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In the current study, NiO nanoparticles, MnO nanoparticles, and Mn 2 NiO 4 nanocomposites (Ni-NPs, Mn-NPs and MN-NCs, respectively) were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method, and their performance in the removal of amaranth (AM) dye from synthetic wastewater was compared. XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, BET analysis, and TGA were performed to characterize the produced catalysts. The effect of pertinent parameters, including pH, dosage of catalysts, temperature, and shaking speed on the uptake of AM was investigated through batch experiments. The MN-NCs showed ultrafast and high efficiency for AM removal compared to their counter parts Mn-NPs and Ni-NPs. Under ideal conditions, the highest adsorption efficiencies of AM onto Ni-NPs, Mn-NPs, and MN-NCs were calculated to be 80.50%, 93.85%, and 98.50%, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm fitted the experimental data of AM removal better as shown by the higher values of r , compared to the Freundlich isotherm, indicating monolayer type adsorption of AM. According to kinetic analyses, the adsorption of AM was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Further, regeneration/recycling studies showed that MN-NCs retained 79% adsorption efficiency after four cycles. DFT experiments were also conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the process and behavior of AM adsorption. In conclusion, as Ni-NPs, Mn-NPs, and MN-NCs adsorb AM predominantly 2 , compared to the Freundlich isotherm, indicating monolayer type adsorption of AM. According to kinetic analyses, the adsorption of AM was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Further, regeneration/recycling studies showed that MN-NCs retained 79% adsorption efficiency after four cycles. DFT experiments were also conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the process and behavior of AM adsorption. In conclusion, as Ni-NPs, Mn-NPs, and MN-NCs adsorb AM predominantly via electrostatic interaction, they can be applied for the removal of both cationic and anionic dyes by controlling the pH factor., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a key focus in water treatment and monitoring due to their unique structural features, including extensive surface area, customizable porosity, reversible adsorption, and high catalytic efficiency. While numerous reviews have discussed MOFs in environmental remediation, this review specifically addresses recent advancements in modifying MOFs to enhance their effectiveness in water purification and monitoring. It underscores their roles as adsorbents, photocatalysts, and in luminescent and electrochemical sensing. Advancements such as pore modification, defect engineering, and functionalization, combined synergistically with advanced materials, have led to the development of recyclable MOF-based nano-adsorbents, Z-scheme photocatalytic systems, nanocomposites, and hybrid materials. These innovations have broadened the spectrum of removable contaminants and improved material recyclability. Additionally, this review delves into the creation of multifunctional MOF materials, the development of robust MOF variants, and the simplification of synthesis methods, marking significant progress in MOF sensor technology. Furthermore, the review addresses current challenges in this field and proposes potential future research directions and practical applications. The growing research interest in MOFs underscores the need for an updated synthesis of knowledge in this area, focusing on both current challenges and future opportunities in water remediation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Achieving an optimal therapeutic level is crucial in effectively eradicating cancer cells during treatment. However, conventional chemotherapy-associated systemic administration of anticancer agents leads to many side effects. To achieve the desired control over the target site, active targeting of HER2-positive breast cancer cells can be achieved by conjugating liposomal vesicles with Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) and inducing release of the encapsulated drug using ultrasound. To further enhance the delivery efficiency, nanoemulsion droplets exhibiting responsiveness to low-frequency ultrasound are encapsulated within these lipid vesicles. In this study, we prepared four different liposomal formulations, namely pegylated liposomes, emulsion liposomes (eLiposomes), HER-conjugated liposomes, and HER-conjugated eLiposomes, each loaded with calcein and subjected to a thorough characterization process. Their sizes, phospholipid concentration, and amount of antibody conjugation were compared and analyzed. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm the encapsulation of nanoemulsion droplets within the liposomes. The drug-releasing performance of Herceptin-conjugated eLiposomes was found to surpass that of other liposomal formulations with a notably higher calcein release and established it as a highly effective nanocarrier. The study showcases the efficacy of calcein-loaded and Herceptin-conjugated eLiposomes, which demonstrate rapid and efficient drug release among other liposomal formulations when subjected to ultrasound. This discovery paves the way for a more targeted, efficient, and humane approach to cancer therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objective: To determine the correlation of lymphocyte subsets and soluble serum inflammatory biomarkers with disease severity in coronavirus disease-2019 infection., Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Immunology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUI), Karachi, Pakistan from September 1 to November 30, 2021, and comprised data of patients admitted from June to July 2021 who tested positive for coronavirus disease-2019 on the basis of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of nasopharyngeal swab specimens. The patients were categorised into severe group A and non-severe group B. Initial investigations included complete blood count, neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio, C-reactive protein, D-Dimers and serum ferritin levels. Lymphocyte subsets included cluster of differentiation-3+, cluster of differentiation-4+/ cluster of differentiation-3+, cluster of differentiation-8+ T lymphocytes, cluster of differentiation-19+B lymphocytes, cluster of differentiation-16+ cluster of differentiation-56+ Natural Killer cells and serum cytokine levels of interleukin-2, interleukin- 4, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon gamma. They were correlated with disease severity. Data was analysed using SPSS 20., Results: Of the 54 patients, 33(61.1%) were males and 21(38.9%) were females. There were 29(53.70%) patients in group A with median age 52 years (interquartile range: 43.5-65 years), and 25(46.29%) in group B with median age 50 years (interquartile range: 36.5-59 years) (p=0.241). Disease was significantly more severe in male patients compared to female (p=0.002). In group A, cluster of differentiation-3+ T cells were reduced in 21(72.4%) patients, cluster of differentiation-8+ T cells in 16(55.2%), cluster of differentiation-4+ T cells in 23(79.3%) and cluster of differentiation-19+ B cells in 8(27.6%). In group B, cluster of differentiation-3+ T cells were reduced in 10(40%) subjects, cluster of differentiation-8+ T cells in 7(28%), cluster of differentiation-4+ T cells in 12(48%) and cluster of differentiation-19+ B cells in 4(16%) patients. Serum cytokine levels were not significantly different between the groups (p>0.05). In group A, 7(24.13%) patients died, and in such cases, the neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio was significantly higher (p=0.037)., Conclusion: Pro-inflammatory markers and cytokine levels increased, while lymphocyte subsets decreased with increasing severity of the disease.

In this study we presented a novel series of NNO tridentate ligands generating imino, amido and oxo donor pocket for Pd(II) coordination. All the compounds were meticulously characterized by elemental analysis and advanced spectroscopic techniques, including FTIR, proton and carbon NMR. The synthesized compounds underwent rigorous evaluation for their potential as anti-cancer agents, utilizing the aggressive breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB (ATCC) and MCF-7 as a crucial model for assessing growth inhibition in cancer cells. Remarkably, the MTT assay unveiled the robust anti-cancer activity for all palladium complexes against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Particularly, complex [Pd(L 1 )(CH 3 CN)] exhibited exceptional potency with an IC 50 value of 25.50 ± 0.30 µM (MDA-MB-231) and 20.76 ± 0.30 µM (MCF-7), compared to respective 27.00 ± 0.80 µM and 24.10 ± 0.80 µM for cisplatin, underscoring its promising therapeutic potential. Furthermore, to elucidate the mechanistic basis for the anti-cancer effects, molecular docking studies on tyrosine kinases, an integral target in cancer research, were carried out. The outcome of these investigations further substantiated the remarkable anticancer properties inherent to these innovative compounds. This research offers a compelling perspective on the development of potent anti-cancer agents rooted in the synergy between ligands and Pd(II) complexes and presenting a promising avenue for future cancer therapy endeavors., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Insects pose significant challenges in cotton-producing regions. Here, they describe a high-throughput CRISPR/Cas9-mediated large-scale mutagenesis library targeting endogenous insect-resistance-related genes in cotton. This library targeted 502 previously identified genes using 968 sgRNAs, generated ≈2000 T0 plants and achieved 97.29% genome editing with efficient heredity, reaching upto 84.78%. Several potential resistance-related mutants (10% of 200 lines) their identified that may contribute to cotton-insect molecular interaction. Among these, they selected 139 and 144 lines showing decreased resistance to pest infestation and targeting major latex-like protein 423 (GhMLP423) for in-depth study. Overexpression of GhMLP423 enhanced insect resistance by activating the plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR) of salicylic acid (SA) and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. This activation is induced by an elevation of cytosolic calcium [Ca 2+ ] cyt flux eliciting reactive oxygen species (ROS), which their demoted in GhMLP423 knockout (CR) plants. Protein-protein interaction assays revealed that GhMLP423 interacted with a human epidermal growth factor receptor substrate15 (EPS15) protein at the cell membrane. Together, they regulated the systemically propagating waves of Ca 2+ and ROS, which in turn induced SAR. Collectively, this large-scale mutagenesis library provides an efficient strategy for functional genomics research of polyploid plant species and serves as a solid platform for genetic engineering of insect resistance., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The conversion of CO 2 into CO as a substitute for processing fossil fuels to produce hydrocarbons is a sustainable, carbon neutral energy technology. However, the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 into a synthesis gas (CO and H 2 ) at a commercial scale requires an efficient electrocatalyst. In this perspective, a series of six new palladium complexes with the general formula [Pd(L)(Y)]Y, where L is a donor-flexible PYA, N 2 , N 6 -bis(1-ethylpyridin-4(1 H )-ylidene)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, N 2 , N 6 -bis(1-butylpyridin-4(1 H )-ylidene)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, or N 2 , N 6 -bis(1-benzylpyridin-4(1 H )-ylidene)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, and Y = OAc or Cl - , were utilized as active electrocatalysts for the conversion of CO 2 into a synthesis gas. These palladium(ii) pincer complexes were synthesized from their respective H-PYA proligands using 1,8-diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) or sodium acetate as a base. All the compounds were successfully characterized by various physical methods of analysis, such as proton and carbon NMR, FTIR, CHN, and single-crystal XRD. The redox chemistry of palladium complexes toward carbon dioxide activation suggested an evident CO 2 interaction with each Pd(ii) catalyst. [Pd( N 2 , N 6 -bis(1-ethylpyridin-4(1 H )-ylidene)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide)(Cl)]Cl showed the best electrocatalytic activity for CO 2 reduction into a synthesis gas under the acidic condition of trifluoracetic acid (TFA) with a minimum overpotential of 0.40 V, a maximum turnover frequency (TOF) of 101 s -1 , and 58% FE of CO. This pincer scaffold could be stereochemically tuned with the exploration of earth abundant first row transition metals for further improvements in the CO 2 reduction chemistry., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

