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This paper investigates sun-dried mudbrick architecture in the Minoan Palace at Malia on the north coast of Crete, excavated and studied by the French School at Athens since the beginning of the 20th century. Macroscopic study of the standing architectural remains is combined with geochemical (pXRF and XRD) and petrographic analyses of a selection of mudbrick samples in order to explore patterns and variations in bricklaying, mudbrick recipes, manufacturing practices and mudbrick performance throughout the Pre-, Proto- and Neopalatial periods. The microscopic composition of the mudbricks highlights the consistent procurement of local raw materials, despite marked differences in macroscopic composition related to varying manufacturing processes that impacted mudbrick performance. This diversity is important enough to indicate the completion of the Neopalatial building project by separate teams of builders, whose skills seem to have varied markedly. The participation in the Neopalatial building project of specialised mudbrick ‘master’ builders is attested but the workforce was also drawn from the site’s inhabitants who had the requisite knowledge to produce standing, though significantly less-well performing, mudbrick walls. Maîtres-artisans minoens ? Une étude diachronique de l’architecture en brique dans le palais de l’Âge du Bronze à Malia (Crète) Cet article envisage l’architecture en briques crues du palais minoen de Malia, sur la côte nord de l’île de Crète (Grèce), un édifice fouillé et étudié par l’École française d’Athènes depuis le début du 20e siècle. L’étude macroscopique des vestiges architecturaux est combinée à des analyses géochimiques (pXRF et XRD) et pétrographiques d’une sélection d’échantillons de briques afin d’explorer les tendances et variations concernant la mise en place des éléments dans la maçonnerie, la composition, les techniques de fabrication et la qualité des briques utilisées dans l’édifice au cours des périodes pré-, proto- et néopalatiales (2450-1430 av. J.-C.). La composition microscopique des briques met en évidence l’approvisionnement continu en matériaux locaux, et ce malgré des différences prononcées en ce qui concerne leur composition macroscopique, liée à des processus de fabrication variables et qui ont eu un impact direct sur la qualité des différents types de briques. Cette variété est suffisamment marquée pour avancer l’hypothèse qu’au Néopalatial le projet architectural du palais fut réalisé par différentes équipes de bâtisseurs, dont les compétences en matière de construction semblent avoir notablement varié. Si la participation au projet néopalatial de ‘maîtres’ artisans spécialisés dans la construction en briques est ainsi démontrée, il semble donc qu’une partie de la main-d’oeuvre fut également mobilisée parmi les habitants du site qui disposaient des connaissances suffisantes pour ériger des murs en briques certes durables, mais de moindre qualité.

La piedra constituye el material por excelencia en las edificaciones y el paisaje urbano de Jerez de la Frontera. Su empleo no estuvo exento de conflictos con El Puerto de Santa María, propietaria de la mayoría de canteras de la Sierra de San Cristóbal, de donde se extraía principalmente el material utilizado para las obras. La cal y el yeso que producía Jerez actuaron en parte como moneda de cambio ante la presión de la vecina ciudad portuense. The stone is the material par excellence in the buildings and the urban landscape of Jerez de la Frontera. His employment was not without conflict with El Puerto de Santa María, owner of the majority of quarries in the Sierra de San Cristóbal, where was extracted mainly from the material used for the works. Lime and plaster producing Jerez acted partly as a bargaining under the pressure of the neighboring city of El Puerto de Santa María.

