are both openly enjoyed and nervously negated. Exploring the unease associated with this situation and its impact upon personal behaviour and physical format, I reflect, in particular, on the current experience of plants. The conclusion that follows is potentially perverse as, although we can benefit from being with life, it seems that, in certain city spaces at least, we now deal better with that which is more dead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part II. Focuses on the debate surrounding the 1970 Channel Tunnel system design that would have affected the Garden of England. Reason behind the establishment of the tunnel project; Factors that influenced the government's decision to cancel the project in 1975; Ways by which structured public participation yielded a culturally acceptable system design in the country.

The article reports on the official opening of an innovative garden project at Keats House, Heath Close, Billericay, Essex in England, an assessment and treatment facility for people with a learning disability, in early July 2007. At the opening, managing editor Ian McMillan of "Learning Disability Practice" pointed the increasing evidence showing that having access to fresh air and pleasant surroundings benefits service users and staff alike.

Growing nectar- and pollen-rich flowering plant varieties in domestic gardens and other greenspace is an important pro-environmental behaviour that supports pollinating insects. Wildlife gardening is popular in the UK; however, public attitudes and behaviour relating to planting for pollinators are currently not well understood. We investigated these through questionnaires and interviews with customers in five garden centres in Sussex, southeast England, a relevant and useful consumer group representing horticulturally-engaged members of the public. Garden centre customers had strongly positive attitudes and were motivated to plant for bees and other pollinators: most (77%) grew pollinator-friendly varieties, while 64% would be more likely to buy a plant with a pollinator-friendly logo. Personal motivation to support pollinators was linked to a recent increase in personal and public awareness of their declines through (often negativistic) information from mass media sources. Practical implications of these findings in relation to the horticultural retail industry are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in people’s behaviour over time can be understood through three distinct elements: their age, a period of time and their birth cohort. Age is a key demographic in many leisure studies but less frequently a period of years is used in longitudinal studies. Changes to a birth cohort (a term often used synonymously with a generation) are rarely examined. This study adopts all three measures to demonstrate the complexity of change over time and also offers a greater understanding of change in people’s leisure behaviour, specifically those who visit gardens in England. A trend study consisting of two cross-sectional studies, 10 years apart, was undertaken through resident surveys (n = 341 and 392). These examined factors external to the individual which might influence their behaviour. The results demonstrate that changes in environmental, social and technological factors such as the weather, family and friends and the Internet have impacts that are complex and which are sometimes concealed within different age groups and cohorts over the decade. Notably, no single factor was identified where there was change across the period, all the age groups and all five cohorts, confirming that any change in people’s behaviour is not universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stainless steel installation "C-Curve," by Anish Kapoor at Kensington Gardens in London, England is presented.

On August 3rd 2014, I attended a performance of WildWorks' 100: The Day our World Changed, a continuous theatrical event from dawn till dusk, travelling from the harbour of Cornish town Mevagissey to the nearby Lost Gardens of Heligan. The Treymayne family have owned the Heligan Estate for over 400 years, providing employment in various forms to the surrounding three parishes of Mevagissey, St Ewe and Gorran. Due to storm damage and decades of inattention, the gardens were discovered in a derelict state in 1990, when John Nelson and Tim Smit led a groundbreaking restoration project. The Lost Gardens of Heligan now welcomes 200,000 visitors a year. Nelson and Smit made a vital discovery within days of their initial explorations - the old gardeners' toilet (Thunderbox Room) - where the pencilled names of past staff on the wall caught their imagination and respect. In August 1914, twentythree outdoor staff were recorded in the labour books; by 1917 there were just eight. This performance grew from a desire by the Heligan Estate to: "honour and commemorate not just the Lost Gardeners from the Heligan Estate but all the people and the families locally whose world was changed in August 1914" (WildWorks, Programme). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As access to photographs and improved housing increased from the turn of the century, images of front and back gardens taken by or for householders became a popular form of domestic photography. While all kinds of streets were photographed in this way, those built for an expanding artisan and clerical class who migrated to London's 'bye-law' suburbs form a significant proportion of surviving images. Carefully delineated photographs of terraced and semi-detached house fronts and back gardens may be read as individual records of family advancement and personal celebrations of the space and privacy of the new homes. Yet specific forms of these photographs were designed for sharing beyond the family, creating a semi-public visual culture and a dispersed photographic record of the exteriors of the working-class and lower-middle-class suburban house. Using representative examples of two groups of these sources-photographic postcards and readers' photographs published in Amateur Gardening magazine-this essay explores how and why the inhabitants of London's outer suburbs presented themselves, at home in their gardens, to family, friends and fellow gardeners. It finds that both photography and gardening could be social pastimes, and that through their exchange, these 'suburban' photographs reflected and even consciously demonstrated social progress in the form of increased leisure time and self-contained space in which to exercise it productively at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Queen Anne initially took against William III's expenditure in the Royal Gardens, and appointed Henry Wise, who promised to reduce costs, as Royal Gardener. However Anne soon began to join the garden-making elite herself. Furthermore, her liking for driving a chaise at speed led to extensive rides in the parks at Windsor and Hampton Court. From 1708 Anne's former reluctance to be extravagant, and her distrust of the Office of Works, had been overcome, and she embarked on some significant projects. In retrospect these are among the formative influences on garden designers of the 1720s and 1730s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the history of aesthetics in landscape architecture and garden design in England and France. It states that English writer Joseph Addison was the father of aesthetics and first applied his ideas to gardening. It also looks at the influences on the aesthetic principles of gardening and landscape design including ancient cultures, Chinese architecture, and the Age of Enlightenment.

