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At present, Canadian census tract boundaries are available in digital form for 1951 and at 5-year intervals for the 1976–2021 period; the 1956–66 census boundary files have not been digitized and associated data are not readily available for the pre-1971 period. This inhibits the mapping and analysis of neighbourhood change for a period of rapid urban and social transformation. To fill this gap, we digitized 1956–66 census tract boundaries from paper maps for all cities for which such data were disseminated. We adjusted 2006 boundaries to match georeferenced historical maps in concert with ancillary data, including topographic and cadastral maps. All decisions are documented in the files. Finally, printed profile tables for 1951 and 1956 were digitized for joining the boundary files. Researchers may use these datasets to explore, analyse and map geospatial trends in the Canadian population at the neighbourhood scale back to 1951. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using microdata from Statistics Canada's Labour Force Survey (LFS) and Population Census, this paper explores how spatial characteristics are correlated with temporary employment outcomes for Canada's immigrant population. Results from ordinary least square regression models suggest that census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations (CMAs/CAs) characterized by a high share of racialized immigrants, immigrants in low-income, young, aged immigrants, unemployed immigrants, and immigrants employed in health and service occupations were positively associated with an increase in temporary employment for immigrants. Furthermore, findings from principal component regression models revealed that a combination of spatial characteristics, namely CMAs/CAs characterized by both a high share of unemployed immigrants and immigrants in poverty, had a greater likelihood of immigrants being employed temporarily. The significance of this study lies in the spatial conceptualization of temporary employment for immigrants that could better inform spatially targeted employment policies, especially in the wake of the structural shift in the nature of work brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorial inequalities have long been a subject of study and concern in Canada. In the face of large structural changes such as industrial shifts and the decarbonization of our economies, there is an urgency to understand such inequalities and design effective policy interventions for those places facing persistent economic decline. This paper shares a novel composite index that measures economic disparity across Canadian Census Subdivisions (CSDs) using Census data from 2001 through 2016 and the 2011 National Household Survey. Named the "Index of Economic Disparity," it is comprised of an equally weighted average of four sub‐indices that assign percentile rankings for all CSDs based on whether they experience persistent and substantial decline in key economic areas: population, labour force outcomes, working‐age share of population, and industrial diversity. The variation of outcomes across geographies—urban and rural—highlights the importance of place‐based policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After more than a century of enumerating Aboriginality as a form of ethnic ancestry, in 1986 Statistics Canada added an Aboriginal ‘self-identification’ question to the census, effectively creating two populations: one based on ‘Aboriginal ancestry’, the other on ‘Aboriginal identity’. This paper argues that the legitimacy of the new Aboriginal ‘identity’ population stems not from its ability to measure Aboriginal identity more accurately than previous enumerative strategies, but from the fact that its ‘self-identification’ categories better produce the kind of data used by officials to implementdevelopment-basedpolicies in their attempts to improve Aboriginal quality of life in Canada. Using interviews from Aboriginal census field agents, the paper explores how and why such policy classifications have come to be so deeply misrecognized as exhaustive or acontextual categories of identity and the kinds of Aboriginal sociality they potentially foreclose upon in doing so. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper develops a socio-economic profile of the Indo-Canadian diaspora, arguably one of the largest Indian diaspora in the world and the second largest immigrant group in Canada, by analyzing landing records, tax data, and census and micro data files. The study suggests that Indian immigrants in Canada can be viewed as forming two broad streams: those who achieve incremental upward mobility with time in the country; and, those who do not experience much upward mobility even after residing in the country for many years. In particular, it examines the key determinants of the success of high-income earners. The paper compares the Indo-Canadian economic experience with that of the general Canadian population as well as other immigrants, principally Chinese immigrants. The paper argues that Canada has not benefited from the economic edge Indian and other transnational professionals and entrepreneurs offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author studies the association between religious affiliation and investment income as a proxy for individual rates of time preference, defined as the propensity to sacrifice present satisfaction in the anticipation of increasing future satisfaction. Data from the 2001 Census of the Canadian population is used to look at how religious affiliation is associated with the proportion of income coming from investments (a proxy for past rates of time preference) for individuals of working age (15-64). Two models (OLS and logistic) are used in order to compare by religious affiliation the magnitude of the proportion of income attributable to investments and