This text draws attention to the so-called Freemasonry movement, which intensified and expanded in Europe in the 18th century. Characterised by freedom of thought and culture, as well as an abundance of ideas, the Age of Enlightenment influenced the mentality of educated intellectuals in the 18th and 19th centuries. Therefore, it is only natural that a large number of intellectuals were members of different Masonic organisations. By promoting the moral development of people, Masons regarded education as one of their main goals. Among them was Fieinrich Theodor von Schön (1773-1856), a prominent politician, Prussian statesman, and well-known figure in education and culture, as well as President of the Gumbinnen district in East Prussia and later Oberpresident (the Chief President) of East and West Prussia. Under his administration, many important reforms related to East Prussia were carried out. Schön became a member of the Masonic Society at the age of 20 (1795). Schön's Masonry is undoubtedly an important element in a careful examination of his activities related to Prussia. Possible reasons behind his decision to became a member of the Freemasonry were the encouragement he received from his father Johann Theodor Schön (1744-1796), who was also a member of a few Masonic lodges, or due to the fact that other professors at the University of Königsberg also belonged or were closely related to the Masonic Society (Christian Jakob Kraus, 1753-1807; Friedrich Leopold von Schrötter, 1743-1815; Theodor Anton Heinrich von Schmalz, 1760-1831 and others). The lecturers who influenced Schön's worldview might also have had an impact on his decision to belong to a Masonic Society. It is important to mention that throughout Schön's activities, he maintained a huge network of contacts and relationships with well-known and important Prussian figures, who were members of different Masonic lodges at that time. Masonic echoes are found in Schön's corres He communicated and corresponded with many well-known personalities who also belonged to various lodges in Prussia (Johann Gottfried Frey, 1762- 1831; Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt, 1769-1859; Karl August Fürst von Hardenberg, 1750-1822 and many others). Schön pursued an education policy favourable to East Prussia. He founded new elementary schools, worked to improve teaching, founded a teaching seminary in Karalene (1811) and contributed to the founding of the Society for Child Care (1827). Schön also founded a newspaper in Gumbinnen to create a connection with the people of East Prussia. These transformations put in motion by Schön are closely linked to the values declared by the Masons - the promotion of education, the improvement of society and the pursuit of philanthropic activities.

The aim of the research is to detect and explicate specific features of the Masonic texts, which characterize the specificity of their perception of the Masonic doctrines

All the architectural elements of a medieval temple, like itself, are common symbolic space where all details represent the idea of God and face either the faithful or to the Creator himself. And in this system are not the masters of mosaic floors Cosmati alien element - in fact, it is nothing like prayer, created in stone, but the prayer of living presented in the complex language of mosaic figures of Christian imagery. In the article on the example of the Roman basilica of Santa-Maria-Maggiore are considered rich semiotic cosmatesque opportunity to express ideas and concepts of his age. Author restores the value style characters, based on the texts of the era and the reconstruction of views of the Middle Ages made by historians of art and religion.

Pitanje utjecaja masonskih loža na događaje u Europi tijekom 18. stoljeća u historiografiji su obrađivali mnogi autori. Na području Mletačke Dalmacije bilježi se nazočnost masona u 18. stoljeću, kako je razvidno iz nekih procesa mletačkoga Svetog Oficija. Na temelju jednoga takvog procesa vođenoga pred inkvizicijskim sudom u Zadru iz 1751. godine razmatra se nazočnost masona u glavnom gradu Mletačke Dalmacije na području Stato da Mar u 18. stoljeću. U hrvatskoj historiografiji navode se podatci o tome da je prva takva loža u Zadru otvorena početkom 19. stoljeća u vrijeme francuske uprave. Zadarski slučaj stavlja se u suodnos sa slučajem zabilježenim na Hvaru 1754. godine, o kojemu se također donose neke nove pojedinosti na temelju objavljenoga i neobjavljenoga arhivskog gradiva iz Državnoga arhiva u Veneciji., The study contains a historical overview of the foundation of the first Masonic Lodge in Zadar (1806), which is based on the analysis of the relevant published sources. Similarly, based on the analysis of the unpublished sources kept in the State Archives in Venice and in Biblioteca del Civico Museo Corer, the author discusses the presence of Masons in Zadar and the attitude of the Venetian authorities towards Masons during the eighteenth century. A comparison of the research results with the facts about the prosecution of the French physician Nicholas Bresson in Hvar, because of his Masonic activities, has revealed some new information about this court trial, too. The investigation procedure against French marquise and cavalier Ludovic from Lussan, held before the Inquisition Court in Zadar in 1751, presently is the oldest known trial against a member of the Masonic organization in the realm of the Venetian Dalmatia in the eighteenth century. Based on the relevant literature and extant primary sources, the author discusses the policy of the Venetian authorities towards Masonic Lodges in the realm of Serenissima and subsequently points out certain new questions regarding the influence of Masons on some social and political turmoil at the end of the eighteenth century.

