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Background: In Ethiopia, many young girls face numerous challenges in managing their menstruation. However, community-based studies on the use of menstrual sanitary pads and associated factors are limited. Therefore, this community-based study aimed to identify factors associated with utilization of menstrual sanitary pads among young girls in a rural setting. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2018 among youths aged 15?24 years in the rural eastern zone of the Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. This study included 330 girls aged 15?24 years who had started menses. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of menstrual sanitary pad utilization. Results: In this study, 82.4% (95% CI 78.3?86.1%) of the girls utilized menstrual sanitary pads. The remaining (17.6%) used nothing or unhygienic homemade sanitary pads to maintain their menstrual hygiene. Being single (AOR?=?2.89; 95% CI 1.21?6.87), being Afar ethnicity (AOR?=?0.18; 95% CI 0.05?0.72), had road access to marketplace (AOR?=?2.46; 95% CI 1.28?4.71), and receiving pre-menarcheal information on menstruation (AOR?=?2.86; 95% CI 1.34?6.08) were the independent predictors of menstrual sanitary pad utilization. Conclusions: Our study revealed that a significant number (17.6%) of young girls used nothing or unhygienic homemade sanitary pads to maintain their menstrual hygiene. Provision of information on menstruation during the pre-menarcheal period in young girls could improve their utilization of menstrual sanitary pads. Therefore, young girls should receive appropriate information about menstruation early before menarche through formal and informal means of communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This study aimed to examine the peculiarities of strength effort assessment in girls aged 10, 11, and 12 years. Specifically, it sought to understand how these age groups evaluate effort at different percentages of their maximum strength (1/3, 1/2, and 2/3). Materials and methods. The study involved 75 girls divided into three age groups: 10 years (n = 20), 11 years (n = 25), and 12 years (n = 30). Participants’ maximum hand strength was measured using a dynamometer, and their ability to assess effort at 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 of this maximum was recorded. Results. The error of effort assessment was calculated and analyzed using paired and independent samples t-tests. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. The analysis revealed no significant age-related differences in hand maximum strength or strength effort assessment among the different age groups. The most accurate assessment of effort occurred at 2/3 of maximum strength for all age groups. Significant differences were found in effort assessment between 1/3 and 1/2 of maximum strength, and between 1/3 and 2/3 of maximum strength, with improvements noted as the effort percentage increased. However, no significant differences were observed between effort levels at 1/2 and 2/3 of maximum strength. Conclusions. The study indicates that the ability to assess strength effort remains stable across the age range of 10 to 12 years, with the most precise assessment occurring at 2/3 of maximum strength. The findings suggest that while overall strength assessment abilities are consistent, targeted training may enhance precision at different effort levels. This contributes to the understanding of motor function development and highlights the need for interventions to improve effort assessment skills in young girls.

