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3. Massless Neutrino Oscillations via Quantum Tunneling

Author

Zhao, Hai-Long

Subjects
Physics - General Physics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

In the present theory, the masses of neutrinos are required in order to realize oscillations. By analogy with the oscillation of quantum two-state system, we assume that neutrino oscillations may be regarded as quantum tunneling process. The difference of the quantum numbers between two particles may build a barrier. Thus neutrinos with vanishing mass will oscillate. The hypothesis can also be applied to the lepton flavor violation and quark mixing as well as the oscillation of neutral kaons. We point out that quark mixing is the consequence of quark oscillations via barrier tunneling in hadrons as bound states, while neutrinos oscillate as free particles. We expect that the recent experimental results on anomalous magnetic moment of the muon and the breaking of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays will be explained with flavor-changing via barrier tunneling instead of introducing new interactions and particles., Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure

Published
2015

4. Explanation of Superluminal Phenomena Based on Wave-Particle Duality and Proposed Optical Experiments

Author

Zhao, Hai-Long

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Physics - Optics
Abstract

An explanation for superluminal phenomena based on wave-particle duality of photons is suggested. A single photon may be regarded as a wave packet, whose spatial extension is its coherence volume. As a photon propagates as a wave train in vacuum, its velocity is just the speed of light. When it tunnels through a barrier as a particle, its wave function collapses and it will travel faster than light. Superluminal motion can occur only within the coherence length and the time constrained by uncertainty principle. A massive particle cannot be superluminal during the tunneling process. So superluminality does not violate causality. As for the superluminal and negative group velocities in anomalously dispersive medium, they are merely reshaping effect of the pulse, and they will become subluminal at large distances. A couple of experiments are proposed to test the superluminal phenomena., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures

Published
2014

5. On the Implication of Bell's Probability Distribution and Proposed Experiments of Quantum Measurement

Author

Zhao, Hai-Long

Subjects
Physics - General Physics, Quantum Physics
Abstract

In the derivation of Bell's inequalities, probability distribution is supposed to be a function of only hidden variable. We point out that the true implication of the probability distribution of Bell's correlation function is the distribution of the joint measurement outcomes on the two sides. So it is a function of both hidden variable and settings. In this case, Bell's inequalities fail. Our further analysis shows that Bell's locality holds neither for dependent events nor for independent events. We think that the measurements of EPR pairs are dependent events, thus violation of Bell's inequalities cannot rule out the existence of local hidden variable. In order to explain the results of EPR-type experiments, we suppose that polarization entangled photon pair can be composed of two circularly or linearly polarized photons with correlated hidden variables, and a couple of experiments of quantum measurement are proposed. The first uses delayed measurement on one photon of the EPR pair to demonstrate directly whether measurement on the other could have any non-local influence on it. Then several experiments are suggested to reveal the components of polarization entangled photon pair. The last one uses successive polarization measurements on a pair of EPR photons to show that two photons with a same quantum state will behave in the same way under the same measuring condition., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures

Published
2009
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6. Locally Lorentz-Covariant Theory of Gravity Founded on Inertial Frame of Center of Mass

Author

Zhao, Hai-Long

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

A Locally Lorentz-covariant theory of gravity which is equivalent to general relativity in weak gravitational field is present. The space-time standard in local gravitational field is modified in terms of equivalence principle to keep consistent with that of inertial frame. The static metric in our theory agrees with Schwarzschild metric at first order approximation. The gravitational vector potential produced by a moving body is obtained by applying local Lorentz transformations in gravitational field. On the other hand, we still regard inertial frame, i.e. center of mass of the system, as the preferred frame of reference. This is because Newton's laws of motion hold only for inertial frames. The apsidal motion of binary system and the expansion of the universe can be explained reasonably when observed from inertial frame. Black holes and singularities do not exist in our theory., Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures

Published
2005

8. Quantum mechanical calculation of electron spin

Author

Zhao Hai-Long

Subjects
electron spin, wave function, anomalous magnetic moment, divergence of self-energy, hierarchy problem, 03.65.ge, 11.10.gh, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The classical and quantum mechanical methods are used respectively to calculate the electron spin. It is shown that the classical method cannot derive the correct magnetic moment value. Assuming that the rest energy of the electron originates from the kinetic energy of the virtual particles, the electron spin motion equation and spin wave function can be derived. In the case of the quantum numbers of spin angular momentum and magnetic moment being 1/2 and 1 respectively, their correct values can be obtained. In the meanwhile, the anomalous magnetic moment is evaluated based on the wave function of the spinning electron. Suppose the probability of virtual photons converting into electron-positron pairs to be 0.00141, the result agrees with that of quantum electrodynamics. Given that the energy of the virtual photon obeys the classical Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, the self-energy of the electron will be finite. In addition, the hierarchy problem can be solved with the same hypothesis.