Examining the complexity of Shenstone's landscape gardening project, his self-fashioning and pastoral myth-making, the essay will study a hitherto neglected, illustrated manuscript album of Shenstone's verse, investigating the volume's intermedial remit by reading it as poetic guidebook for visitors to The Leasowes. Discussing its visual-textual strategies as related to the poet's landscape gardening, the essay will shed light on Shenstone's unique scripting of a route that visitors follow in order to experience both the different loci of his monumentalised self and nature's architectural recasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robert Wilson’sWalking(2012), a London 2012 commission for the Norfolk and Norwich Festival, invited audiences to undertake a three-and-a-half hour aestheticised walk across a nature reserve. Framed as a retreat from everyday life, the piece required its walkers to perform movement of great slowness. This article examines the performance closely, suggesting that its aesthetic strategies bore witness to an older form of rural tourism – that of the eighteenth century picturesque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the use of woody plantings in English gardens in the eighteenth century to create wildernesses or shrubberies, closely planted groupings of trees, shrubs, and perennials. Garden designs considered include the grounds of Chiswick House in London, Kensington Palace in Kensington, and Buckingham Palace in London. Notable people discussed include British architect John Nash, German garden critic Prince Pückler Muskau, and garden writers Thomas Whately and John Claudius Loudon.

The article presents the author's views regarding the varieties of apples including Pink Lady, Gala, and Fuji, in the South Lambeth, London, based garden of John Tradescant and his sons. According to the author, the Tradescants imported and cultivated edible plants in 17th century, it is because of the Tradescants that England get connected to the most powerful politicians.

This article examines the development of allotment gardens in the northern English city of York at the start of the twentieth century. Using archive material and newspaper reports, the role of the allotment gardens within wider issues of urban social reform is explored. Through Giddens’s theory of structuration, the manner in which relationships between citizens and the City Corporation of York developed is investigated. In this manner, the place of allotment gardens as a means of understanding wider urban life in Britain can be reexamined. Although allotment gardens have only partially featured in studies of civic reform, identity and governmentality, their place as a central feature of working-class life in Britain demands that a greater focus of attention be placed on these plots of land. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The evergreen Mexican oak, Quercus crassifolia Bonpl. is illustrated; its distribution is given and related species are discussed. Its survival in gardens in England is noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The UK population of the Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata has declined markedly in the last 30 years but there have been few recent studies of the species. This study examined the relationship between nest success and the predominant habitat type around Spotted Flycatcher nests in two contrasting areas of England. A breeding population in eastern England, a region where numbers of Spotted Flycatchers are known to have decreased dramatically in recent decades, was compared with another in southwest England, where numbers have remained stable or even increased. Whilst there was no difference in breeding success between the two study areas, there were significant differences between habitats, with garden nests more successful than those in farmland or woodland, at both egg and chick stages. Estimates of productivity per nesting attempt were also lower in farmland and woodland, with nests in gardens fledging twice as many chicks as those in either woodland or farmland. The proximate cause of lower success in farmland and woodland was higher nest predation rates during both egg and chick stages. In terms of nesting success, farmland and woodland appear to be similar in quality for this species, but both appear to be suboptimal habitats when compared with gardens, providing evidence of a problem on the breeding grounds for this species, in at least these two habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic gardens associated with residential zones form a major component of vegetated land in towns and cities. Such gardens may play a vital role in maintaining biodiversity in urban areas, but variation in the abundance of organisms in gardens has been little explored. We report the results from a case study of 61 domestic gardens in the city of Sheffield, UK. Across 22 invertebrate groups, the median number of individuals recorded per garden was 49, 178, and 1012 in litter collections, pitfall and Malaise trap samples, respectively. Abundance was analysed by stepwise multiple regression and hierarchical tree analysis in relation to garden and landscape variables. The amount of variation explained in regression models ranged from 4 to 56%, for data based on pitfall and litter samples, and from 16 to 92% for data from Malaise traps. In total, 31 out of 36 explanatory variables entered into stepwise regression models, and 29 of them did so more than once. Although there was strong evidence only for approximately half of such relationships, in these cases the two methods of analysis corroborated one another. General correlates of invertebrate abundance were lacking, and likely reasons for inconsistencies in the relationships are discussed in the context of sampling and species biology. Correlates of the greatest significance occurred at both landscape (e.g. altitude) and garden scales (e.g. area of canopy vegetation). These factors were associated with species richness as well as abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history and structure of the University Botanic Garden are described, from its foundation in 1762, and its move to the present site in 1846, to the most recent changes. The plantings and buildings in the garden are shown to reflect both the interests of successive directors and staff, and developments in the sciences of botany and genetics in Cambridge over the past 150 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on several articles on natural history and geology published in several periodicals. Differences of opinion among scientists studying the extinction of dinosaurs; Discoveries of a palm-fringed paradise, a sub-tropical Garden of Eden stretching from West Ham Park to Hackney Wick in London, England; Reservoirs in the English countryside; Mass movement events in Ireland.

Reports on archaeological excavations at Upper Lodge, Bushy Park, London Borough of Richmond in England from 1997 to 1999. Historical background of the Earl of Halifax's water garden; Results of the excavations; Conclusions.

Examines the development of the landscape architecture of Castle Howard in Yorkshire, England. Description of English landscape gardens in late 17th to early 18th centuries; Factors which affected the landscape design of Castle Howard; Estate maps and early descriptions of Ray Wood hill.