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Starch paste is an adhesive that is used in the field of book and paper conservation. This adhesive has a very short shelf life, and for this reason, it must be prepared in small quantities. Also, preparing starch paste for use in protection is a time-consuming process. This research was done with the aim of facilitating the use of starch paste in the conservation of paper works, long-term storage of starch pastes without fungicidal additives and increasing its durability in the long term without changing the quality of the adhesive. The application of fresh starch pastes and activated starch film increased the pH of the samples coated by these adhesives compared to the control samples without adhesive. The samples covered by the activated starch film after moist-heat aging and light aging had the highest pH compared to other samples. The samples coated with fresh starch paste showed the lowest amount of color changes (ΔE*) after moist-heat aging and light aging, respectively. Application of fresh starch paste and activated starch film increased the tensile strength of the samples. After aging, the tensile strength of the samples decreased compared to the previous stage, but the tensile strength of the samples covered by these adhesives increased compared to the control samples without adhesives. The adhesion of the samples decreased after aging. The samples coated with fresh starch paste had the highest adhesion after light aging. Also, after moist-heat aging, the samples covered by the activated starch film had the highest amount of adhesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of the procedures for activation of WP. • Activating WP with K 2 C 2 O 4 , H 3 PO 4 or ZnCl 2 forms products of distinct nature. • H 3 PO 4 /ZnCl 2 catalyzes formed more bio-oil but less gas, and K 2 C 2 O 4 is opposite. • K 2 C 2 O 4 and ZnCl 2 are more effective than H 3 PO 4 for creating pores from WP. • ZnCl 2 creates abundant macropores via converting fibers in WP to graphitic crystals. • K 2 C 2 O 4 shows lower environmental impact than ZnCl 2 in activating WP. Waste paper (WP) is rich in cellulose, which can be activated to produce porous carbon, bio-oil, and combustible gases. During chemical activation of WP, the use of varied chemical agents not only generates activated carbon of distinct pore structure but also bio-oil/gases of different property. In this study, the activation of WP with varied chemical agents was conducted. The distinct characteristics of activated carbon and also bio-oil/gases were correlated with the different nature of the used chemical agents. The results indicated that H 3 PO 4 and ZnCl 2 catalyzed polymerization reactions for producing more bio-oil while less gases owing to their Brønsted and Lewis acidic sites. K 2 C 2 O 4 showed high activity for cracking/gasification reactions, forming bio-oil with higher abundance of organics with smaller π-conjugated structures. In addition, ZnCl 2 could create a very coarse porous structure with abundant macropores via destroying fiber structure in WP and promoting the growth of graphitic crystals. In comparison, K 2 C 2 O 4 hindered the aromatization and facilitated the formation of amorphous activated carbon. K 2 C 2 O 4 and ZnCl 2 were much more effective than H 3 PO 4 for creating micropores and mesopores from WP, the derived activated carbon showed superior performances as the electrode of supercapacitor and adsorbent for adsorption of oxytetracycline from aqueous solution. In addition, K 2 C 2 O 4 as activating agent showed lower environmental impact than ZnCl 2 in terms of energy consumption, environmental pollution and the greenhouse effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to facilitate the use of methyl cellulose adhesive to repair paper works that its ink is sensitive to water. This research is conducted by analytical comparisons method and samples is collected by experiments related to research topics such as pH measurement, Calorimetric, infrared spectroscopy with total attenuated reflection (FTIR- ATR), the measurement of tensile strength as well measurement of The adhesive strength of the samples. The stages of this study is conducted so that the adhesive methyl cellulose at a concentration of 7% in methanol was prepared. The prepared specimens is treated under Temperature-humidity accelerated aging in accordance with standard ASTM D4714-96 no for 384 hours and under light in accordance with ASTM D6789-02 for 360 hours and Changes of color, pH, tensile strength and adhesion is investigated for them. Results showed that the samples pH is changed from 6.91 to 6.39 after light aging and to 6.06 after temperature-humidity aging. Also, Tensile strength of Samples is reduced from 0.31 to 0.23 kN per meter after light aging and to 0.24 kN per meter after the temperature-humidity aging. Also, the adhesive strength of the samples is decreased from 1.43 to 0.97 Newton after light aging and to 1.51 Newton after temperature-humidity aging.