[ES] Este artículo nació con un deseo, y es hablar de arquitectura de la antigua ciudad de Teotihuacan (México), sin que se omita la labor de los gremios de albañiles que la hicieron posible y cuyas actividades no han figurado dentro de las preocupaciones académicas de los especialistas de esta metrópoli precolombina. Por ello, en el marco de las exploraciones arqueológicas realizadas dentro del barrio teotihuacano de La Ventilla y particularmente del hallazgo de enigmáticos patrones de fosas sobre sus suelos, es que realizamos ejercicios de arqueología experimental con el fin de aproximarnos a algunas operaciones, técnicas y soluciones ingenieriles que cotidianamente realizaban estos albañiles como parte de su subsistencia básica., Un intento por dimensionar la relevancia técnica e importancia social de estos gremios en el universo de la arquitectura antigua., [EN] This article was born with a desire, and talk about architecture of the ancient city of Teotihuacan (Mexico), without the guilds of stonemasons who made it possible and whose activities have not figured within the academic concerns of specialists and this pre-Columbian metropolis. Therefore, as part of archaeological explorations in the Teotihuacan neighborhood of La Ventilla and particularly the discovery of enigmatic patterns of pits on their floors, is that we do exercises of experimental archeology in order to approach some operations, techniques and engineering solutions that routinely performing these builders as part of their basic subsistence., an attempt to scale their technical relevance and social importance of these associations in the universe of ancient architecture.

This publication arose from new and original digital survey work carried out in the north of Cyprus by Romylos Irodotou as part of his De Montfort University MArch dissertation in 2016. From the photogrammetry survey data the authors reconstructed the cathedral church of St George of the Greeks and undertook a historical and proportional analysis of it drawing on wide range of sources and placing its concept and development within a broader context of late medieval architectural practice and orthodox Christian belief. The publication is a significant contribution to the study of byzantine/Christian orthodox architecture in the Levant and proposes a novel design hypothesis based on number and geometry for the characteristic hybrid aisled cross-in-square plan found in churches of this period in this region. The cathedral of St. George of the Greeks was built in the 14th – 15th c. in Famagusta, Cyprus to accommodate the religious needs of the Greek orthodox community living under a Frankish aristocracy. Its design is a hybrid of western European and Greek orthodox architectural traditions which reflect the political and social circumstances of its creation. This paper examines the degree to which the underlying design methods employed can be extrapolat-ed from the physical remains of the building, the historical sources bearing upon its interpretation and comparisons with related structures. Results are presented of a recent (2016) photogrammetric survey of the building and a new digital reconstruction of the church derived from it. These are used to quantify, assess and illustrate a three dimensional armature of regulatory proportions which it is proposed for reasons of ecclesiastical philosophy and practical execution, were employed to shape the building’s physical form.

Статья поступила в редакцию 16.06.2016 г. В статье анализируются «Письма русского путешественника» Н. М. Карамзина. На основе анализа европейской культуры и философии оценивается становление русской мысли XVIII — начала XIX в. In the following article, «Letters of a Russian traveller» by N. M. Karamzin are analysed. Following the example of analysis of prospects of education, European culture and philosophy the development of Russian thought of the XVIII — early XIX century was studied.

The global toll of human suffering and material loss due to disasters has led to growing public concern and expanded institutional response in the form of disaster relief and recovery assistance from individuals, governments, and intergovernmental organizations. Initial humanitarian concern has primarily been focused on dealing with the consequences of disasters. However, we must begin to address the causes of these events while ensuring the implementation of policies to reduce disaster risks or losses. Low- and middle-income countries will experience a doubling of their building stocks in the next 15- 20 years, and it is crucial to assure that this new construction does not recreate and expand the disaster vulnerability of the present. Priority must be placed on the production of safe and resilient cities, communities, and homes. While safer, code-compliant construction may add to initial construction costs, these investments can be balanced against the reduced loss of life and property in future disasters. The agenda provides the international community with an opportunity to leverage regulatory governance as a powerful means to shift the focus from post-disaster relief and response to proactive population protection, disaster prevention, and sustainable and resilient urban development.