the propensity to invest. Although there are a few exceptions in terms of cross-regional heterogeneity, individuals of Jewish affiliation tend to receive more investment income (as a proportion of their income) than Protestants, who tend to receive more than Catholics. As for the propensity to obtain any investment income, the results are more nuanced although a similar pattern can be observed. The contribution of this paper is to quantitatively assess the association of religious affiliation with time preference through the use of an investment income variable, an endeavour which has not been undertaken so far and which complements the literature on the economic outcomes of religion and the sociological determinants of time preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overall view of the evolution of Canada's central statistical office since the advent of modern Canada in 1867. It is a history characterized by four periods of significant bureaucratic and scientific developments, each followed by phases of stasis, flux, uncertainty and setbacks. Development can be linked to the conjunction of major turns in government's policy needs, the adoption of technical or managerial innovations and the presence of a strong bureaucratic leadership, while setbacks occur when one of these factors is found wanting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The last two decades have witnessed a considerable growth in the literature focusing on LGBTQ2S+ employment, labour market inequality, and income. During the same period, Canada has emerged as a trailblazer in employment protections for both sexual and gender minorities. Unfortunately, the Canadian literature on LGBTQ2S+ employment outcomes and experiences is disperse and underdeveloped. Objective: This paper brings together this disperse research and provides the first systematic review of Canada’s LGBTQ2S+ employment and earnings literature. Methods: We start with a systematic review and thematic synthesis of the broadly defined literature on LGBTQ2S+ poverty in Canada. We use a thematic synthesis to isolate the LGBTQ2S+ literature on employment, labour market inequality, and earnings. Our search of electronic databases took place in April 2018 and was updated in January 2019. Results: A total of 532 abstracts and full texts were screened by reviewers, which resulted in 84 articles included in our final sample. These articles were then sorted by keywords and those pertaining to employment, labour market inequality, and income (n = 31) were included in this analysis. While estimates of sexual minority wage gaps vary depending on the data and methods used, most studies have found wage penalties for gay men and wage premiums for lesbians, relative to their heterosexual counterparts. The literature on bisexual employment is particularly scant but finds that bisexual men and women also earn less than their heterosexual counterparts. Research on the subjective workplace experiences of LGBTQ2S+ individuals find unique challenges, barriers and, at times, exclusion from the Canadian labour market. Conclusions and implications: While the literature on LGBTQ2S+ employment outcomes and experiences in Canada is growing, much is left unknown. The principal limitation for researchers continues to be the dearth of population-based surveys that include questions on sexual orientation, gender identity, and relevant employment characteristics. To date, few studies have explored employment outcomes or the subjective workplace experiences of bisexuals, transgender, two-spirit or other gender minority peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines differences in the degree of bureaucratization and professionalization in industries in Canada and the United States. Three hypotheses are tested with census data from both countries. The first provides a comparative test of the hypothesis that structural characteristics of an industry at the period of its development persist over time. The second hypothesizes that cultural factors produce structural differences in industries in the two countries. The third argues that foreign ownership of corporations results in greater bureaucracy and less professionalization in Canadian industries than in American industries. The results provide general support for the persistence of structural characteristics, no support for the structural effects of cultural differences, and some support for the structural effects of foreign control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics Canada conducts over 350 business, social and institutional surveys a year. Of all social or household type surveys, only one in addition to the Census of Population is conducted on a mandatory basis, the Labour Force Survey. By their very nature, voluntary surveys will achieve lower rates of response and are thus exposed to higher risks of bias. For the 2011 Census of Population program, the long form census was for the first time collected on a voluntary basis as the National Household Survey. The survey content was basically the same as that of previous Census long forms and covered various socio-demographic topics that are of high importance to a wide variety of stakeholders in Canada. Given that one of the key characteristics of a census is to produce data for small regions and for subgroups of the population, collecting the survey on a voluntary basis introduced several challenges. Statistics Canada, based on its extensive experience with voluntary surveys, developed a number of processes and approaches to ensure the highest data quality possible. This paper describes what these measures were for data collection, data processing and estimation. It also provides a brief description of the quality assurance processes underlying the release strategy of the 2011 survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the implication of the decision to give 2006 Census respondents