Starch paste serves as an adhesive in book and paper conservation; however, its short shelf life necessitates small-batch preparation. This research aims to streamline starch paste usage, enable long-term storage without fungicidal additives, and enhance adhesive durability without compromising quality. The application of fresh starch paste and activated starch film elevated the pH levels in the coated samples compared to the adhesive-free controls. Following moist heat and light aging, the samples with activated starch films exhibited the highest pH. Fresh starch paste yielded minimal color changes (∆E) after aging, whereas the activated starch film displayed the lowest ∆ E. Tensile strength increased with the application of fresh starch paste and activated starch film. Although the tensile strength decreased after aging, the samples with adhesives exhibited higher values than the adhesive-free controls. The adhesion levels decreased after aging, with fresh starch paste displaying the highest adhesion after light aging and activated starch film demonstrating the highest adhesion after moist heat aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon is a promising anode material for the increased performance of lithium-ion batteries because of its high elemental composition and specific capacity. The application of silicon on a commercial scale is restricted due to the limitation of volume expansion. Silicon is also expensive, making it difficult for large-scale commercialisation. Different methods were used to address these issues, including a sintering process and the sol–gel method, to form silicon carbide (SiC), a hard chemical compound containing silicon and carbon. The silicon carbide anode not only acts as a buffer for volume expansion but also allows for better infiltration of the electrolyte, increasing charge and discharge capacity in the battery. Like silicon, silicon carbides can be costly. The development of renewable energy systems is very important, especially in the development of energy storage systems that are not only efficient but also cost-friendly. The cost of the energy storage devices is lowered, making them easily accessible. Silicon carbides can be synthesised from sugarcane, which is the fibrous waste that remains after juice extraction. This could be beneficial, as we could never run out of such a resource, and it offers low carbon with a high surface area. Silicon carbides can be synthesised by carbothermal reduction of silica from sugarcane bagasse. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of silicon carbides and synthetic processes. The innovative use of waste to synthesise materials would reduce costs and comply with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 (affordable and clean energy) and 13 (climate action). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective re-use of industrial by-products calls for an understanding of their chemical, mineralogical and physical characteristics. The by-product used in this study was coated paper industry sludge from a plant whose sole prime material is recycled paper. Due to its high organic and calcium carbonate content and the presence of several clayey materials such as talc and kaolinite, incineration conditions had a significant effect on the mineralogy of such sludge. The present study examined the impact of such conditions on the pozzolanic properties of coated paper sludge. Several temperature intervals ranging from 600 to 750 ºC were studied to determine the conditions yielding the most promising pozzolanic properties.

Bonding and activation in paper were studied with the help of laboratory test sheets and common paper strength tests. Different papermaking furnishes and raw material treatments were used to examine the effects they have on bonding and activation. Furthermore, various boundary conditions during drying were included to single out the influence of bonding and activation on paper properties. It was found that bonding is clearly increased by beating of kraft pulp, starch addition, and thermomechanical pulp fines, whereas activation benefited most from beating and addition of reinforcement fibers to mechanical pulp based furnishes. Subjecting test sheets to increasing amounts of drying stress affected activation positively, and bonding negatively. The increase in activation did not seem to be dependent on the beating degree of chemical pulp fibers. Bonding, on the other hand, deteriorated more significantly in sheets made of extensively beaten kraft fibers, i.e. in sheets where the initial bonding potential was higher. Commonly used paper strength measurements provide dependable and accurate tools for assessing the effect of different variables on both bonding and activation. A short literature survey of bonding and activation is also provided.

The present study addresses variations in the calcination temperature (600-750 ºC) and kiln time (two to five hours) applied to activate coated paper waste and their effect on the rheological, physical and mechanical behaviour of cement matrices containing these active additions. The results obtained showed that the conditions under which kaolinite was activated had a direct effect on the subsequent behaviour of the calcined products. At activating temperatures of over 700 ºC, pozzolanic activity and mechanical strength were observed to be lower, setting time shorter and the mortar less workable.