Whilst the field of urban history has done so very much to broaden our understanding of Edinburgh’s role as a European capital city, certain aspects of the royal burgh are yet to be studied. An excellent example is the Incorporation of Mary’s Chapel, or the Edinburgh building trades; a diverse community of craftsmen hidden within the capital’s history. Whilst numerous volumes have been published on notable architects, there has never been a full study of the building trades as a corporate body. This seems rather odd, being that Edinburgh is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, with examples of fabric reaching back to the 1100s, and is arguably one of the finest collections of Georgian architecture in the world. Yet despite the archaeological and architectural treasures in Edinburgh, very little attention has been paid to the builders themselves. Fortunately, manuscript and printed records survive considerably well, despite being scattered across numerous repositories. By considering what types of records and objects survive in Edinburgh’s various archives, libraries and museums, this paper will highlight both the challenges and the opportunities for finding the builders of the Scottish capital.

This paper presents masons’ professional practices, which are related to mathematics. It aims to contribute to the area of adult mathematics education and to enlarge knowledge about how mathematics is used at the workplace. Methodologically it was followed an ethnographic approach. The key informants of the study were four masons aged between 40 and 60 years old. Observations and interviews were carried out at the workplace in a civil construction setting in the Lisbon area. Firstly we present masons’ views about schooling and mathematics, as well as the importance that masons confer to mathematics in their profession. Then the paper describes and discusses three episodes observed at masons’ workplace in their professional practices. As a whole these episodes illustrate how mathematical knowledge is imbedded in professional activities. Independently of schooling, masons daily and implicitly apply mathematics. It is this practical knowledge of mathematics that, after being uncovered, is for us educators of most relevance to adult-learning mathematics contexts, because not only does it connect school content and curricula to labour-market necessities, but it also makes use of adult learning experiences to support new mathematical learning.

Спираючись на архівні документи, наукову літературу та матеріали періодики, автор робить спробу дослідити питання про роль масонства в громадсько-політичних процесах у Російській імперії, зокрема в Правобережній Україні, на початку ХХ ст. Basing on the archives documents, scientific literature and materials of the periodic press, the author tries to investigate the role of mason organizations in social-political processes in the Russian empire, including the Right-bank Ukraine, in the early 20th ct. Используя архивные документы, научную литературу и материалы периодики, автор исследует роль масонства в общественно-политических процессах в Российской империи, в том числе Правобережной Украине, в начале ХХ в.

In every conversation about the French Revolution, everyone's mind goes to a spontaneous outburst of the French people against royal and ecclesiastical domination, which took place on the occasion of the economic hardship to which the country was driven by the poor economic management of the politicians and incompetence of the local government by King Louis XVI. Notwithstanding the fact that the French Revolution was a great event that shocked and shook Europe - defeating it in the ensuing wars - and whose counterparts still sound in the Old Continent, we must note that the spontaneity of its outburst is no longer convincing. The European revolutions and uprisings, for example, that followed, convince us otherwise., Unknown Aspects of the French Revolution, {"references":["Τσοπάνης, Κ. (2011), Άγνωστες πτυχές της Γαλλικής Επανάστασης, Archive, 7, σσ. 48-58 DOI 10.5281/zenodo.4550775"]}

The Frankish Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Andravida, in Elis, Greece was an emblematic construction of the crusaders Princes of Achaia that used cross vaults in a manner not attempted before in a territory dominated by Byzantine architecture. Analysis of the construction and structural behaviour shows careful application of rather archaic vaulting techniques and patterns. A key question is how such schemes and technology were transferred into a politically and culturally foreign, almost hostile environment. Comparison with contemporary developments in Byzantine architecture shows research into the spatial role and structural efficiency of vaults and domes but not similar to the gradual disintegration of the envelope in Gothic architecture. It is therefore important to identify the role of patrons and masons in the design of the church. Study of the construction and structural performance using Finite Element analysis showed a well executed conservative design with limited direct input from local practices.

