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Background: Most studies on the paper mulberry are mainly focused on the medicated and pharmacology, fiber quality, leaves feed development, little is known about its mechanism of adaptability to abiotic stress. Physiological measurement, transcriptomics and proteomic analysis were employed to understand its response to cold stress in this study. Methods: The second to fourth fully expanded leaves from up to down were harvested at different stress time points forthe transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation. Physiological characteristics measurement included the relative electrolyte leakage (REL), SOD activity assay, soluble sugar content, and Chlorophyll fluorescence parameter measurement. For screening of differentially expressed genes, the expression level of every transcript in each sample was calculated by quantifying the number of Illumina reads. To identify the differentially expressed protein, leaves of plants under 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h cold stress wereharvested for proteomic analysis. Finally, real time PCR was used to verify the DEG results of the RNA-seq and the proteomics data. Results: Results showed that at the beginning of cold stress, respiratory metabolism was decreased and the transportation and hydrolysis of photosynthetic products was inhibited, leading to an accumulation of starch in the chloroplasts. Total of 5800 unigenes and 38 proteins were affected, including the repressed expression of photosynthesis and the enhanced expression in signal transduction, stress defense pathway as well as secondary metabolism. Although the transcriptional level of a large number of genes has been restored after 12 h, sustained cold stress brought more serious injury to the leaf cells, including the sharp rise of the relative electrolyte leakage, the declined Fv/Fm value, swelled chloroplast and the disintegrated membrane system. Conclusion: The starch accumulation and the photoinhibition might be the main adaptive mechanism of the paper mulberry responded to cold stress. Most of important, enhancing the transport and hydrolysis of photosynthetic products could be the potential targets for improving the cold tolerance of the paper mulberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising population and the ongoing climate crisis call for improved means to monitor and optimise agriculture. A promising approach to tackle current challenges in food production is the early diagnosis of plant diseases through non-invasive methods, such as the detection of volatiles. However, current devices for detection of multiple volatiles are based on electronic noses, which are expensive, require complex circuit assembly, may involve metal oxides with heating elements, and cannot easily be adapted for some applications that require miniaturisation or limit front-end use of electronic components. To address these challenges, a low-cost optoelectronic nose using chemo-responsive colorimetric dyes drop-casted onto filter paper has been developed in the current work. The final sensors could be used for the quantitative detection of up to six plant volatiles through changes in colour intensities with a sub-ppm level limit of detection, one of the lowest limits of detection reported so far using colorimetric gas sensors. Sensor colouration could be analysed using a low-cost spectrometer and the results could be processed using a microcontroller. The measured volatiles could be used for the early detection of plant abiotic stress as early as two days after exposure to two different stresses: high salinity and starvation. This approach allowed a lowering of costs to GBP 1 per diagnostic sensing paper. Furthermore, the small size of the paper sensors allows for their use in confined settings, such as Petri dishes. This detection of abiotic stress could be easily achieved by exposing the devices to living plants for 1 h. This technology has the potential to be used for monitoring of plant development in field applications, early recognition of stress, implementation of preventative measures, and mitigation of harvest losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colloquium Agrariae is the property of Asociacao Prudentina de Educacao e Cultura (APEC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil salinity is a global challenge emanating from climatic changes, depletion of fresh water reserves and extensive irrigation practices among other factors. Soil salinization still remains a huge concern in the realization of sustainable agricultural production. While emphasis has been placed on the food crops, forage production, which is an important component of the food chain, is affected as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and physiological response to salinity stress in diploid cultivars and auto-induced tetraploid lines of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum spp. multiflorum). Diploid seeds and their induced tetraploid counterparts were germinated on filter paper moistened with different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions, and seedlings were treated with 500 mM NaCl for 10 days in controlled conditions. The effect of different salt concentrations on germination and seedlings was studied. Results showed that seeds from the induced tetraploid lines despite being bigger had higher germination index and lower