11,475 results
Search Results
2. Improving the Bioactivity of Norfloxacin with Tablets Made from Paper
- Author
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Ayat Abdelkader, Laura Nallbati, and Cornelia M. Keck
- Subjects
paper ,BCS class ,dissolution ,bioavailability ,porous material ,drug delivery ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
(1) Background: Many drugs possess poor bioavailability, and many strategies are available to overcome this issue. In this study, smartFilm technology, i.e., a porous cellulose matrix (paper), in which the active compound can be loaded onto in an amorphous state was utilised for oral administration to improve the solubility and bioactivity of a poorly soluble BSC class IV antibiotic. (2) Methods: Norfloxacin was used as the model drug and loaded into commercially available paper. The resulting norfloxacin-loaded smartFilms were transformed into smartFilm granules via wet granulation and the resulting norfloxacin-loaded smartFilm granules were transformed into norfloxacin-loaded tablets made from paper, i.e., smartFilm tablets. The crystalline state of norfloxacin was investigated, as well as the pharmaceutical properties of the granules and the tablets. The bioactivity of the smartFilm tablets was assessed in vitro and ex vivo to determine the antibacterial activity of norfloxacin. The results were compared to a physical mixture tablet that contained non-loaded paper granules and equal amounts of norfloxacin as a crystalline powder. (3) Results: Norfloxacin-loaded smartFilm granules and norfloxacin-loaded smartFilm tablets contained norfloxacin in an amorphous state, which resulted in an improved and faster release of norfloxacin when compared to the physical mixture tablet. The bioactivity was up to three times higher when compared to the physical mixture tablet. The ex vivo model was demonstrated to be a useful tool that allows for a fast and cost-effective discrimination between “good” and “bad” formulations. It provides realistic physiological conditions and can therefore yield meaningful, additional biopharmaceutical information that cannot be assessed in classical in vitro experiments. (4) Conclusions: smartFilm tablets are a promising, universal, industrially feasible and cost-effective formulation strategy for improved solubility and enhanced bioactivity of poorly soluble drugs.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Novel drug-loaded paper tablets for improved oral drug delivery
- Author
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Abolelela, Ayat and Keck, Cornelia M. (Prof. Dr.)
- Subjects
Paper ,Biopharmazeutisches Klassifizierungssystem ,ddc:615 ,ex vivo porcine intestinal model ,ex-vivo Schweinedarmm ,oral drug delivery ,Pharmacology + therapeutics, prescription drugs ,dissolution ,Auflösung ,Pharmakologie, Therapeutik ,BCS class ,tablet manufacturing ,granules ,Papier, Granulat, Tablettenherstellung, orale Arzneimittelverabreichung ,bioavailability ,Pharmacology & therapeutics, prescription drugs - Abstract
The oral route is the most preferred route of drug administration. Tablets are the most prominent oral dosage form as they can provide greater dose precision, higher stability, simplicity and lower cost of manufacturing and suitability for large-scale production. Compressed tablets, which are the most widely used tablets, consist of a blend of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with suitable excipients. The excipients in tablets, in particular dissolution enhancing excipients, play a vital role in ensuring an efficient oral drug delivery (i.e., high oral bioavailability). These excipients are usually utilized as a part of a solubilization strategy to enhance the drug solubility, and thus its oral bioavailability. However, various excipients in tablets are associated with instability issues, hence, a comprehensive, costly, and time-consuming investigation of excipients is essential to develop stable and efficient tablets. SmartFilms technology is an innovative strategy which enhances the drug aqueous solubility via embedding the drug within a matrix of cellulose-based paper in an amorphous state. Despite its proven effectiveness, smartFilms technology remains unrecognized by the pharmaceutical industry due to the difficulty of large-scale production of paper tablets from paper cut outs with limited flowability. The inadequate flowability might obstruct the compression process due to the adherence of the paper to the tablet press, which might result in dose variation of the tablets. In addition, the influence of the smartFilm tablets on the bioactivity of the loaded drug is still ambiguous. In this thesis, smartFilm tablets were investigated as a potential, industrially feasible approach for an improved solubility and bioactivity of poorly water-soluble APIs. The first part of the thesis investigated the possibility of transforming unloaded smartFilms (i.e., paper) into a flowable physical form and the influence of sucrose as a binder (i.e., amounts and forms) on the behavior of the material under compression as well as the properties of the obtained tablets. Cellulose-based paper utilized in this work was successfully transformed into granules via a wet granulation process. The obtained unloaded paper granules exhibited a slightly elongated shape, demonstrated good flowability and allowed the production of tablets in a continuous mode. The results also showed that using sucrose as a dry powder during the granulation process was the most suitable for obtaining paper granules that can be compressed in large scale into tablets with good pharmaceutical properties (i.e., in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia). Investigating the mechanical behavior of paper granules under compression indicated that the compaction behavior of these granules was comparable to the behavior of classical binders and compression enhancers. These findings indicate that the obtained paper granules have good flowability, a suitable compression behavior and propose paper granules as suitable intermediate products for the production of tablets made from paper on a large, industrial scale. The second and the third part of the thesis studied the impact of smartFilm tablets on the oral delivery and bioactivity of two poorly water-soluble APIs (i.e., curcumin and norfloxacin) using an ex vivo porcine intestinal model. Curcumin-loaded smartFilms and norfloxacin-loaded smartFilms were successfully transferred into smartFilm granules and smartFilm tablets, respectively. Results also showed that the curcumin-loaded smartFilm granules and smartFilm tablets preserved the amorphous state of the incorporated drug. The obtained tablets also fulfilled the criteria according to the European Pharmacopoeia regarding hardness, friability, content uniformity, mass uniformity, and disintegration time. The incorporation of curcumin or norfloxacin into smartFilm tablets resulted in increasing the dissolution rate (approx. two-fold) especially at the beginning of the release. The ex vivo intestinal permeability of curcumin from the smartFilm tablets was also studied and compared to a physical mixture of curcumin and paper and to a classical and an innovative commercial product, respectively. The innovative product contains curcumin in a micellar form and has previously demonstrated an exceptional oral bioavailability. The findings showed an enhanced intestinal permeability of curcumin from the smartFilm tablets, as compared to the physical mixture tablet and the classical marketed product that contains curcumin as a raw powder (approx. two-fold increase). No difference in the total amount of permeated curcumin was found between the smartFilm tablets and the innovative commercial product (i.e., micellar curcumin). Nevertheless, a trend towards a deeper intestinal permeation of the curcumin from the smartFilm tablets was observed. These outcomes indicate that smartFilm tablets can be equally efficient as innovative and classical curcumin formulation approaches in improving the oral bioavailability of curcumin. The ex vivo bioactivity of norfloxacin from the smartFilm tablets was also investigated and showed a similar trend (i.e., a two-fold higher antibacterial activity of norfloxacin from the smartFilm tablets when compared to the physical mixture tablet). The findings of this thesis provide evidence that smartFilm tablets are a cost-effective, universal, industrially feasible formulation approach for improved solubility and enhanced bioactivity of poorly water-soluble APIs, i.e., BCS class II and IV drugs.
- Published
- 2023
4. Improving the Bioactivity of Norfloxacin with Tablets Made from Paper.
- Author
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Abdelkader, Ayat, Nallbati, Laura, and Keck, Cornelia M.