the option of letting Statistics Canada access their income tax files rather than answering income-related questions directly. We find that giving respondents the option to share their income tax files (or not) adds a confounding factor when it comes to measuring family-income inequality, particularly for the bottom tail of the distribution. The consent decision does not, however, materially affect the estimation of standard wage equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suburbanization of poverty has been a concerning trend in many urban regions. While research has described patterns of suburbanization of poverty at regional and neighbourhood levels, there are open questions about how lower-income households have agglomerated in the suburbs in recent history. Is suburban poverty primarily a result of 1) the movement of low-income residents from central to suburban neighbourhoods (e.g., via processes of gentrification and displacement), 2) migration between Census Metropolitan Areas and the immigration of low-income groups to suburbs, or 3) becoming and remaining poor while staying in the suburbs? The objective of this paper is to describe and quantify the propensity of these predominant individual geographic pathways to suburban poverty. We do so via a cluster analysis of census and land use data to define neighbourhoods as either central or suburban, and then link this categorization to a large-scale panel dataset representing 20 % of tax filers in Canada (from 2006 to 2016). These data allow for analyzing different pathways within the context of large Canadian metropolitan areas, specifically to what extent poverty in suburban neighbourhoods stems from intra-urban residential mobility, immigration, and becoming poor in-place. We find that becoming and remaining poor while staying in the suburbs encompasses a greater proportion of suburban poverty than immigration and centre-to-suburb residential mobility combined. Overall, this research expands our understanding of the sources of suburban poverty while also providing pertinent information to aid preventative policy aimed at reducing suburban poverty in Canada. • The largest source of suburban poverty in Canada is from getting poor in place. • Immigrants to Canada face the highest risk of becoming part of the suburban poor. • Migration from more accessible parts of the city represents a small share of suburban poverty growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Sociology is the property of Canadian Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Sociology is the property of Canadian Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite a large literature that addresses the gendered structure of forestry occupations in Europe and the USA, relatively little attention has been paid to these issues in Canada. In this paper, it is argued that policy makers and academics have used outdated statistics about forestry employment to shape policies and programs of government and industry. Use of these data has been to the general disadvantage of women working in the forest industry and in forestry communities. This paper draws mainly on three studies, spanning the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. Each study relied on secondary sources such as Census data, government and industry documents, as well as primary sources such as interviews or questionnaires. On Vancouver Island, British Columbia, analysis of land reallocation policies and transition strategies for displaced workers in the 1990s did not consider women as forestry workers or consider how job losses and opportunities for retraining might vary between men and women. Consequently, gender-neutral transition strategies were more accessible for men than for women. A study of female forestry workers in Saskatchewan revealed there was very little knowledge about employment conditions for women in forestry. Women reported that they missed out on training and advancement opportunities because they lacked networks, childcare support or other benefits that might encourage them to improve their circumstances. Finally, a survey of forest sector advisory committees across the country revealed a very low rate of participation by women, even though those who did participate had some significantly different viewpoints about forestry than their male counterparts. In combination, these efforts suggest that improvements in the understanding of forestry employment would benefit forestry workers, both male and female, and ensure that all workers made lasting contributions to the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: A large volume of research has been published on both the socio economic and demographic determinants of cancer and on the health of immigrants and minority groups. Yet because of data limitations, little research examines differences in the occurrence of cancer incidence between immigrants and non-immigrants and among immigrants defined by region of birth and time in the host country. In particular it is not known whether a healthy immigrant effect is present for cancer and if so, whether this advantage is lost with additional years of residence in the host country.Methods: This paper uses a large data file from Statistics Canada that links Census information on immigrant status, socioeconomic status including educational attainment, and other person-level information with administrative data on cancer and mortality over a continuous 13 year period of observation. It estimates discrete and continuous time duration models to identify differences in cancer diagnosis by immigrant subgroup after controlling for a variety of potential confounders. Differences in historical smoking behavior are not observable at the individual level in the dataset but are accounted for indirectly using various methods.Results: Results in general confirm the existence of a healthy immigrant effect for cancer