Youth is a turbulent period of physiological and biological changes as well as spiritual changes and developments. In this period when the individual questions his/her environment and himself/herself and constructs his/her individual identity, young people face many problems. Depending on the society in which they live, youth have some general problems. Social, psychological, biological, cultural, etc. problems can be encountered. It is not possible to ignore the troubles and social problems faced by young people, who are the architects of our future; it is not possible to break the bond of communication with them and leave them alone with their own problems. Youth is the future of society and should never be neglected. Many governmental and non-governmental organizations have not remained insensitive to the problems and needs of young people; they have put forward activities for the youth and to revive the young generation. The Presidency of Religious Affairs, the official non-formal religious education institution in Turkey, also provides religious services for young people in various fields. There is no comprehensive academic study that qualitatively examines the religious officials who organize scientific, social and cultural activities for young people within the Presidency. This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of religious officials who organized activities for young girls between 2018- 2020 within the Presidency. Research data can guide the youth coordinatorship activities within the organization and contribute to the introduction of new regulations. This study is a qualitative research. Case study method was used. In line with maximum diversity sampling, a total of 70 participants, 30 female religious officials and 40 young girls, were selected from Nevşehir and Aksaray. Ethics committee permission was obtained and individual interviews were conducted with the participants over a two-month period (July and August). In line with the data obtained from the interviews with the participants, the characteristics of religious officials who organize youth activities were determined. These characteristics are discussed and interpreted under the relevant heading. Some suggestions have been made for more effective and efficient execution of the activities. As a result of the research, the issues that should be considered in the assignments made among religious officials in order to organize activities in line with the interests, needs and expectations of young people were revealed. It was recommended to allocate a special cadre of religious officials for youth activities. There is a need for pre-service and in-service trainings to improve the positive personality traits, communication skills and educational competencies of religious officials in charge of youth activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer purchase intentions determine the process of developing green consumption behavior. The demand for environmentally friendly goods has stayed divisive, multifaceted, and particular to each societal setting. In order to examine this, this paper applied Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior as a theoretical framework with modification of some factors to investigate the effect of subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, environmental responsibility, and self-efficacy on the purchase intention of Bangladeshi female students toward green consumption. A self-administered questionnaire is used to collect data from the respondents. Based on convenience and snowball sampling, 280 questionnaires were analyzed in this study, received from participants aged 18 to 25. The SPSS 22.0 and Smart-PLS were employed to analyze the model and estimate the parameters by considering a 95% confidence interval. The results indicate that all factors (p values < α = 0.01) had an overall significant and strong positive influence. Self-efficacy has a slight specific indirect effect (p = 0.051 > α = 0.05) on the purchase intention toward green consumption among university girls in Bangladesh. Additionally, this study explored a significant correlation between five independent variables and the dependent variable. The strongest correlation (r = 0.849) between green consumption behavior and environmental responsibility was discovered. Also, the t-test demonstrates that the intention to engage in green consumption significantly (tcal = 3.684 > tcri = 1.96) influences actual green consumption.

Introduction: To reduce the cervical cancer burden, many governments have emphasized the Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine as an important prevention strategy. Despite its effectiveness in preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and free HPV immunization programs, vaccine acceptance is not guaranteed as some cultures are still against it due to various reasons. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and perception of human papillomavirus vaccination (HPV) among parents of young girls (aged 8 – 12) in Mbarara City. Methodology: The study was cross-sectional employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches for data collection and analysis. Information was collected from a sample of 288 respondents and 12 key informants using questionnaires and interviews. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and STATA Version 18.0 Results: The study discovered that the level of Knowledge on HPV vaccination among parents of young girls was relatively low (41.3%) despite most respondents revealing to have heard about HPV and its associated infections like cervical cancer and genital warts. The study also found out that a large portion of community members (62.1%) still had negative attitudes towards the vaccine which has negatively affected their perceptions. Negative attitudes and perceptions equally played a big role towards vaccination leading to low vaccine acceptability in the area. The study further discovered a wide knowledge gap about HPV infection and HPV vaccine uptake (42%) and this has to be addressed. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study confirmed that knowledge about human papillomavirus vaccination (HPV) was low and attitude and perception of human papillomavirus vaccination (HPV) was poor among parents of young girls (aged 8 – 12). Recommendations: Tailored community-based interventions and sensitization programs are a viable means to achieve this for multiple reasons. There is a need for specific training for healthcare workers who are the first contact point for patients.

Copyright of Cadernos PAGU is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad: Revista Latinoamericana is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Several symptoms are typically experienced after a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Worldwide, a lot of women are reporting irregularities in their menstrual cycles post-COVID-19 infection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of menstrual pattern among young girls during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the risk factors related to lifestyle among young girls. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-designed questionnaire encompassing details of the menstrual pattern, features of hyperandrogenism, lifestyle, and comorbidity among young girls aged 16-24 years. Results: The data from 508 girls fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The prevalence of irregular menstrual cycle was found to be 29.1%. Further analysis revealed that a significant percentage of girls with irregular menstrual cycle suffer from depression (14.9%) and are often staying stressed (40.5%) in comparison to the girls having regular menstrual cycle. Also, a total of 58 girls out of 508 were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Among various comorbid conditions, obesity was found in 60% of girls having PCOS followed by an eating disorder. Conclusions: A significant increase in irregular menstrual cycle in young girls was found during the second wave of COVID-19. The risk factors for causing the irregular menstrual cycle were found to be insomnia, stress, and depression.

