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Depression is a global health issue. It is spoken about everywhere and can affect anyone at any age. In the past century, medical technology and preventative medicines have increased in availability and accessibility, resulting in an increase in global life expectancy. However, as a result of increased life expectancy, the number of elderly adults have also increased. Due to chronic conditions, decreased social support, increased physical dependency and other natural events that come with age, it has caused a great number of elderly individuals to be impacted by depression. Furthermore, changes in traditional family and social structures have made it harder for the elderly to be cared for at home by their children and has resulted in an increase of elderly individuals living in nursing homes. Due to the loss of independence associated with nursing homes, it has further increased the prevalence of depression amongst the elderly. Elderly depression is not normal and can greatly impact quality of life and result in poor health outcomes, thus it is imperative that nurses address this issue. The purpose of this paper is to explore the significance of depression to the elderly population and to community health nursing, as well as to explore potential solutions for elderly depression using a strengths-based approach. Furthermore, this paper discussed implications for nursing practice on elderly depression. Depression is a serious health concern to the elderly population that nurses must address using strength and asset-based perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Using an integrated model of health literacy, we discuss the importance of health literacy among foreign domestic workers in the provision of informal caregiving during outbreaks of communicable diseases. COVID‐19 pandemic is used as an example. Background: Adequate health literacy in the population is known to be important for the prevention of communicable diseases. Foreign domestic workers, a group of marginalised caregivers in private households, are generally presumed to have limited health literacy because of numerous socio‐cultural disadvantages. To date, there is limited evidence that these informal healthcare providers receive support from community‐based nurses. Design: A discursive paper. Conclusion: Foreign domestic workers, with varying levels of health literacy, may be viewed either as a resource to break the chain of infection or as a potential reservoir of communicable diseases in the community. Meanwhile, restrictions imposed in response to diseases transmissions (e.g. stay‐at‐home measures for COVID‐19) may directly exacerbate the social support received by these foreign domestic works and their ability to access health‐related information. There are also concerns about their ability to appraise and evaluate information related to communicable diseases at a time when fake news and misinformation are being disseminated through social media. Language and cultural barriers are important issues that need to be addressed to ensure that foreign domestic workers are in a position to follow public health recommendations. Relevance to clinical practice: Nurses hold an important position in empowering foreign domestic workers with adequate health literacy, by engaging groups of foreign domestic workers in the community and their consulates in planning educational programmes and effectively disseminating information. At a time of global pandemic, an assessment of the health literacy levels of foreign domestic workers in places like Hong Kong is urgently required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This descriptive paper aims to describe the design and implementation of a community engaged primary healthcare strategy in rural Australia, the Primary Healthcare Registered Nurse: Schools-Based strategy. This strategy seeks to address the health, education and social inequities confronting children and adolescents through community engaged service provision and nursing practice. Background: There have been increasing calls for primary healthcare approaches to address rural health inequities, including contextualised healthcare, enhanced healthcare access, community engagement in needs and solutions identification and local-level collaborations. However, rural healthcare can be poorly aligned to community contexts and needs and be firmly entrenched in health systems, marginalising community participation. Methods: This strategy has been designed to enhance nursing service and practice responsiveness to the rural context, primary healthcare principles, and community experiences and expectations of healthcare. The strategy is underpinned by a cross-sector collaboration between a local health district, school education and a university department of rural health. A research framework is being developed to explore strategy impacts for service recipients, cross-sector systems, and the establishment and maintenance of a primary healthcare nursing workforce. Findings: Although in the early stages of implementation, key learnings have been acquired and strategic, relationship, resource and workforce gains achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims A discussion on the case for nurse-led community delivery of health and social care interventions to ex-offenders. Background Ex-offenders re-enter their communities with limited pre-release preparation for the continuity of access to health care once outside prison. Once released, these individuals become hard to reach, do not consider health a priority and consequently use services to address their health and social care needs in a crisis-led way. Nevertheless, how nurses can best support these health-excluded group of individuals in the community remains vague and requires discussion. Design Discussion paper. Data sources Several databases were searched for papers published in English from 1990-2012 using the Population, Intervention and Outcome framework to help structure search. Discussion It is argued that current dominant discourses around equity of care are contradicted in the provision of health and social care services to ex-offenders in the community. Effective engagement with community interventions may be achieved if ex-offenders maintain contact with frontline providers who can support both their structural and health needs. Implication for nursing Nurses are uniquely positioned to initiate and sustain contact with ex-offenders, intervening at points of greatest need in the community to address the socially significant health and social care issues that plague them. Conclusion The use of nurses in the provision of health and social care interventions to ex-offenders is a strategy, which could increase equity in access to health care, reduce reoffending and improve both the health and life chances of these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Association of Community Health Nursing Educators (ACHNE) has developed a number of documents designed to delineate the scope and function of community/public health nursing (C/PHN) educators, researchers, and practitioners. Consistent with the mission of ACHNE, this position paper entitled Academic Faculty Qualifications for Community/Public Health Nursing has been developed by the Faculty Qualifications Task Force. The shortage of qualified nursing faculty has been well documented. In particular, this shortage has increased the difficulty in having sufficient numbers of faculty who are educationally and experientially qualified to teach in the C/PHN specialty. ACHNE is addressing this concern by setting forth preferred qualifications for faculty to teach C/PHN at both the graduate and undergraduate level. While we recognize that the current faculty shortage may require schools to use faculty to teach in areas in which they do not have appropriate formal preparation, the paper outlines best practices for teaching C/PHN, a goal we urge all schools of nursing to work toward. Task Force members developed an earlier draft of the document in fall 2008, and input was solicited and received from ACHNE members and considered in the final document, which was approved by the ACHNE Executive Board in July 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Association of Community Health Nursing Educators (ACHNE) has developed a number of documents designed to delineate the scope and function of community/public health nursing educators, researchers, and practitioners. In response to societal issues, increased emphasis on disaster preparedness in nursing and public health, and requests from partner organizations to contribute to curriculum development endeavors regarding disaster preparedness, the ACHNE Disaster Preparedness Task Force was appointed in spring 2007 for the purpose of developing this document. Task Force members developed a draft of the document in summer and fall 2007, input was solicited and received from ACHNE members in fall 2007, and the document was approved and published in January 2008. The members of ACHNE extend their appreciation to the members of the Emergency Preparedness Task Force for their efforts: Pam Frable, N.D., R.N.; Sandra Kuntz, Ph.D., C.N.S.-B.C. (Chair); Kristine Qureshi, D.N.Sc., C.E.N., R.N.; Linda Strong, Ed.D., R.N. This white paper is aimed at meeting the needs of community/public health nursing educators and clarifying issues for the nursing and public health communities. ACHNE is committed to promotion of the public's health through ensuring leadership and excellence in community and public health nursing education, research, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Public health infrastructure provides communities, states, and the Nation the capacity to prevent disease, promote health, and prepare for and respond to emergency threats and chronic challenges to health. Topics include infrastructure is the foundation for planning, delivering, evaluating, and improving public health; and public health services depend on the presence of basic infrastructure.

