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While experimental measurements of photon correlations have become routine in laboratories, theoretical access to these quantities for the light generated in complex nanophotonic devices remains a major challenge. Current methods are limited to specific simplified cases and lack generality. Here we present a novel method that provides access to photon statistics resolved in space and frequency in arbitrary electromagnetic environments. Within the macroscopic QED framework, we develop a practical tool to compute electric field correlations for complex quantum systems by including lossy two-level systems that act as field detectors within the system. To make the implementation feasible, we use a recently developed multi-emitter few-mode quantization method to correctly account for fully retarded light propagation to the detectors. We demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique by studying the photon correlations of one and two emitters in close proximity to a plasmonic nanoparticle. The simulations show that even in these relatively simple configurations, the light statistics exhibit a strong angular dependence. These results highlight the importance of going beyond conventional quantum-optical approaches to fully capture the analyzed physical effects and enable the study of the quantum light generation in realistic nanophotonic devices., Comment: v2: updated some figures to ensure they display correctly with all PDF viewers

We report the slow-light enhanced spin-resolved in-plane emission from a single quantum dot (QD) in a photonic crystal waveguide (PCW). The slow light dispersions in PCWs are designed to match the emission wavelengths of single QDs. The resonance between two spin states emitted from a single QD and a slow light mode of a waveguide is investigated under a magnetic field with Faraday configuration. Two spin states of a single QD experience different degrees of enhancement as their emission wavelengths are shifted by combining diamagnetic and Zeeman effects with an optical excitation power control. A circular polarization degree up to 0.81 is achieved by changing the off-resonant excitation power. Strongly polarized photon emission enhanced by a slow light mode shows great potential to attain controllable spin-resolved photon sources for integrated optical quantum networks on chip., Comment: 7 pages,5 figures

Frequency-resolved photon correlations have proven to be a useful resource to unveil nonlinearities hidden in standard observables such as the spectrum or the standard (color-blind) photon correlations. In this manuscript, we analyze the frequency-resolved correlations of the photons being emitted from an optomechanical system where light is nonlinearly coupled to the quantized motion of a mechanical mode of a resonator, but where the quantum nonlinear response is typically hard to evidence. We present and unravel a rich landscape of frequency-resolved correlations, and discuss how the time-delayed correlations can reveal information about the dynamics of the system. We also study the dependence of correlations on relevant parameters such as the single-photon coupling strength, the filtering linewidth, or the thermal noise in the environment. This enriched understanding of the system can trigger new experiments to probe nonlinear phenomena in optomechanics, and provide insights into dynamics of generic nonlinear systems.

The excited state population of single solid-state emitters is subjected to energy fluctuations around the equilibrium driven by the bath and relaxation through the emission of phonons or photons. Simultaneous measurement of the associated spectral dynamics requires a technique with a high spectral and temporal resolution with an additionally high temporal dynamic range. We propose a pulsed excitation-laser analog of Photon-Correlation Fourier Spectroscopy (PCFS), which extracts the lineshape and spectral diffusion dynamics along the emission lifetime trajectory of the emitter, effectively discriminating spectral dynamics from relaxation and bath fluctuations. This lifetime-resolved PCFS correlates photon-pairs at the output arm of a Michelson interferometer in both their time-delay between laser-excitation and photon-detection and the time-delay between two photons. We propose the utility of the technique for systems with changing relative contributions to the emission from multiple states, for example, quantum emitters exhibiting phonon-mediated exchange between different fine-structure states., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures total, including SI

Atomic excitation to excited states in strong laser field is the key to high-order harmonic generation below ionization threshold, yet remains unclear mainly due to the lack of proper detection methods. We propose a frequency-resolved photon-electron spectroscopy technique to reconstruct population of excited states with the second delayed laser pulse. The technique utilizes Fourier transformation to separate ionization from different excited states to different positions on the spectrum. With the advantage of separation, we provide a scheme to reconstruct populations on different excited states after the first pulse. The scheme is validated by high-precision population reconstruction of helium and hydrogen atoms., Comment: 6 pages,3 figures