Background: Several symptoms are typically experienced after a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Worldwide, a lot of women are reporting irregularities in their menstrual cycles post-COVID-19 infection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of menstrual pattern among young girls during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the risk factors related to lifestyle among young girls. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-designed questionnaire encompassing details of the menstrual pattern, features of hyperandrogenism, lifestyle, and comorbidity among young girls aged 16-24 years. Results: The data from 508 girls fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The prevalence of irregular menstrual cycle was found to be 29.1%. Further analysis revealed that a significant percentage of girls with irregular menstrual cycle suffer from depression (14.9%) and are often staying stressed (40.5%) in comparison to the girls having regular menstrual cycle. Also, a total of 58 girls out of 508 were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Among various comorbid conditions, obesity was found in 60% of girls having PCOS followed by an eating disorder. Conclusions: A significant increase in irregular menstrual cycle in young girls was found during the second wave of COVID-19. The risk factors for causing the irregular menstrual cycle were found to be insomnia, stress, and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Body image is a multidimensional construct and refers to a Person's Perception and attitudes, including feeling, thoughts and behaviours regarding their own body and appearance. The link between weight status and body image is complex, that body image might be affected by overweight through psychological distress, which has an impact on quality of life. Body image is an essential aspect of young girl's self-definition and individual identity which is influenced by various biological, psychological and social factors. Excessive concern about body image, body image misconception are leading to dissatisfaction, disturbed eating patterns, affecting the nutritional status and also leading to depression and anxiety disorders. This research study therefore sought to assess the level of anxiety among overweight and obese young girls with body image disturbance. Material and Methods: A quantitative descriptive study was conducted to assess the level of anxiety related to body image disturbance among study participants. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the baseline data. Total of 248 young girls were screened for body mass index and among that 50 overweight and obese girls with body image disturbance (using body image disturbance scale) were selected using convenient sampling technique and also the anxiety level of the girls with body image disturbance were measured using Hamilton anxiety scale. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Result: The study unveiled that among 248 young girls 12 were obese, 38 were overweight and 198 girls were in normal weight and underweight. Hence it showed that every 1 in 5 young girls are overweight and obese. The study also revealed that 4(8%) of young girls had mild body image disturbance, 27(54%) of them had moderate body image disturbance and 19(38%) of them had severe body image disturbance. It also showed that 18(36%) had mild anxiety, 15(30%) had moderate anxiety, 17(34%) had severe anxiety. The mean score of body image disturbance was 22.06+8.50 and the mean score of anxiety was 21.08 +12.22. The calculated Karl Pearson's correlation value of r=0.590 shows a moderate positive correlation which was found statistically significant at P < 0.001 level. It also revealed that only education of demographic variable (p=0.038) had shown significant association with level of anxiety. Conclusion: The study revealed that every 1 in 5 young girls had higher BMI more than 25kg/m2 and all the girls with higher BMI had body image disturbance and it also shows that all the girls with higher BMI had anxiety towards their body image. It also shows the moderate positive correlation between body image disturbance and the level of anxiety. This clearly infers that when body image disturbance increases then the anxiety level of the young girls also increases. This need to increase awareness and importance of healthy dietary pattern and regular physical activity to improve the physical appearance, self-esteem, perception and satisfaction among young girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Entering puberty, a young girl will experience various changes. One of them is having menstruation. Menstruation is one of the critical events in life that girls should know. It happens because menstruation does not come once and then disappears in a woman's life, but there is a menstrual cycle that comes every month. Young girls need adequate information to deal with menstruation for the first time. Knowledge should be given to the young girl to deal with menstruation, such as physical and psychic changes. This study aimed to determine the effect of health promotion through animated videos on increasing the knowledge and attitudes of elementary school children facing menarche Methods: This quantitative study used a quasi-experimental design. The population in this study was all 5th-grade elementary school students who had not had menstruation. The sample size was 38 respondents for each group, intervention, and control Result: The results showed a difference in knowledge scores between the intervention and control groups with a p-value of 0.000. There was a difference in attitude scores in the control and intervention groups with a p-value of 0.031. Conclusion: There is an increase in knowledge scores and attitudes before and after the intervention. The difference in the intervention group's knowledge and attitude level scores and the control group and the animated video preparation of menarche influence knowledge and attitude.