Objective: Symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults can be mistaken for medical and psychiatric diseases, as well as for general signs of ageing such as weakness, lethargy and fatigue. The incidence of hypothyroidism is many-fold higher in adults than in newborn children. The latter have been routinely screened for the condition using filter paper dried blood spots (DBS) for nearly three decades but this cost-effective screening technique has only recently been applied to adults. This study was undertaken to show that DBS testing in adults and older children is an accurate way to screen for hypothyroidism. Methods: Serum and DBS specimens were collected from adults and children. Assays were run on both specimens and the results correlated. In addition 972 specimens were collected from adults at community centres and nursing homes. Follow-up studies were performed on patients with positive results. Results: The correlation coefficient for 118 matched serum and DBS specimens was 0.99. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values were elevated in 50 of the 972 adults from nursing homes and community centres. Thirteen of these individuals were on thyroid medication and 28 had either high serum TSH or high thyroglobulin (TgAb) or thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) antibody levels. Conclusions: Individuals can be screened for hypothyroidism by collecting finger stick DBS specimens at community centres, nursing homes and other locations which can be mailed by regular postal service to a central laboratory for accurate and inexpensive testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aims of the study were to gain insight in the transfer process from hospital to homecare or rehabilitation centre from a patient's perspectives and to describe the experienced involvement, information provision and information needs patients. Design: A multiple case study with a phenomenological approach. Methods: Observations and interviews were employed, between May 2019 and August 2019, to capture the patient's perspectives and experiences on involvement, information provision and needs. Observations were executed during the discharge process from hospital to homecare (n = 6) or revalidation centre (n = 1) and during admission interviews with community nurses (n = 6). Interviews were conducted at the patient's home and the revalidation centre. Results: Eight themes were identified within three phases of the transfer process. The Sign‐up phase contained two themes: 'organizing follow‐up care' and 'planning the moment of discharge from the hospital'. The two themes in the Transfer phase were, 'verbal information provision' and 'written information provision'. Four themes were identified in the End phase: 'nursing supplies', 'medication', 'the electronic patient portal' and 'continuation of (para)medical care'. Conclusions: Patient participation in the transition process from the hospital to follow‐up care can be improved. This study indicates that unsafe situations could be prevented by patient involvement and clear perceptions of the role and responsibilities of patients, family and healthcare professionals. Implications to Patient Care: Patient and family involvement has the potential to improve transition of care and techniques for shared decision‐making can be applied to a greater extent. Impact: This paper highlights that patients and families should be acknowledged as key figures in the transfer process and gives direction to healthcare professionals on how to increase involvement in the transfer process by actively inviting patients to participate in the transfer process. Reporting Method: COREQ guidelines for qualitative reporting. No patient or public contribution. Contribution to Global Clinical Community: This paper gives insights in patients' and families' perspectives on transition of nursing care and their involvement during the whole transfer process.This paper gives direction how to improve patient participation during the discharge process from hospital to follow‐up care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health services are under unprecedented pressure with overwhelming referrals and a current waiting list of 1.2 million people of all ages. The cross-government White Paper 'No health without mental health' was launched 12 years ago detailing the importance of wellbeing services in the creation of mentally healthy communities through health promotion and illness prevention. While primary care, community services and psychiatry are pivotal in the treatment of mental Illness/disorder, mental health care per se is on a continuum, and a great deal of work can be undertaken in communities by wellbeing services to prevent avoidable referrals. This paper proposes a broad framework of education and training for wellbeing/positive mental health services, primary and community care, and nurses working in Community Mental Health Treatment Teams and Home Treatment Teams to ensure all those working with potentially vulnerable adults and children are regulated and meet national standards for mandatory mental health education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To review the international literature related to high-risk medication (HRM) in community care, in order to (1) define a definition of HRM and (2) list the medication that is considered HRM in community care. Methods: Scoping review: Five databases were systematically searched (MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, Web Of Science, and Cochrane) and extended with a hand search of cited references. Two researchers reviewed the papers independently. All extracted definitions and lists of HRM were subjected to a self-developed quality appraisal. Data were extracted, analysed and summarised in tables. Critical attributes were extracted in order to analyse the definitions. Results: Of the 109 papers retrieved, 36 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Definitions for HRM in community care were used inconsistently among the papers, and various recurrent attributes of the concept HRM were used. Taking the recurrent attributes and the quality score of the definitions into account, the following definition could be derived: "High-risk medication are medications with an increased risk of significant harm to the patient. The consequences of this harm can be more serious than those with other medications". A total of 66 specific medications or categories were extracted from the papers. Opioids, insulin, warfarin, heparin, hypnotics and sedatives, chemotherapeutic agents (excluding hormonal agents), methotrexate and hypoglycaemic agents were the most common reported HRM in community care. Conclusion: The existing literature pertaining to HRM in community care was examined. The definitions and medicines reported as HRM in the literature are used inconsistently. We suggested a definition for more consistent use in future research and policy. Future research is needed to determine more precisely which definitions should be considered for HRM in community care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic placed a huge strain on healthcare services around the world, including community services. Students also faced substantial disturbance to educational programmes. Student district nurses are usually employed members of staff and can be recalled to the workforce, whereas pre-registration students cannot. Aims: This paper explores the feelings and experiences of student district nurses during the first UK national lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. An interpretative phenomenological approach was taken. Method: A semi structured 1:1 interview and focus group was held via zoom in July 2020. A total of eight student district nurses, who were all registered adult nurses, took part. Data was analysed using the Braun and Clarke model to identify themes. Results: The findings related to their experience of being a community adult registered nurse on the frontline, while also being a student district nurse. Three themes were identified from the analysis: anxiety and uncertainty, management of risk and teamwork. Conclusion: This study highlights the contribution that community nurses made in the clinical response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It adds to a paucity of literature available from this clinical setting and specifically from the viewpoint of a student district nurse. There is much written on the strains on hospital care, but it should be remembered that district nursing is the service that never shuts its doors because it has reached capacity. This study found that a lack of communication and uncertainty about their future as students contributed to heightened stress and anxiety. Teamwork and camaraderie are a vital aspect of any team and one that can support resilience in times of heightened stress. A lack of face-to-face interaction can lead to team members feeling isolated. Digital technology can be used to reduce this feeling when possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a requirement for a third year nursing subject based on Australian Indigenous Health and Community Nursing, an assessment was undertaken based on the clinical reasoning cycle. The clinical reasoning cycle refers to clinical judgements and clinical decision-making which can be conceptualised as a logical process of cue collection, processing information, understanding the situation, planning and implementing interventions, evaluating outcomes and reflecting on the process (Levett-Jones et al., 2009). The clinical reasoning cycle for this assessment relates to interactions with Murray (pseudonym), an Australian Indigenous male being treated for alcohol dependence within a community setting. This paper will explore the nursing care of Murray through the clinical reasoning cycle, focusing on community-based, culturally appropriate nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

