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The lexical analysis of scientific terms in the works of French-speaking linguists (from F. de Saussure to modern researchers) allows identifying the epistemological reasons for the development of semantics and the formation of polysemy of terminological units. The semantic features of the considered terms determine a new classification of polysemy types depending on the level of terminological abstraction.

Notwithstanding the fact that 幽默 youmo ‘humour’ is a neologism and transliteration coined in the 1920s, the conception has been existing in Chinese civilisation for millennia. The earliest extant treatise on humour in Chinese literature is regarded to be an anthology 笑林 Xiao Lin ‘The Forest of Laughs’ cumulated circa 2ndc CE, yet the most illustrious pre-modern jestbook is a 1791 assemblage entitled 笑林广记 Xiao Lin Guang Ji ‘A Collection of Classic Chinese Jokes’. In the 2000s, stand-up comedy entered China’s entertainment market as a niche cultural import, though it was, and still is, mistranslated into 脱口秀 tuokouxiu ‘talk show’. Recently, stand-up comedy attains visibility in China by means of phenomenal online programmes. I postulate that Chinese stand-up comedy is featured by unique attributes, in that it is disparate from ‘A Collection of Classic Chinese Jokes’ and the traditional theatrical comedy called 相声 xiangsheng ‘cross-talk’, and it is not parallel to its equivalent in the West either. To be more specific, being subject to stringent censorship, stand-up comedy in China is circumspect about content appertaining to (homo)sexual titillation and supernaturalism. Nonetheless, I posit that in terms of inducing humorous effects, contemporary stand-up comedy still evinces similitude to ‘A Collection of Classic Chinese Jokes’ from phonetic, semantic and pragmatic perspectives.

There is often a need for fast and effective communication in modern medicine. Time is often critical when providing care to multiple patients. Medical abbreviations are a form of shorthand that allows healthcare professionals to communicate with one another easily. However, the time and expense of writing acronyms are reduced in case they are clear and familiar to every person involved in communication. Misunderstanding between members of the medical staff often lead to misinterpretations of acronyms and hazard to patients’ health and lives. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze such interrelated phenomena as positive and negative sides of using abbreviations as a way of terminology in medicine, arguments of each of the positions, in order to reduce negative consequences of using abbreviations in modern medical documentation. The material of the study is abbreviations used in modern medical practice. The method of continuous sampling of medical abbreviations from scientific literature and medical documentation was used. The results of the study showed that the most common errors associated with the use of medical abbreviations were the ones in prescribing, incorrect dose/quantity and incorrect preparation of medication. About 80 % of the abbreviations contained in the notes and statements that were handed out were unclear to patients and required clarification by health care providers. Medicine must be based on accurate and correct information, literacy of professional actions, and a sense of the highest responsibility. In this regard, it is necessary to use only standard abbreviations and introduce a ban on the use of abbreviations with ambiguous interpretation. Information in prescriptions, instructions, and statements should be clear and unambiguous, in order to avoid awkward and mundane situations affecting the quality of patients’ perception of the information. All of these factors can contribute to the improvement of the quality of medical care and the patient’s quality of life accordingly.

The concept of polysemy, in other words iştirâk-i lafzî also exists in Arabic language like it exists in every other language. Arabic language scholars have done various research about the concept of iştirâk-i lafzî since very early period. Although most of linguists have accepted that iştirâk-i lafzî exists in the language, some of them have rejected this idea. Each group has provided some sets of reasons supporting their arguments. Even though there exist various terms in Arabic language, such as “el-iştirâk”, “el-müşterek” and “elmüşterekü’l-lafzî”, denoting that a word in Arabic language can have many different meanings, the term “el-iştirâkü’l-lafzî” is the commonly used one in this regard. Due to the fact that the Arabic language is considere to be one of the the oldest written references, the topic has been investigated both in Qur’an and Arabic language (poem and prose) simultaneously. Arab linguists have tried to compare iştirâk-i lafzî (polysemy) with the concepts of “mütebâyin” “müterâdif” and “mütezâd” in terms of similarity, contrast and contradiction as this topic is the part of literal indicators of wordings. In the scope of this research, it is aimed to enlighten the lexical and term meanings of iştirâk-i lafzi, main discussions about the existence of Polysemy in Arabic language, the linguists who accept or do not accept its existence, polysemic direct reasons, negative and positive impacts of polysemy. In conclusion, the subject matters about vucûh and nezâir (homonymy and synonym) and their relation with iştirâk-i lafzî will be explained and the examples stated in Qur’an will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Нейросеть «Шедеврум» представляет собой инновационный инструмент, разработанный для решения сложной лингвистической задачи – разграничения омонимии и полисемии. Омонимия и полисемия представляют собой явления, при которых один и тот же словоформ имеет несколько значений, что может вводить в заблуждение как читателей, так и системы искусственного интеллекта. В статье рассматривается применение нейросетей для решения этой проблемы на примере «Шедеврума».В статье подробно рассматривается процесс обучения и работы нейросети, а также приводятся практические примеры ее применения. Показано, как «Шедеврум» может помочь в разграничении омонимии и полисемии, повысить точность понимания естественного языка системами ИИ и улучшить обработку естественного языка в различных приложениях.