A low temperature hydrogen borrowing approach to generate secondary amines using benzimidazole-based N -heterocyclic carbene (BNHC) ruthenium complexes is reported. A series of the piano-stool complexes of the type [(η 6 - p -cymene)(BNHC)RuCl 2 ] ( 1a - g ) were synthesized via one-pot reaction of the NHC salt precursor, Ag 2 O, and [RuCl 2 (p-cymene)] 2 and characterized using conventional spectroscopic techniques. The geometry of two precursors, [(η 6 - p -cymene)( Me4Bn Me 2 BNHC CH2OxMe )RuCl 2 ] ( 1f ) and [(η 6 - p -cymene)( Me5Bn Me 2 BNHC CH2OxMe )RuCl 2 ] ( 1g ), was studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. These catalysts were found to dehydrogenate alcohols efficiently at temperatures as low as 50 °C to allow Schiff-base condensation and subsequent imine hydrogenation to afford secondary amines. Notably, this ruthenium-based procedure enables the N -alkylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic primary amines with a wide range of primary alcohols in excellent yields of up to 98%. The present methodology is green and water is liberated as the sole byproduct., (© TÜBİTAK.)

Background: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are caused by microbial invasion of healthy or damaged skin. SSTIs are difficult to manage and contribute to chronicity and emergence of antimicrobial resistance., Objectives: To ascertain the prevalence of bacteria causing SSTIs and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns., Methods: A prospective study between November 2020 and May 2021. A total of 447 samples from SSTIs were analyzed., Results: A total of 347 samples revealed mono-bacterial growth, of which 67% were male. SSTIs are common among patients aged 21-50 years with the dominance (78%) of gram-negative rods (GNRs). Escherichia coli (36%), Klebsiella spp. (22%), Staphylococcus aureus (16%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%) were predominant organisms. GNRs were highly resistant (>65%) to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. For injectable antibiotics, the highest resistance was determined against ceftriaxone, and the least resistance was determined against amikacin. Resistance against carbapenem was the highest among P. aeruginosa (53%) and Klebsiella spp. (32%). S. aureus showed the highest resistance against ciprofloxacin, and the least resistance was determined against clindamycin. Of 57 S. aureus isolates, 86% isolates were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). All isolates of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were sensitive to polymyxin B and vancomycin, respectively. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli and Klebsiella spp. was higher among deep-seated SSTIs (dSSTIs)., Conclusions: The predominant etiology of SSTIs is GNR. Currently, there is very high resistance against oral antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance against carbapenem has also increased. Moreover, there is a high frequency of MRSA. MDR E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates are frequently involved in dSSTIs., (© 2023 Rao Muhammad Abid Khan et al., published by Sciendo.)

The present work was carried out to remove phenol from aqueous medium using a photocatalytic process with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ) called SPIONs. The photocatalytic process was optimized using a central composite design based on the response surface methodology. The effects of pH (3-7), UV/SPION nanoparticles ratio (1-3), contact time (30-90 minutes), and initial phenol concentration (20-80 mg L -1 ) on the photocatalytic process were investigated. The interaction of the process parameters and their optimal conditions were determined using CCD. The statistical data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. We developed a quadratic model using a central composite design to indicate the photocatalyst impact on the decomposition of phenol. There was a close similarity between the empirical values gained for the phenol content and the predicted response values. Considering the design, optimum values of pH, phenol concentration, UV/SPION ratio, and contact time were determined to be 3, 80 mg L -1 , 3, and 60 min, respectively; 94.9% of phenol was eliminated under the mentioned conditions. Since high values were obtained for the adjusted R 2 (0.9786) and determination coefficient ( R 2 = 0.9875), the response surface methodology can describe the phenol removal by the use of the photocatalytic process. According to the one-way analysis of variance results, the quadratic model obtained by RSM is statistically significant for removing phenol. The recyclability of 92% after four consecutive cycles indicates the excellent stability of the photocatalyst for practical applications. Our research findings indicate that it is possible to employ response surface methodology as a helpful tool to optimize and modify process parameters for maximizing phenol removal from aqueous solutions and photocatalytic processes using SPIONs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Pakistan is a low-middle income country where incidence of End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) is 100-150 per million population (pmp). Paucity and high costs of renal replacement therapy (RRT) renders the majority disfranchised, since the dialysis rate is 15 pmp and the transplant rate is 4-5 pmp. In view of this, our center started an integrated dialysis and transplant program where all treatment is provided "Free of Cost" to all patients, with lifelong follow-up and medications. The model is based on the concept of community-government partnership funded by both partners. The annual contribution in 2021 was $37.4 million. >1,500 patients were dialyzed daily, and 6-8 received transplants weekly. Of the 6,553 transplants performed between 1985-2021, 988 (15%) were children. Overall, the 1 and 5-year graft survival rate was 97% and 88%. The donor clinic has 3,786 donors in regular yearly follow-up for up to 30-35 years where ESKD prevalence is 0.29%. Access to dialysis was increased by establishing six satellite centers reducing patient time and travel costs. Cost reductions by dialyzer reuse and generic drugs resulted in an annual saving of $5.8 m. This sustainable model has overcome the inherent socio-economic, logistic, cultural, and gender biases in RRT in LMICs. It has provided RRT with equity to the disfranchised in Pakistan and can be replicated in other LMICs with community-government support., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zafar and Rizvi.)

Water bodies are being polluted rapidly by disposal of toxic chemicals with their huge entrance into drinking water supply chain. Among these pollutants, heavy metal ions (HMIs) are the most challenging one due to their non-biodegradability, toxicity, and ability to biologically hoard in ecological systems, thus posing a foremost danger to human health. This can be addressed by robust, sensitive, selective, and reliable sensing of metal ions which can be achieved by Metal organic frameworks (MOF) based electrochemical sensors. In the present era, MOFs have caught greater interest in a variety of applications including sensing of hazardous pollutants such as heavy metal ions. So, in this review article, types, synthesis and working mechanism of MOF based sensors is explained to give general overview with updated literature. First time, detailed study is done for sensing of metal ions such as chromium, mercury, zinc, copper, manganese, palladium, lead, iron, cadmium and lanthanide by MOFs based electrochemical sensors. The use of MOFs as electrochemical sensors has attractive success story along with some challenges of the area. Considering these challenges, we attempted to highlight the milestone achieved and shortcomings along with future prospective of the MOFs for employing it in electrochemical sensing devices for HMIs. Finally, challenges and future prospects have been discussed to promote the development of MOFs-based sensors in future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To improve currently available cancer treatments, nanomaterials are employed as smart drug delivery vehicles that can be engineered to locally target cancer cells and respond to stimuli. Nanocarriers can entrap chemotherapeutic drugs and deliver them to the diseased site, reducing the side effects associated with the systemic administration of conventional anticancer drugs. Upon accumulation in the tumor cells, the nanocarriers need to be potentiated to release their therapeutic cargo. Stimulation can be through endogenous or exogenous modalities, such as temperature, electromagnetic irradiation, ultrasound (US), pH, or enzymes. This review discusses the acoustic stimulation of different sonosensitive liposomal formulations. Emulsion liposomes, or eLiposomes, are liposomes encapsulating phase-changing nanoemulsion droplets, which promote acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) upon sonication. This gives eLiposomes the advantage of delivering the encapsulated drug at low intensities and short exposure times relative to liposomes. Other formulations integrating microbubbles and nanobubbles are also discussed.