- Subjects
- *
NORFLOXACIN , *TABLETING , *ORAL drug administration , *ANTIBACTERIAL agents , *GRANULATION , *ANTIBIOTICS - Abstract
(1) Background: Many drugs possess poor bioavailability, and many strategies are available to overcome this issue. In this study, smartFilm technology, i.e., a porous cellulose matrix (paper), in which the active compound can be loaded onto in an amorphous state was utilised for oral administration to improve the solubility and bioactivity of a poorly soluble BSC class IV antibiotic. (2) Methods: Norfloxacin was used as the model drug and loaded into commercially available paper. The resulting norfloxacin-loaded smartFilms were transformed into smartFilm granules via wet granulation and the resulting norfloxacin-loaded smartFilm granules were transformed into norfloxacin-loaded tablets made from paper, i.e., smartFilm tablets. The crystalline state of norfloxacin was investigated, as well as the pharmaceutical properties of the granules and the tablets. The bioactivity of the smartFilm tablets was assessed in vitro and ex vivo to determine the antibacterial activity of norfloxacin. The results were compared to a physical mixture tablet that contained non-loaded paper granules and equal amounts of norfloxacin as a crystalline powder. (3) Results: Norfloxacin-loaded smartFilm granules and norfloxacin-loaded smartFilm tablets contained norfloxacin in an amorphous state, which resulted in an improved and faster release of norfloxacin when compared to the physical mixture tablet. The bioactivity was up to three times higher when compared to the physical mixture tablet. The ex vivo model was demonstrated to be a useful tool that allows for a fast and cost-effective discrimination between "good" and "bad" formulations. It provides realistic physiological conditions and can therefore yield meaningful, additional biopharmaceutical information that cannot be assessed in classical in vitro experiments. (4) Conclusions: smartFilm tablets are a promising, universal, industrially feasible and cost-effective formulation strategy for improved solubility and enhanced bioactivity of poorly soluble drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Monitoring bisphenol A and estrogenic chemicals in thermal paper with yeast-based bioreporter assay
- Author
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Rajasärkkä, Johanna, Koponen, Jani, Airaksinen, Riikka, Kiviranta, Hannu, and Virta, Marko
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Vegetarian diets in childhood and adolescence: Position paper of the nutrition committee, German Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ)
- Author
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Rudloff, Silvia, Bührer, Christoph, Jochum, Frank, Kauth, Thomas, Kersting, Mathilde, Körner, Antje, Koletzko, Berthold, Mihatsch, Walter, Prell, Christine, Reinehr, Thomas, and Zimmer, Klaus-Peter
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Formulation and Characterization of Poly (D, L-Lactide-Co-glycolide) Nanoparticles Loaded with Achyranthes aspera for Increasing Bioavailability
- Author
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Sangal, Aditi, Rattan, Sunita, Thakur, Vijay Kumar, Series Editor, Gupta, Bhuvanesh, editor, Ghosh, Anup K., editor, Suzuki, Atsushi, editor, and Rattan, Sunita, editor
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Hydrolysis of an organic phosphorus compound by iron-oxide impregnated filter papers
- Author
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David R. Jones, James K. Beattie, and Darren S. Baldwin
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Chemistry ,Ecological Modeling ,Phosphorus ,Inorganic chemistry ,Iron oxide ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Phosphate ,Pollution ,Soil contamination ,Bioavailability ,Filter (aquarium) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hydrolysis ,Adsorption ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Murray-Darling Freshwater Research CentreMDFRC item.Filter-papers impregnated with iron oxides (“iron-strips”) are increasingly being used to estimate “bioavailable” phosphorus. This study shows that these strips, in addition to being able to adsorb phosphate ions, can also mediate the hydrolysis of a model organic phosphorus compound. It is proposed that the high correlation between bioavailable phosphorus and iron-strip available phosphorus is due in part to the strips' hydrolytic capability.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Mobility, bioavailability and ecological risk assessment of cadmium and chromium in soils contaminated by paper mill wastes
- Author
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Pallabi Borah, Latha Rangan, Tanmoy Karak, Sudip Mitra, and Pooja Singh
- Subjects
Pollution ,Environmental Engineering ,Soil test ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental Chemistry ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Cadmium ,business.industry ,Paper mill ,Contamination ,Bioavailability ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Soil water ,Environmental science ,business - Abstract
Contamination and associated risks posed by cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) were characterized in the soils being continuously exposed by paper mill waste discharge in Assam, India. Soil samples from 20 (S-1 to S-20) sites surrounding a paper mill were analyzed by sequential extraction technique for Cd and Cr to assess the potential mobility and bioavailability of these heavy metals in the soils. Cadmium was mostly found in its carbonate fraction (37.14%) whereas; Cr was mostly available in Fe-Mn oxide bound fraction (34.72%). Relatively low amounts of Cd and Cr were associated with the water soluble fractions. The pollution load index (P i) values of Cd exceeded the maximum permissible limit i.e. 1 in all the sites but, for Cr it exceeded in all sites but S-7, S-13 and S-16. The mobility factor values ranged from 47.4% to 87.1% for Cd and 12.8–67.2% for Cr. High mobility factor values represent relatively higher biological availability in the soil samples and thus could pose environmental threats in the area surrounding the paper mill. The high values of other contamination factors, viz. individual and global contamination factors, potential ecological risk factor, ecological risk index and geo-accumulation index indicated that the studied area was widely polluted by Cd and Cr as a result of the effluents discharged from the paper mill.
- Published
- 2018
10. Potential role of soil calcium in recovery of paper birch following ice storm injury in Vermont, USA.
- Author
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Halman, Joshua M., Schaberg, Paul G., Hawley, Gary J., and Hansen, Christopher F.
- Subjects
CALCIUM in soils ,PAPER birch ,ICE storms ,PLANT injuries ,FORESTS & forestry ,BIOAVAILABILITY ,CROWNS (Botany) ,ACID deposition - Abstract
Abstract: In recent years, an increased number of mature paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and heart-leafed paper birch (B. papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern.) in northeastern United States forests have exhibited decline symptoms including foliar loss, reduced fine branching, and tree mortality. We assessed crown health, radial growth, and available soil cations in 2006 as a preliminary assessment of factors that may be influencing paper birch decline. Tree rings began to decrease in width in 1998—the year of a severe region-wide ice storm. All trees (regardless of their current decline status) experienced reduced growth starting in 1998 and tree growth continued to decrease for two years following the ice storm. After this generalized growth decrease, trees that now have vigorous crowns showed a marked increase in growth, whereas trees that now have low crown vigor did not rebound in growth, but instead exhibited a significantly higher incidence of locally absent annual rings. Extractable soil-aluminum (Al), a phytotoxic element mobilized by acid deposition, was significantly higher in soils associated with declining trees compared to those adjacent to vigorous trees. Higher soil calcium (Ca) availability was associated with both vigorous crowns and increased radial growth following the 1998 ice storm. Furthermore, increased soil Ca availability was negatively correlated to the percentage of declining trees, and positively related to increased radial growth, whereas elevation was not significantly associated with either parameter. Although previously overlooked as a factor influencing paper birch recovery from injury, we found that available soil Ca was linked to crown vigor and rebounds in growth following an inciting event. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Transformation of elemental toxic metals into immobile fractions in paper mill sludge through rotary drum composting
- Author
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Utpal Ghosh, Jayeeta Hazarika, Jiwan Singh, Ajay S. Kalamdhad, and Meena Khwairakpam
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Environmental Engineering ,Waste management ,Compost ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Paper mill ,Fraction (chemistry) ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Humus ,Bioavailability ,Nutrient ,Environmental chemistry ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Organic matter ,business ,Cow dung ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Heavy metal content has become a serious issue with increase in compost application in agricultural land. The bioavailable fraction (water soluble and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable) is the major concern comparing to the total concentration as it can be taken up by plants which in turn affects the human health. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the variation in bioavailable and leachable fraction of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, Hg and Mn) and to assess the influence of temperature, pH, organic matter degradation and humification during rotary drum composting of paper mill sludge (PMS) for 20 days. A total concentration of all the metals as well as nutrients increased during composting. The Hg was not detected in water soluble and DTPA extractable fraction, whereas Pb and Cr were also not detected in water soluble fraction in all the trials. A decreasing trend was observed in leachable quantity for all the metals during composting. Water extractable quantity increased for Fe and Cu during composting. Organic matter degradation and humification during composting influences the variation in bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals, which can be optimized by applying appropriate proportion of cow dung during rotary drum composting of PMS.
- Published
- 2017
12. Heavy metals speciation study revealing merits of anaerobic co-disposal of municipal solid waste with discrete paper mill sludges: An experimental investigation in simulated landfill bioreactors
- Author
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Sumedha Chakma and Abhishek N. Srivastava
- Subjects
Bioreactor landfill ,Municipal solid waste ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Paper mill ,02 engineering and technology ,Fractionation ,010501 environmental sciences ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Bioavailability ,Environmental chemistry ,Bioreactor ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Effluent ,Water content ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Speciation of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd and Zn) during anaerobic co-disposal of two distinct paper mill sludges viz. effluent treatment plant sludge and de-inking plant sludge with municipal solid waste in anaerobic landfill bioreactor was investigated. Effects of moisture content, volatile solids and pH on fractionation of heavy metals over the course of landfilling were also analyzed. Study revealed enhancement in bioavailability of Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd on sole disposal municipal solid waste in bioreactor landfill over 300 days. However, co-disposal of effluent treatment plant sludge with municipal solid waste showed reduction in bioavailability of every analyzed heavy metals with maximum increment in stable residual forms of Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn by 3.70 %, 0.73 %, 3.08 %, 1.17 % and 3.45 % (dry weight), respectively. De-inking sludge co-disposal was also found effective for reducing bioavailability of Cu, Cd and Zn while bioavailability of Cr, Ni and Pb was unaltered. Strong correlations between increase in residual forms of heavy metals and volatile solid reduction obtained for both co-disposed bioreactors.
- Published
- 2020
13. Risk analysis of pyrolyzed biochar made from paper mill effluent treatment plant sludge for bioavailability and eco-toxicity of heavy metals.
- Author
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Devi, Parmila and Saroha, Anil K.
- Subjects
- *
PAPER mill waste , *PYROLYSIS , *BIOCHAR , *SEWAGE disposal plants , *BIOAVAILABILITY , *POLLUTION , *HEAVY metal toxicology - Abstract
Highlights: [•] Disposal of toxic sludge containing heavy metals poses an environmental risk. [•] Pyrolysis of sludge was performed to explore the potential of biochar for reuse. [•] The effect of pyrolysis temperature on partitioning of heavy metals was studied. [•] Fractionation and bioavailability of heavy metals in sludge and biochar was analyzed. [•] The leachability and ecotoxicity of heavy metals in biochar were determined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Fractionation and Reduction in Bioavailability of Toxic Heavy Metals During Rotary Drum Composting of Paper Mill Sludge.
- Author
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Hazarika, Jayeeta, Ghosh, Utpal, Kalamdhad, Ajay S., Khwairakpam, Meena, and Singh, Jiwan
- Subjects
BIOAVAILABILITY ,PAPER mill waste ,METAL toxicology ,WASTE recycling ,CHEMICAL speciation - Abstract
Composting is the most suitable recycling option for paper mill sludge (PMS) due to high organic content. However, final compost produced from PMS contain high concentration of heavy metals, resulting in restricted land application of compost. The aim of the study was to reduce bioavailable form of heavy metals during the composting of PMS using rotary drum composter. Therefore, this study was carried out to identify the variation in distribution of different fractions (exchangeable, carbonate, reducible, oxidizable and residual fraction) of Cd, Pb and Cr during rotary drum composting of PMS. Tessier sequential extraction method was applied for speciation of heavy metals. Residual fraction of most of heavy metals was found to be dominant fraction in all treatments. The concentration of Cd was not very high; however, its bioavailable fractions were found to be high. This study shows that addition of cattle manure in appropriate quantity can influence the physico-chemical parameters, resulting in decrease in the bioavailable fraction (exchangeable and carbonate) of heavy metals during composting process. An addition of cattle manure decreased the exchangeable and carbonate fractions of metals during the composting process. A reduction in bioavailability factor was also observed in all treatments during the composting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
15. On-site screening method for bioavailability assessment of the organophosphorus pesticide, methyl parathion, and its primary metabolite in soils by paper strip biosensor.
