94,952 results
Search Results
202. Comparison of the Beatability for Fast-growing Plants, Softwood, and Hardwood Sources of Fibers.
- Author
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Małachowska, Edyta and Dubowik, Marcin
- Subjects
SOFTWOOD ,PLANT fibers ,PAPER pulp ,RAW materials ,ENERGY consumption - Abstract
Refining is a primary unit operation that has a large impact on the quality of paper products and cost of production. The refining process of cellulose fibers is the most energy-intensive step in the preparation of paper pulp. High energy consumption during the refining process has motivated researchers to improve the economics of the process without decreasing the strength of the paper produced. This objective can be realized through easily refined pulps that are produced from alternative vegetal fibrous raw materials. This work compares the energy consumption of refining soft, hardwood, and fast-growing fibrous materials to 30 °SR. The goal was to reduce energy consumption while maintaining the strength properties of the paper received. For this purpose, cellulose pulps from fast growing plants including poplar, larch, and grasses were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
203. Allocation of fuel costs and CO2-emissions to heat and power in an industrial CHP plant: Case integrated pulp and paper mill
- Author
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Holmberg, Henrik, Tuomaala, Mari, Haikonen, Turo, and Ahtila, Pekka
- Subjects
- *
CALORIC expenditure , *CARBON dioxide mitigation , *PAPER mills , *ELECTRICITY , *EXERGY , *ENERGY consumption - Abstract
Abstract: This paper studies allocation of fuel costs and CO2-emissions to heat and power in a CHP plant producing heat to an integrated pulp and paper mill and electricity to the liberalized electricity markets (or to the mill by the market price). The CHP plant and the mill are considered to be two separate economical units and both the mill and the CHP plant perspectives are discussed. Fuel costs and CO2-emissions are allocated using the energy, exergy and market based methods. The CHP plant purchases black liquor and bark from the mill. It also purchases oil from the markets to cover the whole fuel demand of the plant. The results indicate that the marked based method can be recommended as a “neutral” cost allocation method, because with that, the energy producer is not collecting extra margins from selling steam. This means that heat pricing is cost based. The results also indicate that depending on the emission factor and efficiency of alternative energy production form, the marked based method or the exergy method allocate the lowest CO2-emissions to heat. Therefore, the use of market based method for allocating costs and CO2 emissions can be recommended in order to use one single approach in both. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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204. Spatiotemporal analysis of energy consumption and financial development in African OPEC countries
- Author
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Nwafor, Florence Uchenna, Kalu, Ebere Ume, Arize, Augustine C., and Onwumere, Josaphat U.J.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
205. The dilemmas of relevance: exploring the role of natural resources and energy consumption in managing climate crisis in Africa
- Author
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Shobande, Olatunji and Asongu, Simplice
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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206. Finance, poverty-income inequality, energy consumption and the CO2 emissions nexus in Africa
- Author
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Asiedu, Michael, Effah, Nana Adwoa Anokye, and Aboagye, Emmanuel Mensah
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
207. An index of cryptocurrency environmental attention (ICEA)
- Author
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Wang, Yizhi, Lucey, Brian, Vigne, Samuel Alexandre, and Yarovaya, Larisa
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
208. Agenda. Call for papers: “III Congreso Internacional Compra Pública Verde y Cambio Climático”, 4 y 5 de octubre de 2023, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid.
- Author
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Mercadal Cuesta, David
- Subjects
- *
CLEAN energy , *GOVERNMENT purchasing , *ENERGY infrastructure , *GREEN infrastructure , *ENERGY consumption - Abstract
The University of Alcalá in Madrid will organize the "III International Congress on Green Public Procurement and Climate Change" on October 4th and 5th, 2023. The congress aims to receive oral communications on topics related to green public procurement and climate change, as well as tangential aspects such as sustainable food, legislation on climate change, public procurement and depopulation, sustainable infrastructure and energy efficiency, and sustainable or low-emission mobility. The Scientific Committee will review the communications and select the best ones for possible publication in the journal Actualidad Jurídica Ambiental. The deadline for submitting abstracts is May 15th, 2023. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
209. Multilayer DS-MAC with game theory optimization
- Author
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S., Radha, Bala, G. Josemin, and P., Nagabushanam
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
210. Smart Sticker Ultra-Low-Power Shock Detection in the Supply Chain.
- Author
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Matić, Tomislav, Zidar, Josip, Aleksi, Ivan, and Žagar, Drago
- Subjects
SUPPLY chains ,STICKERS ,NEAR field communication ,ELECTRONIC paper ,ENERGY harvesting ,ENERGY consumption - Abstract
This paper presents a shock detection device for packages in the supply chain. The primary purpose is to identify package damage during storage, delivery, and handling. Additionally, products are likely to be damaged if dropped from a certain height, which sometimes does not appear on the package. By continuously measuring package vibrations and detecting shocks in the supply chain, consumers can gain an insight into the state of the product upon delivery. This paper presents the Smart Sticker implementation for ultra-low-power shock detection in the supply chain. The overall energy consumption must be kept as low as possible while continuously sensing the presence of shock to ensure that the Smart Sticker's battery lasts as long as possible. The Smart Sticker functions in three modes to meet the established constraints: low-power, active, and data transfer mode. While detecting the shock, the low-power mode uses the least amount of energy needed. If the shock exceeds the threshold, the Smart Sticker enters active mode, stores the detected g force value in memory, and then switches back to low-power mode. Finally, employing Near Field Communication (NFC) and energy harvesting, the data transfer mode allows the consumer to read the recorded data. The results show that the Smart Sticker for shock detection performs according to set requirements and successfully monitors and detects shock for packages in the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
211. ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MUSTARD WASTEWATER USING CARBON PAPER ELECTRODE.