We propose an alternative formulation of the sensor method presented in [Phys. Rev. Lett 109, 183601 (2012)] for the calculation of frequency-filtered and time-resolved photon correlations. Our approach is based on an algebraic expansion of the joint steady state of quantum emitter and sensors with respect to the emitter-sensor coupling parameter \epsilon. This allows us to express photon correlations in terms of the open quantum dynamics of the emitting system only and ensures that computation of correlations are independent on the choice of a small value of \epsilon. Moreover, using time-dependent perturbation theory, we are able to express the frequency- and time- resolved second-order photon correlation as the addition of three components, each of which gives insight into the physical processes dominating the correlation at different time scales. We consider a bio-inspired vibronic dimer model to illustrate the agreement between the original formulation and our approach., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures

We complete our earlier study of the "direct" part of the cross section and spin asymmetry for the photoproduction process $\gamma N\rightarrow h X$ by analysing the "resolved" contribution, for which the photon couples like a hadron through its parton structure. The incident photon and nucleon are longitudinally polarized and one observes a hadron $h$ at high transverse momentum $p_T$. Soft or collinear gluon emissions generate large logarithmic threshold corrections which we resum to next-to-leading logarithmic order. We compare our results with recent spin asymmetry data by the COMPASS collaboration, highlighting the role of the fragmentation functions., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures

We consider the photon-assisted tunneling (PAT) and the Landau-Zener-Stueckelberg (LZS) interference for double quantum dots induced electrostatically along a semiconducting carbon nanotube. An atomistic tight-binding approach and the time-dependent configuration interaction method are employed for description of the systems of a few confined electrons and holes. We reproduce the patterns of the LZS interference recently observed for the quantum double dots describing transport across hole-localized states. Moreover, we indicate that for charge configurations for which the ground-state is Pauli blocked PAT can be used for resolution of the transitions that involve spin-flip or intervalley transitions without the spin-valley conserving background signal.

We present the characterization of two-dimensionally arranged 64-pixel NbTiN superconducting nanowire single-photon detector array for spatially resolved photon detection. NbTiN films deposited on thermally oxidized Si substrates enabled the high-yield production of high-quality SSPD pixels, and all 64 SSPD pixels showed uniform superconducting characteristics. Furthermore, all of the pixels showed single-photon sensitivity, and 60 of the 64 pixels showed a pulse generation probability higher than 90% after photon absorption. As a result of light irradiation from the single-mode optical fiber at different distances between the fiber tip and the active area, the variations of system detection efficiency in each pixel showed reasonable Gaussian distribution to represent the spatial distributions of photon flux intensity., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

Resources for the manipulation and measurements of high-dimensional photonic signals are crucial for implementing qu$d$it-based applications. Here we propose potentially high-performance, chip-compatible devices for such purposes by exploiting quantum-frequency conversion in nonlinear optical media. Specifically, by using sum-frequency generation in a $\chi^{(2)}$ waveguide we show how mode-resolved photon counting can be accomplished for telecom-band photonic signals subtending multiple temporal modes. Our method is generally applicable to any nonlinear medium with arbitrary dispersion property.

There have been extensive experimental search for possible exciton superfluid in semiconductor electron-hole bilayer systems below liquid Helium temperature. However, exciton superfluid are meta-stable and will eventually decay through emitting photons. Here we show that the light emitted from the excitonic superfluid has unique and unusual features not shared by any other atomic or condensed matter systems. We evaluate angle resolved photon spectrum, momentum distribution curve, energy distribution curve and quasiparticle excitation spectrum in the exciton superfluid and comment on relevant experimental data in both exciton and exciton-polariton systems., Comment: 4+ \epsilon pages, 2 color figures, REVTEX4