The primary hyperoxalurias are rare disorders of glyoxylate metabolism. Accurate diagnosis is essential for therapeutic and management strategies. We conducted a molecular study on patients suffering from recurrent calcium-oxalate stones and nephrocalcinosis and screened primary hyperoxaluria causing genes in a large cohort of early-onset cases. Disease-associated pathogenic-variants were defined as missense, nonsense, frameshift-indels, and splice-site variants with a reported minor allele frequency <1% in controls. We found pathogenic-variants in 34% of the cases. Variants in the AGXT gene causing PH-I were identified in 81% of the mutation positive cases. PH-II-associated variants in the GRHPR gene are found in 15% of the pediatric PH-positive population. Only 3% of the PH-positive cases have pathogenic-variants in the HOGA1 gene, responsible to cause PH-III. A population-specific AGXT gene variant c.1049G>A; p.Gly350Asp accounts for 22% of the PH-I-positive patients. Pathogenicity of the identified variants was evaluated by in-silico tools and ACMG guidelines. We have devised a rapid and low-cost approach for the screening of PH by using targeted-NGS highlighting the importance of an accurate and cost-effective screening platform. This is the largest study in Pakistani pediatric patients from South-Asian region that also expands the mutation spectrum of the three known genes., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The organic dyes with non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have aided in the creation of competitive organic solar cells (OSCs) with long-term sustainability. A series of NFA dyes (IDIC-R1-IDIC-R9) have been designed by varying the end-capped fluorinated moieties (PD1-PD6) at indaceno (IDIC) core., Methods: All the calculations were performed by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT)-based approaches. All the geometries were optimized at B3LYP/6-31G + (d,p) of DFT level at their ground state energies. Out of several density functionals, the CAM-B3LYP with 6-31G + (d,p) basis sets was selected after a benchmark study to carry out further calculations. All the dyes had their bandgaps in 0.11-3.12 eV while their starting reference dye had a bandgap value of 2.01 eV., Results: Their ionization potential (IP) implied that these dyes have strong tendency to lose electrons. The λ max of the dyes was slightly redshifted from the IDIC (476 nm) and IDIC-R (479 nm) when changing solvent polarity from methanol to DCM and then chloroforms. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis showed the (S63)LP → (C61-C62)π* with highest stabilization energy. Their electron injection analysis showed that these dyes can be a good anode material against the aluminum and gold electrodes. The intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process and stability of the dyes were investigated using frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis., Conclusion: Among all dyes, IDIC-R8 has the highest linear polarizability and second-order hyperpolarizability (β total ). All the dyes demonstrated promising non-linear optical (NLO) properties due to their low charge transfer barriers. Scientists would be able to exploit these properties to identify the best NLO materials for existing applications., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) after kidney transplantation are a common problem adversely affecting graft outcomes. This retrospective study aimed to report the frequency and risk factors of recurrent UTI and their impact on graft and patient outcomes in kidney transplant recipients at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan, in January-December 2015. Five-year graft and patient survival rates were compared among different groups using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Of the 251 recipients, 67 developed one episode of UTI. Of these 67, 29 had 76 episodes of recurrent UTI. Out of the 76 episodes of recurrent UTI, Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen in 32 cases. Organisms causing recurrent UTI showed resistance to carbapenem in 19 cases versus 2 in the non-recurrent UTI group (P = 0.006). The estimated glomerular filtration rate at 1 year was 57.8 ± 16.23 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the recurrent UTI group vs. 61.9 ± 15.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the non-recurrent UTI group (P = 0.001). Graft survival in the recurrent UTI group at 5 years was significantly lower (76%) than in the non-recurrent UTI (95%) and no UTI groups (93%) (log-rank P = 0.006), with no significant effect on patient survival in these groups (P = 0.429). The presence of double-J stent (P = 0.036) and cytomegalovirus infections (P = 0.013) independently predicted recurrent UTI. Recurrent UTIs are common in low-resource settings and adversely affect graft outcomes. Appropriate prophylaxis and treatment are important to reduce recurrent UTI to improve graft outcomes., (Copyright © 2022 Copyright: © 2022 Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation.)

Surfactant stabilized Gold (Au) nanomaterials (NMs) have been documented extensively in recent years for numerous sensing applications in the academic literature. Despite the crucial role these surfactants play in the sensing applications, the comprehensive reviews that highlights the fundamentals associated with these assemblies and impact of these surfactants on the properties and sensing mechanisms are still quite scare. This review is an attempt in organizing the vast literature associated with this domain by providing critical insights into the fundamentals, preparation methodologies and sensing mechanisms of these surfactant stabilized Au NMs. For the simplification, the surfactants are divided into the typical and advanced surfactants and the Au NMs are classified into Au nanoparticles (NPs) and Au nanoclusters (NCs) depending upon the complexity in structure and size of the NMs respectively. The preparative methodologies are also elaborated for enhancing the understanding of the readers regarding such assemblies. The case studies regarding surfactant stabilized Au NMs were further divided into colorimetric sensors, surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) based sensors, luminescence-based sensors, and electrochemical/electrical sensors depending upon the property utilized by the sensor for the sensing of an analyte. Future perspectives are also discussed in detail for the researchers looking for further progress in that particular research domain., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Co-encapsulated econazole nitrate-triamcinolone acetonide loaded biocompatible, physically stable, and non-irritating mesoporous silica nanoparticles (EN-TA-loaded MSNs) were prepared and optimized by using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) for providing better therapeutic efficacy against commonly prevailed resistant fungal infections. These drugs loaded MSNs can significantly overcome the deficiencies and problems like short duration of action, requirement of frequent administration, erythema, and burning sensation and irritation associated with conventional drug delivery systems. The stability of optimized drugs loaded MSNs prepared with 100 gm of oil at pH 5.6 with a stirring time of 2 h was confirmed from a zeta potential value of -25 mV. The remarkable compatibility of formulation ingredients was depicted by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and size analysis represented a very fine size distribution of nanoparticles ranging from 450-600 nm. The CCRD clearly predicted that the optimized parameters of drugs loaded MSNs have better values of percentage yield (85%), EN release (68%), and TA release (70%). Compared to pure drugs, the decreased cytotoxicity of EN-TA-loaded MSNs was quite evident because they showed a cell survival rate of 90%, while in the case of pure drugs, the survival rate was 85%. During in vivo antifungal testing against Candida albicans performed on three different groups, each consisting of six rabbits, the EN-TA-loaded MSNs were relatively superior in eradicating the fungal infection as a single animal exhibited a positive culture test. Rapid recovery of fungal infection and a better therapeutic effect of EN-TA-loaded MSN were quite evident in wound healing and histopathology studies. Likewise, on the 14th day, a larger inhibitory zone was measured for optimized nanoparticles (15.90 mm) compared to the suspension of pure drugs (13.90 mm). In skin irritation studies, MSNs did not show a grade of erythema compared to pure drugs, which showed a four-fold grade of erythema. As a result, MSNs loaded with combination therapy seem to have the potential of improving patient compliance and tolerability by providing enhanced synergistic antifungal effectiveness at a reduced dose with accelerated wound healing and reduced toxicity of therapeutics., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Maheen, Younis, Khan, Salman shafqat, Ali, Rehman, Ilyas, Zafar, Shafqat, Kalam and Al-Ghamdi.)