Este estudio critica la teoría que afirma que “la masonería no es secreta sino discreta”, refutando tanto su secretismo como su discreción. Es cuestión de definición, es cuestión de metodología sobre la Historia de la masonería.

This article re-examines Earl Hamilton’s famous 1929 thesis on ‘Profit Inflation’ and the ‘birth of modern industrial capitalism’: namely, that the inflationary forces of the Price Revolution era produced a widening gap between prices and wages, thus providing industrial entrepreneurs with windfall profits, which they reinvested in larger-scale, more capital intensive forms of industry. Hamilton’s analyses of price and wage data for 16th- and 17th-century Spain, France, and England led him to conclude that: Spain had enjoyed virtually no ‘profit inflation’, since wages had generally kept pace with prices; and that early-modern England had experienced the greatest degree of such ‘profit inflation’. Such a contrast in their national economic experiences helps to explain, in Hamilton’s view, why Spain subsequently ‘declined’, while England became the homeland of the modern Industrial Revolution. A major reason for the significance and fame of the Hamilton thesis was its enthusiastic endorsement by John Maynard Keynes, in his Treatise of Money, published the following year, in 1930. Subsequently, the Hamilton ‘profit inflation’ thesis was subjected to severe attacks: by John Nef (1936-37) and David Felix (1956). But they had to rely on the same dubious and indeed often untrustworthy price and wage data for England and France (and of course on Hamilton’s data for Spain, which was of much higher quality). Both rightly noted that the proper comparison had to be made between industrial wages and industrial prices, not the price level in general. Since industrial prices generally rose less than did the overall price level (heavily weighted with foodstuffs), they found much less evidence for ‘profit inflation’ than had Hamilton. Nef developed a counter thesis to argue that sharply rising raw material costs, especially for wood and charcoal, forced industrialists to devise new furnace technologies to burn coal instead of wood or charcoal: changes that not inly reduced such costs but resulted in much larger-scale, more capital-intensive forms of industry. In this revised paper, I offer new data to demonstrate that neither the ‘energy’ nor the new furnace technologies took place until after the 1640s. This study is based on newer sets of price and wage indices that appeared after their publications: those by Phelps Brown and Hopkins for England (which I have modified, after using their data sheets in the LSE Archives), and for this version, additional price date for England. For the southern Netherlands, I have utilized Herman Van der Wee Consumer Price Index. My analyses of both industrial prices and industrial wages suggest that, for England, there is more evidence for potential ‘profit inflation’, in some industries, than Nef or Felix had been willing to concede. But the major discovery was that the Antwerp region continuously experienced, over the 16th and 17th centuries, the contrary phenomenon: what Keynes had called ‘Profit Deflation’ (for him, a truly negative force), in that industrial wages rose faster than industrial prices. And yet indisputably the southern Netherlands had a much more industrialized and more rapidly growing economy than did England, at least until the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568-1609). The concept of ‘profit inflation’ is not, therefore, a useful analytical tool, if based only on labour costs. This study concludes with a brief examination of the effects on inflation on two other factor costs: land, in terms of real rents, and capital, in terms of real interest rates, which did fall with inflation. In all likelihood both such costs did lag behind industrial prices in early-modern England and the Low Countries (and contrary to Eric Kerridge’s 1953 assertions on English rents), though real interest rates lagged more than did real rents. While disputing the Nef thesis, I do analyse the forms and nature of other new, larger-scale industries in this era (mining, metallurgy shipbuilding). I also provide a new appendix on the role of coinage debasements, as an another important monetary factor in determining regional differences in inflation rates; and this contradicts the almost universal assumption that debasements were irrelevant.

The article centers its interest in approaching the problematic of the masonics lodges not only as organizations key of the bourgeois sociability but by the role played in the dynamics of the de nominated «modern» politic, as much in the plane of the ideas, of the liberal values, republican and democratic as in the land of the organizations forms and construction of new identities.El artículo centra su interés en abordar la problemática de las logias masónicas no sólo en tanto entidades clave de la sociabilidad burguesa sino por el papel jugado en la dinámica de la denominada política «moderna», tanto en el plano de las ideas, de los valores liberales, republicanos y democráticos como en el terreno de las formas organizativas y de construcción de nuevas identidades.