The phenomenon of homonymy in the Ossetian language is considered as one of the complex and multi-aspect problems in Ossetian linguistics and in general linguistic theory. The lack of special works in Ossetian studies makes it relevant to consider this phenomenon in the context of functional homonymy. It is emphasized that the factors complicating the process of studying the conditions of emergence and functioning of homonyms in language and speech are the semantic intersections with polysemy, grammatically diverse “unpredictability”, functional variability, and as a result, the presence of various classifications and definitions within homonyms. An overview of the most well-known classifications of homonyms, analysis of lexicographical sources and literary texts has been made. As a result, the main criteria for “recognizing” functional homonyms have been identified and their differentiation from lexicalgrammatical homonyms in the Ossetian language has been carried out. The analysis has shown a number of difficulties in identifying functional homonyms. The author concludes that morphological instability and the syntactic functions of a word in a sentence can change its semantics, thus transferring it from one type of homonym to another. At the same time, it is noted that the main etymological principle of distinguishing homonyms may be ineffective when considering a larger number of parts of speech.

The name Rattus obiensis Fabre, Portela Miguez, Holden, Fitriana, Semiadi, Musser, & Helgen, was recently applied to a newly discovered species of Rattus known to date only from the Moluccan island of Obi in Indonesia. However, this name is preoccupied by Rattus rattus obiensis Sody, 1941, a name applied to a commensal rat and currently recognized as a synonym of Rattus tanezumi Temminck, 1844. A replacement name, Rattus ombirah Fabre et al., 2024. nom. nov., is here proposed for the endemic Rattus of Obi.

The botanical publications of Boris S. Kharitontsev, who has worked on the flora and vegetation of Tobolsk District (Tyumen Region, south-western Siberia, Russia) for 30 years, make a typical case of grey literature in taxonomic botany. Kharitontsev has described about 400 local "new species" from a single district in this floristically poor territory. Although the taxonomic results of this work are not credible, this vast nomenclatural output requires attention and urges for comprehensive indexing due to requirements of the botanical nomenclature (principles of priority and homonymy). A new species name, Taraxacum stepanekii Sennikov, is proposed for Taraxacum roseolum Kirschner & Štěpánek from Kyrgyzstan, which is an illegitimate later homonym of Taraxacum roseolum Charit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of understanding polysemous words that differ in meaning has dominated discourse in communication studies in recent years. It has not only led to studies on problems of representation between homonymy and polysemy and their linkages in memory, but also involves the various ways that any message can be decoded for understanding. The paper is anchored on two theoretical underpinnings: the framing theory developed by Erving Goffman which explains the use of cognitive skills to make meaning out of individuals' environmental stimuli in daily life; and the relevance theory, which owes its origin to Paul Grice and posits that meaning is first a psychological phenomenon before becoming a linguistic one. The paper examines the concepts of communication production, circulation, use, consumption, distribution, and reproduction, which represent methods by which messages are produced and disseminated; as well as the preferred, the oppositional, and the negotiated forms, which are the major ways that messages are decoded. It also explains how cultural texts or codes, which are essentially systems of meaning whose rules and conventions are shared by members of a culture, lay the foundation for the interpretation of media texts and how 'readers' of media texts can combine their experiences of given media programmes to further communicate such texts to others, a process that is akin to the multi-step flow process of communication by opinion leaders in their extension of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Современная терминология претерпевает массу изменений на протяжении последних нескольких десятков лет. Стремительный рост числа заимствованных терминов ведет к активизации таких процессов, как омонимия и полисемия. Некоторые ученые отрицают само явление омонимии в терминологии, полагая, что проявление многозначности того или иного термина является межсистемной полисемией. Другие рассматривают процесс омонимии как один из основных процессов, происходящих под влиянием заимствований, выделяя для терминологической омонимии отдельные характерные черты, явно отличающие ее от полисемии. В данной статье авторы пытаются выяснить, каковы же основные черты терминологической омонимии и полисемии, в чем их сходство и различие. Авторы демонстрируют точки зрения представителей различных научных школ, рассматривают многочисленные примеры из числа современных медицинских терминов, большая часть которых заимствована из английского языка, проводится анализ. Авторами предпринимается попытка определить основные причины возникновения данных явлений, выявляются основные факторы, способствующие их развитию. Результаты данного исследования могут быть использованы в практических рекомендациях для переводчиков и студентов медиков, а также при создании словарей и профильных методических пособий.

The author of the article considers the development of the differentiating function of the apostrof (apostrophe), which is realized in the contemporary Church Slavonic language in the pronominal paradigm. The comparison of facts in grammars and old-printed editions shows that the application of apostrophe-dissimilator was not presupposed by the Grammar of 1648, and appeared in the course of the work of the Moscow Print Yard correctors (from the Service Book of 1655). It first appeared in the forms yazhe, izhe with the support of productive forms (ya, i), then it spread to the forms im, imzhe (by external analogy with other forms of DatPl) and further to the rest of the pronominal homoforms (by internal analogy). The development of this spelling innovation was consistently reflected in the Moscow editions of the second half of the 17 th century up to its stage-by-stage codification in grammars of 1721, 1723, 1725 and 1733. The pronominal nature of the apostrophe-dissimilator predetermined the limitations in its functioning; however, the acquisition of a differentiating function became a necessary stage in the formation of the system of antistih (anti-verse) in its modern form. The expansion of apostrophe functioning, which has a precedent in the Grammar by F. Maximov (1723), may contribute to the logical completion of this formation. Also, the obtained data on the development of the apostrof (apostrophe) differentiating function can be used to identify Moscow editions along with other innovations, introduced in the period of the Nikon’s correctors work.