in that, overall, recent immigrants to Canada are significantly less likely than otherwise comparable non-immigrant Canadians to be diagnosed with any cancer and the most common forms of cancer by site. As well, this gap appears to decline with additional years in Canada for immigrant men and women, eventually converging to Canadian-born levels. Differentiating among immigrant subgroups by period of arrival and country of birth reveals significant variation across immigrant subgroups, with immigrant men and women from developing countries typically having a lower likelihood of being diagnosed with cancer than immigrants from the US, UK and continental Europe. As well, controlling for immigrant heterogeneity this way weakens the conclusion that the gap narrows with years in Canada. Immigrant men overall continue to exhibit convergence to Canadian-born levels for diagnosis of any cancer and for prostate cancer, while immigrant women exhibit narrowing over time only for breast cancer. Although smoking behavior is not directly observed, controlling for subgroup-specific lifetime smoking behavior using survey data has only a relatively minor effect on the estimated differences.Conclusions: The specificity of the results by cancer type, gender, immigrant status and ethnicity provides useful guidance for future research by helping to narrow the possible channels through which social and economic characteristics may be affecting cancer incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stringent donor-screening criteria and legislation prohibiting payment for donor gametes have contributed to the radical decline of donor insemination (DI) using sperm provided by Canadian men. Thus, many individuals rely on imported sperm. This paper examines the feasibility of an altruistic sperm donation (ASD) program to meet the needs of Canadians. Methods: Using Canadian census data, published literature and expert opinions, two population-based, top-down mathematical models were developed to estimate the supply and demand for donor sperm and the feasibility of an ASD program. Results: It was estimated that 63 donors would pass Canadian screening criteria, which would provide 1,575 donations. The demand for DI by women was 7,866 samples (4,319 same sex couples, 1,287 single women and 2,260 heterosexual couples). Conclusion: Considerable effort would be necessary to create the required increase in awareness of the program and change in societal behaviour towards sperm donation for an ASD program to be feasible in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Traffic congestion has a greater negative effect on females' life and work-life balance satisfaction. • Females appear to pay a price off their wages, in order to avoid traffic congestion. • The policy implications are discussed. At equal distance, the impedance created by traffic congestion strongly affects the duration of commute. Extant literature indicates that commute impedance negatively affects wellbeing, distinctly from the distance and the duration of commute. These negative effects are reported to be larger for women. Consequently, workers, especially females, must be willing to accept lower wages if reaching the job location entails fewer traffic congestions and accommodates a speedier commute. Using the Canadian General Social Survey of 2015 and the Census of 2016, the present paper assesses the wellbeing and wage consequences of commute impedance on men and women who drive to work. The study first demonstrates that the negative impact of commute impedance on wellbeing is greater for women. Second, consistent with the greater negative effect of traffic congestion on their wellbeing, women appear to pay a price off their wages, in order to avoid commute impedance. The policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working without fixity, while historically prevalent, has been on the rise in Canada and throughout the world due to processes associated with advanced capitalism. Moreover, it implies mobility to, from, and within work, which in a time of COVID-19, is problematic for workers and communities alike. In this paper, we argue that our pre-COVID statistical knowledge of workers without a fixed place of work in Canada is inadequate. Using the best source of available data--the 2016 Census--we provide a thorough account of these workers as compared to those with a set place of work. We find that most individuals without a fixed workplace are male, have low income, are likely to be self-employed, have a higher proportion of employment insurance (EI) and self-employment income, and have college or on-the-job training skill levels. They are also likely to live in rural areas, and work in the construction or transportation industry. We argue that documenting which workers are most likely to be working without fixity is necessary to understand how a COVID-19 world will play out for these workers and their communities as the pandemic continues and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Census-based deprivation indices have been widely used in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Canada and UK to measure area-based socio-economic inequalities. This paper examines the indicators used in census-based area deprivation indices using a political ecology approach. We question whether the current indicators of deprivation derived from census data are meaningful for the all age groups and minority groups in the population, with a particular focus on deprivation indicators used in New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom. We comparatively reviewed methodological papers and reports that describe the indicators of deprivation in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Canada and the UK from 1975 to 2014. We consider the relationship between the notion of standards of living and measurements of deprivation and explore how hegemonic cultural