- Author
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Ma, Zhao, Li, Yuanbo, Lu, Chao, and Li, Meng
- Subjects
- *
METHYL parathion , *ORGANOPHOSPHORUS pesticides , *BIOSENSORS , *ESCHERICHIA coli , *BIOAVAILABILITY , *SOIL pollution - Abstract
An important public concern worldwide is soil pollution caused by organophosphorus pesticides and their primary metabolites. To protect the public's health, screening these pollutants on-site and determining their soil bioavailability is important, but doing so is still challenging. This work improved the already-existing organophosphorus pesticide hydrolase (mpd) and transcriptional activator (pob R), and it first designed and constructed a novel biosensor (Escherichia coli BL21/pNP-LacZ) that can precisely detect methyl parathion (MP) and its primary metabolite p-nitrophenol with low background value. To create a paper strip biosensor, E. coli BL21/pNP-LacZ was fixed to filter paper using bio-gel alginate and sensitizer polymyxin B. According to the calibrations of the paper strip biosensor for soil extracts and standard curve, the color intensity of the paper strip biosensor collected by the mobile app may be used to compute the concentration of MP and p-nitrophenol. This method's detection limits were 5.41 µg/kg for p-nitrophenol and 9.57 µg/kg for MP. The detection of p-nitrophenol and MP in laboratory and field soil samples confirmed this procedure. Paper strip biosensor on-site allows for the semi-quantitative measurement of p-nitrophenol and MP levels in soils in a simple, inexpensive, and portable method. [Display omitted] • E. coli BL21/pPNP-LacZ constructed by optimal key genes has low background values for detection. • Novel paper strip biosensor is a portable tool for on-site applications. • This new method is capable of measuring p-nitrophenol and methyl parathion concentrations in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Anthocyanin and its Bioavailability, Health Benefits, and Applications: A Comprehensive Review.
- Author
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Chen, Sihao, Jia, Yuanqiang, Wu, Yingying, and Ren, Feiyue
- Subjects
- *
ANTHOCYANINS , *BIOAVAILABILITY , *PAPER chemicals , *DIETARY supplements , *CHEMICAL structure , *PLANT species - Abstract
Anthocyanins, a significant subclass of polyphenols, are prevalent across various plant species. Known for their vibrant colors, which make them desirable as natural pigments, anthocyanins have also garnered attention for their diverse biological activities, leading to their widespread use in food processing and supplement development. However, their structural instability poses a challenge, as it directly impacts their bioavailability and, consequently, their nutritional efficacy. This review paper delves into the chemical structure and food sources of anthocyanins and examines strategies to enhance their stability and bioavailability, particularly through improved understanding of their digestion and absorption in the human body. Additionally, it explores the broad spectrum of anthocyanins’ biological activities, including their antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anticancer, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, analyzing these properties from a mechanistic perspective. Factors such as pH, temperature, light exposure, solvent interactions, and metal ions are known to negatively affect anthocyanin stability. Thus, future research should prioritize processing techniques that can preserve their structure more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Heavy metals speciation study revealing merits of anaerobic co-disposal of municipal solid waste with discrete paper mill sludges: An experimental investigation in simulated landfill bioreactors.
- Author
-
Srivastava, Abhishek N and Chakma, Sumedha
- Subjects
SOLID waste ,HEAVY metals ,PAPER mill waste ,BIOREACTOR landfills ,SEWAGE disposal plants ,LANDFILLS ,MUNICIPAL solid waste incinerator residues - Abstract
• Co-landfilling of PMS with MSW showed reduction in bioavailability of heavy metals. • Movable forms of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn increased in MSW disposed landfill bioreactor. • ETS co-disposal decreased toxicity of all analyzed heavy metals after landfilling. • Bioavailabilities of Cr, Pb and Ni were unaltered in case of DPS co-disposal. • Transformation of heavy metals were greatly influenced by pH, VS and MC. Speciation of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd and Zn) during anaerobic co-disposal of two distinct paper mill sludges viz. effluent treatment plant sludge and de-inking plant sludge with municipal solid waste in anaerobic landfill bioreactor was investigated. Effects of moisture content, volatile solids and pH on fractionation of heavy metals over the course of landfilling were also analyzed. Study revealed enhancement in bioavailability of Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd on sole disposal municipal solid waste in bioreactor landfill over 300 days. However, co-disposal of effluent treatment plant sludge with municipal solid waste showed reduction in bioavailability of every analyzed heavy metals with maximum increment in stable residual forms of Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn by 3.70 %, 0.73 %, 3.08 %, 1.17 % and 3.45 % (dry weight), respectively. De-inking sludge co-disposal was also found effective for reducing bioavailability of Cu, Cd and Zn while bioavailability of Cr, Ni and Pb was unaltered. Strong correlations between increase in residual forms of heavy metals and volatile solid reduction obtained for both co-disposed bioreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Biochar from pyrolysis of deinking paper sludge and its use in the treatment of a nickel polluted soil
- Author
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Jorge Paz-Ferreiro, Ana Méndez, Gabriel Gascó, and F. Araujo
- Subjects
Waste management ,Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Contamination ,Soil remediation ,Pulp and paper industry ,Deinking ,Analytical Chemistry ,law.invention ,Bioavailability ,Nickel ,Cellulose fiber ,Fuel Technology ,law ,Biochar ,Pyrolysis - Abstract
An increasing proportion of recycled fibers are used in paper industries due to their important environmental and economic benefits. However, removing the ink, clay, coatings and contaminants from paper waste in order to produce recycled fibers creates large amounts of de-inking paper sludge. For this reason, the preparation of biochar from pyrolysis process of this kind of waste rich in cellulose fibers, carbonates and clays, and their use in soil remediation contaminated by heavy metals can be perceived as an interesting valorization alternative. The aim of the present work is to study the influence of biochar from de-inking paper sludge (HP) pyrolysis in a Ni2+ polluted soil. Selected soil (S) was artificially contaminated with Ni2+ at 1000 mg Ni kg(-1) (S1000) and then amended at a rate of 5 wt% using HP and two biochars prepared from pyrolysis of HP at 300 degrees C (HP300) and 500 degrees C (HP500). Non-contaminated soil (S) was used as control and amended with the same rate of HP, HP300 and HP500. An incubation experiment was designed and soil CO2 emissions were measured in the different treatments during 77 days. The results have shown that CO2 emissions followed the order S = S + HP = S + HP300 > S + HP500 for the non-polluted soil and the patternS1000 + HP300 > S1000 approximate to S1000 + HP > S1000 + HP500 for the soil spiked with Ni. Finally, it was observed that HP500 addition to the polluted soil reduced the quantity of mobile, leached and bioavailable Ni.
- Published
- 2014
19. 20th Annual Food Science and Technology Research Conference at University College, Cork on September 12-13, 1990: Abstracts of Papers
- Published
- 1990
20. Research Paper DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF EMPAGLIFLOZIN ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS USING DIFFERENT SUPERDISINTEGRANTS
- Author
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G. N. Darwhekar and Akanksha Dwivedi
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Croscarmellose sodium ,Chromatography ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Factorial experiment ,Compression method ,Friability ,Enhanced bioavailability ,Bioavailability ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Empagliflozin ,Drug release ,Mathematics - Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate orodispersible tablets containing empagliflozin by direct compression method with sufficient hardness and rapid disintegration time and to study the effect of functionality differences of super-disintegrants on the tablet properties. Methods: A two factor three level factorial design (32) was used for the formulation optimization of orodispersible tablets of Empagliflozin and experimental trials were performed on all possible formulations, in which the amount of β-cyclodextrin, crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium were selected as independent variables (factor) varied at three different levels: low (-1), medium (0), and high (+1) levels. The drug release and disintegration time were used as dependent variables (response). All formulations were characterized for parameters such as diameter, hardness, weight, thickness, friability, disintegration time, drug release. Results: Formulation FD6 having 30 sec disintegration time, 98.84% drug release after 30 min, 2.8 kg/cm2 hardness and 0.292% friability was found best among all formulations and selected as an optimized formulation with rapid onset of action and enhanced bioavailability (more than 98% drug release within 30 min.) as compared to the oral empagliflozin tablet. Conclusion: Empagliflozin orodispersible tablets with different superdisintegrants were successfully prepared and formulation containing highest percentage of crospovidone was found best among all other formulations in terms of bioavailability and rapid onset of action.
- Published
- 2019
21. Effect of terminal temperature on the morphology and potentially toxic metals concentrations of biochars derived from paper and kitchen waste
- Author
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Rui Shi, Shuangchao Wang, Yunzhen Li, Hao Li, Zhiyong Han, and Yuhui Xu
- Subjects
Morphology (linguistics) ,020209 energy ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Risk Assessment ,Metal ,Soil ,Environmental risk ,Metals, Heavy ,Biochar ,Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Soil Pollutants ,Ecological risk ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Environmental risk assessment ,Chemistry ,Temperature ,Soil remediation ,Bioavailability ,visual_art ,Environmental chemistry ,Charcoal ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
This study investigated the morphology and potentially toxic metal concentrations of paper waste-based biochar (PB) and kitchen waste-based biochar (KB) obtained at 500 and 700 °C. The morphology and potentially toxic metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ag, and Ba) concentrations in the biochars were determined by SEM and FT-IR analysis. The Cr, Mn, Cu, and Cd concentrations in PB were low, while the Ba content was relatively high at 0.1 mg∙kg−1. An increase in the terminal temperature led to an increase in the concentrations of Fe/Mn oxide-bound potentially toxic metals of PB, and a decrease in the concentrations of organic matter-bound potentially toxic metals. The Fe/Mn oxide-bound Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations of KB decreased with an increase in the terminal temperature. Therefore, increasing the terminal temperature could reduce the bioavailability of potentially toxic metals in PB and KB. The environmental risk of the different biochars when used for soil remediation was assessed by the potential ecological risk index (RI), and a case study of a Tibetan soil was also conducted. The potentially toxic metal concentrations leached from both PB and KB were lower than the relevant standards. The findings showed that both PB and KB can be safely used for soil remediation.
- Published
- 2020
22. Transformation of elemental toxic metals into immobile fractions in paper mill sludge through rotary drum composting.