District nursing services are relentless in adapting to change and continuously seek different methods to improve the care they offer to service users. One of the relatively new changes where adaptation has been necessary is the use of digital devices to record assessments and work in real time. As documented in The NHS Long Term Plan (NHS) (2019), the NHS is being required to grow into the new digital age and, subsequently, district nurses (DNs) have needed to embrace the use of a paper-lite system. Although beneficial overall, the use of technology is a threat to the person-centred nursing approach used in assessment, which is the highest fundamental value in nursing. This article will seek to conceptualise the importance of a person-centred initial assessment with a service user who has either a long-term and/or a lifelong condition whilst considering the use of digital devices, benefits, and drawbacks of their use. It will emphasise the role of the DN, encompassing the multidisciplinary services throughout, whilst also considering any recommendations for further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Design Data Sources Review Methods Results Conclusion Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care Impact Reporting Method Patient or Public Contribution To explore patients' and community nurses' perceptions and experiences of shared decision‐making in the home.Integrative review.CINAHL, British Nursing Index, Psycinfo, Medline and Social Services Abstracts were searched for qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods papers published between 1 December 2001 and 31 October 2023.A systematic search of electronic databases was undertaken using defined inclusion criteria. The included papers were appraised for quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research. Relevant data were extracted and thematically analysed.Fourteen papers comprising 13 research studies were included. Patients attached great importance to their right to be involved in decision‐making and noted feeling valued as a unique individual. Communication and trust between the patient and nurse were perceived as fundamental. However, shared decision‐making does not always occur in practice. Nurses described tension in managing patients' involvement in decision‐making.The findings demonstrate that although patients and community nurses appreciate participating in shared decision‐making within the home, there are obstacles to achieving a collaborative process. This is especially relevant when there are fundamentally different perspectives on the decision being made. More research is needed to gain further understanding of how shared decision‐making plays out in practice and to understand the tensions that patients and nurses may experience.This paper argues that shared decision‐making is more than the development of a relationship where the patient can express their views (though of course, this is important). Shared decision‐making requires acknowledgement that the patient has the right to full information and should be empowered to choose between options. Nurses should not assume that shared decision‐making in community nursing is easy to facilitate and should recognize the tensions that might exist when true patient choice is enabled.This paper demonstrates how the idea of shared decision‐making needs to be explored in the light of everyday practice so that challenges and barriers can be overcome. In particular, the tensions that arise when patients and nurses do not share the same perspective. This paper speaks to the potential of a gap surrounding shared decision‐making in theory and how it plays out in practice.The reporting of this review was guided by the 2020 guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (Page et al., 2021).This review was carried out as part of a wider study for which service users have been consulted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to discuss heuristics, guided by Parse's (2021a) community model, to understand how health policies emerge from the unique values and beliefs of community constituents. Within this paper, there is a discussion about heuristics, health policy, Parse's humanbecoming paradigm, and policy implications reflected upon with the change concepts of the humanbecoming community model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many people are experiencing serious health-related suffering that would benefit from palliative care. However, this service is inaccessible or underdeveloped in many parts of the world. One of the main starting points for introducing or developing palliative care services is improving awareness and participation in palliative care in the community. A group of clinicians from diverse backgrounds discussed how to implement this and this paper is a culmination of ideas arising from these conversations. For awareness building, social media campaigns, awareness at food festivals, national palliative care day programs, sharing stories and testimonials to stimulate conversations regarding palliative care and a "human library" project were described. For improving community participation, community volunteer development programs, the "adopt a grandma" initiative, medical student palliative care project, workshops and training for non-communicable diseases and community nursing cross-specialty collaborations are suggested. It is hoped that these proposals will stimulate further ideas and support the implementation of palliative care in different settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research demonstrates the importance of documenting adaptations to implementation strategies that support integration of evidence-based interventions into practice. While studies have utilized the FRAME-IS [Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications for Implementation Strategies] to collect structured adaptation data, they are limited by a focus on discrete implementation strategies (e.g., training), which do not reflect the complexity of multifaceted strategies like practice facilitation. In this paper, we apply the FRAME-IS to our trial evaluating the effectiveness of PF on implementation fidelity of an evidence-based technology-facilitated team care model for improved hypertension control within a federally qualified health center (FQHC). Methods: Three data sources are used to document adaptations: (1) implementation committee meeting minutes, (2) narrative reports completed by practice facilitators, and (3) structured notes captured on root cause analysis and Plan-Do-Study-Act worksheets. Text was extracted from the data sources according to the FRAME-IS modules and inputted into a master matrix for content analysis by two authors; a third author conducted member checking and code validation. Results: We modified the FRAME-IS to include part 2 of module 2 (what is modified) to add greater detail of the modified strategy, and a numbering system to track adaptations across the modules. This resulted in identification of 27 adaptations, of which 88.9% focused on supporting practices in identifying eligible patients and referring them to the intervention. About half (52.9%) of the adaptations were made to modify the context of the PF strategy to include a group-based format, add community health workers to the strategy, and to shift the implementation target to nurses. The adaptations were often widespread (83.9%), affecting all practices within the FQHC. While most adaptations were reactive (84.6%), they resulted from a systematic process of reviewing data captured by multiple sources. All adaptations included the FQHC in the decision-making process. Conclusion: With modifications, we demonstrate the ability to document our adaptation data across the FRAME-IS modules, attesting to its applicability and value for a range of implementation strategies. Based on our experiences, we recommend refinement of tracking systems to support more nimble and practical documentation of iterative, ongoing, and multifaceted adaptations. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03713515, Registration date: October 19, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To map the current evidence about the health concerns and the potential solutions related to the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. Design: A scoping review was applied. Papers published in English between 2012 and 2023 were included but non‐human research and sources without any related data were excluded. Data charting and extraction were used to map the current evidence. Results: The total of 36 papers were included with the total number of pilgrims of 17,075,887. The majority of studies were published in the Asia Pacific region (36.11%) as original articles (88.89%). The health concerns were grouped into five main aspects. There were 7603 deaths recorded or about 44 incidences of deaths per 100,000 pilgrims during the pilgrimage. There were recorded 11,018; 6178; 3393; and 17,810 cases for communicable diseases; non‐communicable diseases; injuries and trauma; and health services (i.e., cardiac catheterization) and vaccination, respectively. Conclusion: Relating to the five health concerns, this study identified the top seven issues in each category (i.e., hypertension, influenza vaccination), except for the death record. Moreover, there were three solutions (for general health, non‐ and communicable‐diseases) presented. Stakeholders could use this evidence to improve healthcare quality particularly related to the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides and overview of the community support services that may be available