We have created heralded coherent state superpositions (CSS), by subtracting up to three photons from a pulse of squeezed vacuum light. To produce such CSSs at a sufficient rate, we used our high-efficiency photon-number-resolving transition edge sensor to detect the subtracted photons. This is the first experiment enabled by and utilizing the full photon-number-resolving capabilities of this detector. The CSS produced by three-photon subtraction had a mean photon number of 2.75 -0.24/+0.06 and a fidelity of 0.59 -0.14/+0.04 with an ideal CSS. This confirms that subtracting more photons results in higher-amplitude CSSs., Comment: Main manuscript and supplementary material

We present angular-resolved correlation measurements between photons after propagation through a three-dimensional disordered medium. The multiple scattering process induces photon correlations that are directly measured for light sources with different photon statistics. We find that multiple scattered photons between different angular directions with angles much larger than the average speckle width are strongly correlated. The time dependence of the angular photon correlation function is investigated and the coherence time of the light source is determined. Our results are found to be in excellent agreement with the continuous mode quantum theory of multiple scattering of light. The presented experimental technique is essential in order to study quantum phenomena in multiple scattering random media such as quantum interference and quantum entanglement of photons., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

We propose and analyze a multi-functional setup consisting of high finesse optical cavities, beam splitters, and phase shifters. The basic scheme projects arbitrary photonic two-mode input states onto the subspace spanned by the product of Fock states |n>|n> with n=0,1,2,.... This protocol does not only provide the possibility to conditionally generate highly entangled photon number states as resource for quantum information protocols but also allows one to test and hence purify this type of quantum states in a communication scenario, which is of great practical importance. The scheme is especially attractive as a generalization to many modes allows for distribution and purification of entanglement in networks. In an alternative working mode, the setup allows of quantum non demolition number resolved photodetection in the optical domain., Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures

We derive the moment generating function for photon emissions from a single molecule driven by laser excitation. The frequencies of the fluoresced photons are explicitly considered. Calculations are performed for the case of a two level dye molecule, showing that measured photon statistics will display a strong and non-intuitive dependence on detector bandwidth. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the anti-bunching phenomenon, associated with negative values of Mandel's Q-parameter, results from correlations between photons with well separated frequencies.

We study single Higgs boson production in gamma gamma collisions proceeding via the hadronic content of the photon. These processes complement previous studies of pair and single Higgs production at e^+e^- colliders. For SM Higgs masses of current theoretical interest, the resolved photon contributions are non-negligible in precision cross section measurements. The charged Higgs cross sections are not competitive with the gamma gamma -> H^+ H^- process and at best might offer some information about quark-Higgs couplings. Finally, resolved photon production of the heavier Higgs bosons, H^0 and A^0 of the MSSM, can probe regions of the SUSY parameter space that will complement other measurements. This last process shows some promise in SUSY Higgs searches and warrants further study., Comment: Additional processes considered, references substantially updated, 19 pages including 9 .eps figures. Uses revtex

We studied single Higgs boson production in $\gamma\gamma$ collisions proceeding via the hadronic content of the photon. For SM Higgs masses of current theoretical interest, the resolved photon contributions are non-negligible in precision cross section measurements. We found that production of the heavier Higgs bosons H^0 and A^0 of the MSSM can probe regions of the SUSY parameter space that will complement other measurements. Finally, we showed that associated t H^\pm production in gamma-gamma collisions can be used to make an accurate determination of tan(beta) for low and high tan(beta)by precision measurements of the gamma gamma to H^\pm t +X cross section., Comment: 3 pages, contributed talk to the 2004 DPF Meeting, Riverside CA, Aug 26-31, 2004, Uses ws-ijmpa.cls

We generalize our previous model for $\gamma^* p$ scattering to $\gamma \gamma$ scattering. Performing a new simultaneous fit to $\gamma^* p$ and $\gamma \gamma$ total cross section we find an optimal set of parameters to describe both processes. We propose new measures of factorization breaking for $\gamma^* \gamma^*$ collisions and present results for our new model., Comment: a talk at international conference PHOTON2005, Warsaw, August/September 2005