- Author
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Hainan Ai, Qiang He, Hongxiang Chai, Xuebin Hu, and Tengrui Long
- Abstract
Treatment of mustard wastewater with high salinity and organic concentration by electrochemical degradation was studied. The influence of the critical parameters of electro-oxidation such as pH, current density, salt concentration and energy consumption on the removal efficiency of COD and NH
3 -N was studied using porous carbon electrode. It was found that the COD and NH3 -N removal efficiency could be enhanced by increasing pH, current density and salt concentration. The current density of 0.032A cm-2 at pH 9 with a salt concentration 7% was found to be optimal, achieving a maximum COD and NH3 -N removal of 64.2% and 81.2%. The optimum energy requirement for the reduction of 1kg COD is 0.83 kWh at pH 9, salt concentration 7% and current density 0.032A cm-2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
212. Waste Heat Integration of Coating Paper Machine Drying Process.
- Author
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Kong, Lingbo, Liu, Huanbin, Li, Jigeng, and Tao, Jinsong
- Subjects
- *
DRYING , *HEAT , *PAPERMAKING machinery , *ENERGY consumption , *HEAT exhaustion - Abstract
The paper sheet drying process consumes about 70% of the total energy required in coated papermaking, and almost all the thermal energy used in the process can be found in the exhaust air; thus, it has significant potential to recover the heat. With the aim of saving energy, the recovered energy is usually used to heat different process streams instead of steam. This article examines the drying process of an operating coating paper machine to demonstrate an optimization method. To study the possibility of improving energy efficiency, thermodynamic analysis was conducted. The reasons why there is so much heat lost during drying were investigated. Based on the results of the energy and exergy analysis, a new waste heat integration scheme is presented. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed scheme has been evaluated. The results of the case study show an energy efficiency improvement of 7.3% and a specific energy consumption reduction of 4.6% with profitable investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
213. Exergetic and exergoeconomic optimization of a cogeneration pulp and paper mill plant including the use of a heat transformer
- Author
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Cortés, E. and Rivera, W.
- Subjects
- *
EXERGY , *ENERGY economics , *PAPER mills , *ELECTRIC transformers , *ENERGY conservation , *ENERGY consumption , *COGENERATION of electric power & heat - Abstract
Abstract: Energy conservation is a central concern of the current industrial world, where increasing efficient energy usage is the only way of reducing a high energy demand. In the present study the optimization of a pulp and paper mill with a cogeneration plant has been carried out. The optimization was realized with a methodology which includes exergy, exergoeconomics, thermoeconomics and pinch analysis. The proposed methodology was useful in determining not only the best plant operating conditions but also establishing the components or subsystems with the highest irreversibilities. As a result of the study, operation changes in the recovery boiler, the turbogenerator, the thermal treatment and the deaerator were realized. Due to the higher irreversibility in the actual evaporator line, a new line of evaporators was proposed. Also, an innovative heat recycling technology as to the use of heat transformers was proposed in order to reduce waste heat discharged to the atmosphere. The results obtained with the proposed methodology, which integrates the different optimization methods, allowed reaching higher efficiencies and lower operational costs than those obtained with the optimization methods working separately. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
214. Novel methods for monitoring the sludge dewatering operation of a belt filter: a mill study.
- Author
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Kuosa, Markku and Kopra, Riku
- Subjects
- *
SEWAGE sludge , *PAPER mills , *ENERGY consumption , *TRANSMITTANCE (Physics) , *THICKNESS measurement - Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
215. Energy for women and women for energy (engendering energy and empowering women) 1 [1] A rudimentary version of this paper was presented at the Brainstorming Meeting of ENERGIA: Women and Energy Network on June 4-5, 1996, at the University ...
- Author
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Batliwala, Srilatha and Reddy, Amulya K.N.
- Subjects
BRAINSTORMING ,SOCIAL conditions of women ,ENERGY consumption - Abstract
The women-energy nexus involves the challenge of engendering energy and the challenge of empowering women through energy. The first challenge arises from the gender disaggregation of energy consumption patterns. A quantitative account of the share of women in these patterns is presented through a description of the rural energy consumption pattern of the village of Pura in South India. The results indicate that women work more hours than men. Women also perform the back-breaking tasks and are displaced by agricultural mechanisation. The energy output-input imbalance is aggravated by the fact that, in developing countries, women traditionally eat last and least in a family – women therefore take in less food energy than men. The gender distribution of labour results in negative health impacts. The scarcity of energy services in rural areas has serious social and gender impacts. Tackling them requires energy interventions to improve the quality of life for women. Examples of such energy interventions are the community biogas plant at the village of Pura and the multi-purpose platforms of the Mali project. Since technological opportunities exist for such energy interventions, attention is turned to the second challenge of empowering women through energy entrepreneur ship. This requires a change of mind-set on the part of energy planners and activists – they must promote the notion of women as managers and entrepreneurs, and not just beneficiaries, of improved energy services. The idea is to push the following sequence: women as deprived in energy consumption patterns → women as beneficiaries of energy interventions → women as managers of enterprises → women as energy entrepreneurs. This is nothing short of a paradigm shift – but once achieved and implemented, the results will speak for themselves. Such an approach will engender energy by converting it into a force for improving the quality of life as well as enhancing productive capacities – a virtuous circle of energy for women and women for energy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
216. Pre-treatment with calcium hydroxide and accelerated carbonation for cellulosic pulp fibrillation.
- Author
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de Sousa Arantes, Lorran, Prazeres Mascarenhas, Adriano Reis, Scatolino, Mário Vanoli, Denzin Tonoli, Gustavo Henrique, Mendes, Lourival Marin, Borges, Ianca Oliveira, and Guimarães Júnior, José Benedito
- Subjects
CALCIUM hydroxide ,CARBONATION (Chemistry) ,CELLULOSE fibers ,ENERGY consumption ,POWDER coating ,PERSONAL identification numbers ,SPREADS (Food) - Abstract
In this study, the effect of different concentrations of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)
2 ) was evaluated as a pre-treatment for accelerated carbonation and its influence on the fibrillation of cellulosic pulps to obtain nanofibrils, and its application as a coating agent for papers. Eucalyptus (EUC) and Pine (PIN) unbleached cellulosic fibers were submitted to pre-treatment with Ca(OH)2 at concentrations of 5 and 10% and subjected to accelerated carbonation, being subsequently mechanically fibrillated to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). Pretreatment with calcium hydroxide followed by accelerated carbonation provided a 35% reduction in energy consumption. Cellulosic pulps EUC and PIN pretreated with calcium hydroxide showed higher fibrillation efficiency. There was a reduction in the cobb test values for papers coated with CNF in PIN. The WVP was lower for papers coated with CNF of EUC and control PIN. The CNF coating of EUC and PIN provided an oil barrier for the kit 11 solution. The CNF coating improved the dispersion of PVA and PVOH. The papers coated in this work have the potential to be used as packaging for fatty and oily foods or as a spreading agent for other industrial coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