constructs are implicit in measures of deprivation that privilege a Eurocentric, ageist and gender normative construction of statistics. We argue for more political ecological analyses to studying the relationship between social inequalities, geographies, health inequities and political economy to transform structures of oppression and inequality. This requires turning the analytical gaze on the wealthy and privileged instead of defaulting into deficit models to account for inequality. Studies of deprivation and inequality would benefit from understanding the processes and operations of power in the (re)production of socio-economic and health inequities to inform holistic strategies for social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We analysed the fertility of women who migrated to Canada before reaching age 19, using the 20 per cent sample of the Canadian censuses from 1991 to 2006. Fertility increases with age at immigration, and is particularly high for those immigrating in late adolescence. This pattern prevails regardless of the country of origin, and of whether the mother tongue of the migrants was an official language in Canada. The fertility of those for whom it was an official language is always lower on average than of those for whom it was not, but there does not seem to be a critical age at which the fertility of the former and the latter starts to diverge. Formal education has an effect: the fertility of immigrants who arrived in Canada at any age before adulthood and who were or became college graduates is similar to that of their native peers. An appendix to this paper is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2013.802007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Many communities have become concerned about their inability to retain and attract young people. This is an important issue because it raises concerns about where the next generation of leaders will come from. This paper begins with a broad overview of the 27 census metropolitan areas. First, it compares the percentage of young people in each CMA, then it focuses on the inflows and outflows of young people in each CMA. Finally, the paper focuses on the St. Catharines-Niagara (Ontario) CMA to find out what motivates young people to stay or leave that area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1996 and 2001 the ‘Métis population’ of Canada skyrocketed from 204,000 to 292,000, an astonishing and demographically improbable increase of 43 per cent. Most puzzling about this ‘increase’ is not so much the unpersuasive explanations offered by statisticians and others but, more fundamentally, the underlying assumption that such a thing as a ‘Métis population’ exists at all. In contrast, I argue that such an idea constitutes an artifact of Canada's racial/colonial episteme in which ‘the Métis’– formerly an indigenous nation invaded and displaced in the Canadian nation-state's westward expansion – have been reduced in public and administrative discourse to include any indigenous individual who identifies as Métis: reduced, in other words, to (part of) a race. The paper argues further that the authority of the Canadian census as a privileged forum of contemporary meaning-making in Canadian society is such that the lack of explicit Census categories to distinguish Métis Nation allegiance further naturalises a racialised construction of Métis at the expense of an indigenously national one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published reports on censuses of population and the surviving enumeration books on which they were based are key sources for accounting historians. The increasing availability of electronic versions of census enumeration books (CEBs) for Canada, the U.K., and the U.S. offers opportunities for better understanding the history of occupations concerned with the performance of accounting functions. However, census reports and original census documents must be interpreted critically. The paper reports on a study of accountants appearing in the transcribed version of the British CEBs for 1881. It is shown how" the published census underreported the number of accountants in Britain and suggests that there are potential inconsistencies in the manner in which accountants were counted. While accounting historians may rely on the high level of accuracy in transcribed versions of the CEBs, transcription errors have been discovered in relation to female accountants, those pursuing occupations spelt in ways closely resembling "accountant," and individuals possessing complex occupational titles. Caution in respect of entries relating to accountant clerks is also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Sociology is the property of Canadian Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Canadian Century Research Infrastructure (CCRI) is a research project in the social sciences and humanities in Canada that involves seven universities and partnerships with several public- and private-sector institutions. The goal of the project is to create a research infrastructure centered oil microdata from the 1911-1951 decennial Canadian censuses, accompanied by metadata and extensive contextual data. The result will provide a new foundation for the study of change in Canada in the first half of the 20th century. This paper will describe the research infrastructure that is being created, and explain how the CCRI defines metadata and contextual data, and why it is of interest to social science researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Studies in Population is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study uses national survey and census data on shelter costs and income to describe changes in the proportion and the number of low-income households spending more than half of their income on shelter. While affordability problems increased consistently over the last two decades for almost all