Nanoparticles are currently used for cancer theranostics in the clinical field. Among nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) attract much attention due to their usability and high performance in imaging techniques. The wide availability of biological precursors used in plant-based synthesized AuNPs allows for the development of large-scale production in a greener manner. Conventional cancer therapies, such as surgery and chemotherapy, have significant limitations and frequently fail to produce satisfying results. AuNPs have a prolonged circulation time, allow easy modification with ligands detected via cancer cell surface receptors, and increase uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis. To exploit these unique features, studies have been carried out on the use of AuNPs as contrast agents for X-ray-based imaging techniques (i.e., computed tomography). As nanocarriers, AuNPs synthesized by nontoxic and biocompatible plants to deliver therapeutic biomolecules could be a significant stride forward in the effective treatment of various cancers. Fluorescent-plant-based markers, including AuNPs, fabricated using Medicago sativa , Olax Scandens , H. ambavilla , and H. lanceolatum , have been used in detecting cancers. Moreover, green synthesized AuNPs using various extracts have been applied for the treatment of different types of solid tumors. However, the cytotoxicity of AuNPs primarily depends on their size, surface reactivity, and surface area. In this review, the benefits of plant-based materials in cancer therapy are firstly explained. Then, considering the valuable position of AuNPs in medicine, the application of AuNPs in cancer therapy and detection is highlighted with an emphasis on limitations faced by the application of such NPs in drug delivery platforms.

Background: The subcontinent is famous for its variety of seasonal foods cooked in vegetable seed cooking oils at elevated heating. Oils are often of poor quality that effect to consumer health. The work, therefore, planned to examine the effects of heat on the quality of mixed canola cooking oils (MCCOs). MCCOs were analyzed by preparing volatile fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and for physiochemical properties., Results: A major change was observed in the FAs composition of various MCCOs as coded K-1 to K-5. MCCOs were found rich in unsaturated 9-octadecanoic acid (oleic acid C 18:1 ) and 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid C 18:2 ) along saturated octadecanoic acid (stearic acid C 18:0 ). Results reveals that canola oil samples are mixed in the range of 4-30% with other vegetable oils and animal fats. The quality of canola cooking oils further reduced after heating to 100 °C, 200 °C and 350 °C, respectively. Quality parameters of MCCOs were significantly altered after heating and found as color (510-520 nm to 570-600 nm), mass 220-237 g to 210-225 g, volume 250 mL to 239 mL, pH (6.76-6.89), specific gravity (0.87-0.92), refractive index (1.471-1.475), saponification value (SV) (0.7-2.5), un-saponifiable matter (2.4-9.8%) and acid value (AV) (1.20-5.0 mg KOH)., Conclusion: Heating of oils at elevated temperature have shown a significant effect on pH, specific gravity and un-saponifiable matter (p-value < 0.05). Large changes in the physicochemical parameters and FAs composition help to develop a conclusion that cooking at high temperatures affects the quality of mixed canola cooking oils., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The excelling role of organic chemistry in the medicinal field continues to be one of the main leads in the drug development process. Particularly, this industry requires organic chemists to discover small molecular structures with powerful pharmacological potential. Herein, a diverse range of chalcone (1-11) and aurone (12-22) derivatives was designed and synthesized and for the first time, and both motifs were evaluated as potent inhibitors of alkaline phosphatases (APs). Structural identification of the target compounds (1-22) was accomplished using common spectroscopic techniques. The effect of the nature and position of the substituent was interestingly observed and justified based on the detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the target compounds against AP. It was concluded from the obtained results that all the newly synthesized compounds exhibit high inhibitory potential against the AP enzyme. Among them, compounds 12 (IC 50 = 2.163 ± 0.048 μM), 15 (IC 50 = 2.146 ± 0.056 μM), 16 (IC 50 = 2.132 ± 0.034 μM), 18 (IC 50 = 1.154 ± 0.043 μM), 20 (IC 50 = 1.055 ± 0.029 μM) and 21 (IC 50 = 2.326 ± 0.059 μM) exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against AP, and even better/more active than KH 2 PO 4 (standard) (IC 50 = 2.80 ± 0.065 μM). Remarkably, compound 20 (IC 50 = 1.055 ± 0.029 μM) may serve as a lead structure to design more potent inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase. To the best of our knowledge, these synthetic compounds are the most potent AP inhibitors with minimum IC 50 values reported to date. Furthermore, a molecular modeling study was performed against the AP enzyme (1EW2) to check the binding interaction of the synthesized compounds 1-22 against the target protein. The Lineweaver-Burk plots demonstrated that most potential derivative 20 inhibited h-IAP via a non-competitive pathway. Finally, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed to evaluate the dynamic behavior, stability of the protein-ligand complex, and binding affinity of the compounds, resulting in the identification of compound 20 as a potential inhibitor of AP. Accordingly, excellent correlation was observed between the experimental and theoretical results. The pharmacological studies revealed that the synthesized analogs 1-22 obey Lipinski's rule. The assessment of the ADMET parameters showed that these compounds possess considerable lead-like characteristics with low toxicity and can serve as templates in drug design., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Pesticides are the leading defence against pests, but their unsafe use reciprocates the pesticide residues in highly susceptible food and is becoming a serious risk for human health. In this study, mint extract and riboflavin were tested as photosensitisers in combination with light irradiation of different frequencies, employed for various time intervals to improve the photo-degradation of deltamethrin (DM) and lambda cyhalothrin (λ-CHT) in cauliflower. Different source of light was studied, either in ultraviolet range (UV-C, 254 nm or UV-A, 320-380 nm) or sunlight simulator (> 380-800 nm). The degradation of the pesticides varied depending on the type of photosensitiser and light source. Photo-degradation of the DM and λ-CHT was enhanced by applying the mint extracts and riboflavin and a more significant degradation was achieved with UV-C than with either UV-A or sunlight, reaching a maximum decrement of the concentration by 67-76%. The light treatments did not significantly affect the in-vitro antioxidant activity of the natural antioxidants in cauliflower. A calculated dietary risk assessment revealed that obvious dietary health hazards of DM and λ-CHT pesticides when sprayed on cauliflower for pest control. The use of green chemical photosensitisers (mint extract and riboflavin) in combination with UV light irradiation represents a novel, sustainable, and safe approach to pesticide reduction in produce., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Cancer is a complex multifactorial process, unchecked and abrupt division, and cell growth-conventional chemotherapy, along with radiotherapy, is used to treat breast cancer. Due to reduce efficacy and less survival rate, there is a particular need for the discovery of new active anticancer agents. Natural resources such as terrestrial/marine plants or organisms are a promising source for the generation of new therapeutics with improving efficacy. The screening of natural plant extracts and fractions, isolations of phytochemicals, and mechanistic study of those potential compounds play a remarkable role in the development of new therapeutic drugs with increased efficacy. Cancer is a multistage disease with complex signaling cascades. The initial study of screening whole extracts or fractions and later the isolation of secondary compounds and their mechanism of action study gives a clue of potential therapeutic agents for future drug development. The phytochemicals present in extracts/fractions produce remarkable effects due to synergistically targeting multiple signals. In this review, the molecular targets of extracts/ fractions and isolated compounds highlighted. The therapeutic agent's mechanistic targets in drug development focused involves; i) Induction of Apoptosis, ii) modulating cell cycle arrest, iii) Inhibition or suppression of invasion and metastasis and iv) various other pro-survival signaling pathways. The phytochemicals and their modified analogs identified as future potential candidates for anticancer chemotherapy., (© 2021 The Authors.)

Cancer is an uncontrolled multiplication of cells. The desire efficacy and severe toxicity of current anticancer drugs urge exploring and investigating a better alternative to existing chemotherapeutics. Natural products of marine origin are excellent sources of potential new drugs of enhanced biological activities., Objectives: Thus, the cytotoxic effects along with investigating the mode of cell death exerted by fractions, AP-9, AP-THR, DS-8 and DS-9 fraction of Acanthaster planci, Diadema setosum sp., on the human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa., Methods: The cytotoxicity of fractions has determined by using an MTS assay. The early and late apoptosis was studied by using the High content Screening (HCS) instrument., Results: The four fractions produced effective cytotoxicity effects with IC50 values at 72hr of less than 20 μg/ml in the order of AP-9 > DS-9 > APTHR-9 > DS-8. The fraction s exhibited cytotoxicity via mediating apoptotic mode of cell death. The early apoptosis by exposure of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and late apoptosis due to the presence of green stain (DNA fragmentation) in treated cells., Conclusion: The potent bioactive compounds might be responsible for inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and, thus, the potential to be a successful candidate for exploring upcoming chemotherapeutic drugs.