217. Evaluating energy efficiency improvement of pulp and paper production: Case study from factory level.
- Author
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Kong, Lingbo, Zhao, Jingyi, Li, Jiahao, Lou, Rui, and Zhang, Yao
- Subjects
- *
PULPING , *ENERGY consumption , *PAPER mills , *PAPER industry , *FACTORY equipment , *PULP mills , *COMMERCIAL buildings - Abstract
To reduce energy use and achieve a low carbon production in pulp and paper industry (PPI), it is essential to improve energy efficiency in pulp and paper production. In this study, the energy savings from the PPI were estimated based on a techno-economic analysis by EAGER tool for PPI at the factory level. The structure and implement procedure were introduced initially. Two typical pulp and paper mills from China were determined to estimate the impact of selected energy efficiency technologies (EETs) on energy savings as the cases in the base year. One Factory (A) only produced paper products (i.e. corrugated paper and Kraft linerboard) while the other Factory (B) also produced market pulp besides sack paper. In totally 22 selected EETs were applied to assess their saving potential in Factory A, and 29 measures were applied in Factory B. The results show that 2290 TJ and 1179 TJ of final energy could be saved annually in Factory A and B, corresponding to reduction of 29.4% and 13.6% total energy consumption respectively for the case factories. The CO 2 reduction potential was 32.3% for Factory A compared with that of 16.6% in Factory B. It suggests that the pulp and paper mills should encouraged to use this method estimating energy saving potential, and improve their energy efficiency with suggested measures in order to reduce energy consumption and related carbon emissions further in the coming years. • Energy savings of pulp and paper production were estimated at the factory level. • A techno-economic evaluation tool was applied to access the energy savings and carbon emission reductions. • Two typical pulp and paper factories from China were investigated to estimate their energy savings in the base year. • It is useful to assess energy savings and select feasible EETs in achieving energy saving and emission reduction targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
218. 纸材料在景观小品中的应用分析.
- Author
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刘子寅 and 李亚平
- Subjects
SUSTAINABLE development ,WASTE recycling ,SUSTAINABLE construction ,ENERGY consumption ,LANDSCAPES - Abstract
Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
219. Life cycle comparison of petroleum- and bio-based paper binder from distillers grains (DG).
- Author
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Anthony, Renil, Sharara, Mahmoud A., Runge, Troy M., and Anex, Robert P.
- Subjects
- *
DISTILLERS feeds , *LIFE cycles (Biology) , *BINDING agents , *POLYVINYL alcohol , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *ENERGY consumption - Abstract
This study presents a comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of distillers grain (DG) gum, a bio-based paper coating binder, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Non-renewable energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and eutrophication potential were assessed for each binder. Economic, mass, and energy allocation were used to allocate the impacts of DG gum production with co-products (ethanol and livestock feed). DG production non-renewable energy use (269 to 183 MJ) surpassed that associated with PVA production (168 MJ). GHG emissions from DG gum production under mass and energy allocations were 28% and 37% lower than PVA production emissions, respectively. Corn cultivation is responsible for 55% to 78% of the eutrophication impacts of DG gum production under energy and economic allocation, respectively. Changes to natural gas consumption and fertilizer runoff had the largest influence on total energy use, GHG emissions, and eutrophication potential of DG gum production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
220. Contracting in a Market with Differential Information.
- Author
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Rocha, Marta and Greve, Thomas
- Subjects
ENERGY consumption ,ACCESS to information ,PAPER industry ,DATA modeling - Abstract
Today's technology allows firms to collect, store and use different types of data. This has prompted a wide discussion on the effects of access to data on competition and consumer welfare. This discussion has also been present in the energy sector in which advanced technology has allowed for the collection of detailed energy consumption data. Prompted by this discussion on the energy sector, this paper studies an industry where two firms have access to the same technology and compete in prices, but one of them has access to better information about customers. The better informed firm obtains a customer contact advantage, whereas the uninformed firm can still offer a menu of prices without being able to pre-identify the customers. We show that the better informed firm is able to exclude the uninformed firm from the market. This result provides policy insights on the usefulness of considering data access models that can ensure non-discriminatory behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
221. The Rebound Effect in Energy-Intensive Industries: A Factor Demand Model with Asymmetric Price Response.
- Author
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Dahlqvist, Anna, Lundgren, Tommy, and Marklund, Per-Olov
- Subjects
ENERGY tax ,ENERGY consumption ,PAPER pulp ,ENERGY industries - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to estimate industry-specific direct rebound effects and to relate these effects to industry energy efficiency programs. The rebound effect represents economic behavior that will offset energy savings from energy efficiency improvements. The paper focuses on four energy intense sectors in Sweden; pulp and paper, iron and steel, chemical, and mining, during 2001-2012. We apply a factor demand model that allows for asymmetric energy price responses, i.e. that firms respond differently to increasing and decreasing energy prices. The results show considerable rebound effects. For electricity and non-fossil fuels, efficiency improvements could even 'backfire'. To mitigate this effect, policies, such as voluntary energy efficiency programs, should be combined with an increase in energy taxes if the ambition is to reduce overall energy use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