A composite formed of NiO nanoflakes assembled on carbonized filter paper (CFP) has been successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal route with subsequent annealing. The CFP substrate presented a three-dimensional (3D) network structure. The composite electrode demonstrated high capacity and good cyclic and rate capabilities. It delivered a capacity of 724 mA h g−1 at current density of 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles without apparent capacity fading during cycling. It delivered a capacity of 446 mA h g−1 even at high current density of 1000 mA g−1. The composite achieves better battery performance through ZnCl2 activation compared with conventional HNO3 activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vestnik KazUTB is the property of Kazakh University of Technology & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• A facile and economical strategy was proposed to fabricate paper-based electrode. • ACFPs obtained by high temperature activation still had flexible mechanical strength. • ACFPs supported the integration of high conductivity and electrochemical properties. • ACFPs also can serve as superior substrates for loading extra electroactive materials. • It shows broad application prospects in the field of energy storage. The cellulose-based paper electrode has attracted increasing attention for wearable and portable electronic devices. However, the loading of expensive electroactive substances, a large proportion of cellulose matrix and the loss of mechanical flexibility limit its commercial application. This article reports a facile and economical strategy for fabricating high-performance cellulose-based activated carbon fiber papers (ACFPs), which can be used as self-supporting supercapacitor electrodes without any binder. Combining wet papermaking, thermal carbonization, and double activation, the new strategy enables the in-situ transformation of fibrillated pulp fibers into cellulose-derived activated carbon fused with carbon fibers (CFs). The resulting ACFPs are characteristic of high specific surface area (808–1106 m2/g), high conductivity (1640–1786 S/m), prominent tensile strength (4.6–6.4 MPa), and flexible processability. Furthermore, the ACFP exhibits maximum specific capacitance of 48.8F/cm3 (or 165F/g) based on the whole electrode and possesses superior cycling stability. Moreover, electroactive materials are readily loaded onto the ACFPs to enhance the capacitance further. In the ACFPs, the cellulose-derived activated carbon is primarily responsible for capacitive energy storage, while CFs serve as a highly functional network due to their low thermal expansion coefficient and high electrical conductivity. Overall, this work provides a novel strategy for manufacturing scalable, cost-effective paper-based electrode materials with broad application prospects in energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut jute carbon, a waste by-product, was utilized in the production of activated carbon. The activated carbon was then evaluated for colour removal from pulp and paper mill wastewater. The activation of the coconut jute was evaluated using a fixed bed reactor involving carbonization and activation steps at temperatures of 650°C in the absence of air. The activation results showed that the maximum surface area of the activated coconut jute carbon (ACJC) was 94 m²g-1. Adsorption equilibrium results of the pulp paper mill wastewater on the ACJC showed that a significant amount of colour reduction was achieved when the ACJC dose exceeded 8 to 12gl-1. Batch equilibrium data was used to develop adsorption isotherms for colour removal. Based on those isotherms, the amount of activated coconut jute carbon required to achieve colour removal can be predicted. Apart from reducing colour from the effluent, a waste disposal problem is also solved by utilizing this material as an adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The 700 W is the best activation power. • Hydrogen is produced when LSC and KOH react. • The MLSC is microporous material compared with other active semi-coke. • MLSC-700 has finer micropores. • MLSC has a higher removal rate for substances smaller than 1356 Da. In view of the urgent need to treat biologically treated wastewater from pulp and paper mill (BTW) and the high cost of commercial activated carbon, microwave-assisted KOH activated lignite semi-coke (MLSC) was prepared for adsorption of BTW. Through the research, the best preparation conditions of MLSC are obtained (ratio of KOH/lignite semi-coke (LSC) = 1, radiation time 10 min, and microwave power 700 W). In order to further study the effect of microwave power, three kinds of MLSC were prepared under the conditions of 600 W (MLSC-600), 700 W (MLSC-700) and 800 W (MLSC-800), and a series of characterizations were performed. The research of coupled thermogravimetric and mass spectrometer system showed that KOH impregnated LSC produced hydrogen during pyrolysis, which proved that activation reaction took place between KOH and LSC. And pore characteristics study found that most of the pore size of MLSC was less than 0.7 nm, and MLSC-700 had finer micropores (0.6 nm< Ø <0.65 nm). The adsorption experiment showed that MLSC-700 had the best adsorption effect, the removal rates of COD and TOC can reach 96 % and 80 %. The Langmuir model and Elovich kinetic model can be used to fit adsorption isotherms and kinetics, respectively. It was found that due to the microporous structure of MLSC, the removal rate of low molecular weight pollutants (0−4500 Da) contained in BTW is very high. The microporous MLSC-700 prepared in this study is suitable for BTW treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of harmful volatiles, such as formaldehyde, is a major issue of the chemical modification of wood that limits the utilization of