for people with dementia and their family carers. The authors introduce dementia, including the impact of the diagnosis on both the person with dementia and the wider family. Using a case study approach, the authors describe the support available, spanning health and social care and third sector organisations. They discuss how this support can enable people with dementia and their carers to maintain wellbeing and cope with the impact of dementia. This article will be of interest to community nurses, and health and social care professionals more generally, who may encounter families affected by dementia in community settings. Having a good knowledge of the support available and how to access it will allow community nurses to capitalise on the health promotion opportunities presented to them, when they come into contact with families affected by dementia in the course of their day-to-day practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral health is a critical issue for public health and poor oral health is associated with significant chronic health conditions and lower quality of life. There has been little focus on providing oral health care to people who receive care in their own homes, despite the high risk of poor oral health in older people. Nurses practicing in the community are well placed to deliver this care, but little is known about how to build this capability through education or training interventions. Methods: A scoping review methodology was employed to find and review studies of oral health interventions involving populations of people receiving care in their own home or those nurses who deliver this care. The research question asked what previous research tells us about oral health interventions delivered by nurses in the community. Data was extracted for four areas: setting and type of intervention, patient outcomes, changes to nursing practice and implementation and process evaluations of interventions. Results: Two thousand eighty papers were found from the searches, and only nine were ultimately deemed eligible for inclusion in the review. Included studies spanned community nursing for older people (n = 3) and health visiting or community nursing for children and infants (n = 6). Patient outcomes were generally positive, but this is based on a low level of evidence. Changes to practice including increased oral health care administered by nurses were found, but this required professional support to be sustainable. Conclusions: This review has found that there is a clear gap in the research around interventions designed to be used by community nurses to improve oral health care for people receiving care in their own homes. The results also suggest that any future intervention must make use of a participatory, co-design approach and consider the complex setting of nursing practice in the community and the barriers to delivering this care, such as time pressure and lack of prior experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a reflection of my journey as a patient following a breast abscess. As an experienced community nurse with a specialist interest in tissue viability, we daily assess a range of different wound types and are adept at early identification and management of an infected wound. We instinctively know which dressing type to use to manage localised wound infection and slough and reduce pain for patients; however, when the nurse becomes the patient with a wound and has welcomed a new born child into the world, we can suddenly lose the specialist knowledge. This paper reflects on a journey I recently experienced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This paper focuses on the benefits of inclusive leadership when undertaking a priority setting partnership in community nursing, through providing a collaborative and committed nurse‐led forum for initiating impactful changes, identifying evidence uncertainties and driving research capacity‐building initiatives. Design: This is a Discussion paper. The project was undertaken between 2020 and 2021. Data sources This paper is based on shared reflections as 70@70 Senior Nurse Research Leaders and is supported by literature and theory. It draws on issues relating to collective leadership, stakeholder engagement, diversity, inclusivity and COVID‐19. Implications for nursing: The James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership catalysed the development of a rigorous evidence‐base in community nursing. The collaborative opportunities, networks and connections developed with patients, carers, nursing leaders, policy makers and healthcare colleagues raised the profile of community nursing research. This will benefit nursing research, practice, education and patients in receipt of community nursing care. Collective buy in from national leaders in policy, education, funding and commissioning has secured a commitment that the evidence uncertainties will be funded. Conclusion: Four key learnings emerged: collective leadership can ensure learning is embedded and sustained; developing an engaged stakeholder community to promote community nursing research is essential; a diverse membership ensures inclusivity and representation; and insights into the impact of COVID‐19 aid progress. The process increased research engagement and created capacity and capability‐building initiatives. This will help community nurses feel empowered to lead changes to practice. Sustained engagement and commitment are required to integrate research priorities into community nursing research, education and practice and to drive forward changes to commissioning and service delivery. Impact The study promoted research capacity building through inclusive leadership. This can increase community nurses' research engagement and career development and patient care quality and safety; this can incentivize funders and policy makers to prioritize community nursing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To review the evidence on using family resilience as a concept in interventions by public health nurses/health visitors with families with children and young people as part of an evaluation of the evidence base for the Family Resilience Assessment Instrument and Tool (FRAIT). FRAIT was developed by University faculty with Health Visitors and a Community of Practice in Wales, and is used by Health Visitors in Wales with families with children under 5 years to assess family resilience. Method: A standard Cochrane Systematic Review methodology was used to review published literature. A protocol (crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID = 230845) was submitted to Prospero in September 2021, and reviewing began in January 2022. Title and abstract searching were undertaken 12 databases and results were captured using PRISMA and Excel spreadsheet. Second reviewers reviewed title and abstract screening, and full‐text extraction. Results: Initial title screening brought back 1350 papers across 12 databases. Titles and abstract screening reduced these to 106, 44 papers were considered for full‐text extraction, with 25 papers included for review. Discussion: Results demonstrated a focus on specific demographics, and use of family resilience with families living with specific health problems. Existing family resilience scales showed improved results in selected specific demographic groups, albeit in a reactive way. FRAIT has originality within the literature as it is used in a universal, preventative way with all families regardless of demographic or health issues. There is evidence to show that using a family resilience program in this way has originality and implications for the physical and mental health of children and young people. No patient or public contribution: This was a systematic review of existing literature so public or patient contribution would not have been appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Social determinants of health are a subject of growing interest, yet criticisms have emerged about the way determinants are conceptualized in nursing. A tendency to focus on readily observable living conditions and measurable demographic characteristics can divert attention, it has been said, from the less visible underlying processes which shape social life and health. To illustrate how the analytic perspective determines what becomes visible or invisible as a "determinant" in health, this paper presents a case exemplar. Drawing from news reports and research in real estate economics and urban policy analysis, it explores a single local infectious illness outbreak through a series of progressively more abstract units of inquiry, considering mechanisms of lending and debt financing, housing supply, property valuation, tax policy, change in the structure of the financial industry, and international patterns of migration and capital flow, among other factors, which contributed in various ways to creating unsafe living conditions. An analytic exercise calling attention to dynamism and complexity in social processes, the paper offers a political‐economy‐based approach that serves as a cautionary note against oversimplification in discussions of health causality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We aimed to investigate the perspective of primary care nurses on their role with patients who have chronic cardiovascular disease and to identify cultural elements shared by nurses caring for people with chronic cardiovascular disease. In primary care, the role of the nurse is essential to promote self‐efficacy in cardiovascular self‐care. Individuals with chronic cardiovascular disease need to integrate the disease into their life, together with the health recommendations for management and follow‐up. Methods: A qualitative, focused ethnographic study was conducted. Purposeful