Published
2017
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13. Transcriptome approach to understand the potential mechanisms of resistant and susceptible alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars in response to aphid feeding

Author

Zhao Hai-long, Tu Xiongbing, and Zhang Ze-hua

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, alfalfa cultivar resistance, Agriculture (General), Plant Science, Biology, Biochemistry, S1-972, Transcriptome, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Food Animals, Botany, Cultivar, Plant breeding, KEGG, Ecology, Phenylpropanoid, Jasmonic acid, fungi, food and beverages, transcriptomic, aphids, 030104 developmental biology, Flavonoid biosynthesis, chemistry, Animal Science and Zoology, molecular mechanism, Agronomy and Crop Science, Salicylic acid, Food Science
Abstract

Plant breeding for resistance to agricultural pests is an essential element in the development of integrated crop management systems, however, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying resistance are poorly understood. In this pilot study, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of a resistant (R) and susceptible (S) variety of alfalfa, with (+A) or without (–A) aphids (totally four treatments). We used the resistant cultivar Zhongmu 1 and the susceptible cultivar Soca. A total of 3 549 mRNAs were differentially expressed, of which 1 738 up-regulated and 1 307 down-regulated genes were identified in S+A/S–A plants, while 543 up-regulated and 331 down-regulated genes were identified in the R+A/R–A plants. KEGG analysis mapped 112 and 546 differentially expressed genes to 8 and 17 substantially enriched pathways for Zhongmu 1 and Soca, respectively. Six shared pathways were linked to plant resistance traits, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis associated with salicylic acid synthesis, and linoleic acid metabolism associated with both jasmonic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Ultimately, we proposed a preliminary regulatory mechanism of alfalfa cultivar resistance response to aphids feeding based on transcriptome analyses and published documents.

Published
2018

14. Exploring the relationship of peripheral total bilirubin, red blood cell, and hemoglobin with blood pressure during childhood and adolescence

Author

Chen, Xiao-tian, Yang, Song, Yang, Ya-ming, Zhao, Hai-long, Chen, Yan-chun, Zhao, Xiang-hai, Wen, Jin-bo, Tian, Yuan-rui, Yan, Wei-li, and Shen, Chong

Subjects
Erythrocyte, Bilirrubina, Hemoglobina, Pressão arterial, Eritrócito, Blood pressure, Bilirubin, Hemoglobin
Abstract

Objective: Total bilirubin is beneficial for protecting cardiovascular diseases in adults. The authors aimed to investigate the association of total bilirubin, red blood cell, and hemoglobin levels with the prevalence of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 3776 students (aged from 6 to 16 years old) were examined using cluster sampling. Pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure were respectively defined as the point of 90th and 95th percentiles based on the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were standardized into z-scores. Results: Peripheral total bilirubin, red blood cell and hemoglobin levels were significantly correlated with age, and also varied with gender. Peripheral total bilirubin was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure in 6- and 9-year-old boys, whilst positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure in the 12-year-old boys and 13- to 15-year-old girls (p < 0.05). Higher levels of red blood cell and hemoglobin were observed in pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure students when compared with their normotensive peers (p < 0.01). The increases in red blood cell and hemoglobin were significantly associated with high blood pressure after adjusting for confounding factors. The ORs (95% CI) of each of the increases were 2.44 (1.52-3.92) and 1.04 (1.03-1.06), respectively. No statistical association between total bilirubin and high blood pressure was observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Total bilirubin could be weakly correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as correlations varied with age and gender in children and adolescents; in turn, the increased levels of red blood cell and hemoglobin are proposed to be positively associated with the prevalence of high blood pressure. Resumo Objetivo: A bilirrubina total é benéfica para proteger contra doenças cardiovasculares em adultos. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a associação dos níveis de bilirrubina total, glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina com a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Um total de 3.776 estudantes (com idade entre 6-16 anos) foram examinados utilizando uma amostra em blocos. A pressão arterial elevada anterior e a pressão arterial elevada foram definidas como o 90° e 95° percentil, respectivamente, com base nos critérios do Quarto Relatório sobre Diagnóstico, Avaliação e Tratamento da Pressão Arterial elevada em Crianças e Adolescentes. A pressão arterial sistólica e pressão arterial diastólica foram padronizadas no escore z. Resultados: Os níveis periféricos de bilirrubina total, glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina foram significativamente correlacionados à idade, que também variou de acordo com o sexo. A bilirrubina total periférica apresentou uma correlação negativa com a pressão arterial sistólica em meninos com 6 e 9 anos, ao passo que apresentou uma correlação positiva com a pressão arterial diastólica em meninos de 12 anos e meninas de 13 a 15 anos (p < 0,05). Foram observados níveis mais elevados de glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina em estudantes com pressão arterial elevada anterior e pressão arterial elevada em comparação a indivíduos normotensos (p < 0,01). Os aumentos de glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina tiveram uma associação significativa com a pressão arterial elevada após ajuste dos fatores de confusão. As RC (IC de 95%) de cada um dos aumentos foram 2,44 (1,52-3,92) e 1,04 (1,03-1,06) respectivamente. Não foi observada nenhuma associação estatística entre o nível de bilirrubina total e a pressão arterial elevada (p > 0,05). Conclusão: A bilirrubina total pode ter correlações fracas com a pressão arterial sistólica e a pressão arterial diastólica, variando de acordo com a idade e o sexo em crianças e adolescentes, enquanto isso, propõe-se que o aumento dos níveis de glóbulos vermelhos e hemoglobina está positivamente associado à prevalência de pressão arterial elevada.