classes of households, the problems are highly concentrated among those with low-incomes. Women household maintainers are significantly more likely to experience problems and the number of income recipients in a household is a key indicator of a potential problem. While all regions and major cities had increasing problems, the data show major differences across regions and urban centres. No correlation is found between the growth of cities or the growth in rent levels and the growth of the proportion of low-income households with severe affordability problems. Housing prices were remarkably stable during the 1990s and cannot be claimed as the main cause of the escalating problem. However, strong correlations relate the growth of affordability problems to city size and to the prevailing rent level, suggesting that land rent is a factor in determining the problem's spatial incidence and that continued concentration of the population in major cities will continue to fuel the growth of the problem. The most disturbing finding is that, for the most vulnerable groups, the prevalence and severity of affordability problems worsened during the 1990s, reflecting the consequences of a larger and longer trend toward increasing income inequality in Canadian society. The paper points to other research which links the affordability issue to homelessness and argues that the trends in affordability burdens be considered as ripe for serious policy intervention at all three levels of government. While specific policy conclusions cannot be based on this study, the results do point to the growing need for a change in Canadian housing policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing in-affordability is a growing problem within Canadian urban areas. This research asks an as-yet unanswered spatial question: where do those suffering high rates of housing affordability stress reside and what do the spatial patterns imply about policies intended to address this housing problem? This paper tabulates and maps the spatial distribution of households that pay excessive amounts of their income for rent in order to identify locations within metropolitan regions where housing affordability stress is greatest. It is found that significant unevenness characterises the spatial distribution of housing affordability problems in major Canadian census metropolitan areas (CMAs). Only a minority of places conform to the North American stereotype that concentrates this problem near the city centre. Where some CMAs have concentrations of the problem in the inner city or, alternatively inner suburb, other metropolitan areas exhibit a more diffuse pattern of housing in-affordability. The locus of the problem is also variable depending on whether the household is of the family or non-family type. The interpretation of the uneven patterns relates broadly to features of supply and demand that have been identified in previous research. From both a policy and theoretical perspective this work demonstrates that greater attention needs to be paid to the spatial aspects of housing affordability and to the related, economically-induced risk of homelessness in Canadian metropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies 1996 Census data to look at the reporting patterns of the Métis population in selected Canadian urban centres. On the 20 Percent Sample of the 1996 Census, people could self-identify as Métis and/or report Métis ethnic origins. Quite often, due to time and space constraints, research on the Métis population has applied only one of these census questions. This paper will consider whether combining origin and identity information would result in a broader definition that more accurately reflects the situation of urban Métis in Canada.(n1) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analytic paper explores the use of ethnic origin census data in policy- and practice-relevant health research. It begins with a definition of key terms, outlines the importance of ethnicity and health research, and provides a summary overview of the existing research literature. This is followed by a review of the changing formulation and format of the "ethnic origin" question itself through time, and a consideration of the implications thereof for data usage. The paper next examines the use of ethnic origin data in health research, considers data linkages with various health status indicators, and explores linkages with other health-related surveys; it also outlines the use of ethnic origin information in health policy development, programme planning, and service delivery. The discussion then turns to an identification of core issues, the provision of concrete suggestions for addressing the conceptual and methodological challenges identified, and the presentation of key recommendations for future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2001 Census of Canada has questions on the "Country of Birth of Parents" as well as the more traditional "Ethnic Origin." It has been suggested that, given the ambiguities in the ethnic origins data, they could be replaced by the country of birth of parents data. It is argued in this paper that such a decision would effectively create two classes of Canadians - True Canadians, who are primarily of Western European descent, and Immigrant Canadians, who are primarily from Southern Europe and the Third World. Specifically, the paper examines the historical continuity in the 1996-2001 ethnic origins data, the extent to which specific ethnic origins were reported by persons whose parents were born in Canada, the countries of birth of fathers and mothers, and the extent to which reported ethnic origins are associated with specific countries. Alternative data sources for some of the ethnic origins data from the Census are explored. The paper concludes with some of the ramifications for the Department of Canadian Heritage if country of birth of