Urethral Prolapse (UP), first described by Solinger in 1732, is a rare condition characterized by the circular protrusion of the distal urethral mucosa through the external meatus, forming a hemorrhagic, sensitive vulvar mass. This condition is most commonly observed in prepubertal black females. This case report details the clinical manifestations and surgical management of UP in three young girls. Three girls, aged 4, 5, and 6 years, were admitted with symptoms of vaginal blood spotting. Physical examinations revealed moderate bleeding and a red ring of congested, edematous tissue prolapsing through the urethral meatus. Diagnostic procedures confirmed UP, and surgical management was undertaken. The surgical approach involved the complete excision of the prolapsed tissue and mucosal-to-mucosal anastomosis under general anaesthesia. Postoperative follow-up over a mean period of 11 years showed no recurrence or urethral stricture. UP is a rare benign condition primarily affecting the female urethra, with several hypothesized etiologies, including weak pelvic floor structures and increased intraabdominal pressure. The typical presentation includes vaginal bleeding and a doughnut-shaped mass around the urethral meatus. Conservative management may be considered for mild cases, but surgical excision is recommended for severe cases, offering a safe and effective solution with low recurrence rates. UP in children, although rare, should be considered in cases of unexplained vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, and surgical resection provides a definitive and cost-effective treatment. • Urethral prolapse (UP) was identified in three young girls, aged 4, 5, and 6, who presented with vaginal blood spotting. Physical examinations revealed a red ring of congested, edematous tissue prolapsing through the urethral meatus, confirmed by diagnostic procedures. • All patients underwent successful surgical management involving complete excision of the prolapsed tissue and mucosal-to-mucosal anastomosis under general anaesthesia. Postoperative follow-up over 11 years showed no recurrence or urethral stricture, demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of the surgical approach. • Despite its rarity, urethral prolapse should be considered in the differential diagnosis of vaginal bleeding in young girls. The typical presentation and clinical assessment are crucial for diagnosis, with surgical intervention providing a definitive treatment option with low recurrence rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Today, regular physical activity and sports are widely supported by the medical and sports community. Since the intensity of activity is an important factor in the secretion of cardiovascular risk factors, the present study examined the relationship between the intensity of activity and cardiovascular risk factors in young girls. Materials & Methods: A total of 45 female students with average values of age (20.7 ± 1.3 years), weight (58.4 ± 1.3 kg), height (164.1 ± 0.9 cm), and body mass index (23.1 ± 0.5 kg/m2) participated voluntarily in the project. Participants were divided into three groups of high-intensity (70-90% of one-repetition maximum or 1RM) and low-intensity (40-60% of 1RM) resistance training, with a control group without exercise. The two experimental groups were subjected to resistance training for 6 weeks. To measure the desired indices, blood samples were taken before and 24 h after the end of the research protocol. Results: Results of one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in hs-CRP and non-significant differences in lactate, glucose, fibrinogen, growth hormone to insulin-like growth factor ratio, and levels of LDL, HDL, and TC between the three groups. According to a post hoc test, the hs-CRP level in the high-intensity resistance training group showed a significant decrease compared to that of the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated no significant differences between high- and low-intensity resistance training in terms of affecting the levels of cardiovascular risk factors in young girls.