median germination time (T50) values compared to the diploid progenitors. At the seedling stage, increase in the ploidy level had a role in conferring improved tolerance to salinity stress. The induced tetraploid lines had an advantage over their diploid counterparts as the induced tetraploid lines had significant reduction in their growth in response to salinity stress, higher relative water content and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using nanoparticles (NPs) to effectively mitigate the negative effects of abiotic stressors on plant growth and development will help to achieve sustainable agriculture. Although there have been some prior reviews in this area, bibliometrics is still lacking. In this study, the most productive nations or regions, journals, publishers, and scholars in this field were identified using an objective bibliometric examination of the pertinent material published in the Web of Science core database. To dig deeper for information, the keywords co-occurrence, collaboration network of countries/regions and authors, and network map of highly cited papers citation are used to characterize present advances and forecast potential future trends. The results show a growing interest in using nanoparticles to alleviate abiotic stressors. There has been an exponential increase in the number of relevant papers and citations. Moreover, Asian countries are the most active in this subject, even if the USA generates papers with the best overall quality. The most common publishers and journals in this area are Elsevier and Environmental Science-Nano, while Wu HH is currently the most active author. Even though many researchers have formed close partnerships, there is not yet a large collaborative group of researchers in this field. Gaps in the current scientific literature are highlighted, such as the lack of use of omics, especially multi-omics, to provide a more in-depth and comprehensive explanation of the molecular mechanisms by which NPs enhance plant resistance to abiotic stresses. This bibliometric study will provide a valuable reference for studying the evolution of the field and identifying research frontiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant transcription factors (TFs) are integral proteins associated with gene transcription. That ability arises after TFs bind to specific DNA sequences, such as promoters, responding positively or negatively to a multitude of endogenous and exogenous factors or stressors. For this reason, in plants, the vast majority of TFs are associated with growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. As is commonly known, the genes coding for TFs are written in uppercase italics, whereas the resulting proteins are written in lowercase, such as OsWRKY28 and OsWRKY28, respectively for a member of the WRKY TF family in rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, despite the existence of some conventions for the nomenclature of TFs, some deviation from these norms has been observed in the literature. Several cases are highlighted, primarily related to NAC TFs. These cases emphasize the need for stricter quality control of literature pertaining to the nomenclature of plant TFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities, such as mining, industrialization, industrial waste emissions, and agricultural practices, have caused heavy metals to become widespread and excessively accumulated in soil. The high concentrations of heavy metals in soil can be toxic to plants, severely affecting crop yield and quality. Moreover, these heavy metals can also enter the food chain, affecting animals and humans and leading to various serious illnesses. Selenium (Se) is not only an essential element for animals and humans but is also beneficial for plants, as it promotes their ability to respond actively to biotic and abiotic stresses. The global issue of Se deficiency in diets has made plants the primary source for human Se supplementation. This paper comprehensively reviews the effects of heavy metal stress on plant growth and development, physiological responses of plants to such stress, and the intracellular transport processes of heavy metals within plants. It particularly focuses on the mechanisms by which Se alleviates heavy metal stress in plants. Additionally, the study delves into how Se significantly enhances plant tolerance mechanisms against typical heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). This integrative research not only expands the boundaries of research in the field of plant heavy metal stress and Se application but also provides new perspectives and solutions for understanding and addressing complex environmental heavy metal pollution issues. By integrating these aspects, this paper not only fills existing gaps in the literature but also offers comprehensive scientific basis and strategic recommendations for environmental protection and sustainable agriculture development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep Learning (DL), a type of Machine Learning, has gained significant interest in many fields, including agriculture. This paper aims to shed light on deep learning techniques used in agriculture for abiotic and biotic stress detection in fruits and vegetables, their benefits, and the challenges faced by users. Scientific papers were collected from Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Springer, and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) using combinations of specific keywords such as: 'Deep Learning' OR' Artificial Intelligence' in combination with fruit disease', vegetable disease', 'fruit stress', OR 'vegetable stress' following PRISMA guidelines. From the initial 818 papers identified using the keywords, 132 were reviewed after excluding books, reviews, and the irrelevant. The recovered scientific papers were from2003 to 2022; 93 % addressed biotic stress on fruits and vegetables. The most common biotic stresses on species are fungal diseases (grey spots, brown spots, black spots, downy mildew, powdery mildew, and anthracnose). Few studies were interested in abiotic stresses (nutrient deficiency, water stress, light intensity, and heavy metal contamination). Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks were the most used keywords, with GoogleNet (18.28%), ResNet50 (16.67%), and VGG16 (16.67%) as the most used architectures. Fifty-two percent of the data used to compile these models come from the fields, followed by data obtained online. Precision problems due to unbalanced classes and the small size of some databases were also analyzed. We provided the research gaps and some perspectives from the reviewed papers. Further research works are required for a deep understanding of the use of machine learning techniques in fruit and vegetable studies: collection of large datasets according to different scenarios on fruit and vegetable diseases, evaluation of the effect of climatic variability on the fruit and vegetable yield using AI methods and more abiotic stress studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of crop tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses in agricultural research. Abiotic stresses include environmental factors like drought and extreme temperatures, while biotic stresses involve pests, diseases, and pathogens. Understanding and enhancing crop tolerance to these stresses is crucial for global food security and sustainable crop production. The article highlights various research papers from different countries that focus on topics such as abiotic stress (salinity, drought) and biotic stress (pests, diseases). The research papers explore different strategies, including breeding and genetic engineering, to enhance crop tolerance. [Extracted from the article]

Seed priming is a state-of-the-art, low-cost, and environment-friendly strategy to improve seed germination, seed vigor, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, and the yield of field and horticultural crops. Seed priming involves imbibing the seeds in a priming solution under a desired set of environmental conditions for a period followed by drying before the radicle protrusion. Several seed priming approaches including hydropriming, osmopriming, bio-priming, hormonal priming, nutrient priming, nanoparticle priming, and electropriming can be effectively employed under different environmental conditions to improve crop growth and stress resilience. Seed priming is known to trigger enzymatic, hormonal, physiological, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomic regulations in seed embryos during seed germination and plant growth, which leads to faster and synchronized seed germination and higher abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Furthermore, seed priming can induce cross-tolerance between abiotic and biotic stressors and induce stress memory for higher resilience of the next generation to environmental stresses. The present review paper discusses the applications of seed priming in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and the underlying abiotic and biotic stress tolerance physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of seed priming. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges/bottlenecks in the widespread application of seed priming in crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apoplastic barriers, composed of Casparian strip (CS) and suberin lamellae (SL), are integral to the regulation of water and plant nutrient uptake in plants, as well as their resilience to abiotic stresses. This study systematically examines the research developments and emerging trends in this field from 2003 to 2023, utilizing bibliometric tools such as Web of Science, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer to analyze a dataset of 642 publications. This paper reviews the cooperation of different countries, institutions, and scholars in apoplastic barriers research based on cooperative network analysis. In the field, China has the highest number of publications, the University of Bolton has the highest number of publications, and Niko Geldner is the author with the maximum number of publications. Notably, 27 publications were identified as highly cited, with their research primarily focusing on (1) genes, proteins, enzymes, and hormones regulating the formation of apoplastic barriers; (2) the influence of adversity stress on apoplastic barriers; (3) the chemical components of apoplastic barriers; (4) the evaluations of research progress on apoplastic barriers. Combined with the keyword co-occurrence network diagram, it is proposed that future research directions in this field should be as follows: (1) physiological functions of apoplastic barriers in plant root; (2) differences in the formation of apoplastic barriers with different root systems; (3) methods to promote apoplastic