The current research aimed at designing mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for a controlled coadministration of salicylic acid (SA) and ketoconazole (KCZ) to effectively treat highly resistant fungal infections. The sol-gel method was used to formulate MSNs, which were further optimized using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) by investigating mathematical impact of independent formulation variables such as pH, stirring time, and stirring speed on dependent variables entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug release. The selected optimized MSNs and pure drugs were subjected to comparative in vitro/in vivo antifungal studies, skin irritation, cytotoxicity, and histopathological evaluations. The obtained negatively charged (-23.1), free flowing spherical, highly porous structured MSNs having a size distribution of 300-500 nm were suggestive of high storage stability and improved cell proliferation due to enhanced oxygen supply to cells. The physico-chemical evaluation of SA/KCZ-loaded MSNs performed through powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates absolute lack of any interaction between formulation components and successful encapsulation of both drugs in MSNs. The EE SA , EE KCZ , SA release, and KCZ release varied significantly from 34 to 89%, 36 to 85%, 39 to 88%, and 43 to 90%, respectively, indicating the quadratic impact of formulation variables on obtained MSNs. For MSNs, the skin tolerability and cell viability percentage rate were also having an extraordinary advantage over suspension of pure drugs. The optimized SA/KCZ-loaded MSNs demonstrated comparatively enhanced in vitro / in vivo antifungal activities and rapid wound healing efficacy in histopathological evaluation without any skin irritation impact, suggesting the MSNs potential for the simultaneous codelivery of antifungal and keratolyic agents in sustained release fashion., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

In this research, tin ferrite (SnFe 2 O 4 ) NPs were synthesized via hydrothermal route using ferric chloride and tin chloride as precursors and were then characterized in terms of morphology and structure using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray power diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The obtained UV-Vis spectra was used to measure band gap energy of as-prepared SnFe 2 O 4 NPs. XRD confirmed the spinel structure of NPs, while SEM and TEM analyses disclosed the size of NPs in the range of 15-50 nm and revealed the spherical shape of NPs. Moreover, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and BET analysis was carried out to estimate elemental composition and specific surface area, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized NPs were studied on normal (HUVEC, HEK293) and cancerous (A549) human cell lines. HUVEC cells were resistant to SnFe 2 O 4 NPs; while a significant decrease in the viability of HEK293 cells was observed when treated with higher concentrations of SnFe 2 O 4 NPs. Furthermore, SnFe 2 O 4 NPs induced dramatic cytotoxicity against A549 cells. For in vivo study, rats received SnFe 2 O 4 NPs at dosages of 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg. The 10 mg/kg dose increased serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine compared to the controls (P < 0.05). The pathology showed necrosis in the liver, heart, and lungs, and the greatest damages were related to the kidneys. Overall, the in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that SnFe 2 O 4 NPs at high doses had toxic effects on lung, liver and kidney cells without inducing toxicity to HUVECs. Further studies are warranted to fully elucidate the side effects of SnFe 2 O 4 NPs for their application in theranostics.

Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death, with reduced survival rates. The development of new chemotherapeutic agents is essential to find effective cytotoxic drugs that give minimum side effects to the surrounding healthy tissues. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects and mechanism of cell death induced by the crude and diethyl ether extract of Xylocarpus mouccensis on the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line., Methods: The cytotoxicity activity was measured using the MTS assay. The mode of cell death determined by the apoptosis study, DNA fragmentation analysis done by using the TUNEL system. The pathway study or mechanism of apoptosis observed by study caspases 8, 9, 3/7 Glo-caspases method., Results: In this study, the methanol extracts prepared from leaf Xylocarpus mouccensis leaf produced cytotoxicity effect with IC50 (72hr) < 30µg/ml. The IC50 value at 72 hours exerted by diethyl ether extract of Xylocarpus moluccensis leaf was 0.22 µg/ml, which was more cytotoxic than to that of crude methanol extract. The results obtained by the colorimetric TUNEL system suggest that methanol crude extract of Xylocarpus moluccensis (leaf), diethyl ether extract of Xylocarpus moluccensis (leaf) and methanol extract of Xylocarpus granatum (bark) induced DNA fragmentation in the HepG2 cell line. Besides, the caspase-Glo assay demonstrated that diethyl ether leaf extract of Xylocarpus moluccensis triggered apoptotic cell death via activation of caspases -8, and -3/7 However, no visible activation was noticed for caspase -9. Furthermore, TLC indicates the presence of potential metabolites in an extract of Xylocarpus moluccensis., Conclusion: Thus, the present study suggests the remarkable potential of active metabolites in the extract of Xylocarpus moluccensis as a future therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer., .

A series of different substituted terpyridine (tpy)-based ligands have been synthesized by Kröhnke method. Their binding behaviour was evaluated by complexing them with Co(II), Fe(II) and Zn(II) ions, which resulted in interesting coordination compounds with formulae, [Zn(tpy) 2 ]PF 6 , [Co(tpy) 2 ](PF 6 ) 2 , [Fe(tpy) 2 ](PF 6 ) 2 and interesting spectroscopic properties. Their absorption and emission behaviours in dilute solutions were investigated in order to explain structure-property associations and demonstrate the impact of different aryl substituents on the terpyridine scaffold as well as the role of the metal on the complexes. Photo-luminescence analysis of the complexes in acetonitrile solution revealed a transition from hypsochromic to bathochromic shift. All the compounds displayed remarkable photo-luminescent properties and various maximum emission peaks owing to the different nature of the functional groups. Furthermore, the anti-microbial potential of ligands and complexes was evaluated with docking analyses carried out to investigate the binding affinity of terpyridine-based ligands along with corresponding proteins (shikimate dehydrogenase and penicillin-binding protein) binding sites. To obtain further insight into molecular orbital distributions and spectroscopic properties, density functional theory calculations were performed for representative complexes. The photophysical activity and interactions between chromophore structure and properties were both investigated experimentally as well as theoretically., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (© 2020 The Authors.)

Breast cancer is among the frequently occurring cancer worldwide. The foremost underline aim of this study was to determine the growth inhibitory effect along with mechanistic study of a Bruguiera gymnorrhiza extract on MCF-7. The cytotoxicity activity was determined by using the MTS assay. Butanol extract exhibited the maximum cytotoxicity activity against the MCF-7 cells with IC 50 of 3.39 μg/mL, followed by diethyl ether and methanol extract (IC 50 at 16.22 μg/mL and 37.15 μg/mL, respectively) at 72 h. The DeadEnd TM Colorimetric Apoptosis Detection System confirmed the induction of apoptosis (via DNA fragmentation) in MCF-7 cells. Both butanol and diethyl ether extracts of B. gymnorrhiza significantly increase the caspase-3 level. However, the diethyl ether extract induced higher caspase-9 levels compared to caspase-8, suggesting that the intrinsic pathway was the major route in the process of apoptosis. Thin-layer chromatography profiling demonstrated the presence of phenolic, terpene, and alkaloid compounds in crude methanol, diethyl ether, and butanol extracts. The phytochemicals present in the extracts of B. gymnorrhiza might have the potential to be a future therapeutic agent against breast cancer., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research.)

This study was carried out to determine the impact of one-year posttransplant serum creatinine (SCr) levels on the long-term outcomes of living-related donor kidney transplants. A retrospective cohort study included 773 adult living-related renal transplant recipients from 2010 to 2012, with a minimum follow-up period of five years. Demographics and posttransplantation follow-up data including immunosuppression regimens, rejection episodes, and survival rates were evaluated. Patients were divided into four cohorts (G1, G2, G3, and G4 based on SCr at the end of the 1 st year: G1, SCr <88.4 μ mol/L; G2, 88.5≤ SCr ≤ 132.6 μmol/L; G3, 132.7≤ SCr ≤176.8 mol/L; and G4, SCr ≥176.9 μ mol/L). Comparisons between the groups used the Chi-square test for qualitative parameters and analysis of variance for continuous variables. Five-year graft survival for G1 was 98% as compared to 76% in G4 (P <0.001). Recipients of G4 encountered more acute rejection episodes in 21% of the cases as compared to 7.3% in G1 (P = 0.001). Donors were older in G4 (42.07 ± 10.4 years) as compared to G1 (30.1 ± 8.5 years) (P = 0.001). A third of the donors in G1 were HLA identical as compared to 7% in G4. Prediction of long-term graft survival is possible by the SCr level at one year post transplant. This can be of great importance, especially to identify those patients who require close monitoring in follow-up. Donor age, HLA, and acute rejection impact SCr at one year and hence graft outcome.