sampling was used to include nurses who were working in primary care during the study. Data collection took place between 20 January and 20 May 2014 and consisted of semi‐structured interviews. A thematic analysis was applied using the data. Results: Eleven participants were included. Cardiovascular care forces nurses to reflect on their identity and role in primary care. The relationship between the nurse and people with chronic cardiovascular disease is a complex process, which may cause nurses to feel a sense of failure and monotony in their work. Conclusions: Our findings may help to understand the role of the nurse and the care provided in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Primary care nursing is necessary for the improvement of cardiovascular risk factors.Chronic cardiovascular patients need training in self‐care.The organizational culture confers different forms of care to patients. What this paper adds? The vision of the socio‐cultural role of the family and community nurse is shown regarding cardiovascular prevention.Information is provided on the differentiating approach to chronic cardiovascular patients in primary care.Our study reflects the influence of routine care in nursing consultations, and what it entails to provide improved nursing care in cardiovascular patients. The implications of this paper: These findings can be used to understand the need to change the focus of nursing care in cardiovascular prevention.The implementation of a follow‐up protocol for the care of cardiovascular patients can improve patients' self‐care and reduce monotony in the nursing consultation.Further training and research is necessary regarding comprehensive chronic cardiovascular care within primary care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore 'missed care' in relation to primary and community settings, including nursing homes, and to build an understanding of implications for patients, public, politicians and policymakers. Background: Missed care occurs when any aspect of required patient care is omitted or delayed. Little attention has examined missed care in primary, community and nursing home settings. Methods: Systematic review of the literature. Searches were conducted of PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar (July 2018). The quality of empirical studies was appraised using CASP and SURE tools. Results: The search identified 15 metrics papers (2004–2019) and eight empirical papers (2015–2018) (five studies). Empirical studies were rated as good quality. Missed care impacts on safety in community/primary care contexts and differs from acute care. Causes of missed care include acuity, complexity of cases, volume of care and organisational factors. Metrics have been adapted to community/nursing home settings but not in a standardised way. Tools are required to evaluate missed care within a culture of personal reflection and quality improvement. Conclusion: The prominence of missed acute care should not distract from its impact in primary, community and nursing home settings. Nurse leaders should consider causes for missed care, and how it is conceptualized and evaluated. Implications for Nursing Management: This review offers evidence for exploring, measuring and evaluating missed care locally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that the public health sector has been considered as a key stakeholder in climate action, it seems important to understand what interventions are carried out globally by trusted professionals such as nurses engaged in health promotion and environmental health in optimizing the health of individuals, families, and communities toward the dissemination of lifestyle decarbonization and guidance on healthier climate-related choices. The objective of this review was to understand the extent and type of evidence related to the community-based interventions of nurses that are being led or have been implemented thus far with the aim of reducing the health risks from climate change impact in urban areas. The present protocol follows the JBI methodological framework. Databases to be searched include PubMed, MEDLINE complete, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine). Hand searched references were also considered for inclusion. This review will include quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies from 2008 onwards. Systematic reviews, text, opinion papers, and the gray literature in English and Portuguese were also considered. Mapping the nurse led interventions or those that have been implemented thus far in urban areas may lead to further reviews that may help identify the best practices and gaps within the field. The results are presented in tabular format alongside a narrative summary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the concept and practice, of dignity as understood and experienced by older adults and district nursing staff. The paper adds a new, nuanced, understanding of safeguarding possibilities in the context of district nursing care delivered in the home. Design/methodology/approach: The research used an ethnographic methodology involving observations of care between community district nursing clinicians and patients (n = 62) and semi-structured interviews with nursing staff (n = 11) and older adult recipients of district nursing care (n = 11) in England. Findings: Abuse is less likely to occur when clinicians are maintaining the dignity of their patients. The themes of time and space are used to demonstrate some fundamental ways in which dignity manifests. The absence of dignity offers opportunities for abuse and neglect to thrive; therefore, both time and space are essential safeguarding considerations. Dignity is influenced by time and how it is experienced temporally, but nurses are not allocated time to "do dignity", an arguably essential component of the caregiving role, yet one that can become marginalised. The home-clinic exists as a clinical space requiring careful management to ensure it is also an environment of dignity that can safeguard older adults. Practical implications: District nurses have both a proactive and reactive role in ensuring their patients remain safeguarded. By ensuring care is delivered with dignity and taking appropriate action if they suspect abuse or neglect, district nurses can safeguard their patients. Originality/value: This paper begins to address an omission in existing empirical research regarding the role of district nursing teams in delivering dignified care and how this can safeguard older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health research is often driven by the desire to improve the care and health of the community; however, the translation of research evidence into policy and practice is not guaranteed. Knowledge translation (KT) activities, such as dissemination and end-user engagement by researchers, are important to achieving this goal. This study examined researchers' views on and practices of KT in the field of transfusion medicine. Methods: An anonymous, cross-sectional survey was distributed to transfusion medicine researchers in May 2022 by emailing corresponding authors of papers in four major blood journals, emailing grant recipients, posting on social media, and through international blood operator networks. Comparative analyses were conducted for career stage, work setting, research type, and KT training. Results: The final sample included 117 researchers from 33 countries. Most participants reported that research translation was important (86%) and felt it was their responsibility (69%). Fewer than half felt they had the skills to translate their research (45%) or knew which strategies to employ (45%). When examining how research findings are shared, most reported using diffusion activities (86%), including publishing in peer-reviewed journals (74%), or presenting at academic conferences (72%). Fewer used dissemination methods (60%), such as developing educational materials (29%) or writing plain language summaries (30%). Greater use of tailored dissemination strategies was seen among researchers with KT training, whilst traditional diffusion strategies were used more by those working in an academic setting. Most participants had engaged end-users in their research (72%), primarily to consult on a research component (47%) or to involve them in the research process (45%). End-user engagement was greater among researchers with established careers, working in both academic and applied settings, and with KT training. Conclusions: Whilst participating researchers acknowledged the importance of KT, they typically focused on traditional diffusion strategies. This is despite well-established knowledge of the limited impact of these strategies in achieving KT. Those with KT training were more likely to use tailored dissemination strategies and engage end-users in their research. This demonstrates the value of sharing knowledge from the KT field with health researchers to facilitate KT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Equality is a basic human right. However, LGBTQ individuals often have their human rights violated because of their gender identity or sexual orientation. They also experience discrimination because of homophobic and transphobic attitudes. They frequently deal with derisive attitudes at school, are discriminated against in the workplace and struggle to access health services. This paper aims to determine the discriminatory attitudes of nurses in their social and professional lives toward LGBTQ individuals. Design/methodology/approach: This study involved 503 nurses and used a questionnaire to examine their views regarding members of the LGBTQ community. The questionnaire consisted of 24 questions. Ten experts from the fields of social psychology, sociology, and