- Author
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Hazarika, Jayeeta, Ghosh, Utpal, Kalamdhad, Ajay S., Khwairakpam, Meena, and Singh, Jiwan
- Subjects
- *
HEAVY metals , *LEACHING , *COMPOSTING , *PAPER mill waste , *BIOAVAILABILITY - Abstract
Heavy metal content has become a serious issue with increase in compost application in agricultural land. The bioavailable fraction (water soluble and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable) is the major concern comparing to the total concentration as it can be taken up by plants which in turn affects the human health. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the variation in bioavailable and leachable fraction of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, Hg and Mn) and to assess the influence of temperature, pH, organic matter degradation and humification during rotary drum composting of paper mill sludge (PMS) for 20 days. A total concentration of all the metals as well as nutrients increased during composting. The Hg was not detected in water soluble and DTPA extractable fraction, whereas Pb and Cr were also not detected in water soluble fraction in all the trials. A decreasing trend was observed in leachable quantity for all the metals during composting. Water extractable quantity increased for Fe and Cu during composting. Organic matter degradation and humification during composting influences the variation in bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals, which can be optimized by applying appropriate proportion of cow dung during rotary drum composting of PMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Effects of paper sludge addition on the bioavailability and distribution of Pb in contaminated soil.
- Author
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Zhao, Nan-Nan, He, Xiao-Jia, Li, Zhen-Shan, and Zhao, Hua-Zhang
- Subjects
LEAD in soils ,BIOAVAILABILITY ,SOIL remediation ,PLANT growth ,HUMUS - Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of soil poses risks and hazards to environment and human being. Many amendments were used to remediate the contaminated soil. In this report, paper sludge was used to reduce the bioavailability of Pb in soil, and the remediation mechanism was studied by investigating the redistribution of Pb speciation after paper sludge addition. In pot experiments, significantly increased weights of shoots (from 1.6 to 3.3 mg per plant) and roots (from 0.7 to 0.8 mg per plant), as well as significantly decreased Pb content in shoots (from 153.8 to 24.4 mg kg
−1 ) and roots (from 467.1 to 38.0 mg kg−1 ) of rape were observed after paper sludge was added. The addition of paper sludge resulted in redistribution of Pb from the liable fractions (carbonate-bound Pb from 58.3 to 3.7%) to the Fe–Mn oxide-bound fraction (from 29.2 to 74.9%). Paper sludge addition increased the content of organic matters and pH of soil, and induced Pb redistribution, which ultimately inhibited Pb uptake and improved plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Management of targeted therapies in cancer patients with chronic kidney disease, or on haemodialysis: An Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica (AIOM)/Societa' Italiana di Nefrologia (SIN) multidisciplinary consensus position paper.
- Author
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Silvestris, Nicola, Argentiero, Antonella, Cosmai, Laura, Porta, Camillo, Gesualdo, Loreto, Brunori, Giuliano, Brunetti, Oronzo, Rampino, Teresa, Secondino, Simona, Rizzo, Gianpiero, and Pedrazzoli, Paolo
- Subjects
- *
CHRONICALLY ill , *CANCER patients , *KIDNEY diseases , *CHRONIC kidney failure , *CANCER treatment , *BIOAVAILABILITY - Abstract
• Most of target agents can be used with the same patterns and the same dosage in mild and moderate renal impairment. • It is difficult to draw scientific supported conclusions in cancer patients with severe, end-stage renal disease or HD. • Although renal toxicity of biological agents can be overcome by HD treatment, caution in these settings is still warranted. • A strong cooperation among oncologists, nephrologists and pharmacists is unavoidable to provide an optimal management for these patients. The increasing availability of novel biological anticancer agents has greatly improved the outcome of several cancer patients; unfortunately, data regarding efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of many of these agents in patients with chronic renal disease or on hemodialysis are scanty. Furthermore these results are controversial and a treatment strategy has not yet been established. Therefore, the Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica and the Società italiana di Nefrologia undertook the present work aiming at providing health professionals with a tool for easier clinical management of target therapies in this setting of patients. A web-based search of MEDLINE/PubMed library data published from 2000 to June 2018 has been performed. More than one hundred papers, including recommendations and expert opinions, were selected and discussed by the authors. A panel of experts provided additional biological and clinical information, helping in clarifying some issues in the absence of clear-cut information from the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Research Paper: Neuroprotective Effect of Quercetin Nanocrystal in a 6-Hydroxydopamine Model of Parkinson Disease: Biochemical and Behavioral Evidence
- Author
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Akbar Hajizadeh Moghaddam, Fatemeh Ghaffari, and Mahboobeh Zare
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Hydroxydopamine ,Antioxidant ,biology ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Pharmacology ,Malondialdehyde ,Neuroprotection ,Bioavailability ,Superoxide dismutase ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,chemistry ,Oral administration ,medicine ,biology.protein ,heterocyclic compounds ,Neurology (clinical) ,Quercetin ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Introduction Studies have suggested that free radicals-induced neurodegeneration is one of the many studies of Parkinson Disease (PD). Quercetin as a natural polyphenol has been regarded as a significant player in altering the progression of neurodegenerative diseases by protecting from damages caused by free radicals. Owing to its poor water solubility, preparation of its oral formulation is urgently needed. Recently, nanocrystal technique as an effective way has been introduced for oral administration of drugs. Methods This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of quercetin nanocrystals on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson-like model in male rats. Quercetin nanocrystals were prepared by the Evaporative Precipitation of Nanosuspension (EPN) method. Results Administration of quercetin and its nanocrystals (10 and 25 mg/kg) prevented disruption of memory, increased antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and total glutathione and reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the hippocampal area. Conclusion The present study results demonstrated that quercetin nanocrystals with greater bioavailability is effective than quercetin alone in treatment of Parkinson-like model in rat.
- Published
- 2018
26. Determining algal-available phosphorus in pulp and paper mill effluents: Algal assays vs routine phosphorus analyses
- Author
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Petri Ekholm, Hannu Rita, Timo Jouttijärvi, Maarit Priha, and Hannu Nurmesniemi
- Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Biological Availability ,Industrial Waste ,engineering.material ,Toxicology ,Bioassay ,Effluent ,Finland ,Hydrology ,Chromatography ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Pulp (paper) ,Eukaryota ,Forestry ,Phosphorus ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,Eutrophication ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Pollution ,Bioavailability ,Wastewater ,engineering ,Biological Assay ,Water quality ,business ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
We determined the potentially algal-available P (P(aa)) in pulp and paper mill effluents by two bioassay techniques (a dual-culture assay and a batch approach) and compared it with chemically analysed P (total P, total dissolved P, reactive P, dissolved reactive P and dissolved hydrolysable P). The mean P(aa) given by the dual-culture assay was within a 40% range of that given by the batch approach. The P(aa) obtained by both bioassays differed from total P. Dissolved reactive P appeared to be the most readily available chemical P fraction, but other P fractions also contributed to P(aa). The analysis of reactive P, which involves direct staining of an unfiltered sample, best approximated the P(aa) given by the dual-culture assay (relative error 9%). The results suggest that assessment of eutrophying effluent P can be improved by analysing simple chemical P fractions in wastewater. The fractions to be analysed, however, may be site specific.
- Published
- 2007
27. Holding thermal receipt paper and eating food after using hand sanitizer results in high serum bioactive and urine total levels of bisphenol A (BPA)
- Author
-
Wade V. Welshons, Mark R. Ellersieck, Richard W. Stahlhut, Carol L. Moyer, Annette M. Hormann, Frederick S. vom Saal, Julia A. Taylor, Pierre-Louis Toutain, Susan C. Nagel, Division of Biological Sciences [San Diego], University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), University of Missouri System, ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, and Taylor, Julia A
- Subjects
Environmental Impacts ,Adult ,Male ,Paper ,Bisphenol A ,endocrine system ,Physiology ,Hand Sanitizers ,Skin Absorption ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Toxic Agents ,Cmax ,lcsh:Medicine ,Absorption (skin) ,Urine ,Endocrine Disruptors ,Toxicology ,Eating ,Young Adult ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hand sanitizer ,Phenols ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Environmental Chemistry ,Humans ,Public and Occupational Health ,Food science ,Benzhydryl Compounds ,lcsh:Science ,Multidisciplinary ,Endocrine Physiology ,urogenital system ,Ecology and Environmental Sciences ,lcsh:R ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Environmental Exposure ,Environmental exposure ,Thermal paper ,Toxicokinetics ,3. Good health ,Bioavailability ,chemistry ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,Physiological Processes ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,Research Article ,Hand Disinfection - Abstract
International audience; Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting environmental contaminant used in a wide variety of products, and BPA metabolites are found in almost everyone's urine, suggesting widespread exposure from multiple sources. Regulatory agencies estimate that virtually all BPA exposure is from food and beverage packaging. However, free BPA is applied to the outer layer of thermal receipt paper present in very high (∼20 mg BPA/g paper) quantities as a print developer. Not taken into account when considering thermal paper as a source of BPA exposure is that some commonly used hand sanitizers, as well as other skin care products, contain mixtures of dermal penetration enhancing chemicals that can increase by up to 100 fold the dermal absorption of lipophilic compounds such as BPA. We found that when men and women held thermal receipt paper immediately after using a hand sanitizer with penetration enhancing chemicals, significant free BPA was transferred to their hands and then to French fries that were eaten, and the combination of dermal and oral BPA absorption led to a rapid and dramatic average maximum increase (Cmax) in unconjugated (bioactive) BPA of ∼7 ng/mL in serum and ∼20 µg total BPA/g creatinine in urine within 90 min. The default method used by regulatory agencies to test for hazards posed by chemicals is intra-gastric gavage. For BPA this approach results in less than 1% of the administered dose being bioavailable in blood. It also ignores dermal absorption as well as sublingual absorption in the mouth that both bypass first-pass liver metabolism. The elevated levels of BPA that we observed due to holding thermal paper after using a product containing dermal penetration enhancing chemicals have been related to an increased risk for a wide range of developmental abnormalities as well as diseases in adults.