The abundance of strategic planning documents and the dynamic nature of strategic planning necessitate the evolution of analysis tools. This study aims to develop a comprehensive methodology for analyzing strategic planning documents using electronic data processing tools. The core of the proposed methodology is content analysis with the identification and synthesis of semantic structures. It relies on tools such as a content analyzer, a semantic and syntactic parser for in-depth text analysis, and a semantic mapping tool for condensing information gathered in the preceding stages. Initially, we identified three key structures to uncover value orientations, combinations of measures, and anticipated outcomes embedded in the documents of several regions of the Russian North and South. Subsequently, the tools mentioned were utilized for language pattern identification, definition, and classification. In the following stage, using a word cloud toolkit (semantic map), which factors in word frequency and collocation strength, visual representations were derived from the pre-processed data provided by the strategic planning documents. The analysis and comparison of the regional strategies under study revealed that Northern regions’ strategies are more balanced and comprehensive in terms of their underlying values. However, the language patterns describing measures taken and their outcomes mainly concentrate on employment. In addition, it should be noted that semantic structures concerning the lives of indigenous peoples of the North were not identified in the course of the analysis. These conclusions can be useful for both improving the content of long-term regional development planning documents and stimulating scholarly discussions regarding the essence of the strategic planning process across different government levels.

Türkçede çok anlamlılık sözcüğüyle karşılanan iştirâk kavramına ilk olarak, 2./8. yy.’da yaşayan Arap dilbilimcisi Sîbeveyhi’nin (ö. 180/796), el-Kitâb isimli eserinde lafızlarla ilgili yapmış olduğu üçlü taksimde rastlanmaktadır. Buna göre lafızlar lafız ve anlamları farklı kelimeler; lafızları farklı, anlamları bir olan kelimeler ve lafızları bir, anlamları farklı kelimeler olarak kendini göstermektedir. O, her ne kadar terim olarak adından bahsetmese de iştirâkı; lafızları bir, anlamları farklı kelimeler şeklinde açıklamıştır. Ondan sonra gelen dil bilginleri de genel olarak bu taksimi esas almış, söz konusu kavramın tanımında bir farklılık kaydedilmemiş ve bu konuda yapılan açıklamalar, verilen örnekler çok az bir değişiklik yapılarak aktarılmıştır. Modern döneme gelindiğinde ise iştirâk kavramıyla ilgili yapılan açıklamaların yine ilk dönemlerde olduğu gibi herhangi bir şart ve kayıt ortaya konulmadan genel olarak ifade edildiği görülür. Yalnız Müneccid bu kavramı, “Mürekkeb (bileşik) değil de müfred (basit) olup hareke ve harf düzenin bir değişikliğe uğramadığı, tek bir çevrede ve aynı zaman dilimi içerisinde özel bir delâletle delâlet eden, yine aralarında herhangi bir mana ve belâgat cihetiyle bir bağın olmadığı lafızlardır” şeklinde tarif ederek ortaya bir çerçeve koymaya çalışmıştır. Öte yandan iştirâkın varlığı meselesi eskiden beri tartışılan bir konudur. Kimileri her lafzın bir anlam için vaz’ edildiğini, bir sözcüğün iki farklı veya birbirine zıt anlamlar için konulmasının dilin açık olması bir tarafa anlam bulanıklığına neden olduğunu, dilin fesâhatını bozduğunu gerekçe göstererek onun varlığını inkâr ederken, kimileri de Arap dilinin zenginliklerinden biri kabul etmişlerdir. Nitekim bu olgu sayesinde sınırlı kelimelerle sınırsız nesne anlatılarak dile bir esneklik kazandırılmaktadır. Ayrıca dilde anlamlar sınırsız, lafızlar ise sınırlı olduğundan müşterek lafızlara olan ihtiyaç kaçınılmazdır. Diğer taraftan iştirâkın bütün dillerdeki yaygınlığına bakıldığında onun evrensel bir tarafının olduğu görülebilir. Müşterek lafızların anlam karışıklığı ve belirsizliğine neden olduğu düşüncesi yerinde olmayıp bu olumsuzlukların bertaraf edilip anlamın tayin edilebilmesi için bağlamın dikkate alınması yeterli olacaktır. Yine müşterek lafızların dilin fesâhatini bozduğu düşüncesi isabetli olmayıp bunlar sözün beliğ ve edebî olmasını sağlamaktadır. Kimileri “bir lafzın iki zıt anlamı ihtiva etmesi” anlamına gelen ezdâd kavramını, “birden çok anlamı taşıması” hakikatinden yola çıkarak iştirâk içerisinde değerlendirmiş, kimileri de müşterek lafızların anlamları arasında (zıtlık vb.) herhangi bir bağın olmaması şartını ileri sürerek Arap diline has müstakil bir kavram olarak nitelemiştir. Yine bazıları eş adlılığı iştirâk/çok anlamlılık kapsamında değerlendirirken bazıları da aralarında anlam ilişkisi olmadığı için eş adlılığın müşterek lafızlardan farklı olduğunu savunmuştur. Bu çalışmada Arap dili kavramlarından biri olan iştirâkın geçmişten günümüze kadar devam eden bir ıstılah olma yolundaki tarihsel seyri irdelenmiş, semantik analize tabi tutularak delâlet gelişimi ve kavramsal çerçevesi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Kavramsal değişimin gösterilebilmesi için doküman analizi yönteminden faydalanılmış ve klasik- modern kaynaklar kronolojik olarak taranarak dönemler arası karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır.