Cancer is a complex multifactorial disease and leading causes of death worldwide. Despite the development of many anticancer drugs, there is a reduced survival rate due to severe side effects. The nontargeted approach of convention drugs is one of the leading players in context to toxicity. Hyaluronan is a versatile bio-polymer and ligand of the receptor (CD44) on cancer cells. The MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines treated with hyaluronic acid-paclitaxel (HA-PTX) showed the distinguishing morphological features of apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis showed that HA-PTX induces apoptosis as a significant mode of cell death. The activation level of tumor suppressor protein (p53) increased after PTX treatment in MCF-7, but no changes observed in HT-29 might be due to hereditary mutations. The lack of suppression in AKT and Rho A protein suggest the use of possible inhibitors in future studies which might could play a role in increasing the sensitivity of drug towards mutated cells line and reducing the possibilities for cancer cell survival, migration, and metastasis., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research.)

In the present investigation, brown clay (BC) was modified with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) to produce a sorbent (DDAB-BC), which was characterized and applied for sorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous media. BC was functionalized using DDAB by cation exchange of the DDAB moiety with positive ions existing inside the interlayer spaces of the BC. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed that the d -spacing of DDAB-BC became wider (3.39 Å) than that of BC (3.33 Å). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were exploited to explore the functional groups and morphological structure of sorbents, respectively. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of DDAB-BC were determined as 124.6841 m 2 /g, 0.316780 cm 3 /g, and 8.75102 nm, respectively. Batch sorption investigations were carried out to determine the optimum experimental conditions, using the one-factor one-time procedure. The sorption of MB on DDAB-BC strongly obeyed the Langmuir isotherm and agreed well with pseudo-second-order kinetics. Sorption of MB onto DDAB-BC showed maximum efficiency (∼98%) and maximum sorption capacity (∼164 mg/g) at optimal values of pertinent factors: dye concentration (100 mg/L), pH (7), and temperature (55 °C). Sorption isothermal studies predicted that removal of MB on DDAB-BC follows multilayer sorption at higher MB dye concentrations and monolayer sorption at lower MB dye concentrations., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.)

The present research work describes the synthesis of five new ligands containing pyridinium amine, [H 2 L 1 ][OTf] 2 -[H 2 L 5 ][I] 2 from two new precursors, [P 3 Et ][I] and [P 2 Me ][CF 3 SO 3 ]. The structure elucidations of the compounds were confirmed by multinuclear NMR ( 1 H, 13 C), FT-IR and by single crystal XRD techniques. Theoretical DFT studies were carried out to get better insight into the electronic levels and structural features of all the molecules. These synthesized new Pro-PYE ligands [H 2 L 1 ][OTf] 2 -[H 2 L 5 ][I] 2 were found to be significantly active as co-catalysts for Pd(CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 toward Heck-Mizoroki coupling reactions with wide substrate scope in the order of [H 2 L 1 ][OTf] 2 ≫ [H 2 L 2 ][OTf] 2 > [H 2 L 3 ][OTf] 2 > [H 2 L 4 ][OTf] 2 > [H 2 L 5 ][I] 2., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest among authors to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

To explore new scaffolds for the treat of Alzheimer's disease appears to be an inspiring goal. In this context, a series of varyingly substituted flavonols and 4-thioflavonols have been designed and synthesized efficiently. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized unambiguously by common spectroscopic techniques (IR, 1 H-, 13 C NMR) and mass spectrometry (EI-MS). All the derivatives (1-24) were evaluated in vitro for their inhibitory potential against cholinesterase enzymes. The results exhibited that these derivatives were potent selective inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), except the compound 11 which was selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), with varying degree of IC 50 values. Remarkably, the compounds 20 and 23 have been found the most potent almost dual inhibitors of AChE and BChE amongst the series with IC 50 values even less than the standard drug. The experimental results in silico were further validated by molecular docking studies in order to find their binding modes with the active pockets of AChE and BChE enzymes., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

An irrefutable advancement has been noted for the infectious diseases caused due to ureolytic bacteria through the development of various drugs. Keeping in mind the extremely valuable synthetic utility and medicinal significance of thiourea derivatives, synthesis of new 3-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid thiourea derivatives (3a-j) were carried out. The biological potential of all compounds in terms of antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antiurease activities were studied. The compounds 3a, 3c and 3i with dichloro and methoxy groups substitution on the aryl group showed significant activity against all strain of bacteria while moderate to no activity was observed in remaining compounds. Whereas the antifungal evaluation showed that all compounds were active againts C. Albican and no activity was observed against C. Prapsilosis. The cytotoxic findings revealed the non-toxic nature of these compounds as IC 50 values of majority of the compounds are above 100 μm except for compounds 3f and 3g. In addition, these compounds exhibited better antioxidant potential as 100 μm concentration inhibited >50% reactive oxygen species (ROS) production except compounds 3e, 3f and 3j. The compound 3a proved to be the most potent urease inhibitor showing the highest enzyme % inhibition (93.1%) with IC 50 value of 8.17 ± 0.24 µM and found more active as compare to standard followed by compound 3e (92.6%), 3h (91.6%), 3d (90.8%), 3b (90.6%) and 3f (90.0%) with their respective IC 50 values. All the synthesized compounds were docked into the binding cavity of Urease (PDB ID: 4ubp). The most active compound 3a was also ranked as top on the docking score as it was found to show valuable interactions with the target protein along with good docking scores. Hence our results revealed that the synthesized compounds have potential to be used as potent urease inhibitors after further detailed mechanistic studies., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objectives: Plasma cell-rich acute rejection is an aggressive form of acute rejection that occurs late after transplant and is usually resistant to standard antirejection therapy. This study reports the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of plasma cell-rich acute rejection after treatment with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, in 10 patients after a first living-related renal transplant., Materials and Methods: Plasma cell-rich acute rejection was diagnosed using the 2007 Banff classification. The treatment protocol for plasma cell-rich acute rejection included methylprednisolone (500 mg/kg), 7 sessions of plasmapheresis, antithymocyte globulin (3-5 mg/kg/day for 10 days), rituximab (2 doses at 375 mg/m2), and bortezomib (1 cycle at 1.3 mg/m2)., Results: The mean age of recipients and donors was 23.70 ± 11.39 and 37.30 ± 12.82 years, respectively. The mean time to plasma cell-rich acute rejection was 3.1 ± 2.5 years. The mean serum creatinine level at rejection was 4.8 ± 2.7 mg/dL. After treatment, serum creatinine decreased to 3.3 ± 1.8 mg/dL. Serum creatinine levels at 1-year and 2-year follow-up were 3.0 ± 2.3 and 3.3 ± 0.9 mg/dL, respectively. There was 1 graft failure due to recurrence of glomerulonephritis/de novo glomerulonephritis. No significant adverse effects were noted in the patients. Bortezomib successfully reverted plasma cell-rich acute rejection and stabilized graft function, with patients showing 2-year graft survival after rejection of 90%., Conclusion: Bortezomib-based treatment was successful in reverting plasma cell-rich acute rejection and stabilizing graft function, with graft survival of 90% at 2 years. Further studies with large cohorts and randomized trials with or without bortezomib will help in better evaluation of its efficacy, safety, and outcomes.

Objectives: Our aim was to analyze the immunohistopathologic features of plasma cell-rich acute rejection in a living-related renal transplant setting., Materials and Methods: Renal allograft biopsies of 50 cases of plasma cell-rich acute rejection were reviewed, and the main immunohistopathologic features were analyzed. The biopsies were studied using light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry and reported according to Banff classification. Biopsy findings were correlated with graft function and outcome., Results: From February 2012 to December 2013, 50/1630 (3%) dysfunctional renal allograft biopsies showed plasma cell-rich acute rejection. Among acute changes, interstitial inflammation was of moderate degree in 8 cases (16%) and severe in 42 cases (84%). Mild tubulitis was found in 4 cases (8%), moderate tubulitis in 8 cases (16%), and severe tubulitis in 38 cases (76%). Glomerulitis was found in 2 cases (4%). No presence of arteritis was found. All plasma cell-rich acute rejection cases were of tubulointerstitial type, and most were of type IB. The mean percent of plasma cells on light microscopy in all cases was 28.8 ± 11.7%, and the range was 10% to 60%, with 46 cases (92%) showing plasma cell percent of ≥ 20%. The mean plasma cell percent on immunohistochemistry for CD138 was 29.0 ± 12.4%. Microvascular inflammation was found in 34 cases (68%). C4d testing was done by immunofluorescence in 22 cases (44%) and was positive in 8 cases (36%). Interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy was mild in 18 (36%), moderate in 28 (56%), and severe in 4 cases (8%). Plasma cell enrichment did not correlate with a variety of clinical and pathologic features (all P > .05)., Conclusions: Plasma cell enrichment is not an independent prognostic morphologic feature and may represent either T-cell-mediated or antibody-mediated rejection or a mixture of these processes. Further investigations regarding its pathogenesis, accurate categorization, and treatment are needed.