En el presente artículo se analiza el papel ejercido por parte de los oficios de la construcción,a saber, carpinteros y picapedreros, en el conflicto de las Germanías de Mallorca (1521-1523),hito histórico que cierra la Baja Edad Media y que supuso un antes y un después en la evoluciónpolítico-social de la isla. Los temas a tratar se centran en su grado de implicación en el conflicto, las acciones subversivas perpetradas, así como los cargos detentados durante la contienda. Se incidirá en el modo en que dichos artesanos consagraron sus conocimientos técnicos y sus servicios profesionales a la causa agermanada, con el fin de demostrar la variada actividad constructiva y cómo esta se adaptó a una época de crisis. The aim of this paper is to analyse the role played by construction workers, that is to say carpenters and masons, throughout the Germanías (brotherhood) conflict. This revolt took place in Majorca between 1521 and 1523 and it is used as a milestone that ends the Late Middle Ages. It also marked a turning point in the political and social evolution of the island. This article deals with the extent of the involvement of construction workers in the conflict, taking into account the subversive actions they committed, as well as the positions held by them during the revolt. Our work focuses on how these craftsmen dedicated their expertise and professional services to the Germanian cause, in order to demonstrate not only the varied building activity there was, but also how this activity managed to adapt to a time of crisis.

One of the most common myths in European economic history, and indeed in Economics itself, is that the Black Death of 1347-48, followed by other waves of bubonic plague, led to an abrupt rise in real wages, for both agricultural labourers and urban artisans – one that led to the so-called ‘Golden Age of the English Labourer’, lasting until the early 16th century. While there is no doubt that real-wages in mid- to late- 15th century England did reach a peak far higher than that ever achieved in past centuries, real wages in England did not, in fact, rise in the immediate aftermath of the Black Death. In southern England, real wages of building craftsmen (rural and urban), having plummeted with the natural disaster of the Great Famine (1315-21), thereafter rose to a new peak in 1336-40. But then their real wages fell during the 1340s, and continued their decline after the onslaught of the Black Death, indeed into the 1360s. Not until the later 1370s – almost thirty years after the Black Death – did real wages finally recover and then rapidly surpass the peak achieved in the late 1330s. Thereafter, the rise in real wages was more or less continuous, though at generally slower rates, during the 15th century, reaching a peak in 1476-80 – at a level not thereafter surpassed until 1886-90, by the usual methods of calculating real wages with index numbers: i.e., by NWI/CPI = RWI [nominal wage index divided by the consumer price index equals the real wage index]. Most of the textbooks that still perpetuate the myth about the role of the Black Death in raising real wages, as an almost immediate consequence, employ a demographic model based on Ricardian economics, which predicts (ceteris paribus) that depopulation will result in falling grain prices and thus in falling rents on grain-producing lands (on land in general) and in rising real wages. The fall in population – perhaps as much as 50 percent by the late 15th century (from the 1310 peak) – presumably altered the land:labour ratio sufficiently to increase the marginal productivity of labour and thus its real wage (though in economic theory the real wage is determined by the marginal revenue product of labour). The rise in real wages would also have been a product of the fall in the cost of living, chiefly determined by bread-grain prices, whose decline would have been the inevitable result of both the abandonment of high-cost marginal lands and the rise in the marginal productivity of agricultural labour. But the evidence produced in this study demonstrates that the Black Death was followed, in England, by almost thirty years of high grain prices – high in both nominal and real terms; and that was a principal reason for the post-Plague behaviour of real wages. This study differs from all traditional models by examining the role of monetary forces in producing deflation in the second and final quarters of the fourteenth century, but severe inflation in between those quarters (i.e., from the early 1340s to the mid 1370s). The analysis of the evidence on money, prices, and wages in this study concludes that monetary forces and the consequent behaviour of the price level – in terms of those deflations and intervening inflation – were the most powerful determinant of the level of real wages (i.e., in terms of the formula: NWI/CPI = RWI). Thus the undisputed rise in nominal or money wages following the Black Death was literally ‘swamped’ by the post-Plague inflation, so that real wages fell. Conversely, the rise of real wages in the second quarter of the fourteenth century was principally due to a deflation in which consumer prices fell much more than did nominal wages. In the final quarter of the century, the even stronger rise in real wages was principally due to another deflation in which consumer prices fell sharply, but one in which, for the first time in recorded English history, nominal wages did not fall: an era that inaugurated the predominance of wage-stickiness in English labour markets for the next six centuries. But that perplexing phenomenon of downward wage-stickiness must be left to other studies. The 14th century is the most violent one before the 20th; and violent disruptions from plague, war, and civil unrest undoubtedly produced severe supply shocks and high (relative) prices. Europe also experienced more severe oscillations in monetary changes and consequently in price levels – i.e., the aforesaid deflations and intervening inflation – during the 14th century than in any other before the 20th.