Published
2018

16. Investigation on dynamic effects of frame with specially shaped columns subjected to column failure

Author

Wang, Tie-cheng, Chen, Qing-wei, Zhao, Hai-long, Zhang, Lei, Wang, Tie-cheng, Chen, Qing-wei, Zhao, Hai-long, and Zhang, Lei

Abstract

Dynamic effects caused by sudden failure of the vertical load-bearing component are an important factor affecting the progressive collapse of building. In order to study the influence of dynamic effects on structure, a collapse experiment of a 1/3-scale, 2×3-bay and 2-story reinforced concrete frame with specially shaped columns with sudden column removal were carried out. The displacement response, reinforcement and concrete strains during the collapse of the frame were studied to reveal the dynamic response of structure such as deformation and internal force redistribution. Experimental results show that the influence of dynamic effects on structure at the moment of component failure was not significant. The structure was still in the elastic stage and collapse did not occur, indicating that reinforced concrete frame designed according to Chinese codes has a good behavior against progressive collapse caused by sudden loss of a first floor column. A progressive collapse dynamic analysis model was established using the alternate path method based on the test frame, and the relationship between the dynamic amplification factors and failure time were derived. Transient time history analysis was carried out on the finite element model of experimental frame using OpenSees to obtain the variation of dynamic amplification factor with the failure time.

Published
2015

17. Transcriptome approach to understand the potential mechanisms of resistant and susceptible alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) cultivars in response to aphid feeding

Author

TU, Xiong-bing, ZHAO, Hai-long, and ZHANG, Ze-hua

Abstract

Plant breeding for resistance to agricultural pests is an essential element in the development of integrated crop management systems, however, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying resistance are poorly understood. In this pilot study, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of a resistant (R) and susceptible (S) variety of alfalfa, with (+A) or without (–A) aphids (totally four treatments). We used the resistant cultivar Zhongmu 1 and the susceptible cultivar Soca. A total of 3 549 mRNAs were differentially expressed, of which 1 738 up-regulated and 1 307 down-regulated genes were identified in S+A/S–A plants, while 543 up-regulated and 331 down-regulated genes were identified in the R+A/R–A plants. KEGG analysis mapped 112 and 546 differentially expressed genes to 8 and 17 substantially enriched pathways for Zhongmu 1 and Soca, respectively. Six shared pathways were linked to plant resistance traits, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis associated with salicylic acid synthesis, and linoleic acid metabolism associated with both jasmonic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Ultimately, we proposed a preliminary regulatory mechanism of alfalfa cultivar resistance response to aphids feeding based on transcriptome analyses and published documents.