parents were to replace ethnic origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite equity gaining increasing attention in Canadian bicycling practice and research, the demographics of who is cycling have not been documented nationally in Canada. This study uses Canadian census data to provide a nationwide portrait of: 1) how bicycle commute mode share varies by gender, race, income, and age in Canada; 2) how the sociodemographic characteristics of bicycle commuters in Canada have shifted between 1996 and 2016; and 3) how bicycle commuting and the demographics of bicycle commuters vary across metropolitan regions in Canada. We find that men, people who are not visible minorities and low-income populations commute by cycle at double the rates of women, visible minorities, and other income groups, respectively. Women comprise an increasing share of bicycling commuters over the 20 years, whereas bicycling is increasing at similar rates across race and income groups. Cycling distinctly decreases with age. Cycling rates vary by region and there is some evidence that low-income and visible minority groups bicycle more in smaller, more car-centric metropolitan areas. These findings identify differences in bicycling across socio-demographic groups and geographic region, which sets a foundation for research to uncover why these differences are occurring, in order to point policymakers toward targeted solutions that specifically address inequities in bicycle commuting between population group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the economic performance of Canadian forest reliant census subdivisions (referred to as FRCs for the purposes of this paper) over the period 1981 to 1991. FRCs performed reasonably well over the 10 year period. The average annual rate of growth in base income was 1.7% per year. However, the performance of FRCs is quite varied. Growth of non-forest sectors was the major contributor to growth in FRCs indicating a general tendency for these CSDs to diversify and become less forest reliant over time. Generally, the FRCs that performed well over the period were the ones that initially had one or more of the following characteristics: larger FRCs, FRCs that were initially less forest reliant, FRCs with a higher paper and allied component in the forest sector and FRCs with lower initial wage rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the inverse association between site of locality and fertility from two competing perspectives: (1) the independent effect or subcultural hypothesis, and (2) the differential variable levels or micro-economic hypothesis. The data for the study are obtained from the 1971 Canadian Census One Per Cent Public Use Sample Tape. The unit of analysis is ever-married females 17 years of age and over, classified according to urban, rural farm and rural non-farm categories. The major technique employed in the analysis is a regression decomposition model developed by Coleman et al. (1972). The results indicate that, for the most part. the independent effect hypothesis is substantiated. When there is a deviation from this general finding (which occurred among young rural women), the explanation may be found in terms of anticipated migration to urban areas. Implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is divided into two sections--the first section discusses the history and development of Canadian low income cut-offs developed by Statistics Canada and the second examines problems relating to the adequacy of one year's income and the treatment of wealth in the low income data. The first section summarizes the conceptual basis of the Statistics Canada low income cut-offs that were first introduced for an analysis of 1961 Census data; a description of the data sources for specifying the cut-offs and examining the low income population is presented; a recently incorporated revision is described; and uses and abuses of the Canadian low income cut-offs are described. The second section discusses two main issues. The first issue relates to the adequacy of one year's income as a poverty criterion. Between years there is a significant amount of movement in and out of low income status which varies by socio-demographic characteristics. The second issue relates to the effect of ignoring wealth in the derivation of the low income population. The two concerns are examined empirically with data from the Canadian Survey of Consumer Finances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the estimates of final and intermediate commodity output derived from the manufacturing censuses in Canada. Rate of growth of the Canadian economy; Comparison of the process of industrialization in Canada and the U.S.; Examination on the growth and structure of the flows of commodity output.

In Canada, unlike many other countries, birth-residence data by age and sex are available in each of the decennial censuses from 1931 to 1961 which permit the estimation of intercensal net migration for the provinces and regions. After a brief discussion of the basic measures of migration from birth-residence data the paper focusses on the problems and procedures in estimating interprovincial net migration, 1951-1961 for Canada using "the place of birth survival ratio method," and it evaluates the estimates thus obtained. The evaluation of the estimates, taking into consideration the inherent limitations of the method and its merits compared with period migration estimates by the census survival ratio method and life table survival ratio method, suggests that the net migration estimates for the Canadian born by the place of birth survival ratio method are probably more reliable than those by the other two methods. One striking finding was that the net migration curves by age obtained from the census survival ratio and place of birth survival ratio estimates were smoother than the curve obtained with the use of the more