Objectives: Our aim was to determine the clinical significance of borderline lymphocytic infiltrates on indicated renal allograft biopsies in a living related renal transplant setting., Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the histopathology department of Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation. A retrospective review of 421 renal transplant patients was conducted from October 2007 to September 2008 to identify patients in whom a histologic diagnosis of borderline changes was made on dysfunctional renal allograft biopsies. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data; biopsy findings; treatments given; and responses to treatment were collected and analyzed. Standard biopsy indications determined the need for graft biopsies. Biopsies were reported according to Banff criteria., Results: Mean age was 26.92 ± 9.14 years (range, 10-45) for recipients and 38.46 ± 9.16 years (range, 19-50) for donors. Males were predominant among recipients (84.6% vs 15.4%), and females were predominant among donors (57.7% vs 42.3%). The best serum creatinine levels were 1.79 ± 1.15 mg/dL (range, 0.83-6.12). These were achieved after a median of 3 days (interquartile range, 2-7.25). Dysfunctional biopsies exhibiting borderline infiltrates were performed at a median duration of 5.5 days (interquartile range, 3-14.25). Mean serum creatinine at the time of biopsy was 2.34 ± 1.43 mg/dL (range, 1.25-8.25). The biopsies showed borderline cellular infiltrates (interstitial inflammation 1 [i1] and tubulitis 1 and [t1] lesions). All recipients except one received antirejection treatment (antithymocyte globulin, n = 5; escalation of mycophenolate mofetil dosage, n = 1; pulse steroids, n = 19); all recipients responded with a decline in serum creatinine toward baseline, with a mean serum creatinine of 1.31 ± 0.42 mg/dL (range, 0.40-2.71). This response was achieved at a median duration of 9.73 ± 5.32 days (range, 1-23) after starting treatment., Conclusions: The borderline cellular infiltrates on dysfunctional renal allograft biopsies signify evolving phases of acute cellular rejection. These infiltrates responded favorably to antirejection treatment in our setting.

Kidney paired exchange is an established method of overcoming incompatibility in donor-recipient pairs and expanding the living-donor pool. It is infrequently performed in developing countries. We report the first kidney paired exchange in Pakistan, successfully performed at our center. One donor-recipient pair consisted of a 38-year-old female recipient (blood type, B positive) and her 40-year-old husband (A positive) as the potential donor. The second pair consisted of a 30-year-old male recipient (A positive) and his 30-year-old wife (B positive) as the potential donor. The donors were exchanged with the recipients, and both pairs were antigen matched for human leukocyte antigen A and human leukocyte antigen DR. Luminex antibody screening was negative, as were the crossmatches for T and B cells and for IgG and IgM. The transplant procedures and recoveries proceeded uneventfully. The recipients are maintaining serum creatinine levels around 0.78 mg/dL and 0.90 mg/dL, 1 year after transplant. Kidney paired exchange is a relatively low-cost option for overcoming the barrier of incompatibility in a resource-constrained setting.

Microemulsions (μEs) are unique systems that offer exciting perspectives in biophysical research for mimicing biomembranes at the molecular level. In the present study, biocompatible μE formulation of a new oil-in-water (o/w) system comprising clove oil/Tween 20/2-propanol/water was accomplished for encapsulating an antibiotic, levofloxacin (LVF). The pseudoternary phase diagram was delineated at a constant cosurfactant/surfactant (2:1) ratio to meet the economic feasibility. The gradual changes occurring in the microstructure of the as-formulated four-component μEs were explored via multiple complementary characterization techniques. The results of electrical conductivity (σ), viscosity (η), and optical microscopic measurements suggested the existence of a percolation transition to a bicontinuous structure in the microregions of the as-formulated μE. LVF displayed a high solubility (5.0 wt %) at the pH of 6.9 in an optimum μE formulation comprising 2-propanol (36.4%), Tween 20 (18.2%), clove oil (20.7%), and water (24.7%). The LVF-loaded μE composition showed long-term stability for over 6 months of storage. Fourier transform IR analysis showed that LVF was stable inside the μE formulation, indicating the absence of any possible aggregation of LVF. Dynamic light scattering revealed that the average particle size of drug-free μE (64.5 ± 3.4 nm) increases to 129.7 ± 5.8 nm upon loading of LVF, suggesting the accumulation of LVF in the interfacial layers of the micelles. Moreover, fluorescence measurements indicated that LVF might be localized in the interfacial film of μE system, which may result in a controlled release of drug.

Background: Paediatric urolithiasis remains endemic in low resource countries. This review highlights the epidemiology, causation and management of urolithiasis in an Asian country in the context of emerging economies., Methods: A literature review of recent articles with key words paediatric urolithiasis, developing countries, endemic stone disease, stone composition, metabolic risk factors, management of paediatric urolithiasis was undertaken and 51 relevant articles were selected with the main focus on experience of this center in managing stone disease in the last two decades., Results: Prevalence of paediatric urolithiasis is high upto 15% affecting children under 15 years with male predominance. Bladder stones still constitutes 10-70% of the burden. Etiology remains unknown where 55% are considered idiopathic, 25% metabolic, 7% infection and 12% due to anatomical abnormalities. Hot climate, poor nutrition, diarrheal diseases are the major causative factors. Chemical composition of stones showed CaOX in 30-63%, AAU in 17-55%, struvite in 8-9%, uric acid in 3-6% and cystine in 1%. Important metabolic risk factors are hypocitraturia in 63-87%, hyperoxaluria in 40-43%, hypocalciuria in 20%, hyperuricosuria in 27%, hyperammonuria in 11-51% and hypovolemia in 31%. Minimally invasive surgery is the mainstay of surgical management. ESWL provides excellent free rates of 84% for smaller stones. PCNL is the option for majority of renal stones with success rates of 89% for simple and 71.5% for complex stones. For bladder stones PUCL and PCCL success rates were 100%. URS for ureteric stones showed clearance rate of 90%. Open surgery is required in 12% of patients with large stone burden., Conclusion: Paediatric urolithiasis remains a devastating health problem in low resource settings. MIS offers relief to majority of patients with excellent stone free rates and short hospital stay. Preventable strategies have to be put in place by improving nutrition and eliminating risk factors by diet and medical intervention., (Copyright © 2016 IJS Publishing Group Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine Serum Cystatin C (S.CysC) levels in healthy potential kidney donors and its correlation with Serum Creatinine (S.Cr), Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 24 hour urinary Creatinine clearance (CCL) and GFR by formulae of Cockcroft Gault (CCG) and Modification of diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)., Methods: A Cross sectional study was conducted at Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, between June and December 2012. One hundred and three potential healthy kidney donors were enrolled in the study to measure their S.CysC and correlate it with S.Cr, CCL and GFR by CCG and MDRD. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 17., Results: The mean age of the healthy kidney donors was 32.19 + 8.27 years with a M:F ratio of 1.86:1. The mean Serum Creatinine (S.Cr) was 0.86 + 0.18 mg/dl and mean S.CysC was 0.88 + 0.12 mg/dl. S.CysC showed significant correlation with S.Cr (r = 0.78, p < 0.001), CCL (r = 0.67, p < 0.001), GFR CCG (r = 0.54, p < 0.001) and GFR MDRD (r = 0.67, p < 0.001). Correlation of S.CysC was better than S.Cr for CCL, S.Cr (0.60) vs S.CysC (0.67) and GFR CCG, S.Cr (0.41) vs S.CysC (0.54). Correlation was comparable for MDRD, S.Cr (0.67) vs S.Cys (0.67)., Conclusion: S.CysC is better marker of kidney function in potential healthy kidney donors. It is a reliable, convenient and economical marker that can be used especially in routine clinical practice.