222. Demand Response in Buildings: A Comprehensive Overview of Current Trends, Approaches, and Strategies.
- Author
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Jurjevic, Ruzica and Zakula, Tea
- Subjects
CLEAN energy ,RENEWABLE energy sources ,ENERGY demand management ,STANDARD of living ,EVIDENCE gaps ,ENERGY consumption - Abstract
Power grids in the 21st century face unprecedented challenges, including the urgent need to combat pollution, mitigate climate change, manage dwindling fossil fuel reserves, integrate renewable energy sources, and meet greater energy demand due to higher living standards. These challenges create heightened uncertainty, driven by the intermittent nature of renewables and surges in energy consumption, necessitating adaptable demand response (DR) strategies. This study addresses this urgent situation based on a statistical analysis of recent scientific research papers. It evaluates the current trends and DR practices in buildings, recognizing their pivotal role in achieving energy supply–demand equilibrium. The study analysis provides insight into building types, sample sizes, DR modeling approaches, and management strategies. The paper reveals specific research gaps, particularly the need for more detailed investigations encompassing building types and leveraging larger datasets. It underscores the potential benefits of adopting a multifaceted approach by combining multiple DR management strategies to optimize demand-side management. The findings presented in this paper can provide information to and guide future studies, policymaking, and decision-making processes to assess the practical potential of demand response in buildings and ultimately contribute to more resilient and sustainable energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
223. 宽幅高速纸机刮刀座绿色 制造技术研究.
- Author
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刘霞云, 欧阳太平, and 杨勇
- Subjects
HIGH-speed machining ,MANUFACTURING processes ,ENERGY consumption ,MACHINING ,POLLUTION - Abstract
Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
224. Application of Carbon Footprint Assessment Methodology to the Case of Coated Ivory Board.
- Author
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Shijie Zhang, Beihai He, Lihong Zhao, and Jinghui Zhou
- Subjects
ECOLOGICAL impact ,PAPER industry ,SOCIAL development ,GASES from plants ,ASSEMBLY line methods - Abstract
The pulp and paper industry, which is closely related to national economic and social development, is an important industry but also contributes high carbon emissions. Therefore, with the advent of the low-carbon economic era, ways to reduce the carbon emissions and to bring about a low-carbon industrial transition of the pulp and paper industry is becoming one of the important academic projects. A system for carbon footprint assessment, namely the Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 2050 methodology, is introduced in this paper. Based on the analysis and assessment of the carbon footprint (CO
2 equivalent emissions) for the Coated Ivory Board production lines, it was used to provide a scientific basis and approach for reduction of carbon emissions and formulate the corresponding measures for carbon emissions reduction of China's pulp and paper industry. The business to business carbon footprint, for which steps of the life cycle are included in Coated Ivory Board production, was analyzed and calculated. The results showed that there were 888 kg of CO2 equivalent emissions per metric ton of Coated Ivory Board, in which the largest part, accounting for 57.5%, was associated with purchased electricity, followed by fuel oil at 40.2%, and others accounted for 2.3% of the CO2 equivalent emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
225. Integrated Control of Emission Reductions, Energy-Saving, and Cost-Benefit Using a Multi-Objective Optimization Technique in the Pulp and Paper Industry.
- Author
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Zongguo Wen, Chang Xu, and Xueying Zhang
- Subjects
- *
EMISSION control , *WATER pollution , *EMISSIONS (Air pollution) , *ENERGY consumption , *PAPER industry , *CHEMICAL oxygen demand - Abstract
Reduction of water pollutant emissions and energy consumption is regarded as a key environmental objective for the pulp and paper industry. The paper develops a bottom-up model called the Industrial Water Pollutant Control and Technology Policy (IWPCTP) based on an industrial technology simulation system and multiconstraint technological optimization. Five policy scenarios covering the business as usual (BAU) scenario, the structural adjustment (SA) scenario, the cleaner technology promotion (CT) scenario, the end-treatment of pollutants (EOP) scenario, and the coupling measures (CM) scenario have been set to describe future policy measures related to the development of the pulp and paper industry from 2010-2020. The outcome of this study indicates that the energy saving amount under the CT scenario is the largest, while that under the SA scenario is the smallest. Under the CT scenario, savings by 2020 include 70 kt/year of chemical oxygen demand (COD) emission reductions and savings of 7443 kt of standard coal, 539.7 ton/year of ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) emission reductions, and savings of 7444 kt of standard coal. Taking emission reductions, energy savings, and cost-benefit into consideration, cleaner technologies like highly efficient pulp washing, dry and wet feedstock preparation, and horizontal continuous cooking, medium and high consistency pulping and wood dry feedstock preparation are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
226. Designing energy solutions: a comparison of two participatory design approaches for service innovation
- Author
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Willmott, Taylor Jade, Hurley, Erin, and Rundle-Thiele, Sharyn
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
227. Tri-optimization of building shape and envelope properties using Taguchi and constraint limit method
- Author
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Lin, Yaolin and Yang, Wei
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
228. The link among energy consumption, growth and globalization in Turkish agriculture
- Author
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Gunduz, Orhan, Korkmaz, Ozge, and Ceyhan, Vedat
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
229. Artificial Intelligence and Sustainability—A Review.
- Author
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Dhiman, Rachit, Miteff, Sofia, Wang, Yuancheng, Ma, Shih-Chi, Amirikas, Ramila, and Fabian, Benjamin
- Subjects
ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,SUSTAINABILITY ,ENERGY consumption ,STAKEHOLDERS - Abstract
In recent decades, artificial intelligence has undergone transformative advancements, reshaping diverse sectors such as healthcare, transport, agriculture, energy, and the media. Despite the enthusiasm surrounding AI's potential, concerns persist about its potential negative impacts, including substantial energy consumption and ethical challenges. This paper critically reviews the evolving landscape of AI sustainability, addressing economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The literature is systematically categorized into "Sustainability of AI" and "AI for Sustainability", revealing a balanced perspective between the two. The study also identifies a notable trend towards holistic approaches, with a surge in publications and empirical studies since 2019, signaling the field's maturity. Future research directions emphasize delving into the relatively under-explored economic dimension, aligning with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and addressing stakeholders' influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
230. Hydrothermal carbonisation of paper sludge: Effect of process conditions on hydrochar fuel characteristics and energy recycling efficiency.
- Author
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Assis, Englatina I.N.C., Gidudu, Brian, and Chirwa, Evans M.N.