Polysemy is an essential linguistic process that occurs intensively in language. It plays a significant role in creating phraseological combinations and generating various semantic changes in the language. Polysemy should be distinguished from eurysemy (lexical broadness) and homonymy. Polysemy and eurythmy in language and speech reveal some common properties; however, they are essentially different linguistic phenomena. In Eurysemy, the word's meaning is realized similarly through the context, but it does not undergo significant changes. One of the structural components of a polysemous word is a lexico-semantic variation or separate meaning, which is essential in the study of polysemy. Elimination of polysemy - actualization of a particular meaning of a word is carried out in context. There are two opposing views regarding the nature of a word's linguistic meaning in linguistics. The word itself has no lexical meaning and acquires it only in context. The lexical meaning initially enters the word and is only expressed and recognized in context. A polysemantic word implemented within a set of fixed indicators has a phraseologically related meaning, and each combination of a given polysemantic word with a specific hand becomes a separate phrase. The article deals with polysemy in language generally and in literary works. It explains its significant role in creating phraseological combinations and generating semantic changes in the language and other linguistic features.

The text is devoted to a rarely described and analysed problem of a gap in the distribution of aspectual prefixes in Polish. Lexical prefixes do not appear as parts of word-internal morphology of synthetic change of state (COS) verbs suffixed with verbalizing morphemes -e-/-ej-, -ną-, and -owa-. The analysis presented below treats such COS verbs as homonymous pairs of lexical items. The telic homonym is equipped with the result phrase (RP) headed by the zero morpheme, whose appearance blocks the insertion of any other telicizing morpheme in the form of a lexical prefix. The zero morpheme is selected by the verbalizers peculiar to COS verbs of synthetic type. The atelic homonym does not have the RP in its structure and, in consequence, does not include a structural position for telicizing heads in the form of lexical prefixes to be ever inserted. The model strongly supports the distinction between the concepts of telicity and perfectivity in Polish, and by extrapolation – in other Slavic languages.

We address the interaction of various interpretations of lexical items, which leads to a change in the correlation between signifieds and signifiers and the formation of new signs. Addressing the polysemic slogan ‘ОМОН-И-МЫ — АНТОНИМЫ’, we explicate the mechanism of semiotic Perpetuum mobile, that is, the cyclic recursions that allow simultane­ous actualization of various interpretations of this utterance. We demonstrate that the analy­sis of semantic relations in their dynamics requires the introduction of new theoretical con­cepts. The general principle of dynamic semiosis is demonstrated — that is the recursive rela­tions when a signified of one sign through intermediate operations (homonymy and synony­my) becomes a signifier of another and vice versa. In this semantic Perpetuum mobile, no single interpretation reaches the final point. It goes back to the previous state without produc­ing new meanings and signs but repeating the already passed cycle. Each of the co-existing interpretations returns to itself, demonstrating — in a paradoxical and tautological way — Luhman’s concept of paradox and tautology as two only possible states of a self-describing system. The same process, but being considered from the starting point demonstrates the par­adoxicality and tautology of the process of signification.

Recent studies of meaning-sound systematicity haveconsistently found a small but significant positive correlationbetween semantics and phonology. The current study addsfurther evidence from an etymologically distinct language,Korean. Through multiple methods, the study shows thatsimilar sounds tend to have similar meanings in Koreanmonosyllables. Several cultural aspects of the language are alsoquantified. Pure Korean words return stronger meaning-soundcorrelation than Sino-Korean words, which is attributable tothe higher portion of homonyms in Sino-Korean. The mostfrequent words show the strongest systematicity, whichpermeates all of the monosyllables. Certain types of vowelsseem to contribute to this effect.