Objective:Premature thelarche (PT) is defined as isolated breast development in girls before eight years of age. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is sometimes used to distinguish between PT and central precocious puberty (CPP), although the interpretation of the test at early ages is challenging. The objective of this study was to determine the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to GnRH stimulation in girls with PT below 3 years of age.Methods:A standardized GnRH stimulation test, bone age and pelvic ultrasound were evaluated and those without pubertal progression after a minimum of one-year follow up were included in the study.Results:On GnRH stimulation test, the median (range) baseline LH was 0.29 (0.10-0.74) IU/L, baseline FSH was 4.96 (3.18-7.05) mIU/mL, and the peak median LH was 5.75 (3.31-8.58) IU/L with the peak mean±standard deviation FSH was 40.38±20.37 mIU/mL. Among the patients, 33.3% (n=10) had baseline LH >0.3 IU/L, 67% (n=20) had peak LH >5 IU/l and 16.6% (n=5) >10 IU/L. The mean peak LH/FSH ratio was 0.17±0.09 and was ≤0.43 in all participants.Conclusion:Although consensus statements usually define baseline LH >0.3-0.5 IU/L, peak LH >5 IU/L, and LH/FSH ratios >0.66-1.0 as diagnostic cut-offs for CPP, in children below 3 years of age, the baseline and peak LH values may be similar to pubertal values, possibly due to mini-puberty. A dominant FSH response on GnRH stimulation test is more valuable than the peak LH response in the diagnosis of PT.

Based on a survey carried out in CAP hairstyling classes in both a training centre for apprentices and a vocational school, in this article we examine body work and transformations in appearance during training in a trade aimed at beautifying others, which mainly attracts and recruits young women of working-class origin. We first analyse the contents of this body socialisation and methods for exercising it in schools and enterprises. We then show that youth sociabilities provide a sounding board for body socialisation. Finally we look at how these young people appropriate the aesthetic standards they are confronted with and provide an account of the conditions of effectiveness of this socializing programme.

Introduction: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a psycho-neuroendocrine disorder in which biological, psychological, and social parameters are involved. Recently, regular and fun sports exercises and the use of some herbal medicines have been considered by researchers as the recommended treatment options for this syndrome. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a selected period of exercise training and consumption of Vitex Agnus Castus extract on the psychological and physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in young girls. Method: This research was a quasi-experimental study conducted among female students living in Gachsaran Azad University dormitories. In this study, out of 75 female students with PMS who had the conditions to enter the study, 40 people were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of 10 people, including:1) Aerobic Training, 2)Vitex extract consumption, 3)Aerobic Training+ Vitex, and 4) control. The training group performed 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks and 35 to 45 minutes each session at a maximum intensity of 55 to 65% of maximum heart rate. The Vitex group took 40 drops of Vitex Agnus Castus before breakfast with juice and six days before menstruation up to menstruation for two consecutive cycles. At the end of the eighth week, the PMS questionnaire was completed again by the subjects and the data analysis was performed in SPSS using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)at P≤0.05. Results: Eight weeks of aerobic training and consumption of Vitex extract had a significant effect on the psychological (P≤0.05) and physical (P≤0.05) symptoms of intervention groups compared to the control group (P≤0.05), but there was no significant difference between some intervention groups in terms of reducing physical symptoms(P≤0.05). Also, the effects of treatment in the Vitex+ Training group and the Vitex consumption group were higher than the Aerobic Training group (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the fun nature of exercises and low cost and low side effects of Vitexextract, it is recommended that young girls use aerobic training and Vitexextractas as an alternative treatment to treat and reduce PMS symptoms.