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY consumption , *SOLID waste management , *HEAT of combustion , *RESPONSE surfaces (Statistics) , *DEHYDRATION reactions , *EMISSIONS (Air pollution) - Abstract
Current management of solid waste from pulp and paper activities represents an environmental and economic burden worldwide due to pollution emissions. This study investigates the potential of hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) treatment as a sustainable alternative for producing cleaner and energy-dense solid fuel from paper mill sludge. The effect of process parameters (temperature, reaction time and solid load) on hydrochar fuel formation from paper sludge was evaluated and, for the first time, the paper sludge-derived hydrochar was optimised to maximise the mass yield and calorific value using response surface methodology (RSM). The physicochemical characteristics, thermal fuel behaviour, energy recycling efficiency and electricity generation potential were assessed by proximate and ultimate analysis, thermogravimetry, bomb calorimeter, scanning electron microscopy and process energy assessment. Results showed that hydrochar fuel formation and properties were mainly influenced by the process temperature and residence time, and governed by dehydration and decarboxylation reactions which reduced the atomic H/C and O/C ratios by 35.5% and 64%, respectively. The produced hydrochars presented low sulphur, nitrogen and ash content with a maximum calorific value (HHV) of 22.9 MJ/kg, equivalent to the HHV of coal for commercial utility in South Africa. The HHV of the hydrochar corresponded to a 49.80% increase over the HHV of the initial feedstock. The optimum operating conditions were 231 ± 1 °C and 1.99 h for a hydrochar yield of 74.4% and calorific value of 18.5 MJ/kg. The energy assessment showed that up to 58.34% of the energy produced by hydrochar fuel combustion may be recycled as heat or power, while the remaining 41.66% of the combustion energy could be utilised to sustain the HTC treatment of paper sludge. The substantial water demand was concluded to be a drawback. Thus, water recirculation and the potential to catalyse the HTC reactions to increase overall process efficiency will constitute a future study to make the process more environmentally friendly for industrial-scale application. [Display omitted] • Dehydration and decarboxylation were predominant. • Optimum energy yield of 18.5 MJ/kg and 74.4% hydrochar was achieved under 231 ± 1 °C and 1.99 h. • Higher HTC reaction severity enhanced the physicochemical properties of the hydrochar. • Hydrochars produced have low nitrogen and sulphur (<1%) content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
231. Characterization of necessary elements for a definition of resilience for the energy system.
- Author
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Jesse, Bernhard-Johannes, Kramer, Gert Jan, and Koning, Vinzenz
- Subjects
ECOLOGICAL resilience ,SYSTEMS engineering ,OPERATIONAL definitions ,ENERGY consumption ,CLIMATE change - Abstract
Background: To reduce the effects of climate change, the current fossil-based energy system must transition to a low-carbon system based largely on renewables. In both academic literature and non-academic discourse concerning the energy transition, resilience is frequently mentioned as an additional objective or requirement. Despite its frequent use, resilience is a very malleable term with different meanings in different contexts. Main text: This paper seeks to identify how resilience is understood in the field of the energy system and whether there are similar aspects in the different ways the term is understood. To this end, we review more than 130 papers for definitions of energy system resilience. In addition, we use different aspects to categorize and examine these. The results paint a diverse picture in terms of the definition and understanding of resilience in the energy system. However, a few definition archetypes can be identified. The first uses a straightforward approach, in which the energy system has one clearly defined equilibrium state. Here, resilience is defined in relation to the response of the energy system to a disturbance and its ability to quickly return to its equilibrium. The second type of resilience allows for different equilibriums, to which a resilient energy system can move after a disruption. Another type of resilience focuses more on the process and the actions of the system in response to disruption. Here, resilience is defined as the ability of the system to adapt and change. In the papers reviewed, we find that the operational definition of resilience often encompasses aspects of different archetypes. This diversity shows that resilience is a versatile concept with different elements. Conclusions: With this paper, we aim to provide insight into how the understanding of resilience for the energy system differs depending on which aspect of the energy system is studied, and which elements might be necessary for different understandings of resilience. We conclude by providing information and recommendations on the potential usage of the term energy system resilience based on our lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
232. SMART HOME POWER MANAGEMENT BASED ON IOT.
- Author
-
MANG'ANDA, HENDRY
- Subjects
SMART homes ,HOME energy use ,PRIVATE networks ,INTERNET of things ,ENERGY consumption ,RESIDENTIAL heating systems - Abstract
This paper explores the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) technology to create a remote-control system for electrical equipment in households. The system offers a unified interface for managing various home appliances, including lights, vertical curtains, and air conditioning units. A private network infrastructure supports a personal cloud service, enabling remote access to appliance controls through the internet. The primary objective of this study is to enhance energy efficiency within households by facilitating convenient and remote management of electrical devices. Through the IoT framework, users can monitor and adjust appliance settings based on environmental conditions, accessed through a web server and user-friendly web applications or smartphone interfaces. Key findings of this paper include the real-time monitoring of electrical parameters through web applications, providing insights into energy usage patterns and opportunities for optimization. By leveraging IoT technology, homeowners can reduce energy consumption and contribute to environmental sustainability while enjoying improved convenience in appliance management. This study underscores the importance of integrating IoT solutions into household infrastructure to promote energy conservation and enhance overall efficiency. The implications of this paper extend to both individual homeowners and broader efforts to mitigate energy consumption in residential settings, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
233. A Systematic Literature Review on Virtual Machine Consolidation.
- Author
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DIAS, ALEXANDRE H. T., CORREIA, LUIZ. H. A., and MALHEIROS, NEUMAR
- Subjects
ENERGY consumption ,SERVICE level agreements ,MACHINERY ,QUALITY of service ,SERVER farms (Computer network management) - Abstract
Virtual machine consolidation has been a widely explored topic in recent years due to Cloud Data Centers’ effect on global energy consumption. Thus, academia and companies made efforts to achieve green computing, reducing energy consumption to minimize environmental impact. By consolidating Virtual Machines into a fewer number of Physical Machines, resource provisioning mechanisms can shutdown idle Physical Machines to reduce energy consumption and improve resource utilization. However, there is a tradeoff between reducing energy consumption while assuring the Quality of Service established on the Service Level Agreement. This work introduces a Systematic Literature Review of one year of advances in virtual machine consolidation. It provides a discussion on methods used in each step of the virtual machine consolidation, a classification of papers according to their contribution, and a quantitative and qualitative analysis of datasets, scenarios, and metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
234. Use of waste paper sludge ash as a calcium-based stabiliser for clay soils.
- Author
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Mavroulidou, M.