barriers formation; and (4) application of molecular biology techniques. The present study provides a further understanding of the trends in apoplastic barriers, and the data analyzed can be used as a guide for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus, a major global agricultural crop is highly valued for its nutritional benefits and widespread consumption. However, as a subtropical plant, citrus is particularly sensitive to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, waterlogging, nutrient deficiency, high irradiance and cold temperatures. These stresses pose significant challenges to citriculture, reducing yield and fruit quality. Traditional methods like rootstock selection and plant breeding have been used to improve stress tolerance to some extent. Recent advancements in genetic engineering and biotechnology have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind stress tolerance. Identifying and isolating specific genes and transcription factors have led to novel agricultural practices that economically benefit citriculture and mitigate the adverse effects of abiotic stress. This review paper emphasizes and summarises the citrus responses to abiotic stress and strategies developed to enhance stress tolerance in citrus plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water deficit is the main limiting factor in rainfed agricultural production, negatively affecting germination and vegetative development. The objectives of this work were to characterize inbred lines for drought tolerance, to identify the most important root and shoot morphological traits for discriminating genotypes, to compare the efficiency of identifying contrasting inbred lines using uni- and multivariate methods, and to evaluate the effectiveness of identifying drought-tolerant genotypes at seedling and vegetative stages. We assessed 28 popcorn inbred lines and three maize single crosses, two drought-tolerant and one drought-sensitive. At the seedling stage, drought was induced on germitest paper moistened with polyethylene glycol 6000. At the vegetative stage, we applied water stress using lysimeters. We measured root and shoot morphological traits under water stress and no stress and processed the relative values. Uni- and multivariate methods, alone or in combination, were equally efficient for identifying contrasting inbred lines for drought tolerance. The confidence interval and Dunnett's test worked very well when contrasting controls were included. Principal component analysis allowed to discriminate genotypes and identify the most important traits for discriminating them. At the seedling stage, inbred line 22-1824-2 was the most drought-tolerant and 22-1877-3 the most sensitive. At the vegetative stage, inbred lines 22-1920-1 and 22-1867-4 were the most tolerant and 22-1860-5 was the most sensitive. Root length, volume, dry weight, and surface area, as well as water content, were the most important traits for discriminating genotypes. Due to distinct tolerance mechanisms, drought tolerance should be assessed at both stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial from the journal Frontiers in Plant Science titled "The role of lipids in abiotic stress responses." It discusses the importance of lipids in plant responses to environmental stress, such as drought and high temperatures. The editorial highlights the complex relationship between lipids and stress adaptation in plants and emphasizes the need for further research in lipidomics and lipid signaling pathways. The document also mentions specific research papers included in the journal issue, which explore topics such as lipid remodeling in maize hybrids under drought, lipid modulation in peanuts under heat stress, the effect of temperature on lipid accumulation in microalgae, and the identification and expression analysis of KCS genes in soybean in response to abiotic stress. Overall, understanding the role of lipids in stress response is crucial for developing resilient and stress-tolerant crops. [Extracted from the article]

Anthropogenic activities have led to a surge in the use of synthetic chemical compounds in agriculture, elevating environmental toxicity levels. As a response to this concern, there is a growing demand for environmentally friendly solutions. In recent times, the focus has shifted towards the development of cost-effective and ecologically sound organic products known as biostimulants. These innovative products play a pivotal role in enhancing agricultural productivity by fostering comprehensive plant growth and development. Biostimulants encompass a diverse range of natural and synthetic substances, categorized into microbial, non-microbial, and waste-derived sources. When judiciously applied to crops, these substances exhibit the remarkable ability to enhance plant metabolism, bolster productivity, and enhance resilience to adverse environmental conditions. Through modulation of molecular mechanisms and epigenetic alterations, biostimulants achieve this by influencing critical signalling molecules, transcription factors, and hormonal levels, which collectively contribute to stress tolerance. This review paper delves into the burgeoning industrial interest surrounding biostimulants. It sheds light on their intricate modes and mechanisms of action, encompassing both physiochemical and molecular aspects. Furthermore, the paper underscores the captivating potential of