the modified wood in indoor environment. In this study, glucose (Glc) was activated with Fenton's reagent under various conditions and the chemical structure of the activated Glc was characterized. Also, the reactivity of the activated Glc toward filter paper as a wood model was evaluated. The results show that the H2O2 concentration controlled the activation ratio of Glc. Additionally, the Fe(II) concentration and activation temperature determined mainly the oxidation reaction rate. The Fenton reaction in an acidic solution resulted in higher activation efficacy of Glc and better fixation in the filter paper, compared to the reaction in an alkaline solution. The Glc cannot be fixed in the filter paper, but the activated Glc exhibited a fixation ratio of up to 48.2% due to the formation of carboxyl and aldehyde groups, as evidenced by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was demonstrated that activation of Glc with the Fenton's reagent is a feasible and eco-friendly approach and the activated products have a high potential for wood modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper mill sludge (PMS) was utilized to prepare granular activated carbon (GAC) fillers for fluidized-bed bioreactor (FBBR) through stream activation. The properties of the PMS were tested and the optimum conditions for the production process were determined. Then, the GAC fillers were used in the FBBR to investigate the capacity for wastewater treatment. The results showed that the optimal conditions were: carbonization temperature of 450 °C, carbonization time of 50 min, activation temperature of 800 °C and activation time of 60 min. The specific surface area of the GAC fillers was 130 m2/g and the grain density was 1.34×103 kg/m3. The wastewater treatment results showed that after 40 days of running, under the conditions of influent COD of 800 mg/L and HRT of 2 h, the COD removal efficiency was about 90%, which demonstrated that PMS-based GAC fillers were feasible for FBBR. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Porous materials consisting of activated carbon and amorphous CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 (CAS) compound were prepared from refuse paper and plastic fuel (RPF), (a mixture of old paper and plastic) by carbonizing and/or activating treatments. Samples formed by chemical activation using K2CO3 showed a high specific surface area (S BET) of 1330m2/g but a lower ash content due to being washed after activation. By contrast, samples prepared by physical activation using steam showed rather lower S BET (510m2/g) due to higher ash contents. The physically activated samples showed much higher uptake properties for Ni2+ (a representative heavy metal) and phosphate ions (a representative of a harmful oxyanion) than the chemically activated samples because of the higher content of amorphous CAS in the former samples. By contrast, the chemically activated samples showed higher uptake for methylene blue (MB, a representative organic material) than the physically activated samples because of the higher activated carbon content of higher surface area. Although differences in the sorption properties for Ni2+, phosphate ion and MB were found between the physically and chemically activated samples, both samples show excellent multiple sorption properties for cation–anion combinations and inorganic–organic sorbents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

After normal alkali treatment process, the industrial Cr(VI) containing wastewater still contains a ppm level of Cr(VI) ions which should be further purified before discharging. In this study, the Cr(VI)-containing wastewater has been efficiently treated by the porous paper sludge-based activated carbon (ps AC) with an excellent specific surface area and rich oxygen functional groups. The batch experimental results showed that under acidic conditions, pH has little effect on the Cr(VI) removal. The kinetic and isotherms studies showed that the Elovich and Freundlich model could describe the adsorption process well and the maximum adsorption capacity of ps AC was 54.04 mg/g. The thermodynamic studies indicated that the reaction process was endothermic and spontaneous. Adsorption enthalpy was 17.37 kJ/mol, showing that the chemisorption process was a hydrogen bonding-controlled that has been also verified by some analytical techniques. Lastly, this study also provided an idea for reutilization of waster Cr(VI)-contained ps AC in furfural hydrogenation. Unlabelled Image • The effects of multiple factors on the performance of activated carbon • The highest Cr(VI) removal capacity of ps AC reached as high as 54.04 mg g−1. • Cr(VI) interacts with ps AC surface functional groups by hydrogen bonding. • Cr(VI)-contained ps AC was an excellent catalyst precursor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophage polarization is an important phenomenon that underlies various physiological mechanisms protective to the host and pathological mechanisms manipulated by microbes, thus we need to come to terms with this phenomenon and understand it at the molecular level. This paper highlights various aspects of macrophage activation and polarization starting from the discovery of macrophages to the latest advancements like using algorithms to determine polarization in a marker-free manner. We have covered macrophage polarization in response to various stimuli and also how this is affected in various disease conditions. Macrophage polarization in many neurodegenerative diseases has also been covered in this review. Various methods used for detecting and quantifying this phenomenon have been discussed below. It has been noted that our understanding of this phenomenon may lead to many novel therapeutic approaches in dealing with a varied set of disease pathologies making it extremely valuable for clinical