We generalize our previous model for $\gamma^* p$ scattering to $\gamma \gamma$ scattering. In the latter case the number of components naturally grows. When using the model parameters from our previous $\gamma^* p$ analysis the model cross section for $\gamma \gamma$ scattering is larger than the corresponding LEP2 experimental data by more than a factor of two. However, performing a new simultaneous fit to $\gamma^* p$ and $\gamma \gamma$ total cross section we can find an optimal set of parameters to describe both processes. We propose new measures of factorization breaking for $\gamma^* \gamma^*$ collisions and present results for our new model., Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures

We consider J/psi photoproduction in e+ e- as well as linear photon colliders. We find that the process is dominated by the resolved photon channel. Both the once-resolved and twice-resolved cross-sections are sensitive to (different combinations of) the colour octet matrix elements. Hence, this may be a good testing ground for colour octet contributions in NRQCD. On the other hand, the once-resolved J/psi production cross-section, particularly in a linear photon collider, is sensitive to the gluon content of the photon. Hence these cross-sections can be used to determine the parton distribution functions, especially the gluon distribution, in a photon, if the colour octet matrix elements are known., Comment: Added a figure on parametrisation dependence of photonic parton densities and some references

After giving a very brief introduction to the resolved photon processes, I will summarise the latest experimental information from HERA, on resolved photon contribution to large pt jet production as well as to direct photon production. I will point out the interesting role that resolved photon processes can play in increasing our understanding of the dynamics of the Quarkonium production. I will then discuss the newer information on the parton content of virtual photons as well as the kt distribution of the partons in the photon. I will end by giving predictions of an eikonalised minijet model for siggg which crucially uses the experimental measurement of the abovementioned kt distribution and comparing them with data., Comment: 16 pages, LaTeX, 7 figures, requires epsfig.sty. Plenary talk presented at Workshop on High Energy Physics Phenomenology, V, January 12-25, 1998, Pune, India

The production of J/Psi mesons in photon photon collisions allows for a test of factorization in color-octet processes as predicted by NRQCD and observed at the Tevatron. We calculate the cross sections for J/Psi production with direct and resolved photons, including also the feed-down from chi_{cJ} and Psi' decays. Our NRQCD predictions are nicely confirmed by recent data from the DELPHI collaboration at CERN LEP2., Comment: Talk presented at the QCD Moriond 2003 conference. 4 pages, 3 postscript figures

We use the color-octet mechanism combined with the two gluon exchange model for the diffractive $J/\psi$ production in resolved photon processes. In the leading logarithmic approximation in QCD, we find that the diffractive $J/\psi$ production cross section is related to the off-diagonal gluon density of the proton, the gluon density of the photon and to the nonperturbative color-octet $^3 S_{1}^{(8)}$ matrix element of $J/\psi$. The cross section is found to be very sensitive to the gluon density of the photon. As a result, this process may provide a wide window for testing the two-gluon exchange model, studying the nature of hard diffractive factorization breaking and may be particularly useful in studying the gluon distribution of the photon. And it may also be a golden place to test the color-octet mechanism proposed by solving the $\psi'(J/\psi)$ surplus problem at the Tevatron., Comment: Revtex, 10 pages, 4 PS figures

A future $ep$ facility, THERA, where electrons of 250 GeV and protons of 920 GeV are collided could provide valuable information on the structure of the photon. With an increase in the centre-of-mass energy of a factor of 3 and an extension of the minimum photon energy fraction carried by the interacting parton of a factor of 10 compared to HERA, a new kinematic regime in the study of the photon will be opened. Inclusive dijet production has been studied and the potential gains the new collider would bring are discussed. The differences between current parametrisations of the photon structure in this new kinematic region are shown to be up to 50%. Comparisons of THERA's capabilities are made with what HERA can currently produce and how it complements $e^+e^-$ colliders addressed., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures (corrected references). To appear in "The THERA Book", DESY-LC-REV-2001-062