nursing provided the necessary inputs, which were subsequently incorporated into the questionnaire. Findings: The nurses were found to have a negative attitude toward LGBTQ individuals; they felt that they should not be allowed to live in comfort in Turkey and that they disrupted the social order and compromised public morality. It was observed that married (in general), male (in particular), and have fewer nursing education nurses are much more likely to have a discriminatory attitude toward LGBTQ people, and they were more discriminatory in their society rather than in their professional lives. Originality/value: According to the principles of justice and equality, which are a prominent part of the nursing code of ethics – "With the awareness that all people have equal rights, the nurse serves regardless of race, language, religion, age, gender, belief, social and economic status and political opinion" – nurses should not have a discriminatory attitude. This study reveals the inequality and the ethical problems that riddle Turkey's health sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This paper presents findings from our collaborative research on the perceptions and preferences of people experiencing homelessness regarding outreach nursing services. Method: We conducted qualitative research using a critical ethnography approach. Sample: A total of 15 participants were interviewed individually (n = 12 people experiencing homelessness) and in focus groups (n = 3 care providers). We also conducted direct observation. Results: This paper focuses on one of the core categories that emerged from the data analysis "Perception of Health Care." This category emerged from the following three subcategories, which we will present in this paper: (1) Conflicting Relationships with Institutional Health Services; (2) Perception of Outreach Services; (3) Recommendations from Mobile Clinic Users. Conclusion: There are a range of perceptions of health services among people experiencing homelessness. Some are satisfied with the care received in the public health system, while many have experienced dehumanizing practices. Overall, outreach services are a promising strategy to reach people who are not served by the traditional modes of care delivery. Based on our findings, we suggest several key practices to personalize and adapt healthcare services and foster inclusive environments to better serve people experiencing homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary healthcare managers are increasingly facing the pressure to adopt electronic solutions to support efficiencies and improved patient outcomes in the delivery of healthcare. They should however be more conscious and intentional about exploring how the implementation of these technologies and associated approaches affect the staff that use them. The thrust of this paper is to present Research-Based Management (RBMgt) as an approach to Evidence-Based Management (EBMgt) that is integral to decision-making in contemporary healthcare management. The paper explores the risk of professional isolation in the implementation of the concept of 'mobile working' in community nursing through qualitative research methodology. The findings of the research highlight that while mobile working is increasingly becoming widespread in healthcare delivery, there is a need for managers and leaders to be cautious and consider the potential correlation between mobile working and professional isolation for healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Cognitive assessment services were found to be beneficial to older people with cognitive complaints but information is limited on adherence to the recommendations provided. This study aimed to identify predictors of clients' adherence to nursing recommendations after attending a community‐based nurse‐led cognitive assessment service in Hong Kong. Methods: A cross‐sectional design was adopted. We analysed a dataset routinely collected from clients attending the services between January 2012 and January 2018. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors (demographics, functional health status and cognitive performance) of the clients' adherence. Their satisfaction with the services was also examined. Results: Two hundred and twenty‐three clients attended the clinic. Of the 133 who completed the telephone follow‐up at the 6 months postconsultation, 44.1% did not adhere to the recommendations. Clients with a higher Clinical Dementia Rating (OR = 4.17), lower Clock Drawing Test score (OR = 1.13) and lower education level (OR = 0.91) were found to be less likely to adhere to the nursing recommendations. Ninety‐six percent (190/198) were satisfied with the overall services. Conclusion: Cognitive assessment services in nurse‐led clinics could provide a self‐referred service for older people with cognitive complaints. However, low adherence to nursing recommendations was found among clients with poorer cognitive functions and lower education levels. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic: Community‐based nurse‐led cognitive assessment services were found to be beneficial to older people with cognitive complaints by providing clients with timely screening, assessment, education and advice.Nonadherence to the recommendations of health‐care professionals could pose significant risks to the clients' health.There has been limited research on clients' adherence to the recommendations of nurses at community‐based cognitive assessment services. What this paper adds: About 44.1% of clients receiving a cognitive assessment did not adhere to the nursing recommendations. Those with poorer cognitive functions and lower education levels were found to be less likely to be adherent.About 96% of clients attending the community‐based cognitive assessment services in a nurse‐led clinic expressed satisfaction with them. The implications of this paper: Community‐based cognitive assessment clinics should develop appropriate strategies to improve clients' adherence, especially those with poor cognitive functions and lower education levels.Future research should investigate why clients with poor cognitive functions and lower education levels are less likely to adhere to nursing recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives This paper seeks to explore the transition experiences of acute care nurses entering employment in primary health care settings. Background Internationally the provision of care in primary health care settings is increasing. Nurses are moving from acute care settings to meet the growing demand for a primary health care workforce. While there is significant research relating to new graduate transition experiences, little is known about the transition experience from acute care into primary health care employment. Design An integrative review, guided by Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) approach, was undertaken. Following a systematic literature search eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Methods Papers which met the study criteria were identified and assessed against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Papers were then subjected to methodological quality appraisal. Thematic analysis was undertaken to identify key themes within the data. Results Eight papers met the selection criteria. All described nurses transitioning to either community or home nursing settings. Three themes were identified: (1) a conceptual understanding of transition, (2) role losses and gains and (3) barriers and enablers. Conclusion There is a lack of research specifically exploring the transitioning of acute care nurses to primary health care settings. To better understand this process, and to support the growth of the primary health care workforce there is an urgent need for further well-designed research. Relevance to clinical practice There is an increasing demand for the employment of nurses in primary health care settings. To recruit experienced nurses it is logical that many nurses will transition into primary health care from employment in the acute sector. To optimise retention and enhance the transition experience of these nurses it is important to understand the transition experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodResultsConclusionsAfter decades of planning, nurses played a pivotal role in achieving the closure of large residential institutions for people with intellectual disability by 2018. This paper describes the experiences of nurses facilitating the closure of these institutions in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia.An interview-based, qualitative study was conducted with twenty-four registered nurses from Australia who had more than twelve months’ experience of caring for people with intellectual disability any time between 1960 and 2016.Nurses facilitated transition for residents and their families during devolution. However, nurses’ personal experiences of transition to work in community settings was complicated by inconsistent preparation, uncertainty of employment, and changes in professional status.Extensive experience and detailed knowledge of their clients enabled nurses to maximise opportunities for smooth transition out of institutions into community care for people with intellectual disability. Devolution was personally and professionally costly for some nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the experiences of community nursing post-registration students in Great Britain while using e-portfolios for recording of their work. Topics include the traditional submission of portfolios by students in paper copies, the availability of new electronic version with barriers such as internet connection and technical support, and the positive impact of successful implementation of e-portfolio.