biostimulants to induce trans-generational plasticity and metabolite accumulation within plants, a phenomenon warranting deeper exploration through metabolomics. This review paper focusses on valuable insights into the transformative influence of biostimulants on agricultural practices, showcasing their capacity to usher in a new era of sustainable and resilient crop cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a widely distributed neurotransmitter in living organisms, known for its inhibitory role in animals. GABA exerts calming effects on the mind, lowers blood pressure in animals, and enhances stress resistance during the growth and development of plants. Enhancing GABA content in plants has become a focal point of current research. In plants, GABA is synthesized through two metabolic pathways, the GABA shunt and the polyamine degradation pathway, with the GABA shunt being the primary route. Extensive studies have investigated the regulatory mechanisms governing GABA synthesis. At the genetic level, GABA production and degradation can be modulated by gene overexpression, signaling molecule-induced expression, transcription factor regulation, and RNA interference. Additionally, at the level of transporter proteins, increased activity of GABA transporters and proline transporters enhances the transport of glutamate and GABA. The activity of glutamate decarboxylase, a key enzyme in GABA synthesis, along with various external factors, also influences GABA synthesis. This paper summarizes the biological functions, metabolic pathways, and regulatory mechanisms of GABA, providing a theoretical foundation for further research on GABA in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotechnology Bulletin is the property of Biotechnology Bulletin Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Elicitation, the process of stimulating plants to enhance the production of valuable secondary metabolites, has emerged as a significant avenue in the field of plant biotechnology. This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of elicitation, encompassing its mechanisms, the imperative for its utilization, and the diverse array of elicitors employed, including abiotic, biotic, and nanoparticle-based agents. By exploring the intricate signaling pathways and molecular responses triggered by external stimuli in this review, we gain insights into how plants tailor their metabolite production in reaction to their environment. Intricately intertwined with the mechanisms, the types of elicitors utilized are extensively discussed. Abiotic elicitors, encompassing physical factors and chemicals, biotic elicitors involving microbe-derived molecules, plant hormones and symbiotic microorganisms, and the emerging application of nanoparticles as elicitation agents are explored. The review further examines the application of these elicitors in both in-vitro and in-vivo cultures, showcasing their practical utility in controlled laboratory settings and real-world environments. By assessing the efficacy of diverse elicitors, this paper provides valuable insights into tailoring elicitation strategies to enhance secondary metabolite yields for various applications. Addressing the limitations and leveraging emerging technologies will undoubtedly steer elicitation research towards innovative breakthroughs, further enhancing our capacity to harness plants for sustainable and efficient secondary metabolite production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the intensifying global warming trend, extreme heat and drought are becoming more frequent, seriously impacting potato yield and quality. To maintain sustainable potato production, it is necessary to breed new potato varieties that are adaptable to environmental changes and tolerant to adversity. Despite its importance, there is a significant gap in research focused on the potential mechanisms of potato resistance to abiotic stresses like drought and high temperatures. This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent research available in academic databases according to subject keywords about potato drought tolerance and high temperature tolerance with a view to providing an important theoretical basis for the study of potato stress mechanism and the selection and breeding of potato varieties with drought and high-temperature resistance. The suitable relative soil moisture content for potato growth and development is 55% to 85%, and the suitable temperature is 15 °C to 25 °C. The growth and development of potato plants under drought and high-temperature stress conditions are inhibited, and plant morphology is altered, which affects the process of potato stolon formation, tuberization and expansion, ultimately leading to a significant reduction in potato tuber yields and a remarkable degradation of the market grade of tubers, the specific gravity of tubers, and the processing quality of tubers. In addition, stress also adversely affects potato physiological and biochemical characteristics, such as reduction in root diameter and leaf area, decrease in net photosynthetic rate of leaves, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increase in membrane lipid peroxidation. In addition, various types of genes and transcription factors are involved in the response to drought and heat at the molecular level in potato. This paper illustrates the effects of stress on potato growth and development and the molecular mechanisms of potato response to adversity in detail, which is intended to reduce the damage caused by drought and high temperature to potato in the context of global warming and frequent occurrence of extreme weather to ensure potato yield and quality and to further safeguard food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable management of potassium nutrition in alfalfa crop production is one of the major key factors for achieving optimum seed and biomass yields. An inappropriate supply of mineral potassium nutrition in alfalfa production could result in a decrease in biomass and grain yield production, leading to luxury consumption with cost implications. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial leguminous forage crop known for its high protein content, nutritive value, biomass yield production, soil-improving abilities, and livestock feed. Potassium nutrition plays a crucial role in alfalfa production by influencing several physiological processes essential for biomass yield, growth, development, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and stress tolerance. Although several studies have been conducted regarding the role of potassium nutrition in agriculture productivity, only limited research has focused on crop-specific impacts. Therefore, this paper reviews (i) the significant role potassium nutrition plays in alfalfa production along with its implications for quality, yield, growth, and resistance to abiotic stress; (ii) the factors affecting the availability, absorption, and transport of potassium; (iii) the source of potassium and the consequences of inadequate availability; and (iv) highlights some strategies for mitigating potassium nutrient deficiency to optimize alfalfa productivity and sustainability in agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree that occupies 19% of the woody crop area and is cultivated in 67 countries on five continents. The largest olive production region is concentrated in the Mediterranean basin, where the olive tree has had an enormous economic, cultural, and environmental impact since the 7th century BC. In the Mediterranean region, salinity stands out as one of the main abiotic stress factors significantly affecting agricultural production. Moreover, climate change is expected to lead to increased salinization in this region, threatening olive productivity. Salt stress causes combined damage by osmotic stress and ionic toxicity, restricting olive growth and interfering with multiple metabolic processes. A large variability in salinity tolerance among olive cultivars has been described. This paper aims to synthesize information from the published literature on olive adaptations to salt stress and its importance in salinity tolerance. The morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of olive tolerance to salt stress are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotic and abiotic stresses have already seriously restricted the growth and development of Pinus massoniana, thereby influencing the quality and yield of its wood and turpentine. Recent studies have shown that C2H2 zinc finger protein transcription factors play an important role in biotic and abiotic stress response. However, the members and expression patterns of C2H2 TFs in response to stresses in P. massoniana have not been performed. In this paper, 57 C2H2 zinc finger proteins of P. massoniana were identified and divided into five subgroups according to a phylogenetic analysis. In addition, six Q-type PmC2H2-ZFPs containing the plant-specific motif 'QALGGH' were selected for further study under different stresses. The findings demonstrated that PmC2H2-ZFPs exhibit responsiveness towards various abiotic stresses, including drought, NaCl, ABA, PEG, H2O2, etc., as well as biotic stress caused by the pine wood nematode. In addition, PmC2H2-4 and PmC2H2-20 were nuclear localization proteins, and PmC2H2-20 was a transcriptional activator. PmC2H2-20 was selected as a potential transcriptional regulator in response to various stresses in P. massoniana. These findings laid a foundation for further study on the role of PmC2H2-ZFPs in stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylation represents a crucial class of modification that orchestrates a spectrum of regulatory roles in plants, impacting ornamental characteristics, growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. The establishment and maintenance of methylation involve the coordinated actions of multiple regulatory factors. Methyltransferases play a pivotal role by specifically recognizing and methylating targeted sites, which induces alterations in chromatin structure and gene expression, subsequently influencing the release of volatile aromatic substances and the accumulation of pigments in plant petals. In this paper, we review the regulatory mechanisms of methylation modification reactions and their effects on the changes in aromatic substances and pigments in plant petals. We also explore the potential of methylation modifications to unravel the regulatory mechanisms underlying aroma and color in plant petals. This aims to further elucidate the synthesis, metabolism, and regulatory mechanisms of various methylation modifications related to the aroma and color substances in plant petals, thereby providing a theoretical reference for improving the aroma and color of plant petals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]