- Subjects
CLAY soils ,SOIL quality ,COMPRESSIVE strength ,SWELLING soils ,ENERGY consumption ,SOIL cement ,MATERIAL plasticity - Abstract
Chemical ground improvement of soils of poor quality for construction has been increasingly used as a means of promoting sustainable construction practices. The production of conventional soil stabilisers such as cement or lime involves non-renewable natural resource and energy consumption and high carbon dioxide emissions; therefore, alternative stabilisers are sought. This study used waste paper sludge ash (PSA) to treat three different clays. The aim was to assess PSA effectiveness as an alternative to lime or cement for clay stabilisation based on plasticity characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), water retention and volumetric stability. PSA-treated soil specimens were shown to perform well compared to lime-treated or cement-treated ones: (a) PSA considerably lowered the plasticity indices of the two expansive clays, in a similar way as lime; (b) in most cases PSA dosages equal to or greater than the initial consumption of lime gave UCS at least twice as high compared to those obtained using commercial limes at equivalent dosages (> 1 MPa for the two expansive soils after 7 or 28 days of curing) and in the inspected cases also higher UCS than cement; and (c) consistently with the plasticity results PSA-treated specimens swelled less during wetting and had lower volumetric strains upon drying (better volumetric stability) compared to lime-treated or cement-treated soils. Overall the results give promise for a valorisation route of this waste material in the field of ground improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
235. Minimizing path loss and improving security in wireless body area networks
- Author
-
Anguraj, Dinesh Kumar, Bashar, Abul, Nidhya, R., Shimna, P.K., and Ravi, Renjith V.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
236. The impact of energy consumption and merchandise exports on CO2 emission in the United Nations geoscheme regions
- Author
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Senarathne, Chamil W. and Jayasinghe, Prabhath
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
237. 23.1: Invited Paper: Colloidal Dispersion Materials for Electrophoretic Displays and Beyond.
- Author
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Goulding, Mark, Smith, Nathan, Farrand, Louise, Topping, Claire, Norman, Sarah, Sauter, Annabelle, Cooper, Guy, Jin, Heui Seok, and Lee, Ji Young
- Subjects
ELECTROPHORETIC displays ,ELECTRONIC paper ,INFORMATION display systems ,ENERGY consumption ,DIGITAL signage - Abstract
Electrophoretic-based (EP) technology is a leading option for black & white reflective display media, notably for e-Readers. There is great future potential to extend electrophoretic and other colloidal dispersion based displays into a range of new application fields, such as digital signage, wearable displays and 'smart windows'. These new applications require novel particle and fluid concepts, which present many materials design challenges; especially bright colour, image stability and ultra low power consumption. The paper will discuss the state of the art and present new materials for a range of pixel architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
238. Recent advances and future perspectives of lignin biopolymers.
- Author
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Agrawal, Reeya, Kumar, Anjan, Singh, Sangeeta, and Sharma, Kamal
- Subjects
LIGNIN structure ,LIGNANS ,LIGNINS ,BIODEGRADABLE products ,ENERGY consumption ,PAPER pulp ,CARBON fibers ,ENERGY conversion - Abstract
This article describes the utilization of lignin-based biopolymers and provides a brief explanation of lignin's chemical structure, extraction, and processing. Using lignin as a natural feedstock is an excellent idea because it is cheap, plentiful, and efficient as petroleum-derived goods. In plants, lignin, the world's second-most abundant natural polymer, boosts mechanical strength by covalently linking to cellulose and hemicellulose. Bio-renewable polymers have emerged as solid contenders as an alternative to traditional metallic and organic materials. It is increasingly beneficial for innovating innovative materials in the market and business because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low production costs. Lignin extraction for biodegradable products is discussed in detail in this article. This review also discusses how lignin's antioxidant and antibacterial properties came into play in biological applications. In addition, the manuscript also discusses lignin's uses in pulp and paper, medicine, and other industries. As a bonus, lignin has the potential to be a rich source of high-performance polymers, energy-dense fuels, phenolic chemicals, carbon fibers, and value-added commodities that can be used in place of fossil-fuel-based products. This research project aims to review current achievements in lignin conversion and its usage as an energy source. This article covers Lignin conversion research in this article, including recent breakthroughs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
239. Preface.
- Author
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Venkatesh, S., Vijayan, S., and Matheswaran, M. M.
- Subjects
SUSTAINABILITY ,ENERGY consumption ,ENERGY conservation ,CLIMATE change ,PHOTOVOLTAIC power systems ,INDUSTRIAL energy consumption - Abstract
This article is a preface to a special issue of the Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology on 'Innovations in Energy Utilization and Equipment Design'. The issue focuses on advancements in energy technology and the design of energy-efficient equipment in various industries. The papers selected for this issue highlight innovations and improvements in energy utilization and aim to minimize energy consumption and operational costs. The articles cover topics such as the design of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), energy conservation in industries, and solar energy prediction. The authors express gratitude to the contributors and hope that the special issue will inspire further advancements in energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
240. Multi-objective optimization of cycle time and energy consumption in parallel robotic assembly lines using a discrete firefly algorithm
- Author
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Soysal-Kurt, Halenur and İşleyen, Selçuk Kürşat
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
241. Valmet and Saipem Sign MOU to Develop Integrated Solutions to Support Decarbonization of Hard-to-Abate Industries.
- Subjects
- *
PAPER industry , *CARBON offsetting , *CLIMATE change , *ENERGY consumption , *RENEWABLE energy transition (Government policy) - Published
- 2024
242. Unlocking integrated waste biorefinery approach by predicting calorific value of waste biomass.
- Author
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Waqas, M., Nizami, A.S., Aburiazaiza, A.S., Jabeen, F., Arikan, O.A., Anees, A., Hussain, F., Javed, M.H., and Rehan, M.