Objective: To identify the human factors contributing to traffic accidents with a special focus on psychosocial factors amongst young girls of Tehran, Iran.Methods: In a descriptive study conducted in Tehran, Iran in 2013, 108 girls aged 18-24 were enrolled by using a stratified cluster sampling method. Participants filled a wide range of validated questionnaires about traffic psychology.Results: The developed psychological model about behaviors of drivers’ factors as well as agreeable and aggressive personality trait with B coefficient of 0.25% and 0.37% were able to predict violation, driving style, perception of police laws, and off hook scheme and the mistrust with B coefficient of 0.33%, 0.23% and 0.28% in the level of 0.1 were able to predict violations and lapses of sample group, respectively. Extroversion with B coefficient of 0.27% also predicted unintentional violations of girls. B coefficient for perception of police laws was 0.22%. This was 0.25% for openness to experiences. Concerning driving accidents, the perception ofpolice rules has the highest predictability.Conclusion: According to the results of the current research amongst girls in Tehran, a gender-sensitive interventional model can be designed for reduction of traffic accidents for this population group.

Cet article vise à comprendre la situation hors école des jeunes filles commerçantes au marché Belleville de la commune de Treichville à Abidjan, malgré l’adoption en 2015 d’une loi en Côte d’Ivoire qui prescrit la scolarisation obligatoire. L’étude qualitative a ciblé tant des jeunes filles que des parents d’élèves, des membres de la Direction des actions sociales de la mairie que les représentants de l’administration scolaire, dont ceux de la direction régionale de l’éducation nationale et le corps de conseillers d’orientation scolaire. Il ressort de l’analyse de contenu des données recueillies que la présence hors école des jeunes filles en âge scolaire est liée à des perceptions contradictoires de la Politique de Scolarisation Obligatoire, à la primauté des cultures spécifiques sur le droit général et à la défiance des lois face au laxisme de l’État.

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) as a form of gender-related violence continues to thrive within communities and across borders, with (under)reported prevalence among communities in the diaspora. Reports of FGM/C among communities in the diaspora speak to the socio-cultural and religious factors which promote its prevalence. Successful interventions offer alternatives such as rites of passage to the socio-cultural-religious prospects offered by FGM/C to practicing communities. This suggests the need for a critical approach to research methods that engage intimately with the worldview of communities practicing FGM/C while inferring implications for designing health-promotion interventions in specific contexts. This paper draws on the insider and outsider approach to positionality to assess the factors accounting for the prevalence of FGM/C in Pusiga (3.8% nationally and 27.8% in Pusiga) in the Upper East Region of Ghana while inferring lessons for designing health promotion interventions. Applying a phenomenological qualitative design guided by focus groups and interviews, we draw on the insider approach to present a contextually and culturally sensitive report of five survivors, five non-survivors, and ten religious leaders on factors that account for the prevalence of FGM/C. Next, we assume an outsider approach to infer implications based on participants’ perspectives for designing health promotion interventions to curb FGM/C. The findings suggest shifting from socio-cultural-religious factors to economic undertones underpinning FGM/C. Inter-generational differences also vary attitudes toward FGM/C. We recommend a systematic approach to health promotion that addresses FGM/C’s deep socio-cultural and economic, religious underpinnings of FGM/C in Pusiga. The insider–outsider continuum in feminist research provides a powerful approach to producing knowledge on contextual factors that account for FGM/C in particular settings.