This article aims to present the development of digital and analog games to be used in portuguese language classes. The focus is on resolving and/or mitigating deviations from the current reference standard, in order to improve writing. As a theoretical framework, the works of Fernandes (2010), Macedo et al. (2000), Boal (2009), Vasconcellos (2003) and Volpato (2017). The starting point was the following hypothesis: if portuguese language teachers used games to teach, in practice, homonymy and graphic accentuation rules, the distances from the current reference standard would be alleviated, at least the most recurrent ones, identified in the students textual productions. It is concluded that games can be used as pedagogical tools, since they mobilize mental schemes that stimulate thinking and the ordering of time and space; integrate several dimensions of personality; favor the acquisition of cognitive behaviors and the development of skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graded readers are a great asset to learners acquiring the vocabulary of another language. Homonyms, on the other hand, are a recognized source of trouble for students with that same goal. Publishers of graded readers control the presentation of old and new words, but does this control extend to homonyms? Are only the word forms controlled for--in which case, the unrelated meanings of match (a pairing and a stick for starting fire) would together constitute two uses of the word? Or would these tally as separate words which, semantically and etymologically, they are? A comparison of a 4.2 million-word corpus of graded readers with previous research on the distributions of homonymic meanings in general English reveals that the meanings presented to learners are frequently quite different to those in general-purpose texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The explanations about the definition of the concept of ishtirāq, which is understood as polysemy in Turkish, are found first in the triple classification regarding the expressions made by the Arab linguist Sībawayh (d. 180/796), who lived in the 2nd/8th century, in his book named “al-Kitāb” Accordingly, the expressions appear as words with different forms and meanings, words with different forms but the same meaning, and words with the same form but different meanings. Although he did not mention it by name as a term, he described the ishtirāq as words with the same form but different meanings. The linguists who came after him generally followed this classification, no difference was recorded in the definition of this concept and the explanations and examples given were transmitted with very little change. In the modern period, it is observed that the explanations made regarding the concept of ishtirāq are generally presented without any specific condition or limitation, as in the early periods. However, al-Munajjid tried to put a framework by defining this concept as “Words that are not compound but simple, in which the movement and letter order do not undergo any change, and which signify with a special signification in a single environment and within the same period of time, and in which there is no connection between them in terms of meaning and eloquence.” The issue of the existence of ishtirāq has been debated; some deny its existence by arguing that each word is coined for a single meaning, and putting two different or opposite meanings into a single word creates ambiguity and uncertainty, which ruins the eloquence of language. Others, however, accept it as a reality of language and consider it a richness of the language. Indeed, thanks to this phenomenon, unlimited objects can be described with limited words, which provides flexibility to the language. Moreover, since meanings in language are limitless but words are limited, the need for common words is inevitable. On the other hand, when we consider the prevalence of ishtirāq in all languages, its universal aspect cannot be ignored. The notion that common words cause confusion and uncertainty in meaning is not correct. Rather, to eliminate these negatives and determine the meaning, it is sufficient to consider the context. Furthermore, the notion that common words damage the eloquence of language is not correct. On the contrary, they ensure that speech is clear and literary. Some have interpreted the concept of "aḍdād" which means "the presence of two opposite meanings in a single word," as part of ishtirāq based on the fact that a word can have multiple meanings. Others have referred to it as a separate concept unique to the Arabic language, arguing that there is no connection between the meanings of the common words, including opposites. Some argue that synonymy should be considered within the scope of polysemy/ multiple meanings, while others claim that because there is no relationship between the meanings, homonymy is different from polysemy. In this study, the historical development of ishtirāq, one of the concepts in the Arabic language, which has been an ongoing term from the past to the present, has been examined, and its semantic analysis has been conducted to reveal its referential development and conceptual framework. Document analysis method was used to demonstrate conceptual change, and classical and modern sources were chronologically reviewed and compared between periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents new data on the interpretation and processing of homonymy in Spanish. The objectives are to define the theoretical concept of homonymy and to offer experimental data on how these units are processed. Firstly, the definition of homonymy is reviewed, from a diachronic and synchronic point of view. Then a brief state of the art on the processing of homonymous words, considering different psycholinguistic studies that have found an ambiguity effect on word processing. Due to the fact that the material of English experiments may be problematic regarding the concept of homonymy that they use, and that the results in Spanish are not consistent, in this paper two experimental studies are presented. They aim to answer two research questions: how homonymy is interpreted in Spanish and how it is processed. All these data have implications for the models of mental representation.

The diversity of a word’s contexts affects its acquisition andprocessing. Can differences between word types such asmonosemes (unambiguous words), polysemes (multiple relatedsenses), and homonyms (multiple unrelated meanings) be re-lated to distributional properties of these words? We tested fortraces of number and relatedness of meaning in vector repre-sentations by comparing the distance between words of eachtype and vector representations of various “contexts”: their dic-tionary definitions (an extreme disambiguating context), theiruse in film subtitles (a natural context), and their semanticneighbours in vector space (a vector-space-internal context).Whereas dictionary definitions reveal a three-way split betweenour word types, the other two contexts produced a two-way splitbetween ambiguous and unambiguous words. These inconsis-tencies align with some discrepancies in behavioural studiesand present a paradox regarding how models learn meaningrelatedness despite natural contexts seemingly lacking suchrelatedness. We argue that viewing ambiguity as a continuumcould resolve many of these issues.

Word Formation Guide (WFG) – one of the services of the Information System of Resources of the Lithuanian Language E. kalba (E -Language). It is intended to quickly and concisely introduce the means of word formation of Lithuanian nouns and the essential regularities of their formation. This guide is intended for the general public, but may also be useful for the specialists in word formation. The article briefly introduces a fast and detailed data search in the WFG. The quick search provides two ways of searching for means of word formation, focusing on their formal expression or derivative and lexical semantics. The detailed search is designed to search according to several features of the word formation means, base, and the semantics of the derivatives. In this search various combinations of the features are possible. Next, the article discusses several problematic issues that arose during the creation of the WFG data structure and data management. This is the homonymy of means of word formation, the classification of initial and final borrowed (neoclassical and other) formatives of words (prefixes, combining forms etc.) and their place in the word formation system of the Lithuanian language, and in the guide under discussion, experimental separation of (lexical) semantic features. In conclusion, the development possibilities of the Word Formation guide are introduced, not only by increasing the number of examples of noun derivatives and compounds but also by redesigning the current data structure and including the word formation data of other parts of speech.

Copyright of Slavistična Revija is the property of Slavisticno Drustvo Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This data paper presents the experimental design and stimuli from an online self-paced reading study on the processing of emojis substituting lexically ambiguous nouns. We recorded reading times for the target ambiguous nouns and for emojis depicting either the intended target referent or a contextually inappropriate homophonous noun. Furthermore, we recorded comprehension accuracy, demographics and a self-assessment of the participants’ emoji usage frequency. The data includes all stimuli used, the raw data, the full JavaScript code for the online experiment, as well as Python and R code for the data analysis. We believe that our dataset may give important insights related to the comprehension mechanisms involved in the cognitive processing of emojis. For interpretation and discussion of the experiment, please see the original article entitled “The processing of emoji-word substitutions: A self-paced-reading study”.