- Published
- 2014
28. SEQUENTIAL LEACHING OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN BOTTOM ASH FROM A FLUIDIZED BED CO-COMBUSTION BOILER ATA PULP AND PAPER MILL COMPLEX.
- Author
-
Nurmesniemi, Hannu, Pöykiö, Risto, Kuokkanen, Toivo, Perämäki, Paavo, and Välimäki, Ilkka
- Abstract
A five-stage, sequential leaching procedure was used to fractionate trace elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Co, As, V, Ba and Ti ) in bottom ash into the following fractions: (1) the water-soluble fraction (H
2 O), (2) exchangeable fraction (CH3 COOH), (3) easily reduced fraction (HONH3 CI), (4) oxidizable fraction (H2 O2 + CH3 COONH4 ), and (5) the residual fraction (HF + HNO3 + HCI). The bottom ash was derived from the electrostatic precipitator of a fluidized bed boiler in the co-combustion (55 % bark and wood residues, 45 % peat) process at a pulp and paper mill in Northern Finland. Because of the strongly alkaline nature (pH ∼ 12.6) and elevated Ca (53 g kg¹), Mg (3.6 g kg-1 ), P (1.3 g kg-1 ) and K (2.4 g kg-1 ) concentrations, the bottom ash could serve as a soil amendment agent for liming purposes, and is also a potential fertilizer. According to the leaching studies, the elevated concentrations of Pb (6.3 mg kg-1 ), Cr (3.8 mg kg-1 ) and Ba (271 mg kg-1 ) extracted under oxidizable conditions (leaching stage 4), indicate that these metals may be mobilized and become bioavailable as a result of a change in pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2005
29. Risk analysis of pyrolyzed biochar made from paper mill effluent treatment plant sludge for bioavailability and eco-toxicity of heavy metals
- Author
-
Anil K. Saroha and Parmila Devi
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Hot Temperature ,Industrial Waste ,Bioengineering ,Fractionation ,engineering.material ,Chemical Fractionation ,Ecotoxicology ,Risk Assessment ,Water Purification ,Metals, Heavy ,Biochar ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Effluent ,Sewage ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Pulp (paper) ,Paper mill ,General Medicine ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Bioavailability ,Solutions ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Charcoal ,engineering ,Leaching (metallurgy) ,business ,Pyrolysis ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
The risk analysis was performed to study the bioavailability and eco-toxicity of heavy metals in biochar obtained from pyrolysis of sludge of pulp and paper mill effluent treatment plant. The sludge was pyrolyzed at different temperatures (200-700°C) and the resultant biochar were analyzed for fractionation of heavy metals by sequential extraction procedure. It was observed that all the heavy metals get enriched in biochar matrix after pyrolysis, but the bioavailability and eco-toxicity of the heavy metals in biochar were significantly reduced as the mobile and bioavailable heavy metal fractions were transformed into the relatively stable fractions. Moreover, it was observed that the leaching potential of heavy metals decreased after pyrolysis and the best results were obtained for biochar pyrolyzed at 700°C.
- Published
- 2014
30. Effects of paper sludge addition on the bioavailability and distribution of Pb in contaminated soil
- Author
-
Hua-Zhang Zhao, Zhen-Shan Li, Xiao-Jia He, and Nan-Nan Zhao
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Chemical Health and Safety ,Metal contamination ,Chemistry ,Environmental remediation ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,010501 environmental sciences ,Toxicology ,01 natural sciences ,Human being ,Soil contamination ,Bioavailability ,Agronomy ,Environmental chemistry ,Shoot ,010606 plant biology & botany ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of soil poses risks and hazards to environment and human being. Many amendments were used to remediate the contaminated soil. In this report, paper sludge was used to reduce the bioavailability of Pb in soil, and the remediation mechanism was studied by investigating the redistribution of Pb speciation after paper sludge addition. In pot experiments, significantly increased weights of shoots (from 1.6 to 3.3 mg per plant) and roots (from 0.7 to 0.8 mg per plant), as well as significantly decreased Pb content in shoots (from 153.8 to 24.4 mg kg−1) and roots (from 467.1 to 38.0 mg kg−1) of rape were observed after paper sludge was added. The addition of paper sludge resulted in redistribution of Pb from the liable fractions (carbonate-bound Pb from 58.3 to 3.7%) to the Fe–Mn oxide-bound fraction (from 29.2 to 74.9%). Paper sludge addition increased the content of organic matters and pH of soil, and induced Pb redistribution, which ultimately inhibited Pb uptake and improved...
- Published
- 2015
31. The influence of alum based nutrient removal process on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of phosphorus in the paper processing facility effluent
- Author
-
Bo Li, Michael T. Brett, and Lu Fan
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,chemistry.chemical_element ,010501 environmental sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutrient ,Environmental Chemistry ,Bioassay ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Alum ,Phosphorus ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Nutrients ,Particulates ,Pollution ,Bioavailability ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Environmental chemistry ,Alum Compounds - Abstract
This study examined the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the phosphorus (P) in the effluents from a paper processing facility before and after an alum based P removal process. The alum based treatment process reduced effluent total P concentrations from an average of 230 ± 103 (±1 SD) μg L−1 to an average of 36 ± 10 μg L−1. Ultra-filtration showed the treatment process shifted the P in these effluents from being 75 ± 9% particulate pre-removal to being 52 ± 0% dissolved and 27 ± 1% colloidal after the Trident P removal process. The alum removal process also reduced the fraction of reactive P in the dissolved and colloidal pools from 55% to 14%, respectively. Algal phosphorus bioavailability (BAP) bioassays showed the BAP of these effluents averaged 12 ± 9% of total P. Algal dissolved P uptake experiments indicated ≈ 30% of the dissolved P was converted to particulate P (which usually indicates algal uptake) during 21-day bioassays. However, treatments without algae indicated >80% of the apparent algal uptake may have been due to colloidal P forming flocs via physical-chemical processes. These analyses indicate the phosphorus contained in this paper processing facility's effluents had much lower bioavailability than the P in typical municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents.
- Published
- 2020
32. Instantaneous Intraoral Dispersible Rice Paper Films (IDFs): A Novel Natural Drug Delivery System
- Author
-
Danckwerts Pm and Eliphaz Mukasa
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,First pass effect ,Chromatography ,chemistry ,Drug delivery ,Curcumin ,Cmax ,Permeation ,Resveratrol ,Folding endurance ,Bioavailability - Abstract
At present, pharmaceutical researchers are focusing on instantaneous intraoral dispersible technologies as novel drug delivery systems because; they have outstanding advantages over the traditional oral and parenteral routes of drug administration. Some essential natural drugs have low oral bioavailability due to extensive first pass metabolism and pre systemic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Now, a cheap rice paper Intraoral Dispersible Film (IDF) has been developed. In this study, formulation was optimized using the experimental factorial design. The IDFs were loaded with model, natural, anti-cancer drugs, Resveratrol and Curcumin with low oral bioavailability. They were evaluated for thickness, folding endurance, swelling behaviour, among others. These related to their drug release properties. Permeation was evaluated using the pig mucosal membrane mounted on a Franz diffusion cell. Taste testing was done to determine acceptability using a taste panel. Sixteen formulations showed variations in their profiles. Formulation 16 proved optimal. The dissolution rate at steady state concentrations of Resveratrol was 29 mg per second and the Permeability coefficient was 389 mg/sec.cm2. Curcumin dissolution rate at steady state concentrations was 0.25 mg per second and the Permeability coefficient was 42.71 mg/sec.cm2. Resveratrol permeability rate was 0.42 mg/sec. And that of Curcumin was 0.14 mg/sec. Resveratrol Flux was 0.21 mg/sec./cm2. Curcumin Flux was 0.14 mg/sec. / cm2. Drug entrapment was 80% for both molecules. The 20 mg of Resveratrol and Curcumin dissolved in 47.6 sec. and 71.4 sec. respectively. In this study, after permeation, a concentration of 6.73 mg/ml of Resveratrol and 0.061 mg/ml of Curcumin were detected after 2 hours of the experiment on administering only 20 mg of each of the drugs suggesting that Curcumin is 100 times less permeable than Resveratrol. The release profile was a burst release. On contrast, Curcumin oral dose of 2 g/kg to rats yielded 1.35 ± 0.23 μg/ml in 0.83 hours and in humans, given the same dose yielded either undetectable or extremely low (0.006 ± 0.005 μg/ml after 1 hour in blood. Two separate monoglucuronide metabolites yielded a Cmax of ~7.5 μm following a single 5.0 g oral dosage of Resveratrol. The key finding was, ex vivo release profiles of the optimized formulation revealed first order release and later zero order. Therefore, it is evident that rice paper IDF could efficiently deliver natural drugs into the systemic circulation intraorally. However, further studies using human subjects need to be performed to prove increased bioavailability in human subjects (Graphical Abstract).
- Published
- 2018
33. Bioavailability of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Phosphorus
- Author
-
Maarit Priha
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Pulp (paper) ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Paper mill ,engineering.material ,complex mixtures ,Bioavailability ,Activated sludge ,Enhanced biological phosphorus removal ,Environmental chemistry ,engineering ,Eutrophication ,business ,Effluent ,Kraft paper ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the stability and bioavailability of different phosphorus fractions of pulp and paper mill effluents in order to assess the environmental benefits of reducing their phosphorus discharges. Two types of effluent were studied: activated sludge treated bleached kraft mill effluent and activated sludge treated paper mill effluent. Phosphorus was characterized on the basis of its solubility and chemical reactivity. The stability of particulate phosphorus was studied in long-term (6-8 weeks) degradation tests. The bioavailability of different phosphorus fractions was measured by algal growth potential tests. In bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) the proportion of dissolved phosphorus in relation to the total phosphorus was on an average 80%, and of this, approximately 80-90% was reactive phosphorus. During a 6-8 week incubation period some 60-70% of the particulate phosphorus in BKME was dissolved as soluble phosphorus, and most of it was of the reactive type. Approximately 90% of the dissolved phosphorus and 45% of the particulate phosphorus in BKME was biologically available phosphorus (BAP). Altogether some 80% of the total phosphorus in activated sludge treated BKME was available for algae either immediately or after inherent degradation. The percentages of dissolved and particulate phosphorus of paper mill effluent (PME) total phosphorus were of the same order of magnitude as those of BKME, but less than 20% of the dissolved phosphorus was of the reactive type. Approximately 50-60% of the particulate phosphorus in PME was dissolved in degradation tests, and 90% of it was biologically available.