accurate life table survival ratios. Furthermore, whatever the relative accuracy of net migration may be, the birth-residence approach is capable of furnishing more details about the net migration of the native born than by the standard survival-ratio methods. For the population under age 10 intercensal estimates were directly derived from the place of birth and residence distributions by age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Why are some cities more compact than others? We argue that riskier housing markets have a costlier real option; developers would require greater compensation to build now—thus, developers are being incentivized to delay, giving rise to more compact cities. We test this hypothesis cross‐sectionally for Canada's 11 largest census metropolitan areas. We interpret satellite imageries and estimate a hierarchical spatial autoregressive model to account for both the hierarchical and the spatial structure of our data. Our results show that, on average, a one‐percentage‐point increase in price risk reduces urban land coverage in the fringe by about 0.7 percentage point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the evolution of the Canadian Census publishing program over the years. It will pay particular attention to the developments in electronic publishing. Census dissemination via Canada's Depository Services Program (DSP) will also be described. While there are many different ways in which one could describe census publishing in Canada, from the point of view of distribution media, there are fairly distinct phases of evolution. During the period 1871 to 1956, all outputs from the census were on paper Basic Summary Tabulations (BSTs) were the first machine-readable files distributed after the 1961 census. Public use micro-data files were introduced for the 1971 census. During this time paper products continued to be the major output format. Commencing in 1986, census outputs on personal computer (PC) readable media with access software were made available to users. This service was extended in 1991, and by 1996 the Internet was introduced as means of dissemination. While the Internet was the major dissemination vehicle for 2001, key outputs continued to be disseminated in this article.

Analyzing Canadian business and census data from 2001 to 2011, this paper examines local area characteristics associated with arts organization growth. We consider five hypotheses: (1) Critical Mass: arts growth will occur in existing arts districts. (2) Gentrification: arts growth will occur in low-income and low-rent areas. (3) Rising Tide: arts growth will parallel general economic growth. (4) Urbanity: arts growth will occur in urbanized areas. (5) Perfect Audience: arts growth will occur in neighbourhoods with demographic groups most likely to consume the arts. We test these hypotheses at three levels: qualitative descriptions of Canada's top three arts growth neighbourhoods, ecological analysis of arts growth in Canada's three largest metropolitan areas, and a national hierarchical linear regression. Our findings demonstrate strong support for Critical Mass, Urbanity, and Perfect Audience. Mixed findings for Gentrification and Rising Tide reveal that arts growth occurs in a diversity of local economic conditions. Our conclusion articulates the utility of ‘ecological’ approaches to arts production and consumption more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada. This study aimed to measure and examine trends in socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of colorectal cancer in Canada. Methods: This study is a time trend ecological study based on Canadian Census Division level data constructed from the Canadian Cancer Registry, Canadian Census of Population, and National Household Survey. We assessed trends in income and education inequalities in colorectal cancer incidence in Canada from 1992 to 2010. The age-standardized Concentration index (C ), which measures inequality across all socioeconomic groups, was used to quantify socioeconomic inequalities in colorectal cancer incidence in Canada. Results: The average crude colorectal cancer incidence was found to be 61.52 per 100,000 population over the study period, with males having a higher incidence rate than females (males: 66.98; females: 56.25 per 100,000 population). The crude incidence increased over time and varied by province. The age-standardized C indicated a higher concentration of colorectal cancer incidence among lower income and less-educated neighborhoods in Canada. Income and education inequalities increased over time among males. Conclusion: The concentration of colorectal cancer incidence in low socioeconomic neighborhoods in Canada has implications for primary prevention and screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methodological advances in demographic research, especially age‐period‐cohort (APC) analysis, primarily focus on developing new models yet often fail to consider practical concerns in empirical analysis. We propose a mixed approach that integrates multiple data imputation and structural change analysis in time series so that scholars can (i) construct pseudo age groups based on more coarsely grouped age data and (ii) identify temporal anomalies. This approach is illustrated using multiple waves of Canadian Population Census data (1981–2016). We construct pseudo age groups based on more coarse age information available in the Census data and identify a local anomaly in the temporal trajectory of homeownership in Canada's less populous provinces and territories. These findings are assessed and validated in comparison with results from more populous Canadian provinces. This research broadens the methodological repertoire for demographers, geographers, and social scientists in general and extends the literature on homeownership in an understudied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]