A new generic name, Wilketalia S.Y.Kondr. (nom. nov.; Teloschistaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), is published to replace the name Andina Wilk, Pabijan & Lücking (nom. illeg.), which is an illegitimate later homonym of Andina J.A.Jiménez & M.J.Cano (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) and Andinia (Luer) Luer (Orchidaceae). A new species-rank combination Wilketalia citrinoides (Wilk & Lücking) S.Y.Kondr. (Andina citrinoides ilk & Lücking) is also validated. Brief nomenclatural comments are provided.

The name Rattus obiensis Fabre, Portela Miguez, Holden, Fitriana, Semiadi, Musser, & Helgen, was recently applied to a newly discovered species of Rattus known to date only from the Moluccan island of Obi in Indonesia. However, this name is preoccupied by Rattus rattus obiensis Sody, 1941, a name applied to a commensal rat and currently recognized as a synonym of Rattus tanezumi Temminck, 1844. A replacement name, Rattus ombirah Fabre et al., 2024. nom. nov., is here proposed for the endemic Rattus of Obi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is the property of Institute of the Lithuanian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Athar alrafedain is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arsipoda reidi nom. nov. is proposed for Arsipoda montana D’Alessandro, Samuelson & Biondi, 2016 because the specific name was preoccupied by the species Arsipoda montana Oke, 1932.

В статье рассматривается функционирование стилистического приема “каламбур” в англоязычной автобиографии В.В. Набокова «Speak, Memory!». Приводится типология каламбуров (фонетические, лексические, фразеологические, грамматические), выявляются все случаи бытования данного приема в тексте (40 случаев), используются методы лингвистического, стилистического и семантического анализа каламбуров. Освещаются вопросы специфики бытования каламбура в произведении документального жанра. В результате исследования обнаружены основные функции каламбура, актуальные для В.В. Набокова: создание комического эффекта, сарказм, нарушение ожиданий читателя и др. Результаты работы могут быть применены при чтении курсов по лексикологии и стилистике английского языка, а также в курсе зарубежной литературы.

Previous research with the visual lexical decision task demonstrated that polysemous words (multiple related senses) have a processing advantage when compared to unambiguous words, whereas homonymous words (multiple unrelated meanings) have a processing disadvantage. Although the same pattern of results was observed in Serbian, the two effects were investigated in separate studies. The aim of this study was to test whether the effects can be replicated when both types of ambiguity are presented within the same experimental list. To test this, we conducted three experiments. In the first one, the mixed presentation of unambiguous, homonymous, and polysemous words did not reveal any of the ambiguity effects, leading to the conclusion that the experimental context may affect the emergence of ambiguity effects. The other two experiments were conducted to explicitly control for the experimental context. In both experiments, we presented each ambiguity type within the same block and counterbalanced the order of the block presentation. These experiments revealed the presence of the polysemy advantage, but not the homonymy disadvantage, which is a common pattern in literature. Polysemy effects typically emerge relatively easily, whereas the homonymy disadvantage requires additional conditions. Finally, we conclude that experimental context does play a role in ambiguity processing, although the order of presentation does not affect the overall results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This two-part paper bridges insights from psycholinguistics and from theoretical and computational lexicography to develop a fine-grained classification of polysemy organized along a wider spectrum of sense remoteness of ambiguous words in Polish based on the investigation of a large collection of linguistic data. In the second part, we show that polysemy is not a stable phenomenon and relations between senses may differ across language users. For instance, our fifty-fifty class or borderline cases may be represented differently by different language users depending on their perception of the world, world knowledge, associations. We point to some parameters of variation in the class of polysemy by metonymy and polysemy by metaphor which may affect their sense remoteness and consequently also the way they are represented in the mental lexicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers an unsupervised approach called word sense induction for resolving word sense disambiguation in the natural languages. The resolution of word sense disambiguation is one of the most important tasks in the natural text processing area, as it is the key problem of many other tasks in this field. Clustering of vector word representations was used to resolve sense ambiguity. Word translation into the vector representation was done with the RuBERT language model which was initialized with BERT and pre-trained on the Russian part of Wikipedia and news data language model. The Affinity Propagation algorithm was applied for clustering in this work. The main feature of this algorithm is not to require the number of clusters as an input parameter. Using this algorithm along with the BERT model led us to the resulting score 0.81 ARI that is comparable to other methods and can be used to resolve the word sense disambiguation. The results of this work could be used in such areas as information search, information extracting and different tasks connected with semantic networks.

The author of this paper explains the interpretation of types of homonyms (homophones and homographs), based on the epic Stephen the Little by the Serbian poet Petar II Petrović Njegoš, dating from the epoch of Romanticism. The analysis includes grammatical homonyms, where homonymy is established by individual word forms created through the motion of nouns and their base forms, and paradigmatic homonyms, where homonymy is established by a whole system of word forms created by semantic formation. The analysis also encompasses material from the epics The Mountain Wreath and The Ray of the Microcosm, and certain poems by Njegoš.