practice. Newer technological advancements in the field have the potential to act as diagnostic tools for various diseases. In this paper, we have tried to summarize the existing information on macrophage polarization and activation to understand the progress we have made in understanding this phenomenon. Highlights: History of macrophage activation and polarization have been discussed. Various metabolic pathways that underline the functions of polarized macrophages has been discussed. Macrophage polarization in response to various stimuli in the microenvironment has been discussed including the newer discovered M4 macrophage state. Macrophage polarization in response to various disease pathologies like neurodegenerative diseases, mycobacterial diseases, plaque, HIV and other disease has been highlighted. Different methods for describing macrophage polarization have been discussed including newer methods using algorithms and machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of China's mineral industry, the emission of iron tailings sand has increased sharply. At present, the negative storage and landfill are still the main treatment methods, which does not only occupy a large amount of land resources, but also cause serious environmental pollution. Therefore, large-scale consumption of iron tailings sand is imminent. Iron tailings sand is a kind of waste discharged after the 'useful part' of iron ore is selected by grinding, flotation or magnetic separation under a certain condition. Compared with natural fine aggregate, the particle is finer, angular and more solid, which could be widely used in various practical projects. Among them, the regional differences of iron tailings, raw ore composition, grade, particle size and mining beneficiation refining process have a greater impact on the physical and chemical properties. As an inert material, different activation methods could be conducted to improve the activity of iron tailings sand, whereas, the composite activation is the most effective technology. In this paper, the utilization of building materials of iron tailings sand at home and abroad and its application in other fields are reviewed. The influence of concrete prepared by iron tailings sand on mechanical properties and durability is summarized. The key properties of the application in road functional materials are discussed. The application status of iron tailings sand-based bricks is sorted out. The feasibility of using it to prepare geopolymer is evaluated. Its advantages in the preparation of mesoporous molecular sieves and the improvement of expansive soil are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there are many surface treatment methods for aluminium alloys; the most commonly used of these is the chemical dip galvanizing process, which is complicated due to its use of large quantities of corrosive drugs. In order to simplify the process, this paper proposes a new electromagnetic induction heating activation method instead of the zinc dipping process. The method works as follows: The substrate is first degreased and then activated. The activation process starts by soaking the degreased substrate in an activation solution, taking it out after ten minutes, and placing it into an induction heating unit. The activation solution is sprayed onto the surface of the substrate while heating, using the energy generated by high temperatures to complete the activation reaction. The surface of the activated substrate forms a nanoscale film of nickel, which is finally utilised as a catalytic centre for ENP (an advanced surface treatment process that deposits a very uniform layer). The optimisation of important parameters of the non-destructive activation process was determined using the L9 Taguchi method. The main parameters ranged from 0.15 L/min to 0.25 L/min for spray rate, 200 °C to 400 °C for heat treatment temperature, and 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6 for Ni2+ and H2PO4− ion concentration ratios. The above data were derived from a single variable and were analysed using Minitab 20 software. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy spectrometry (EDS), and ultrasonic experiments were used to characterize and analyse the surface morphology, composition, and bond strength of the coatings. The results show that the nanoscale nickel particles can completely cover the surface of the substrate, forming a layer of nano-film. After activation and ultrasonic cleaning for 30 s at an ultrasonic frequency of 40 KHz and a power of 80 W, the surface nano-film was not destroyed, which proves that it had a high bonding strength. After the application of the plating, the plated surface had a compact microstructure, and the continuity was good. Therefore, compared with the currently commonly used zinc dipping process, this process has the advantages of being a low-cost, simple operation, and non-destructive and environmentally friendly activation process for the substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass-derived carbon materials represents promising electrode materials for supercapacitors owing to wide range of precursor sources, large specific surface area, intrinsic heteroatom doping, and controllable pore structure. Additionally, increasing attention has been garnered for significant role in alleviating environmental problems, enhancing waste utilization, and promoting sustainable energy storage applications. This paper summarizes recent advances of biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitors with focus on main sources of biomass precursors, preparation strategies and nanostructure for biomass-derived carbon. Then, the pore structure, specific surface area and electrochemical performance of biomass carbon constructed by different strategies (carbonization method, activation method and heteroatom