- Subjects
- *
BIOMASS , *WASTE paper , *CLEAN energy , *SUSTAINABILITY , *FOOD waste , *SALADS , *ENERGY consumption - Abstract
The current study analyzed the high heating values (HHVs) of various waste biomass materials intending to the effective management and more sustainable consumption of waste as clean energy source. Various biomass waste samples including date leaves, date branches, coconut leaves, grass, cooked macaroni, salad, fruit and vegetable peels, vegetable scraps, cooked food waste, paper waste, tea waste, and cardboard were characterized for proximate analysis. The results revealed that all the waste biomass were rich in organic matter (OM). The total OM for all waste biomass ranged from 79.39% to 98.17%. Likewise, the results showed that all the waste biomass resulted in lower ash content and high fixed carbon content associated with high fuel quality. Based on proximate analysis, various empirical equations (HHV=28.296-0.2887(A)-656.2/VM, HHV=18.297-0.4128(A)+35.8/FC and HHV=22.3418-0.1136(FC)-0.3983(A)) have been tested to predict HHVs. It was observed that the heterogeneous nature of various biomass waste considerably affects the HHVs and hence has different fuel characteristics. Similarly, the HHVs of waste biomass were also determined experimentally using the bomb calorimeter, and it was observed that among all the selected waste biomass, the highest HHVs (21.19 MJ kg−1) resulted in cooked food waste followed by cooked macaroni (20.25 MJ kg−1). The comparison revealed that experimental HHVs for the selected waste biomass were slightly deviated from the predicted HHVs. Based on HHVs, various thermochemical and biochemical technologies were critically overviewed to assess the suitability of waste biomass to energy products. It has been emphasized that valorizing waste-to-energy technologies provides the dual benefits of sustainable management and production of cleaner energy to reduce fossil fuels dependency. However, the key bottleneck in commercializing waste-to-energy systems requires proper waste collection, sorting, and continuous feedstock supply. Moreover, related stakeholders should be involved in designing and executing the decision-making process to facilitate the global recognition of waste biorefinery concept. [Display omitted] • The high heating values (HHVs) of biomass waste were assessed with the aim for the sustainable consumption of waste as a source of clean energy. • All the biomass waste were rich in organic matter and fixed carbon content that ranged from 79.39% to 98.17% and 50.64%–54.26% respectively. • The maximum HHVs (21.19 MJkg−1) were recorded for cooked food waste. • The heterogeneous nature of various biomass waste considerably affects the HHVs and hence serve as suitable feedstock for various energy conversion technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
243. Does Retrofitting Pay Off? An Analysis of German Multifamily Building Data.
- Author
-
Groh, Alexander, Kuhlwein, Hunter, and Bienert, Sven
- Subjects
HOME prices ,RETROFITTING ,DIRECT costing ,ENERGY consumption ,PRICES ,LANDLORD-tenant relations ,RENTAL housing ,CARBON paper - Abstract
Several studies have investigated the relationship between the energy performance of buildings and housing prices. First, this paper identifies a price premium for energy efficiency within the German rental market. Then, the indexed price differences and associated marginal benefits are compared with the marginal costs of energy retrofits. An extensive database of Germany's largest online platform for housing over a time span from 2016 to 2020 is used in a hedonic regression approach. In addition, to extract the marginal costs of energy consumption abatement, a dataset of 1048 rental units regarding green-retrofit measures is utilized. Although a significant green premium is identified in the rental market, the findings suggest that it is not high enough to compensate landlords for the money they have to spend to retrofit. The marginal costs exceed the marginal benefits by far. Furthermore, it is found that the German government's recent plans to split the carbon tax between landlords and tenants do not change this because the price per metric ton of carbon is insufficiently high. Limitations with respect to the data basis and consequently to the interpretation of the results exist. Nevertheless, the findings can help both tenants and landlords in their decision-making, as well as policy makers in the implementation of decarbonization efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
244. Is agricultural development good for carbon mitigation in India? Evidence from the asymmetric NARDL model
- Author
-
Zafar, Shadman, Rasool, Haroon, and Tarique, Md.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
245. Recommended angle of a modular dynamic façade in hot-arid climate: daylighting and energy simulation
- Author
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Golzan, Seyedeh Samaneh, Pouyanmehr, Mina, and Sadeghi Naeini, Hassan
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
246. Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of thermal energy storage implemented in a paper mill for wind energy utilization.
- Author
-
Yamaki, Ayumi, Kanematsu, Yuichiro, and Kikuchi, Yasunori
- Subjects
- *
HEAT storage , *ENERGY consumption , *PAPER mills , *WIND power , *GREENHOUSE gases , *INDUSTRIAL energy consumption - Abstract
Power generation by variable renewable energy (VRE) is expected to expand for decarbonization, although it is difficult to ensure stabilization of the energy demand due to fluctuations in the power output from VRE. To accelerate VRE implementation, wind-powered thermal energy systems (WT th -ES), which can provide dispatchable power using wind–thermal energy converter (WEC th) and thermal energy storage (TES), have been proposed. In this study, we are tackling the installation of VRE, i.e., wind energy, by TES with WEC th compared with wind turbine (WT p) in paper mills to demonstrate the applicability of TES in an industrial sector. Conventional and alternative energy systems in paper mills with TES were mathematically modeled and simulated to analyze the transmittable power output and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by life cycle assessment. With the installation of TES and wind energy, transmittable power could be increased with GHG emissions reduction. However, their excess installation or unbalanced combination resulted in an increase in GHG emissions and a decrease in transmittable power. By comparing the cases, the combination of paper mill, TES, and WEC th could convert thermal energy efficiently and mitigate fossil fuel consumption for multiple production of paper and power from the paper mill. • A wind-thermal energy converter (WEC th) and a wind turbine (WT p) were compared. • Energy flows and GHG emissions of paper mills with TES and wind were simulated. • Paper mills reduced GHG of power generation less than fossil fuel-fired power plants. • Excess TES reduces dispatchable power generation and increases GHG emissions. • Paper mills with WEC th s and TES have the potential to be regional energy suppliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
247. Computational modelling of paper-based capillary-driven microfluidic flow cells.
- Author
-
Sadeghi, P. and Kjeang, E.