The research note deals with the analysis of lexico-semantic means used in the creation of the pun, such as homonymy, polysemy, and also morphological and syntactical means including re-grouping of syllables inside the phrase. Research material comprises puns by the Spanish author Caco Santacruz about the inhabitants of La Gomera Island. The aim of the article is to reveal lexico-semantic ways of creation of the author’s jokes based on the use of the pun. Therefore, the definition of the pun in multilingual resources has been analysed. To reveal the ambiguity, the context in which the pun is used is needed, which we define as a communicative situation of ambiguity created by the author to reach the humorous effect. Most of the analysed jokes contain a dialogue of two people who understand the meaning of the phrase in their own way, creating imaginary misunderstanding based on polysemy or homonymy. The regrouping of syllables and polysemic grammatical meaning of prepositions are among the morphological and syntactical means of pun creation. The means of making a pun used by Santacruz includes pseudo-words, based on the creation of new words on the analogy of word-formation to reach the humorous effect. Future studies of the use of the pun as a source of humour may be focused on the analysis of linguistic means of pun creation on the material of other European languages in order to reveal the common patterns of pun creation and differences, conditioned by linguistic peculiarities of the correspondent language systems. The term ‘pun context’ may be applied to further studies of ambiguity created by the author.

Copyright of Sintagma: Revista de Linguistica is the property of Sintagma: Revista de Linguistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research note deals with the analysis of lexico-semantic means used in the creation of the pun, such as homonymy, polysemy, and also morphological and syntactical means including regrouping of syllables inside the phrase. Research material comprises puns by the Spanish author Caco Santacruz about the inhabitants of La Gomera Island. The aim of the article is to reveal lexico-semantic ways of creation of the author's jokes based on the use of the pun. Therefore, the definition of the pun in multilingual resources has been analysed. To reveal the ambiguity, the context in which the pun is used is needed, which we define as a communicative situation of ambiguity created by the author to reach the humorous effect. Most of the analysed jokes contain a dialogue of two people who understand the meaning of the phrase in their own way, creating an apparent misunderstanding based on polysemy or homonymy. The regrouping of syllables and polysemic grammatical meaning of prepositions are among the morphological and syntactical means of pun creation. The means of making a pun used by Santacruz include pseudo-words or pseudonyms, based on the creation of new words by analogy in terms of wordformation to reach the humorous effect. Future studies of the use of the pun as a source of humour may be focused on the analysis of linguistic means of pun creation on the material of other European languages in order to reveal the common patterns of pun creation and differences conditioned by linguistic peculiarities of the correspondent language systems. The term "pun context" may be applied to further studies of ambiguity created by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In L'animal que donc je suis Jacques Derrida suggests that the question of what would be proper to the animal should 'change tune'. I read this extraordinary passage, in which Derrida calls for us to lend an ear to an 'unheard-of music' that neither emancipates the non-human nor condemns it to inarticulate noise, in conjunction with the nexus of animality, telephony and the cri de la littérature that unfolds in Hélène Cixous's writing, exploring the significant role assumed by the sonorous in these descriptions of non-human life. For Cixous, the telephonic power of near-instantaneous substitution and of prostheticity is inseparable from the sounds produced by the coterie of animals that populate the writings of these two authors. What is intriguing is that this bestiary is almost always said with a certain homonymy or homophony. Hence this article traces what I dub an 'homofaunie' echoing Cixous's series of puns and neologisms such as '(t)elefaun' and '(t)elephantasy' that capture Derrida's attention. The article asks what is at stake for theorizing non-human life - not just animal but also plant and so-called inanimate life - if the mode of questioning is to be redirected by a specifically aural attunement in which listening itself is retuned under the guidance of untranslatable homophony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of all the sounds perceived by a person, the most important for him or her, of course, are the sounds of speech; these sounds allow people to communicate with each other. A person may become socially isolated in case he fails to communicate with native or foreign speakers if he looses hearing. A prerequisite to integrate a hearing-impaired person into the society is to improve their ability to visual perceive speech, i.e. to read words from the speaker’s lips. A person can visually perceive articulated speech to communicate with other people; this is an effective but difficult way to communicate. This happens because the communication process is accompanied by a number of problems caused by homonymous words in speech. The formal similarity between the phonetic and articulation shells of words with different meanings is misleading. The similarity also suggests the words are interchangeable, so the meaning of the words gets distorted. The paper investigates lexical homonymy as a barrier between people to communicate when they read from lips. To investigate the intralingual and interlingual lexical homonyms, we compare speech elements of the Russian language and a number of foreign languages. We review the dictionaries of the most common languages in order to identify interlingual homonyms in the dictionaries, similar to the words of the Russian language with phonetic and articulatory shells. We compared homonyms of these languages to analyze the issues of formal similarity and differences at the lexical level of homonyms. We present an example of how to compute the probability to correctly recognize homonymous words of the Russian language by their graphemes, phonemes, and visemes. We draw attention to read intra-language homonyms from the lips. For this we worked out an example of the homonyms of Russian language. Also, we emphasize inter-language homonyms as people verbally communicate in different language systems. We briefly describe a multimedia program to teach users to read from lips. The program reveals the nuances of words with similar visemes of different language systems and controls if the users correctly recognize the visemes.