- Published
- 1994
34. Mind the gap—deficits in our knowledge of aspects impacting the bioavailability of phytochemicals and their metabolites—a position paper focusing on carotenoids and polyphenols
- Author
-
Eva Arrigoni, Marie Alminger, Gordon J. McDougall, Antonio Cilla, Sedef Nehir El, Cláudia N. Santos, Torsten Bohn, Sibel Karakaya, Catarina Brito, Anna Marja Aura, M. C. Martínez-Cuesta, Amparo Alegría, and European Commission
- Subjects
Food processing ,Colon ,Food Handling ,Metabolite ,Phytochemicals ,Biological Availability ,Reviews ,Review ,Pharmacology ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Gastrointestinal epithelium ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Biotransformations ,Intestine, Small ,medicine ,Humans ,Tissue Distribution ,Carotenoid ,Biotransformation ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Microbiota ,Polyphenols ,Carotenoids ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Bioavailability ,Transporters ,Intestinal Absorption ,Solubility ,Phytochemical ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Polyphenol ,Efflux ,Oxidative stress ,Mixed diet ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivs Licence.-- et al., Various secondary plant metabolites or phytochemicals, including polyphenols and carotenoids, have been associated with a variety of health benefits, such as reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and several types of cancer, most likely due to their involvement in ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress. However, discrepancies exist between their putative effects when comparing observational and intervention studies, especially when using pure compounds. These discrepancies may in part be explained by differences in intake levels and their bioavailability. Prior to exerting their bioactivity, these compounds must be made bioavailable, and considerable differences may arise due to their matrix release, changes during digestion, uptake, metabolism, and biodistribution, even before considering dose- and host-related factors. Though many insights have been gained on factors affecting secondary plant metabolite bioavailability, many gaps still exist in our knowledge. In this position paper, we highlight several major gaps in our understanding of phytochemical bioavailability, including effects of food processing, changes during digestion, involvement of cellular transporters in influx/efflux through the gastrointestinal epithelium, changes during colonic fermentation, and their phase I and phase II metabolism following absorption., The EU-COST FA 1005 Infogest action is greatly acknowledged for providing funding for travel and meetings and allowing for open access.
- Published
- 2015
35. Reduction in residual COD in biologically treated paper mill effluents by means of combined ozone and ozone/UV reactor stages
- Author
-
G. Weinberger, I. Demel, and H.-J. Oeller
- Subjects
Ozone ,Environmental Engineering ,Stripping (chemistry) ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Trickling filter ,Paper mill ,Biodegradation ,Bioavailability ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Wastewater ,Environmental chemistry ,business ,Effluent ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Lab-scale tests have been conducted on the reduction of residual COD in biologically purified effluents from mills with integrated waste paper treatment plants and/or TMP lines. For this purpose, waste water samples were subjected to ozonization or a combined ozone/UV treatment at varied temperatures and pHs. The influence of ozone on the biodegradability of biologically part-treated effluents was studied by means of the Zahn-Wellens test. For specific ozone consumption rates < 2.5 g O3/g eliminated COD, COD elimination rates of up to 82% and DOC elimination rates of up to 64% were obtained. Ozone consumption was considerably higher for a combined ozone/UV treatment or treatment at pH > 9 or at elevated temperatures (40°C). For colour stripping of the waste waters and for destroying the surfactants contained in them, ozone additions of up to 80 mg O3/l waste water were required. The bioavailability of effluents that have been part-treated biologically in trickling filters or anaerobic stages to COD > 500 mg/l and BOD5/COD > 0.2 cannot be positively influenced by ozonization with up to 1.8 g O3/l waste water. On the other hand, in fully biologically treated effluents (COD < 500 mg/l), ozonization brought about a rise in the BOD5/COD ratio from an initial < 0.05 to a maximum of 0.37 - an observation which clearly demonstrates an increase in bio-degradability.
- Published
- 1997
36. Leachability of metals in fly ash from a pulp and paper mill complex and environmental risk characterisation for eco-efficient utilization of the fly ash as a fertilizer.
- Author
-
Poykio, Risto, Nurmesniemi, Hannu, Perämäki, Paavo, Kuokkanen, Toivo, and Välimäki, Iikka
- Subjects
LEACHING ,FLY ash ,WASTE products ,PAPER mills ,PULP mills ,ENVIRONMENTAL risk assessment ,POLLUTION risk assessment ,METALS & the environment - Abstract
A five-stage, sequential leaching procedure was used to determine the distribution of metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Co, As, V, Ba, Ti and K) in fly ash from a pulp and paper mill complex between the water-soluble fraction (H
2 O), exchangeable fraction (CH3 COOH), easily reduced fraction (HONH3 CI), oxidizable fraction (H2 O2 +CH3 COONH4 ), and the residual fraction (HF+ HNO3 + HCI). The possible environmental risk associated with the eco-efficient utilization of fly ash as a fertilizer, especially the Cd load, was estimated. In addition, the mobility (i.e. bioavailability) of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cr was evaluated. The fly ash was derived from an electrostatic precipitator of a fluidized bed boiler in the co-combustion (55% bark and wood residues,4 5% peat) process at pulp and paper mill in Northern Finland. The accuracy of the leaching procedure was tested using a certified reference material SRM 1633b (Coal Fly Ash). The metals were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) or by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The mobility factors (i.e. bioavailability) of the metals followed the order: Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Cr. The fly ash from the pulp and paper mill was enriched in Ca, Mg, P and K, and could therefore be used as a soil amendment for liming purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2005
37. Utilization of steel, pulp and paper industry solid residues in forest soil amendment: relevant physicochemical properties and heavy metal availability
- Author
-
Olli Dahl, Mikko Mäkelä, Gary Watkins, Hannu Nurmesniemi, and Risto Pöykiö
- Subjects
Paper ,Blast furnace ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Amendment ,Biological Availability ,Industrial Waste ,Industrial waste ,Trees ,Metal ,Nutrient ,Metals, Heavy ,Environmental Chemistry ,Soil Pollutants ,ta216 ,Waste Management and Disposal ,ta215 ,Environmental Restoration and Remediation ,Chemistry ,Slag ,Heavy metals ,Plants ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Bioavailability ,Steel ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium - Abstract
Industrial residue application to soil was investigated by integrating granulated blast furnace or converter steel slag with residues from the pulp and paper industry in various formulations. Specimen analysis included relevant physicochemical properties, total element concentrations (HCl+HNO3 digestion, USEPA 3051) and chemical speciation of chosen heavy metals (CH3COOH, NH2OH·HCl and H2O2+H2O2+CH3COONH4, the BCR method). Produced matrices showed liming effects comparable to commercial ground limestone and included significant quantities of soluble vital nutrients. The use of converter steel slag, however, led to significant increases in the total concentrations of Cr and V. Subsequently, total Cr was attested to occur as Cr(III) by Na2CO3+NaOH digestion followed by IC UV/VIS-PCR (USEPA 3060A). Additionally, 80.6% of the total concentration of Cr (370 mg kg(-1), d.w.) occurred in the residual fraction. However, 46.0% of the total concentration of V (2470 mg kg(-1), d.w.) occurred in the easily reduced fraction indicating potential bioavailability.
- Published
- 2010
38. Observation of a commercial fluorinated material, the polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters, in human sera, wastewater treatment plant sludge, and paper fibers
- Author
-
E. Laurence Libelo, Vasile I. Furdui, Jessica C. D'eon, Eric J. Reiner, Scott A. Mabury, and Patrick W. Crozier
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Paper ,Adolescent ,Rat model ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Young Adult ,Pulmonary surfactant ,Biotransformation ,Environmental Chemistry ,Humans ,Phosphoric acid ,Aged ,Chromatography ,Waste management ,Molecular Structure ,Sewage ,Chemistry ,General Chemistry ,Environmental Exposure ,Middle Aged ,Bioavailability ,Congener ,Fluorocarbon Polymers ,Wastewater ,Sewage treatment ,Environmental Pollutants ,Female - Abstract
Sources of human exposure to perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are not well-characterized. Polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acids (PAPs) are fluorinated surfactants used in human food contact paper products. PAPs can migrate into food and food simulants, and their bioavailability and biotransformation into PFCAs has been demonstrated using a rat model. To characterize human exposure to PAP materials, we analyzed pooled human sera samples collected in 2004 and 2005 (n = 10) and 2008 (n = 10) from the midwestern United States for the 4:2 through 10:2 PAP diesters (diPAPs). The 2004 and 2005 sera samples contained 4.5 microg/L total diPAPs, with the 6:2 diPAP dominating the congener profile at 1.9 +/- 0.4 microg/L DiPAP concentrations observed in the 2004 and 2005 human sera samples were similar to those of the C8 to C11 PFCAs (0.13 +/- 0.01 to 4.2 +/- 0.3 microg/L) monitored in the same samples. 6:2 diPAP was also consistently observed in the 2008 human sera samples at a mean concentration of 0.63 +/- 0.13 microg/L As diPAPs have been shown to degrade to PFCAs in vivo, our observation of diPAPs in human sera may be a direct connection between the legacy of human PFCA contamination and PAPs commercial applications. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge and paper fibers were analyzed for diPAPs as a proxy for human use and potential exposure to diPAPs. DiPAPs were observed in WWTP sludge at concentrations ranging from 47 +/- 22 to 200 +/- 130 ng/g, a range similar to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) (100 +/- 70 ng/g) and greater than the C8 to C11 PFCAs (1.6 +/- 0.6 to 0.17 +/- 0.10 ng/g) observed in the same samples. DiPAPs were observed in paper fiber extracts at concentrations ranging from 34 +/- 30 to 2200 +/- 400 ng/g. The high diPAP concentrations in WWTP sludge suggest PAP materials may be prevalent in our daily lives.