doping) are elaborated. The effect of nanoscale pore structure on their performance is emphasized. Finally, the development prospects and main challenges of biochar in supercapacitors are proposed. This review would provide valuable insights for future development and efficient utilization of biomass carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early language delay is exacerbated by social disadvantage. Factors such as parents' low levels of literacy, confidence and self‐perception can affect the capacity to act on advice received, critical to empowerment. Methods used to achieve successful health outcomes in socially disadvantaged clinical populations may need enhancing. Aims: To compare the impact of standard parent‐based intervention (PBI) to enhanced PBI for young children with speech, language and communication needs (SCLN) and their families living in more socially disadvantaged populations. Methods and Procedures: A multicentre clustered blind randomised controlled trial was used to compare the effect of parent‐based group interventions to improve early language development with children (mean age 27.5 months) from more socially disadvantaged populations with an expressive vocabulary of 40 or less single words. Intervention sessions were delivered by a speech and language therapist, over a 20‐week period. Participants received one of two interventions: (1) Standard Care – indirect group PBI – (PBI) (2) Enhanced Care: indirect group enhanced PBI – (EPBI). Both standardised and non‐standardised measures were used as outcomes. Parent engagement in the intervention was captured through analysis of attendance and the Parent Activation Measure – Speech & Language Therapy (PAM‐SLT) (Insignia Health, 2014). The PAM measures a person's knowledge, skills and confidence to manage their own health and well‐being (NHS England, 2018). In this study, activation referred to parents' knowledge, skills and confidence to manage their child's language development. Outcomes and Results: One hundred fifty‐five participants were randomised at baseline. Children in both groups made significant improvements in the outcome on MacArthur‐Bates Communicative Development Inventories Sentence Length, from pre‐intervention to post‐intervention and 6 months post‐intervention (p < 0.05). Changes in vocabulary and expressive language skills were more equivocal, showing wide variation in confidence intervals for both groups. Where parents attended at least one intervention session almost all effect sizes were in favour of the EPBI intervention. Parents' activation levels significantly increased for both groups (EPBI p < 0.001, PBI p = 0.003), with a moderate effect size in favour of EPBI (Hedges' G 0.37, confidence interval –0.02 to 0.76), although wide variation was found. Conclusions and Implications: This trial provides some evidence of facilitating the language development of children with SLCN from more socially disadvantaged areas through supporting caregivers. However, we found variation in outcomes; some children made excellent progress, whilst others did not. Further exploration of parent engagement and its relationship to child language outcomes will be valuable to understanding more about mechanisms of change in interventions that involve parents. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: Speech, language and communication needs (SLCN) have a knock‐on effect on emotional well‐being, school readiness, literacy and school attainment, putting children at increased risk of long‐term consequences such as poor literacy, mental health problems and unemployment. In disadvantaged areas, the prevalence of language difficulties is higher than elsewhere. Factors such as parents' low levels of literacy, confidence and self‐perception can affect the capacity to act on advice received, critical to empowerment. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: Children with SLCN from more socially disadvantaged areas can make improvements in their language development through parent intervention, although wide individual variation was found. There was some evidence that children achieve better outcomes with EPBI, which employed an interagency collaborative approach. Parent's engagement (activation levels) increased significantly over time with intervention, with the increase twice as big for EPBI. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: This trial provides some evidence that it is possible to facilitate the language development of children from more socially disadvantaged areas through supporting their caregivers. Further research would be useful to determine whether increases in parent engagement are related to adherence to intervention and change in child outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Traditional Chinese Drug Research & Clinical Pharmacology is the property of Traditional Chinese Drug Research & Clinical Pharmacology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Direct synthesis of organophosphorus compounds from white phosphorus represents a significant but challenging subject, especially in the context of ongoing efforts to comprehensively improve the phosphorus-derived chemical industry driven by sustainability and safety concerns. China is the world's largest producer of white phosphorus, creating a significant demand for the green transformation of this crucial feedstock. This review provides an overview of advancements in white phosphorus activation by Chinese research teams, focusing on the direct construction of P‒C/N/O/S/M bonds from white phosphorus. Additionally, we offer some insights into prospective directions for the activation and transformation of white phosphorus in the future. This review paper aims to attract more researchers to engage in this area, stimulating follow-up exploration and fostering enduring