Experience Based Co-Design (EBCD) and co-production are interdisciplinary collaborative approaches to improve health care services by involving all stakeholders. These approaches capture the experiences of all stakeholders who come in contact with services and use experiences as evidence to promote and implement service changes. The use of psychotropic medications for behaviours that challenge (BtC) in people with intellectual disabilities (ID) is a complex issue because of its off-licence use and use in combination with other medications for physical and psychiatric comorbidities, which leads to overmedication of people with ID. As support staff plays a pivotal role in the prescribing for people with ID, we have developed a staff training programme, SPECTROM, to help reduce overmedication. A project team developed SPECTROM under the guidance of a Programme Development Group (PDG) consisting of 21 stakeholders. The PDG analysed data from a literature review, four focus groups and a co-design event day involving 26 stakeholders. In this paper, we have presented data based on the findings from the co-design event day, primarily on the issue of support staff effectively liaising with professionals such as doctors, nurses, and other community learning disability team members. In-depth information and recommendations were proposed at the co-design event, which helped develop the draft SPECTROM. The draft was finalised after receiving feedback from 56 stakeholders. Co-production and a modified EBCD can be successfully used to create training interventions and improve health care services. More research should utilise co-production and EBCD and use service users' experiences to develop interventions and improve health care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To report an analysis of the concept of community empowerment. Design: Concept analysis. Data Sources: Literature published in the CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus and Medline electronic databases from 2016 to 2022 were systematically searched from 30 July to 1 October 2022. Method: The amended guideline from Walker and Avant's approach (2011) to concept analysis was performed in nine stages: choosing a concept, determining the purpose of analysis, identifying definitions of the concept, defining attributes, identifying a model case, identifying antecedents, identifying consequences, defining empirical referents and applying the concept to nursing practice. Results: Community empowerment is a fundamental idea in health promotion that may assist communities in defining priorities, making choices, developing strategies and executing them to improve health and minimize inequalities in health. Community empowerment is an effective tool that advanced practice nurses (APNs) may employ to eliminate health inequities and promote community health. Conclusion: This concept analysis is one step towards broadening nurses' understanding of one of the ideas of health promotion. Additionally, the concept of community empowerment represents an opportunity for additional research in nursing that is applicable to communities. Impact Community empowerment has served as a guiding paradigm for both theory and practice in health promotion. Also, it is recognized that social, economic and environmental elements have a direct effect on health status. However, community empowerment research in advanced nursing practices is limited. This paper will guide future nursing research on community empowerment that goes beyond involvement and engagement, for this is an effective strategy APNs can use to address health disparities and improve community health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being largely preventable, oral diseases are the major contributor to chronic conditions nationally and globally. If left untreated, oral diseases have many harmful effects throughout life on our patients including pain and infection, and can lead to difficulties with eating, sleeping, socialising and wellbeing. Oral health inequalities exist across our population, and particularly affect vulnerable, disadvantaged and socially excluded groups in society. Oral health is a key indicator for overall health, and is inextricably interlinked with general health. Hence, existing health messages that community nursing teams provide contribute towards oral health. Community nurses are in an established position to provide and reinforce positive oral health messages to their patients, as well as signpost to available dental services. This paper aims to support community nurses with a practical resource for key evidence-based oral health preventative advice, and input into how their patients can access dental care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To critically review community nurse‐led domestic abuse interventions aimed at identifying and responding to domestic abuse in the postnatal period. Background: Domestic abuse is a global problem resulting in dire consequences for women and children. Public Health Nurses (PHNs) are ideally placed to give women the opportunity to disclose in a safe and confidential manner; however, community settings present complex challenges. Design: An integrative review and narrative summary. Data Sources: Five electronic databases: CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Scopus, and peer‐reviewed journals were searched for research papers published between 01 January 2005 and 01 March 2019. Fifteen papers met the inclusion criteria. Review Methods: An integrative review where qualitative and quantitative data were extracted. Following quality appraisal, data were collated, analysed and themes were identified. Results: Quantitative outcomes from short‐term interventions include an increase in routine enquiry, documentation of alone status and safety planning, however, referrals remained low. There was a reduction in victimization seen in intensive home visiting interventions. One study reported potential harm to mothers experiencing domestic abuse prior to the intervention. Thematic analysis generated three themes: (1) benefits to women and nurses, (2) approaches to domestic abuse identification and response and (3) implementation of community nurse‐led interventions. Conclusion: Community nurse‐led domestic abuse interventions have shown to have positive outcomes for women, provided the appropriate supports are in place such as: interagency training; guidelines, referral pathways and safety protocols; collaborative working with domestic abuse services and organizational support. Impact Professionals such as PHNs are challenged to respond appropriately and compassionately to domestic abuse disclosures, while ensuring the safety of women and children is central to service delivery. This integrative review will inform further development, implementation and the sustainability of community nurse‐led domestic abuse initiatives worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The quality of drug-based treatment may be affected by how drugs are handled. This is why the multidose has been introduced as a replacement for the dosette box. Moreover, this is the background for a pilot project in a number of Norwegian municipalities where multidoses are dispensed via an e-prescription scheme. Objective: The objective of the article is to shed light on experiences gleaned from the pilot project on whether patients receive the correct medication at the correct time. Method: The empirical material consists of interviews with the key actors in the administration of drugs: pharmacies, regular GPs and community nurses. Findings are discussed in light of other research and formal regulations in the field. Results: Pharmacies and doctors have good experiences with the scheme. Community nurses find that there are fewer errors and that e-procedures are faster than paper-based procedures when multidoses need to be altered. The actors describe how sources of error linked to paper-based