- Published
- 2009
39. Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition.
- Author
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Agnoli, C., Baroni, L., Bertini, I., Ciappellano, S., Fabbri, A., Papa, M., Pellegrini, N., Sbarbati, R., Scarino, M.L., Siani, V., and Sieri, S.
- Abstract
Background: Interest in vegetarian diets is growing in Italy and elsewhere, as government agencies and health/nutrition organizations are emphasizing that regular consumption of plant foods may provide health benefits and help prevent certain diseases.Methods and Results: We conducted a Pubmed search, up to September, 2015, for studies on key nutrients (proteins, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, and n-3 fatty acids) in vegetarian diets. From 295 eligible publications the following emerged: Vegetarians should be encouraged to supplement their diets with a reliable source of vitamin B12 (vitamin-fortified foods or supplements). Since the plant protein digestibility is lower than that of animal proteins it may be appropriate for vegetarians to consume more proteins than recommended for the general population. Vegetarians should also be encouraged to habitually consume good sources of calcium, iron and zinc - particularly vegetables that are low in oxalate and phytate (e.g. Brassicaceae), nuts and seeds, and calcium-rich mineral water. Calcium, iron, and zinc bioavailability can be improved by soaking, germination, and sour-dough leavening that lower the phytate content of pulses and cereals. Vegetarians can ensure good n-3 fatty acid status by habitually consuming good sources of a-linolenic acid (walnuts, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and their oils) and limiting linoleic acid intake (corn and sunflower oils).Conclusions: Well-planned vegetarian diets that include a wide variety of plant foods, and a reliable source of vitamin B12, provide adequate nutrient intake. Government agencies and health/nutrition organizations should provide more educational resources to help Italians consume nutritionally adequate vegetarian diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. State of the art paper Improvement of hepatic bioavailability as a new step for the future of statin
- Author
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Ivan M. Petyaev
- Subjects
Statin ,Cholesterol ,business.industry ,medicine.drug_class ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,General Medicine ,Reductase ,Pharmacology ,Bioavailability ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Simvastatin ,Toxicity ,Plasma lipids ,Medicine ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,cardiovascular diseases ,Dosing ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a group of highly efficient pharmacological agents used for reducing blood cholesterol level and prevention/treatment of cardiovascular disease. Adverse reactions during statin treatment affect quite significant numbers of patients (reportedly from 5% to 20%), with more side effects occurring at higher doses. Reduced statin dosing can be achieved by improved bioavailability of statins, which is fairly low due to poor aqueous solubility, low permeability and high molecular weight of some members of the statin family. Moreover, since hepatic cholesterologenesis is a main target of statin action and extrahepatic inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase has no effect on plasma lipids, hepatic bioavailability, in our opinion, becomes a new important modality of statins maximizing their potential effect on the plasma lipid profile and diminishing their extrahepatic toxicity. Therefore efficient delivery systems of statins into hepatocytes need to be developed and introduced. Uses of nano-emulsifying statin delivery systems which may include vectors of intrahepatic transport, in particular lycopene, are discussed. As a proof of concept, some preliminary results revealing the effect of a lycopene-containing nanoformulation of simvastatin (designated as Lyco-Simvastatin) on LDL in mildly hypercholesterolemic patients are shown.
- Published
- 2015
41. Effect of cellulose/hemicellulose and lignin on the bioavailability of toluene sorbed to waste paper
- Author
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Detlef R.U. Knappe, Ye Chen, and Morton A. Barlaz
- Subjects
Paper ,complex mixtures ,Lignin ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Polysaccharides ,North Carolina ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic chemistry ,Hemicellulose ,Organic matter ,Carbon Radioisotopes ,Cellulose ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Trichoderma ,Analysis of Variance ,Pseudomonas putida ,Sorption ,General Chemistry ,Biodegradation ,Carbon Dioxide ,Toluene ,Bioavailability ,Refuse Disposal ,Aspergillus ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,chemistry ,Adsorption - Abstract
Paper constitutes about 38% of municipal solid waste, much of which is disposed of in landfills. Sorption to such lignocellulosic materials may limit the bioavailability of organic contaminants in landfills. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of individual biopolymers in paper on toluene sorption and bioavailability by subjecting fresh and anaerobically degraded office paper and newsprint to enzymatic hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis. Enzymatic degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose had no effect on toluene bioavailability. In contrast, acid-insoluble lignin controlled toluene sorption and bioavailability for both fresh and degraded newsprint. Acid-insoluble lignin could explain only 54% of the toluene sorption capacity of degraded office paper however, suggesting that crude protein and/or lipophilic organic matter were also important sorbent phases. Toluene sorbed to degraded office paper was also less bioavailable than toluene sorbed to an equivalent mass of lignin extracted from this sorbent. The latter result suggests that a fraction of toluene sorbed to degraded office paper may have been sequestered by lipophilic organic matter. The sorption and bioavailability data indicate that the preferential decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose relative to lignin in landfills should not decrease the overall toluene sorption capacity of paperwaste or increase the bioavailability of sorbed toluene.
- Published
- 2004
42. Opinion Paper: Nanotechnology: A Successful Approach to Improve Oral Bioavailability of Phytochemicals
- Author
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Amirhossein Sahebkar and Abolfazl Shakeri
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Drug ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Phytochemicals ,Biomedical Engineering ,Administration, Oral ,Biological Availability ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Nanotechnology ,Pharmacology ,Intestinal absorption ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutraceutical ,Animals ,Humans ,media_common ,Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Plasma levels ,Controlled release ,Bioavailability ,030104 developmental biology ,Curcumin ,Nanocarriers - Abstract
Phytochemicals have gained significant recognition for their potential therapeutic uses against a variety of human diseases. However, the poor water solubility, limited intestinal absorption and low water stability of phytochemicals generally prevent from achieving a high oral bioavailability and even detectable plasma levels of the parent compound. Dose escalation is not always a solution to address limited oral bioavailability, and may increase the risk of adverse events, most frequently in the gastrointestinal system [1]. Low water solubility is a common reason for the limited bioavailability of drug candidates because passing through the unstirred aqueous layer on the surface of the intestinal epithelium is a pre-requisite for the intestinal absorption of compounds. It has been estimated that over 40 % of the drugs being identified through combinatorial screening programs are poorly soluble in water [2]. Therefore, formulation improvement into highly stable, water-soluble and orally bioavailable forms is regarded as a prerequisite for the clinical application of phytochemicals. Nanotechnology has emerged as an efficient tool to address the problems regarding solubility, stability and oral bioavailability of phytochemicals [3]. Several nano-sized delivery systems have been utilized to enhance the physicochemical properties of phytochemicals. Characteristics of the most common biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticulate systems used for the delivery of natural products are summarized in Table 1. Nanoparticulate delivery systems confer a number of advantages, including facilitated transport of incorporated phytochemicals across the biological barriers, enhanced bioavailability of poorly water-soluble phytochemicals, targeted delivery of phytochemicals, protection of sensitive compounds from biological and environmental degradation, and controlled release [4]. Some famous examples of nanoformulated phytochemicals are shown in Table 2 [5-7]. Furthermore, many nanomaterials are being studied in clinical trials or have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to be used in humans. Liposomal daunorubicin (Daunoxome®; described in patents EP0004467 and US20070286897) and albumin-bound paclitaxel (Abraxane®, described in patents WO2014105644 and WO2008057562) are two breakthrough examples of successful formulation of natural products using nanotechnology-based approaches. Table 2 summarizes some pharmacologically important phytochemicals with optimized nanoformulations [8, 9]. Curcumin is another important anti-cancer and cardioprotective phytopharmaceutical [10-12] for which various nanoformulations have been developed [12], as described in patents WO2013108270 and EP2349237. While nanotechnology offers promising solutions for the formulation of phytochemicals, some challenges still remain to be overcome before developing any nanoparticulate system to be used in clinical practice. These considerations include potential long-term toxicity of nanoparticles, non-specific uptake into cells, off-target biodistribution and tissue accumulation, and costly and complicated manufacturing process of some nanocomposites particularly in the targeted forms [8]. In spite of these challenges, biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarriers are increasingly finding applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Future investigations should address long-term safety issues of nanomaterials particularly when used repeatedly for chronic diseases.
- Published
- 2016
43. Edible Nanoencapsulation Vehicles for Oral Delivery of Phytochemicals: A Perspective Paper
- Author
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Jie Xiao, Qingrong Huang, and Yong Cao
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Gut microflora ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Intestinal microorganisms ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,viruses ,Plant composition ,Phytochemicals ,Biological Availability ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,In vitro digestion ,Systemic circulation ,Bioavailability ,Biotechnology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Animals ,Humans ,Nanotechnology ,Digestion ,0210 nano-technology ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,business - Abstract
Edible nanoencapsulation vehicles (ENVs) designed for the delivery of phytochemicals have gained increasing research interest. The major driving force for this trend is the potential bioavailability enhancement effect for phytochemicals when delivered via ENVs. ENVs affect the bioefficacy of phytochemicals by influencing their dispersion and gastrointestinal stability, rate and site of release, transportation efficiency across the endothelial layer, systemic circulation and biodistribution, and regulation of gut microflora. Enhanced bioefficacy can be achieved by rational design of the size, surface property, matrix materials, and compartment structure of ENVs according to properties of phytochemicals. Future investigations may lay particular emphasis on examining the relevance between results gained by in vitro digestion simulations and those obtained via in vivo digestion simulations, structural evolutions of ENVs during digestion and absorption, impacts of ENVs on the metabolism of phytochemicals, and using ENVs for deciphering the reciprocal interactions between phytochemicals and gut microbiota.