advances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has developed rapidly in recent years, and there are more and more studies on fNIRS. At present, there is no bibliometric analysis of the top 100 most cited articles on fNIRS research. Objective: To identify the top 100 most cited articles on fNIRS and analyze those most fundamental and popular articles through bibliometric research methods. Methods: The literature on fNIRS of web of science from 1990 to 2023 was searched and the top 100 most cited articles were identified by citations. Use the bibliometrix package in R studio and VOSviewer for data analysis and plotting to obtain the output characteristics and citation status of these 100 most cited articles, and analyze research trends in this field through keywords. Results: A total of 9,424 articles were retrieved from web of science since 1990. The average citation number of the 100 articles was 457.4 (range from 260 to 1,366). Neuroimage published the most articles (n = 31). Villringer, A. from Leipzig University had the largest number of top 100 papers. Harvard University (n = 22) conducted most cited articles. The United States, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom had most cited articles, respectively. The most common keywords were near-infrared spectroscopy, activation, cerebral-blood-flow, brain, newborn-infants, oxygenation, cortex, fMRI, spectroscopy. The fund sources mostly came from National Institutes of Health Unitd States (NIH) and United States Department of Health Human Services (n = 28). Conclusion: Neuroimage was the most popular journal. The top countries, institutions, and authors were the United States, Harvard University, and Villringer, A., respectively. Researchers and institutions from North America and Europe contributed the most. Near-infrared spectroscopy, activation, cerebral-blood-flow, brain, newborn-infants, oxygenation, cortex, fmri, spectroscopy, stimulation, blood-flow, light-propagation, infants, tissue comprise the future research directions and potential topic hotspots for fNIRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although thermal and mechanochemical activations of natural clays are well-documented, there exists a dual research gap. Firstly, a thorough investigation into the interrelationship between these activation methods and the governing parameters of reactivity for various clays has been notably lacking. Secondly, there is a distinct scarcity of studies specifically focusing on heterogeneous clays compared to the extensive research dedicated to single-layer clays specially kaolinitic clays. This study investigates the correlation of activation methods, and changes in the clay mineralogy, particle size distributions, morphology, specific surface area, and the reactivity of heterogeneous clays. Traditional thermal and mechanochemical activation methods often fall short in achieving complete dehydroxylation of heterogeneous clay minerals and improving their reactivity beyond predefined low thresholds. The results in this paper emphasize that, despite these limitations, combining these activation methods brings about significant modifications in crucial parameters. Notably, integrating 20 min of mechanochemical activation at 500 rpm with prior thermal treatment leads to 158% increase in specific surface area compared to mechanochemical activation conducted on un-calcined clays. Simultaneously, these combined activations result in up to 127% improvement in reactivity levels of heterogenous clays compared to standalone mechanochemical activation. The results underscore that, even with the advancements brought about by combined activations, the presence of impurities like iron oxides and calcite remains a noteworthy factor influencing the reactivity of kaolinitic natural clays. The study concludes by highlighting the potential of combined treatments to enhance the pozzolanicity of low-reactive heterogeneous clays, unlocking avenues for future clinker supplementation with this abundant resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With ever-growing population comes an increase in waste and wastewater generated. There is ongoing research to not only reduce the waste but also to increase its value commercially. One method is pyrolysis, a process that converts wastes, at temperatures usually above 300 °C in a pyrolysis unit, to carbon-rich biochars among with other useful products. These chars are known to be beneficial as they can be used for water treatment applications; certain studies also reveal improvements in the biochar quality especially on the surface area and pore volume by imparting thermal and chemical activation methods, which eventually improves the uptake of pollutants during the removal of inorganic and organic contaminants in water. Research based on single waste valorisation into biochar applications for water treatment has been extended and applied to the pyrolysis of two or more feedstocks, termed co-pyrolysis, and its implementation for water treatment. The co-pyrolysis research mainly covers activation, applications, predictive calculations, and modelling studies, including isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic adsorption analyses. This paper focuses on the copyrolysis biochar production studies for activated adsorbents, adsorption mechanisms, pollutant removal capacities, regeneration, and real water treatment studies to understand the implementation of these co-pyrolyzed chars in water treatment applications. Finally, some prospects to identify the future progress and opportunities in this area of research are also described. This review provides a way to manage solid waste in a sustainable manner, while developing materials that can be utilized for water treatment, providing a double target approach to pollution management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]