- Subjects
- *
NERNST-Planck equation , *UNSTEADY flow , *ELECTRIC batteries , *CELL separation , *ENERGY consumption , *ELECTROLYTIC cells , *ENERGY conversion , *FUEL cells - Abstract
A general mathematical model is developed for electrochemical energy conversion in paper-based, capillary-driven, microfluidic flow cells. A two-dimensional version of the model is implemented to simulate a novel flow cell of this kind called PowerPAD. The methodology developed is validated against experimental data for this particular cell under both steady and unsteady modes of operation. It is shown that a 2D model can represent a 3D cell in unsteady flows provided that the Nernst-Planck equation is properly refined. The results are interpreted in terms of transient back-diffusion and crossover of the reactant species which are found to be the key factors controlling the electrochemical performance of this cell. The validated model is used to enhance the power output, runtime, and energy efficiency of this particular cell through altering its flow architecture and microstructure of electrodes and absorbent pad. The refined cell design is shown to roughly triple the power output and runtime of the device. The optimized design also outperforms the original design in terms of energy efficiency. The developed mathematical model, the fundamental understanding, and the proposed cell design may be utilized to develop new devices and concepts for capillary-based electrochemical systems, including biodegradable batteries, fuel cells, and electrolyzers. [Display omitted] • A dynamic mathematical model is developed for paper-based microfluidic flow cells. • A 2D model can represent a 3D cell subject to Nernst-Planck equation refinement. • The model reveals the unique working mechanism of imbibition and back-diffusion. • Crossover is identified as the key limiting factor for cell performance and runtime. • An optimized cell design is proposed with 3x performance improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
248. Woods to goods: Water consumption analysis for papermaking industry in China.
- Author
-
Man, Yi, Han, Yulin, Wang, Yifan, Li, Jigeng, Chen, Ling, Qian, Yu, and Hong, Mengna
- Subjects
- *
WATER consumption , *PAPER industry , *ECONOMIC demand , *ENERGY consumption , *SUSTAINABILITY - Abstract
Papermaking is a water intensive industry. The growth of paper demand will further intensify the need of fresh water resources. Papermaking involves complex processing routes. Previous investigations of water consumption in papermaking industry have focused primarily on key processes and pathways, ignoring the impacts of many intermediate and inter-related processes in paper production cycles and there underestimating the sustainability impacts. Herein, the results of a life cycle analysis of water consumption for papermaking industry in China using an extensive system boundary that includes the water embedded in intermediate processing are presented. The results show the life cycle water consumption and water saving potentials for different papermaking pathways. The advocacy of "forest pulp and paper integration" may have few practical contribution to reducing water consumption due to the low indirect water consumption of raw materials and energy for transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
249. Wastewater Minimization in Pulp and Paper Industries through Energy-Efficient Membrane Processes.
- Author
-
Saifa, Y., Almansoori, A., and Elkamel, A.
- Subjects
REVERSE osmosis (Water purification) ,PAPER industry ,ENERGY consumption ,ARTIFICIAL membranes ,PULP mills ,MANUFACTURING processes ,SULFATE pulping process - Abstract
Pulp and paper mills utilizing the Kraft pulping method demand large amount of water for the manufacturing processes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate opportunities of minimizing fresh water intake within pulp and paper processes by recycle and regeneration of wastewater streams. The compounds of concern are chlorinated salts which have a negative impact on environment and process equipments. Superstructure optimization is applied to synthesize Reverse Osmosis Network (RON) in order to regenerate wastewater streams with reduced salt concentration at minimum cost and to satisfy process water demand. A case study is presented to evaluate potential benefits of RON on minimizing wastewater consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
250. Global energy consumption due to friction in paper machines
- Author
-
Holmberg, Kenneth, Siilasto, Roope, Laitinen, Tarja, Andersson, Peter, and Jäsberg, Ari
- Subjects
- *
PAPERMAKING machinery , *ENERGY consumption , *FRICTION , *MIXING machinery , *ELECTRICAL energy , *PAPER mills , *ELASTOHYDRODYNAMICS - Abstract
Abstract: Calculations on the global energy consumption used to overcome friction in paper machines in terms of friction in motors, transmissions, pumps, blowers, agitators, pipes and the roll systems are presented. The following was concluded: [–] The energy consumed to overcome friction in a paper mill is in the range 15–25%. [–] Globally there were 8525 paper and paperboard machines in operation in 2012. One paper machine uses on an average 140TJ of electrical energy per year. Of this 32% is consumed to overcome friction, 36% is used for the paper production and mass transportation and 32% is other losses. [–] The friction losses in an average paper machine are in total 44.8TJ per year, and they are distributed as 32% due to friction in water-lubricated sliding in seals, doctor blades and fabric/support contacts, 23% due to friction in elastohydrodynamic rolling contacts, 22% due to friction in elastohydrodynamic rolling–sliding contacts, 15% due to friction in oil-lubricated seals and 8% due to friction in hydrodynamically lubricated contacts. [–] Worldwide 105,000GWh electrical power was used in 2009 to overcome friction in paper machines. This equals to 381,000TJ of annual energy consumption. [–] By taking advantage of new technology for friction reduction in paper machines, friction losses could be reduced by 11% in the short term (about 10 years), and by 23.6% in the long term (20–25 years). This would equal to annual worldwide economic savings of 2000 million euros and 4200 million euros; electricity savings of 36,000 and 78,000GWh; and CO2 emission reduction of 10.6 million and 22.7 million tonnes. Potential mechanisms to reduce friction in paper machines include the use of low-friction and highly durable coatings, surface engineering including texturing, low-viscosity and low-shear lubricants and fluids, novel additives, new materials in seals, doctorblades and fabrics, as well as new designs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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