- Published
- 2017
44. Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition
- Author
-
Sabina Sieri, Salvatore Ciappellano, Nicoletta Pellegrini, Rosella Sbarbati, Maria Laura Scarino, Claudia Agnoli, Luciana Baroni, Mattia Papa, Vincenzino Siani, Alessandra Fabbri, and Iacopo Bertini
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Bioavailability ,Healthy Diet ,Nutritional Sciences ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Vegetarian diet ,Recommended Dietary Allowances ,Endocrinology ,Nutrient ,Pregnancy ,Nutritional status ,Vegan diet ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Age Factors ,Aged ,Child ,Preschool ,Diet ,Vegan ,Vegetarian ,Dietary Supplements ,Female ,Humans ,Infant ,Newborn ,Italy ,Middle Aged ,Nutrition Assessment ,Societies ,Medical ,Young Adult ,Nutritional Status ,Nutritive Value ,Diabetes and Metabolism ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Food science ,Societies, Medical ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,education.field_of_study ,Diet, Vegetarian ,food and beverages ,Plant protein ,Child, Preschool ,Diet, Healthy ,Diet, Vegan ,Population ,Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Vitamin D and neurology ,Vitamin B12 ,education ,Leavening agent ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Infant, Newborn ,Fatty acid ,Human nutrition ,chemistry - Abstract
Background Interest in vegetarian diets is growing in Italy and elsewhere, as government agencies and health/nutrition organizations are emphasizing that regular consumption of plant foods may provide health benefits and help prevent certain diseases. Methods and results We conducted a Pubmed search, up to September, 2015, for studies on key nutrients (proteins, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, and n-3 fatty acids) in vegetarian diets. From 295 eligible publications the following emerged: Vegetarians should be encouraged to supplement their diets with a reliable source of vitamin B12 (vitamin-fortified foods or supplements). Since the plant protein digestibility is lower than that of animal proteins it may be appropriate for vegetarians to consume more proteins than recommended for the general population. Vegetarians should also be encouraged to habitually consume good sources of calcium, iron and zinc – particularly vegetables that are low in oxalate and phytate (e.g. Brassicaceae), nuts and seeds, and calcium-rich mineral water. Calcium, iron, and zinc bioavailability can be improved by soaking, germination, and sour-dough leavening that lower the phytate content of pulses and cereals. Vegetarians can ensure good n-3 fatty acid status by habitually consuming good sources of a-linolenic acid (walnuts, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and their oils) and limiting linoleic acid intake (corn and sunflower oils). Conclusions Well-planned vegetarian diets that include a wide variety of plant foods, and a reliable source of vitamin B12, provide adequate nutrient intake. Government agencies and health/nutrition organizations should provide more educational resources to help Italians consume nutritionally adequate vegetarian diets.
- Published
- 2017
45. Vermicomposting manure-paper mixture with igneous rock phosphate enhances biodegradation, phosphorus bioavailability and reduces heavy metal concentrations
- Author
-
Pearson N. S. Mnkeni, Pardon Muchaonyerwa, Hupenyu Allan Mupambwa, and L. T. Mupondi
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_element ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,lcsh:Social sciences (General) ,lcsh:Science (General) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Compost ,Phosphorus ,Agriculture ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Biodegradation ,Phosphate ,Manure ,Bioavailability ,chemistry ,Phosphorite ,Environmental chemistry ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,lcsh:H1-99 ,Cow dung ,lcsh:Q1-390 - Abstract
In organic soil fertility management, rock phosphate (RP) is gaining momentum as an acceptable phosphorus source, though much of this P is not bioavailable for plant uptake, particularly in igneous RP. This study evaluated the nutrient solubilization, biodegradation and heavy metal concentration when cow dung – waste paper mixture amended with increasing rates of igneous RP was vermicomposted with E. fetida. The cow dung was optimized to a C/N ratio of 30 using waste paper and amended with RP to provide 0%; 2%; 4% and 8% of elemental phosphorus on a dry w/w basis. Incorporation of RP at 2% and 8% P enhanced compost biodegradation resulting in a 12% and 22% significantly (P < 0.001) lower final C/N ratio, respectively, compared to the control; together with higher humification parameters. Amending the cow dung – waste paper mixture with 2%, 4% and 8% P as rock phosphate, resulted in a 39%; 50% and 65% more resin extractable P, respectively, relative to the control. Similarly, the bicarbonate extractable P, which represents the bioavailable P fraction, increased consistently by 19%; 28% and 33% following 2%, 4% and 8% RP application, respectively. Though incorporation of RP initially resulted in increased heavy metal levels, reductions of 40%; 35%; 35%; 40% and 45% for Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn, respectively, were observed in the 8% RP treatment after 8 weeks, due to the presence of earthworms. Vermicomposting with E. fetida significantly reduced heavy metals to levels below the maximum permissible concentration of potentially toxic elements in soils after 8 weeks. This study demonstrates the potential of optimized vermicomposting with igneous RP for generating nutrient rich organic fertilizers.
- Published
- 2018
46. Detection and toxicity of titanium from pulp and paper effluents.
- Author
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Wong, S., Nakamoto, L., and Wainwright, J.
- Subjects
TITANIUM ,ALGAL cells ,WOOD-pulp ,PAPER products ,BIOAVAILABILITY ,CHLOROPLASTS ,CHLORELLA - Abstract
The article presents a study of the detection and toxicity of titanium (Ti) as it seemed to accumulate in algal cells from pulp and paper effluents. It examines whether Ti was bioavailable and in habited the growth of algal cells below pH 7.0. Results show that Ti toxicity was shown by the damage to the chloroplasts of the Chlorella cells, while the absorption was suggested by the identification of Ti in polyphosphate bodies.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Studies in the Area of Biosensors Reported from Shenzhen University (On-site Screening Method for Bioavailability Assessment of the Organophosphorus Pesticide, Methyl Parathion, and Its Primary Metabolite In Soils By Paper Strip Biosensor).
- Subjects
METHYL parathion ,ORGANOPHOSPHORUS pesticides ,BIOSENSORS ,BIOAVAILABILITY ,HAZARDOUS substances - Abstract
For more information on this research see: On-site Screening Method for Bioavailability Assessment of the Organophosphorus Pesticide, Methyl Parathion, and Its Primary Metabolite In Soils By Paper Strip Biosensor. Keywords: Shenzhen; People's Republic of China; Asia; Agrochemicals; Biosensors; Biotechnology; Methyl Parathion; Nanotechnology; Nitro Compounds; Nitrophenols; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Parathion; Pesticides; Phenols EN Shenzhen People's Republic of China Asia Agrochemicals Biosensors Biotechnology Methyl Parathion Nanotechnology Nitro Compounds Nitrophenols Organothiophosphorus Compounds Parathion Pesticides Phenols 7145 7145 1 09/11/23 20230915 NES 230915 2023 SEP 15 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Health & Medicine Week -- Research findings on Biosensors are discussed in a new report. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
48. A collaborative study of methods of protein evaluation: introductory paper
- Author
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Bodwell, C. E., Carpenter, K. J., and McDonough, F. E.
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Bioavailability of Inorganic Phosphorus Fractions in Calcareous Soils Estimated by Neubauer Technique, Iron‐Impregnated Filter Paper, and Chemical Tests
- Author
-
Maqsood Ahmad Gill, Waqar Ahmad, Tariq Aziz, and Rahmatullah
- Subjects
Soil test ,Chemistry ,Phosphorus ,Bicarbonate ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Soil Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Bioavailability ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonium bicarbonate ,Agronomy ,Environmental chemistry ,Soil water ,Hordeum vulgare ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Plants commonly suffer from phosphorus (P) deficiency in calcareous soils. Plant responses to P application on such soils mostly show poor correlation with their soil test P values. Experiments were conducted on 24 different soil samples under laboratory and greenhouse conditions to illustrate the relationship of various inorganic P fractions in different calcareous soils with P uptake by plants, P extraction by iron‐impregnated filter paper, and P soil test values estimated by 0.5M NaHCO3 and ammonium bicarbonate diethylene triamine penta‐acetic acid. Total P in the 24 soils ranged from 652 to 1245 mgkg−1 with a mean of 922 mgkg−1. A major proportion (98%) of inorganic P was in HCl‐P (Ca‐bound) form. The HCl‐P (Ca‐bound) ranged from 296 to 729 with a mean of 480 mgkg−1. The iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al)‐P (NaOH‐P) ranged from 0.92 to 12 mgkg−1 with a mean of 1.57 mgkg−1. The Fe‐P (citrate‐dithionite bicarbonate) ranged from 0.22 to 4.40 mgkg−1 with a mean of 5.99 mgkg−1. Data regarding P release f...
- Published
- 2006
50. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Cimetidine**This paper reflects the scientific opinion of the authors and not the policies of regulating agencies
- Author
-
Kamal K. Midha, Jennifer B. Dressman, E. Jantratid, Sompol Prakongpan, Hans E. Junginger, D. M. Barends, and Gordon L. Amidon
- Subjects
Drug ,Chemistry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Excipient ,Pharmacology ,Bioequivalence ,Biopharmaceutics Classification System ,Dosage form ,Bioavailability ,Pharmacokinetics ,medicine ,Cimetidine ,media_common ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing cimetidine are reviewed. According to the current Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), cimetidine would be assigned to Class III. Cimetidine's therapeutic use and therapeutic index, its pharmacokinetic properties, data related to the possibility of excipient interactions, and reported BE/bioavailability (BA) problems were also taken into consideration. On the basis of the overall evidence, a biowaiver can be recommended for cimetidine IR products, provided that the test product contains only those excipients reported in this paper in their usual amounts, and that the test and the comparator drug products both are “rapidly dissolving” as per BCS.
- Published
- 2006
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