Objective: Premature thelarche (PT) is defined as isolated breast development in girls before eight years of age. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is sometimes used to distinguish between PT and central precocious puberty (CPP), although the interpretation of the test at early ages is challenging. The objective of this study was to determine the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to GnRH stimulation in girls with PT below 3 years of age. Methods: A standardized GnRH stimulation test, bone age and pelvic ultrasound were evaluated and those without pubertal progression after a minimum of one-year follow up were included in the study. Results: On GnRH stimulation test, the median (range) baseline LH was 0.29 (0.10-0.74) IU/L, baseline FSH was 4.96 (3.18-7.05) mIU/mL, and the peak median LH was 5.75 (3.31-8.58) IU/L with the peak mean±standard deviation FSH was 40.38±20.37 mIU/mL. Among the patients, 33.3% (n=10) had baseline LH >0.3 IU/L, 67% (n=20) had peak LH >5 IU/l and 16.6% (n=5) >10 IU/L. The mean peak LH/FSH ratio was 0.17±0.09 and was =0.43 in all participants. Conclusion: Although consensus statements usually define baseline LH >0.3-0.5 IU/L, peak LH >5 IU/L, and LH/FSH ratios >0.66- 1.0 as diagnostic cut-offs for CPP, in children below 3 years of age, the baseline and peak LH values may be similar to pubertal values, possibly due to mini-puberty. A dominant FSH response on GnRH stimulation test is more valuable than the peak LH response in the diagnosis of PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Academy is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To determine the risk with gynecological problems on the health of female university students. Methods: The study was conducted as a descriptive in university in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The research population was composed of 1305 female university students studying at a university in Central Anatolia. The study was conducted between January and March 2017. The data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of 23 questions prepared by the researchers to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and the risk with gynecological problems they encountered. Numerical and percentage statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: About 65.4 percent of the female students in this study previously had gynecological examination, and 38.8 percent of them were diagnosed with gynaecological problems. It was found that 87.6 percent of the female students had risk with gynecological disorders. the most common ones being dysmenorrhoea (63.2%), premenstrual syndrome (56.7%), urinary tract infection (22.4%), and polycystic ovarian syndrome (13%), respectively. Conclusions: It was found that nearly all the young girls had risk with gynecological problems and nearly half of them were diagnosed with different gynaecological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background: Cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase are used as biological markers for cardiomyocytes and its levels in serum are used as indicators of myocardial cell injury. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 different training protocols (runing, swimming, and pedaling training) on myocardial cell injury biomarkers in young girls. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study with pretest–posttest design, ten healthy young girls (aged 23.0±1.6 y) were selected in a convenience sampling way. The subjects performed three types of exercise in 7 days interval. Blood sample was assessed before and after the exercise sessions. Data were analyzed using t-test and analysis of variance. Results: Our results indicated that creatin kinase increased significantly after three types of exercise (p0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest that intensive exercise is associated with cardiac damage in less trained girls and the type of exercise is determinants of the magnitude of myocardial injury biomarkers release.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological condition with painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea is not yet clearly studied in central India. Objective: To study prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in young girls and to evaluate associated clinical markers of dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, data was collected among 310 girls (18-25 years) on age at menarche, presence and absence of dysmenorrhea, dysmenorrhea duration, pre-menstrual symptoms (PMS), family history, menses irregularities, menstrual history, severity grading using visual analogue scale (VAS) using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Dysmenorrhea was reported in 84.2% (261) girls and 15.8% (49) reported no dysmenorrhea. Using VAS, 34.2% of girls experienced severe pain, 36.6% moderate and 29.2% had mild pain. Bleeding duration was found to be significantly associated with dysmenorrhea (χ2 = 10.5; P < 0.05), girls with bleeding duration more than 5 days had 1.9 times more chance of getting dysmenorrhea (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.7-3). Moreover, girls with the presence of clots had 2.07 times higher chance of having dysmenorrhea (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.04-4.1) (P < 0.05). Almost 53.7% girls who had some family history of dysmenorrhea, 90.9% experience the condition themselves (χ2 = 11.5; P < 0.001). Girls with family history of dysmenorrhea had three times greater chance of having the same problem (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.5-5.8; P = 0.001). Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea is found to be highly prevalent among college going girls. Family history, bleeding duration and presence of clots were significant risk factors for dysmenorrhea.