The article considers phonetic variants of English proper names that comprise homographic groups, and some impairments during their registration in pronouncing dictionaries. The authors present the results of lexicographic and comparative analysis of units extracted from two pronouncing dictionaries: “Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary” by D. Jones and “Longman Pronunciation Dictionary” by J. Wells using the continuous sampling method. Particular attention is focused on the methods of registration and completeness of phonetic notation of homographs pronunciation. A number of peculiarities are noted in recording semantics, phonetic-and-orthographic variations in some homogroups in British and American English. Clear inconsistency and insufficiency of lexicographic parametrization of both homographic proper names and their national and social pronunciation variants, as well as the meanings of common and proper names are revealed. The conclusion is made about the accuracy of “Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary” in terms of registering several British and American variants of onyms pronunciation, supplemented by additional comments on the phonetic variants and meanings of numerous types of proper names (anthroponyms, toponyms, ergonyms). The data obtained are required for differentiating the meanings of proper names, correct use of onyms and appellatives in oral speech, as well as for compiling dictionaries and reference books.

In modern philological science, similar in sound but different in meaning words are called interlingual homonyms or, as they are often called in the circles of philologists and translators, “false friends”. Such “false friends” are “real enemies” for translators. However, there is no difference whether translation is carried out between related language groups or into other foreign languages. In this work, we will study and disclose the problems of translation and interpretation of interlingual homonyms in Spanish and Italian, being part of the group of Romance languages. The problem posed is one of the most complicated touching important aspects of the activities of modern translators. And the goal of this work is to analyze the problem of translating interlingual homonyms with the subsequent proposal to simplify understanding and study the phenomenon of homonymy. It is assumed that the list of Spanish-Italian homonyms presented in the research can be of substantial help in the practice of teaching these languages for both foreign students from European countries and students who are fluent in Italian or Spanish. In the future, our methodological developments can form the basis of a special textbook on Spanish-Italian vocabulary, oriented primarily for European students and taking into account the problem of interlingual interference. In addition to the list of interlingual homonyms, the authors created a bilateral dialogue between native speakers of Spanish and Italian, where a simple, at first glance, conversation from life that leads to unpredictable unfolding and to no less unexpected ending, perfectly demonstrates what ignorance can lead to misunderstandings without clear interpretation of certain words. The authors propose to use a visual demonstration of interlingual homonyms in such situational dialogues, which will help students and translators to clearly understand the differences between certain words, and, accordingly, facilitate the perception of the material under consideration.

The aim of the article is the analysis of the language of information technologies, the identification and description of its main features and its formation process. Lexical units of the language of information technologies and computer terms are studied on the basis of academic, technical and popular Russian and English scientific texts. Unlike the language of mass media, business, scientific, advertising, political, pedagogical, artistic, domestic and other discourses, the language of information technologies has not been sufficiently researched. There are practically no systematic and consistent works devoted to its formation. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the focus on the study of modern language tools that reflect the development of information and communication technologies for the effective implementation of professional communication in the context of globalization. The research employs general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization, as well as the method of electronic search in multimedia dictionaries and Internet resources. The article reveals the process of the formation of the language of information technologies: the emergence of the English neologisms and the adaptation of English-language borrowings in the Russian language. It also analyses the general use of modern computer terminology and its functioning in scientific discourse. The author concludes that the language in the field of information technology is constantly contributing to the lexical and phraseological systems of Russian and other languages, borrowing and accumulating English terms through replication, transliteration, transcription and other means of translation. In the process of the formation of the IT language, the appearance of numerous slang and jargon terms is observed.

The article discusses questions regarding non-derivative and derivative homonyms by the example of verbs of the Russian and Uzbek languages. In sight are the problems of distinguishing polysemy and homonymy, the criteria for determining their boundaries. The basis of the study is the study of the internal structure of the word. The classification of non-derivative and derivative verbs-homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages is presented taking into account the ways of their formation, derivative and non-derivative lexemes depending on the place in the word-building nest. Examples of word-formation types, in particular, affix word-formation methods inherent in the formation of verbal homonyms in the comparable Russian and Uzbek languages are given. The article also deals with the features and distinctive properties of lexical, derivational homonyms, examples of reflected homonymy in the system of derivational nests are given. Word-building nests are considered as the main criterion for determining the production and non-production of verbal homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages. The classification of non-derivative and derivative homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages is developed. Examples of compiling word-formation nests of verbs in the Uzbek language are given, taking into account the possibility of the formation of the largest number of derivatives in the structure of nests. Consequently, fragments are shown regarding the organization of reflected homonymy in both Russian and Uzbek languages. The analysis results indicate that the phenomenon of homonymy in the Russian and Uzbek languages has regular and systemic character. The regularity of relationships and interactions of lexical paradigms of comparable languages in the formation of derivatives, in particular, reflected homonyms, is argued. An important place in this is given to homonymy, arising due to the homonymy of foundations and affixes.

This paper introduces Parsleya nomen novum, a replacement name for the preoccupied Kailidiscus Zhao, Sumrall, Parsley et Peng, 2010.

This paper discusses morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties of Portuguese modal verbs. Following the assumptions from Generative Grammar, this case-study approaches two very important issues for the characterization of modal verbs, having to do which concern their both either homonymic or polysemic status. By reanalyzing the "lexical" counterpart of these verbs as well as their "auxiliary" side, the present work claims that there is only a lexical entry for dever and poder and that the properties of their structure and interpretation depend on the syntax, not on the lexicon. Hence, this paper argues for a MODAL category, not as a descriptive label, but as a grammar prime, and shows the both empirical and theoretical consequences of this proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]