Slobodne zidare ili, kako se običaje reći, masone, Zakonik kanonskoga prava za Latinsku crkvu iz 1983. godine u kan. 1374. nije poimence spomenuo. Zakonik iz 1983., naime govori općenito da treba kazniti pravednom kaznom, onoga katolika koji bi se upisao u društvo koje rovari protiv Crkve, a onoga tko bi ga promicao ili vodio, interdiktom. Takav stav Katoličke crkve nije protiv vjerske slobode; ona ima pravo donositi zakone za svoje vjernike. Općenito izražavanje crkvenog zakonodavca različito je od propisa Zakonika iz 1917. kan. 2335. i njegovih izvora. Samo dan prije stupanja na snagu Zakonika iz 1983. Kongregacija za nauk vjere 26. studenoga 1983. očitovala se posebnim dokumentom, Quaesitum est, te izjavila da je nauk masonskih "društava nepomirljiv s Crkvenim naukom, da ostaje neizmijenjen negativni stav Crkve u pogledu masonskih društava", te da katolici koji se upišu u masonska društva teško griješe, tako da ih se ne smije pripustiti na svetu pričest. U očitovanju Quaesitum est izričito se spominje očitovanje Kongregacije od 17. veljače 1981., stoje jedan od izvora za kan. 1374. Rad smo razdijelili u tri dijela: 1. Izricanje crkvenih kazni; 2. Kan. 1374.; 3. Stav Katoličke crkve o masonima iz Quaesitum est"., This article, based on the relevant documents of Church, deals with: 1. Natura! right of Church to spell canonical sentences to its members; 2. Canon 1374 of the Code of Canon Law, of the Year 1983 with its sources and the iter of the procedure of canon 1374; 3. At the end, the article deals with the declaration of the Holy Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith, November 26, 1983. The Code of Canon Law from 1983 of the Latin Church in its canon 1374 deals with the associations plotting against Church. The canon stipulates that the catholic who joins such an association should be justlv punished, while the one who promotes or is the leader of such an association should be banned on religious observance, i.e. interdicted. The sources, which the canon 1374 of the Code from 1983 is based on, mentioned specificallv the sects of masons and carbonaros, as well as the legal civil authorities. Our canon does not mention sects, but generallv says "the association"; neither it mentions carbonaros nor legal civil authorities, as it was the case in the earlier Church documents. Such an attitude of the Church after II. Vatican Council raised doubts, especiallv about the attitude of the Church toward masons. In order to clear doubts, only one day before the Code from 1983 čame into force, the Holy Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith had intervened with a Special Declaration Quaesitum est which stated that Church continued regarding masons as associations the doctrine of which was incompatible with the doctrine of the Catholic Church. In consequence, the punishments dealt with in the canon 1374 of the Code from 1983 refer to masons too, the punishment was especially stated by the Congregatlon in the Declaration of February 17, 1981, according to which it is forbidden to take part in the holy communion, as it is also the case in the canon 915. Since the term "Catholic" refers to ali the members of the Catholic Church, i.e. being a member of a masons organisation the believers commit sinns and as such cannot take part in the holy communion.