One of the most important problems in the modern world is the papilloma virus infection. As is known, this is the most widely spread sexually-transmitted infection. The human papilloma virus is responsible for the occurrence of such a terrible disease as cervical cancer, which ranks third after breast cancer and cancer of the body in the structure of oncological morbidity organs of the reproductive system and mammary glands in women. The other manifestations of the papilloma virus infection are pointed condyloma genital warts, which occur frequently both in men and in women. The only reliable method of the prevention of the papilloma virus infection is immunization. The authors present new data regarding the use of bivalent vaccine, including a new scheme of immunization for girls from nine to fourteen years old. Foreign investigations showed that the double scheme of introduction of the vaccine in young girls is as effective as a triple scheme of introduction in the category of women over 15 years of age.

Since mate selection criteria have important roles in marriage and having a family, the present research aims at answering two questions: 1- What criteria do the young girls in Ahwaz care about considering marriage? 2- Do the mate-selection criteria of Ahwaz young girl students differ considering age, native language, birth order, the family size, parental education, and the educational area? The research population consisted of last year girl students of Ahwaz high schools. 500 were selected randomly. The research instrument was Mate- Selection Criteria of Ahwazi Girl Scale which was made by factor analysis having a high validity and reliability. Also a demographic inventory was used. Both of which were completed by the research sample. The research findings concerning the first question showed that the young girls were familiar with right Mate- selection criteria and their importance. The sample cared about the following criteria: Matching criteria, family criterion, medical criterion, the new family indecency, moral and religions characteristics. Considering the second question, it was found that as to the mate-selection criteria of young girls, there was no significant relationship regarding age, native language, birth order, the family size and parental education. Just there were significant relationships among the mate-selection criteria of girls in four educational areas.

Background: Cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase are used as biological markers for cardiomyocytes and its levels in serum are used as indicators of myocardial cell injury. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 different training protocols (runing, swimming, and pedaling training) on myocardial cell injury biomarkers in young girls. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design, ten healthy young girls (aged 23.0±1.6 y) were selected in a convenience sampling way. The subjects performed three types of exercise in 7 days interval. Blood sample was assessed before and after the exercise sessions. Data were analyzed using t-test and analysis of variance. Results: Our results indicated that creatin kinase increased significantly after three types of exercise (p<0.05). Running exercise led to greater increase in serum creatine kinase (p<0.05). Also, troponin T levels significantly were increased after three types of exercise (p<0.05), although no significant differences were observed between exercise types (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest that intensive exercise is associated with cardiac damage in less trained girls and the type of exercise is determinants of the magnitude of myocardial injury biomarkers release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological condition with painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea is not yet clearly studied in central India. Objective: To study prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in young girls and to evaluate associated clinical markers of dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, data was collected among 310 girls (18-25 years) on age at menarche, presence and absence of dysmenorrhea, dysmenorrhea duration, pre-menstrual symptoms (PMS), family history, menses irregularities, menstrual history, severity grading using visual analogue scale (VAS) using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Dysmenorrhea was reported in 84.2% (261) girls and 15.8% (49) reported no dysmenorrhea. Using VAS, 34.2% of girls experienced severe pain, 36.6% moderate and 29.2% had mild pain. Bleeding duration was found to be significantly associated with dysmenorrhea (χ² = 10.5; P < 0.05), girls with bleeding duration more than 5 days had 1.9 times more chance of getting dysmenorrhea (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.7-3). Moreover, girls with the presence of clots had 2.07 times higher chance of having dysmenorrhea (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.04-4.1) (P < 0.05). Almost 53.7% girls who had some family history of dysmenorrhea, 90.9% experience the condition themselves (χ² = 11.5; P < 0.001). Girls with family history of dysmenorrhea had three times greater chance of having the same problem (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.5-5.8; P = 0.001). Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea is found to be highly prevalent among college going girls. Family history, bleeding duration and presence of clots were significant risk factors for dysmenorrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]