It has been found that recent results on forward jet production from deep inelastic scattering can neither be reproduced by models which are based on leading order alpha_s QCD matrix elements and parton showers nor by next-to-leading order calculations. The measurement of forward jet cross sections has been suggested as a promising probe of new small x dynamics and the question is whether these data provide an indication of this. The same question arises for other experimental data in deep inelastic scattering at small x which can not be described by conventional models for deep inelastic scattering. In this paper the influence of resolved photon processes has been investigated and it has been studied to what extent such processes are able to reproduce the data. It is shown that two DGLAP evolution chains from the hard scattering process towards the proton and the photon, respectively, are sufficient to describe effects, observed in the HERA data, which have been attributed to BFKL dynamics., Comment: 15 pages (Latex), 6 figures (Postscript), replaced version because of wrong references

Present data on the partonic content of the photon from LEP, TRISTAN and HERA accelerators are reviewed and the essential aspects of the underlying ideas and methods are pointed out. Results of the unpolarized photon structure function F_2 from DIS_{e gamma} experiments and on large p_T jet production processes in the resolved gamma-gamma collisions are presented for both real and virtual photons. The results of analysis of the hadronic final state accompanying the DIS_{e gamma} measurements, showing some discrepancies with the Monte Carlo models, are collected together and presented as a separate issue. Also results on the DIS_{e gamma} with leptonic final states are shown. The results from resolved real and virtual photon processes at HERA collider based on the single and double jet events, also charged particles and prompt photons, are presented. In the context of virtual photon processes the data for forward jet and forward particle production are included. In addition a short presentation of the recent data on the heavy quark content of the photon is given. Related topics - the polarized (spin dependent) structure functions for the real and virtual photon, the structure function of the electron and the photonic content of the proton are also shortly mentioned., Comment: latex, 220 pages, 195 ps figures; extended and updated version of hep-ph/9806291; to appear in Physics Reports

We calculate the resolved photon contribution to leptoquark production at $e\gamma$ colliders for the center of mass energies $\sqrt s=500$~GeV and 1~TeV. We also calculate the resolved photon contribution to leptoquark production at $e^+ e^-$ colliders for the center of mass energies $\sqrt{s} = 1$~and~2~TeV. In both cases we find that these contributions are considerably larger than the standard contributions considered in the literature., Comment: 9 pages (5 postscript figures in separate uuencoded file), OCIP/C 93-15

We study the production of jet events containing large rapidity gaps in particle colliders due to the resolved photon mechanism. In particular, we analize these events at DESY HERA and future $e^+e^-$ linear colliders, including the possibility of $\gamma\gamma$ laser backscattering beams. These events allow the study of the perturbative pomeron in environments complementary to the hadron-hadron colliders, and also provide insight into the survival probability of the rapidity gaps involving photon initial state., Comment: REVTeX file, 22 pages, 9 uuencoded PostScript figures

Present data on the partonic content of the photon are reviewed. The results on the unpolarized structure functions from DIS experiments and on large pt jet production processes in gamma-gamma and gamma-p collisions are discussed for both real and virtual photons. A few related topics like the QED structure functions of the photon and the structure function of the electron are also shortly discussed., Comment: 104 pages, 107 figures

The production of jets in low $Q^2$ $ep$ scattering (photoproduction) and in low $Q^2$ $e^+e^-$ scattering ($\gamma\gamma$ scattering) allows for testing perturbative QCD and for measuring the proton and photon structure functions. This requires exact theoretical predictions for one- and two-jet cross sections. We describe the theoretical formalism, giving sufficient details, for calculating the direct and resolved processes in $\gamma p$ and $\gamma\gamma$ reactions in next-to-leading order QCD. We present the complete analytical results for the Born terms, the virtual, and the real corrections. To separate singular and regular regions of phase space we use the phase space slicing method with an invariant mass cut-off. In this way, all soft and collinear singularities are either canceled or absorbed into the structure functions. Using a flexible Monte Carlo program, we evaluate the cross sections numerically and perform various tests and comparisons with other calculations. We consider the scale dependence of our results and compare them to data from the experiments H1 and ZEUS at HERA and OPAL at LEP., Comment: 106 pages, 71 figures, uses epsfig.sty and feynman.sty