Objectives: We evaluated cystatin C concentration as a marker of glomerular filtration rate in renal transplant recipients, and its correlation with creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate by urinary creatinine clearance, and the Cockroft-Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulas., Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we measured serum cystatin C levels and its correlation with serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, and glomerular filtration rate using the Cockroft-Gault formula and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulas., Results: One hundred two recipients between June and December 2012, were examined. The mean subject age was 31.87 ± 8.37 years; the male:female ratio was 4.3:1. Mean serum creatinine concentration was 141.44 ± 43.31 mol/L (1.60 ± 0.49 mg/dL) and serum cystatin C 122.09 ± 38.95 nmol/L (1.63 ± 0.52 mg/L). Serum cystatin C was significantly correlated with serum creatinine (r=0.90; P<.001), creatinine clearance (r=0.77; P<.001), and the Cockroft-Gault (r=0.73; P<.001) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulas (r=0.82; P<.001). We assessed the correlation among serum cystatin C with serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, the Cockroft-Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease at 1, 2-3, 4-5, and more than 5 years after transplant. The correlation between serum cystatin C and serum creatinine ranged from 0.8 to 1.0; cystatin C and creatinine clearance ranged from 0.8 to 0.85; serum cystatin C and the Cockroft-Gault Formula ranged from 0.7 to 0.8; and serum cystatin C and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulas ranged from 0.8 to 0.84., Conclusions: Our results show that serum cystatin C is a reliable marker for estimating glomerular filtration rate among renal transplant recipients. This test can determine the glomerular filtration rate of renal transplant recipients on follow-up. Further studies are required to establish serum cystatin C as a standard test for monitoring glomerular filtration rate in transplanted patients.

Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) has been investigated in different populations and ethnic groups, but no such data is available from Pakistan., Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical profile of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and determine the associated antigens and alleles by performing HLA typing., Patients and Methods: A total of 58 patients, diagnosed and treated as AIH in the last 10 years were reviewed. Diagnosis was based on International AIH Group criteria. Forty one patients underwent liver biopsy. HLA typing was performed in 44 patients and 912 controls by serological method for HLA A and B, and by PCR technique using sequence specific primers for DR alleles., Results: Of 58 cases, 35 were females (60.3%). The median age was 14.5 (range 4-70 years), and AIH score was 14 (10-22). Thirty-six (62.0%) patients had type 1 AIH, 10 (17.2%) type 2, and the remaining 12 were seronegative with biopsy proven AIH. Forty-nine patients (84.4%) had cirrhosis. Twenty-four (41.4%) patients had ascites at the time of presentation. Among 41 patients who underwent liver biopsy, thirty-two had advance stages III and IV disease, and twenty had severe grade of inflammation. Fifteen patients had other associated autoimmune diseases and one developed hepatocellular carcinoma. HLA A2 (P = 0.036), HLA A9 (23) (P = 0.018), HLA A10 (25) (P = 0.000), HLA A19 (33) (P = 0.000), HLA B15 (63) (P = 0.007), HLA B40 (61) ( P = 0.002), HLA DR6 (P = 0.001) with its subtypes HLA-DRB1*13 (P = 0.032) and HLA-DRB1*14 (p = 0.017) were more prevalent in AIH with statistical significance than controls., Conclusions: AIH in our region presents with advanced disease affecting predominantly children and adolescents. There is a genetic association of HLA DR6 along with other alleles and antigens in our patients with AIH.

The prevalence of pediatric RRT and transplantation are low in developing countries, 6-12 and <1 to 5 per million child population (pmcp), respectively. This is due to low GDP/capita of <$10 000, government expenditure on health of <2.6-9% of GDP and paucity of facilities. The reported incidence of pediatric CKD and ESRD is <1.0-8 and 3.4-35 pmcp, respectively. RRT and transplantation are offered mostly in private centers in cities where HD costs $20-100/session and transplants $10 000-20 000. High costs and long distance to centers results in treatment refusal in up to 35% of the cases. In this backdrop 75-85% of children with ESRD are disfranchised from RRT and transplantation. Our center initiated an integrated dialysis-transplant program funded by a community-government partnership where RRT and transplantation was provided "free of cost" with life long follow-up and medication. Access to free RRT at doorsteps and transplantation lead to societal acceptance of transplantation as the therapy of choice for ESRD. This enabled us to perform 475 pediatric transplants in 25 years with 1- and 5-year graft survival of 96% and 81%, respectively. Our model shows that pediatric transplantation is possible in developing countries when freely available and accessible to all who need it in the public sector., (© Copyright 2013 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.)

A bioanode with high current density and coulombic efficiency was developed by co-immobilization of pyranose dehydrogenase from Agaricus meleagris (AmPDH) with the dehydrogenase domain of cellobiose dehydrogenase from Corynascus thermophiles (recDHCtCDH) expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli. The two enzymes were entrapped in Os-complex modified electrodeposition polymers (Os-EDPs) with specifically adapted redox potential by means of chemical co-deposition. AmPDH oxidizes glucose at both the C2 and C3 positions whereas recDHCtCDH oxidizes glucose only at the C1 position. Electrochemical measurements reveal that maximally 6 electrons can be harvested from one glucose molecule at the two-enzyme anode via a cascade reaction, as AmPDH oxidizes the products formed from of the recDHCtCDH catalyzed substrate oxidation and vice versa. Furthermore, a significant increase in current density can be obtained by combining AmPDH and recDHCtCDH in a single modified electrode. We propose the use of this bioanode in biofuel cells with increased current density and coulombic efficiency., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, different flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenases (FADGDHs) were characterized electrochemically after "wiring" them with an osmium redox polymer [Os(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)(2)(PVI)(10)Cl](+) on graphite electrodes. One tested FADGDH was that recently discovered in Glomerella cingulata (GcGDH), another was the recombinant form expressed in Pichia pastoris (rGcGDH), and the third was a commercially available glycosylated enzyme from Aspergillus sp. (AspGDH). The performance of the Os-polymer "wired" GDHs on graphite electrodes was tested with glucose as the substrate. Optimal operational conditions and analytical characteristics like sensitivity, linear ranges and current density of the different FADGDHs were determined. The performance of all three types of FADGDHs was studied at physiological conditions (pH 7.4). The current densities measured at a 20 mM glucose concentration were 494 ± 17, 370 ± 24, and 389 ± 19 μA cm(-2) for GcGDH, rGcGDH, and AspGDH, respectively. The sensitivities towards glucose were 2.16, 1.90, and 1.42 μA mM(-1) for GcGDH, rGcGDH, and AspGDH, respectively. Additionally, deglycosylated rGcGDH (dgrGcGDH) was investigated to see whether the reduced glycosylation would have an effect, e.g., a higher current density, which was indeed found. GcGDH/Os-polymer modified electrodes were also used and investigated for their selectivity for a number of different sugars.

The estimated incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Pakistan is 100 per million population. Paucity and high costs of renal replacement therapy allows only 10% to get dialysis and 4-5% transplants. Our center, a government organization, started a dialysis and transplant program in 1980s where all services were provided free of charge to all patients. It was based on the concept of community government partnership funded by both partners. The guiding principles were equity, transparency, accountability and development of all facilities under one roof. This partnership has sustained itself for 30 years with an annual budget of $25 million in 2009. Daily 600 patients are dialyzed and weekly 10-12 receive transplants. One- and 5-year graft survival of 3000 transplants is 92% and 85%, respectively. The institute became a focus of transplantation in Pakistan and played a vital role in the campaign against transplant tourism and in promulgation of transplant law of 2007, and also helped to increase altruistic transplants in the country. This model emphasizes that in developing countries specialized centers in government sector are necessary for transplantation to progress and community support can make it available to the common man., (©2011 The Authors Journal compilation © 2011 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.)

Objective: To asses the prevalence of post-transplant renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and its associated risk factors., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 live related renal transplant recipients, with a transplant duration of more than one year and an estimated GFR > 40 ml/min/1.73m2. Patients with acute graft rejection within last 6 months, unstable graft function, acute urinary tract infection and diarrhoea were excluded. Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) was diagnosed on the basis of plasma bicarbonate, venous pH, urine and serum anion gap measurements., Results: Out of 100 patients (74 male, 26 female) RTA was observed in 40 (29 male, 11 female). Patients with RTA had a lower GFR (65.87 +/- 12.35 versus 74.23 +/- 14.8 ml/min/1.73m2, P = 0.004) and higher number of previous acute rejections. Lower bicarbonate was associated with higher serum chloride (108.2 +/- 3.19 versus 105.72 +/- 3.9 mEq/L, P = 0.001) and higher potassium concentration (3.95 +/- 0.53 vs 3.61 +/- 0.46 mg/dl, P = 0.001). Higher phosphorous level (3.46 +/- 0.71 in RTA vs 3.19 +/- 0.59 mg/dl in non-RTA, P = 0.045) but lower total serum calcium concentrations were found in patients with RTA. Intake of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE 1) was associated with the development of RTA. Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) therapy was not associated with an increased likelihood of RTA. While no difference was noted in sex, age, pre-transplant dialysis duration, post transplant period, body mass index and serum albumin levels., Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of RTA in renal transplant recipients. In most of the patients, this is subclinical and does not require treatment.