Published
2018
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20. Structural dynamic response analysis on structure under tsunami bore impact

Author

Wang, Tie Cheng, Meng, Tao, Zhao, Hai Long, Wang, Tie Cheng, Meng, Tao, and Zhao, Hai Long

Abstract

The forefront of the tsunami bore has extremely strong turbulent intensity, vorticity, and impact force. It generates tremendous impact effect on the coastal structures, which is the direct reason of the damage and destruction of the structures. On the basis of the computational fluid dynamic theory, this paper applied fluid volume method to capture the free surface motion of the tsunami waves and developed a 3D wave numerical model of an experiment of dam-break tsunami bore impact on a structure. The effectiveness of the model was also validated. The model was then applied to numerically analyze the dynamic impact effect of a tsunami bore on the structure of a full-scale reinforced concrete frame. It resolved the dynamic impact force of the tsunami bore on the structure and their interaction process. This study also employed finite element analysis to compare the static and dynamic response of the frame structure under the impact effect of the tsunami bore. The structural vibration characteristic and dynamic magnification factor of the structure under tsunami bore impact are confirmed, which could provide a reference for the design of anti-tsunami buildings.

Published
2014

22. RF magnetron sputtering of GaP thin film and computer simulation of its depositing process

Author

Liu Zheng-Tang, Li Yang-Ping, Liu Wen-Ting, Yan Feng, and Zhao Hai-Long

Subjects
Absorbance, Materials science, Sputtering, Atom, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Substrate (electronics), Sputter deposition, Thin film, Stoichiometry, Deposition (law)
Abstract

GaP IR thin films were deposited through RF magnetron sputtering with a GaP disk as the target. The intensity of Ar I 750nm optical emission line was kept the same in different experiments, with which various deposition parameters were got, and the deposition processes were studied with computer simulation. The results showed that under low sputtering power and high working gas pressure, the sputtering yields and transporting efficiencies of Ga and P atoms as well as their energies at arriving the substrate's surface are small, the sputtering yield and transporting efficiency of Ga atom are both larger than those of P atom, hence the depositing rate of GaP film is low, the content of Ga in the film is larger than that of P, which makes the film have high absorbance in IR waveband. But under high sputtering power and low working gas pressure, the atoms' sputtering yields, transporting efficiencies and energies at arriving the substrate's surface all increase, the sputtering yield of Ga atom is larger than that of P atom, whereas its transporting efficiency is smaller than that of P atom, hence the depositing rate of GaP film is high and stoichiometric film with low absorbance is deposited, which is advantageous to depositing large-thickness GaP film.

Published
2007

23. Research on the Method of Optimal PMU Placement.

Author

XU Jian-jun, XU Yan-chao, YAN Li-mei, ZHAO Hai-long, SUN Zhi-gang, BAI Li-li, and XIE ming-xia

Subjects
PHASOR measurement, ELECTRIC power systems, DIFFERENTIAL evolution, PARTICLE swarm optimization, GLOBAL optimization, ALGORITHMS, MATHEMATICAL optimization
Abstract

Taking the full network observability of power system and the least number of PMU as objective, to appearing fault situation in the grid, this paper proposes Differential Evolution and Particle Swarm Optimization (DEPSO) algorithm in view of the system failure rate. The improved DEPSO algorithm is global optimization, the algorithm takes the constraint condition of fault rate into account during the course of seeking optimal solutions. At the end, through the examples show that the algorithm compares with the existing optimization methods, which can reduce the number of PMU configuration and achieve completely observability of the system, at the same time, and stable operation of the system, through the simulation results verify feasibility and valibity of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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24. Universal Pattern and Diverse Strengths of Successive Synonymous Codon Bias in Three Domains of Life, Particularly Among Prokaryotic Genomes.

Author

Guo, Feng-Biao, Ye, Yuan-Nong, Zhao, Hai-Long, Lin, Dan, and Wei, Wen

Abstract

There has been significant progress in understanding the process of protein translation in recent years. One of the best examples is the discovery of usage bias in successive synonymous codons and its role in eukaryotic translation efficiency. We observed here a similar type of bias in the other two life domains, bacteria and archaea, although the bias strength was much smaller than in eukaryotes. Among 136 prokaryotic genomes, 98 were found to have significant bias from random use of successive synonymous codons with Z scores larger than three. Furthermore, significantly different bias strengths were found between prokaryotes grouped by various genomic or biochemical characteristics. Interestingly, the bias strength measured by a general Z score could be fitted well (R = 0.83, P < 10−15) by three genomic variables: genome size, G + C content, and tRNA gene number based on multiple linear regression. A different distribution of synonymous codon pairs between protein-coding genes and intergenic sequences suggests that bias is caused by translation selection. The present results indicate that protein translation is tuned by codon (pair) usage, and the intensity of the regulation is associated with genome size, tRNA gene number, and G + C content. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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