After a brief review of recent data that confirm qualitative and quantitative predictions for resolved photon processes, a possible problem with the implementation of initial state showering in existing Monte Carlo event generators is pointed out. It is argued that this is responsible for the rather poor description of the jet rapidity distribution measured by the H1 collaboration at HERA., Comment: talk given at the 23rd International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics, Aspen, Colo., Sep. 1993; 6 pages in LaTeX with EQUATIONS.STY, 4 figures (not included, available by fax or snail mail from DREES@WISCPHEN); MAD/PH/797

Direct and resolved photon interactions are shown to be intimately related through the factorization mechanism. It is argued that in theoretically consistent analysis of jet production in $\gamma$p and ep collisions the LO resolved $\gamma$ contribution must be considered together with the NLO direct $\gamma$ component. Recent data from HERA therefore do not provide a direct evidence for the former component, but should rather be interpreted as a manifestation of the $O(\alpha\alpha_s^2)$ term in $\gamma$p and, via the Weizs\"acker-Williams approximation, in ep interactions., Comment: PRA-HEP/93-07, Latex, 10 pages and 5 Postscript figures in 2 PS files appended at the end of Tex file

We review the present level of knowledge of the hadronic structure of the photon, as revealed in interactions involving quarks and gluons ``in" the photon. The concept of photon structure functions is introduced in the description of deep--inelastic $e \gamma$ scattering, and existing parametrizations of the parton densities in the photon are reviewed. We then turn to hard \gamp\ and \gaga\ collisions, where we treat the production of jets, heavy quarks, hard (direct) photons, \jpsi\ mesons, and lepton pairs. We also comment on issues that go beyond perturbation theory, including recent attempts at a comprehensive description of both hard and soft \gamp\ and \gaga\ interactions. We conclude with a list of open problems., Comment: LaTeX with equation.sty, 85 pages, 29 figures (not included). A complete PS file of the paper, including figures, can be obtained via anonymous ftp from ftp://phenom.physics.wisc.edu/pub/preprints/1995/madph-95-898.ps.Z

We propose a modification of the equivalent photon approximation (EPA) for processes which involve the parton content of the photon, to take into account the suppression of the photonic parton fluxes due to the virtuality of the photon. We present simple, physically motivated ans\"atze to model this suppression and show that even though the parton content of the electron no longer factorizes into an electron flux function and a photon structure function, it is still possible to express it as a single integral. We also show that for the TRISTAN experiments its effect can be numerically of the same size as that of the NLO corrections. Further, we discuss a possible measurement at HERA, which can provide an experimental handle on the effect we model through our ans\"atze., Comment: 8 pages, LaTeX with equations.sty, 3 figures (not included); to appear in the Proceedings of "Photon95", Sheffield, April 1995. A complete compressed PS file, including figures, is available via anonymous ftp from ftp://phenom.physics.wisc.edu/pub/preprints/1995/madph-95-891.ps.Z

We review high--energy scattering processes that are sensitive to the hadronic structure of the photon, describing theoretical predictions as well as recent experimental results. These processes include deep--inelastic electron--photon scattering at \eplem\ colliders; and the production of jets, heavy quarks and isolated photons in the collision of real photons at \eplem\ colliders, as well as in photon--proton collisions at $ep$ colliders. We also comment on ``minijet'' based calculations of total $\gamma p$ and \gamgam\ cross--sections, and discuss the possibility that future linear \eplem\ colliders might produce very large photon fluxes due to the ``beamstrahlung'' phenomenon; in the most extreme cases, we predict more than one hadronic \gamgam\ event to occur at every bunch crossing., Comment: 50 pages, latex 23 figures (not included) , available by normal mail, needs equation.sty. added at the end here, BU-TH-92/5, TIFR/TH/92-70