solutions have disappeared. The fact that all changes in drug prescriptions are checked routinely by the pharmacy represents a further quality assurance. A weakness of the scheme is that community nurses no longer have access to their patients' medication list. Conclusion: Multidoses in e-prescriptions give improvements in quality in the handling of drugs. A number of measures will support the beneficial impacts of the e-multidose: * The distribution of responsibilities among some of the actors must be clarified. * Doctors' EPR systems must be made more transparent and easier to use. * Everyone who handles the e-multidose, including community nurses, must have access to the current medication list (LIB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To identify, appraise and summarise the available evidence relating to community nurses' attitudes, knowledge and educational needs in relation to urinary continence. Background: Community nurses play a pivotal role in identifying and supporting individuals who experience urinary continence issues. Gaps in nurses' continence‐related education and knowledge may contribute to sub‐optimal assessment and management across the continuum of care. Design: A systematic review. Methods: MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete and EMBASE were searched from inception to November 2020; keywords used included community nurses, urinary continence, incontinence, knowledge, attitude and education needs. Given the degree of heterogeneity between included studies, a meta‐analysis was not feasible. Included studies were critically evaluated; key study characteristics and findings pertinent to the review purpose were summarised. The review adhered to the PRISMA 2020 checklist. Results: Four studies reported in six papers were included. Community nurses lacked knowledge in certain areas of urinary continence and incontinence. Nurses reported they were adequately prepared but without sufficient knowledge to effectively care for those with urinary incontinence. Community nurses' attitudes to urinary incontinence were generally positive, but they demonstrated misconceptions that urinary incontinence was inevitable and less distressing for older people. Conclusions: There is limited research exploring community nurses' knowledge, attitudes and education needs in relation to urinary continence and incontinence care. Community nurses may have knowledge gaps and less favourable attitudes to some aspects of urinary continence care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nurses working in outreach capacities frequently encounter disaffiliated or 'hard to reach' populations, such as those experiencing homelessness, those who use substances, and those with mental health concerns. Despite best efforts, nurses regularly fail to find meaningful engagement with these populations. Mobilizing the work of Deleuze and Guattari, this paper will critically examine conventional outreach nursing practices as rooted in the royal science of psychiatry, which many 'survivors' of psychiatric interventions reject. The field of Mad Studies offers an understanding of patient resistance to outreach nursing interventions. Delueze and Guattari's concepts of packs and sorcerers provide a framework to envision alternative nursing practices as a form of resistance and creativity, where new alliances may be formed outside the coercive confines of traditional practices. In response to patient resistance, outreach nurses themselves must assemble packs and engage in acts of sorcery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding appropriate community clinical placements has been challenging in recent years, most especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the 2020-2021 semesters, a university in the province of Alberta, Canada chose to use the community health virtual simulation program, Sentinel City®3.1, to provide clinical placements for three groups of undergraduate students. This expository paper, co-authored by students and faculty, sought to further explore how virtual simulation can be used to best support student learning by identifying practices that students find most helpful. Jeffries' (2005) simulation framework was used to guide a quality improvement analysis which explored feedback received from 16 students regarding the use of Sentinel City®3.1 as a clinical placement, with additional contributions from the student co-authors. Students felt Sentinel City®3.1 was an effective tool to learn community and population health concepts, however, all students indicated that they would have preferred more opportunities to work with real communities. Virtual simulation programs like Sentinel City®3.1 might be best as a learning supplement rather than as students' sole clinical placement experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

elliott l., crombie i.k., irvine l., cantrell j. & taylor j. (2004) Journal of Advanced Nursing 45(2), 117–125 The effectiveness of public health nursing: the problems and solutions in carrying out a review of systematic reviews In 1999 the Scottish Office, United Kingdom, intimated that the Chief Nursing Officer would undertake a policy review of nurses’ contribution to improving the public's health. The importance of reviewing the scientific literature on the effectiveness of public health nursing was recognized as a crucial part of the policy review. A final report was expected within a 6-month period. The reason for the short time period was to fit the policy-making schedule. This paper discusses our literature review for this work. The aim was to conduct a review of the international scientific literature that gave the greatest coverage of the role and potential role of nurses in improving the public's health in relation to 14 major health topics. This paper describes the methods used, outlines the rationale underpinning the methods, discusses the problems encountered and offers solutions to some of these problems. The initial search for relevant scientific literature revealed 709 suitable primary papers. Reviewing this number was beyond the time limit set by the funding organization. Therefore, a decision was made to concentrate on the evidence contained in systematic reviews. Reviewing systematic reviews raises a number of methodological problems to which there are often no predetermined solutions, such as ensuring that important interventions are included, assessing the relevance and quality of the reviews, and grading the strength of the evidence. Reviewing systematic reviews provides the scope to increase the number of topics that might be covered. However, it is possible that a number of interventions may be missed, particularly those that are not subject to review or those assessed using qualitative techniques. The definition of public health nursing used in the present study was also restrictive, and could be widened to include community interventions. Finally, assessing the quality of reviews and grading the evidence proved difficult and there is lack of consensus on how these tasks should be achieved. Nevertheless, the review presented policy makers with accessible information on a large number of relevant international studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Qualitative content analysis as described in published literature shows conflicts opinions and unsolved issues regarding meaning and use of concepts, procedure and interpretation in primary health care. This paper provides an overview of important concepts related to qualitative content analysis; illustrations the use of concepts related to the research procedure, and proposes measure to achieve community health nurses and community health worker in rural areas throughout the steps of the research procedure. Interpretation in qualitative content analysis is discussed in light of practice aspects of community health nurses and community health worker in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]