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As a boundary of the seashore, the high-water mark (HWM) is relevant to the public, the State, and other rights holders in the coastal zone. Unlike most fixed property boundaries that are surveyed and beaconed, the HWM is subject to dynamic natural coastal processes and moves over time. Its location is difficult to determine, and the precision of this determination is unknown. This paper reports on an experiment to measure the precision (variability/repeatability) of the location of the HWM at a variety of sites near Cape Town, by volunteer participants. Four sites were chosen along stable (non-mobile) shores along the open, high energy oceanic shores south of Cape Town on the Cape Peninsula. One of these sites exhibits large variation in coastal terrain and type – at this site three sets of measurements were undertaken, bringing the total number of experimental sites to six. Surveying was undertaken in the South African national control survey system using network real-time kinematic global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). This experiment shows that the professional land surveyors located the HWM to ±1,6m, coastal engineers to ±4,1m, and the group of ‘others’ to ±4,2m. The professional land surveyors determined the height of the HWM to ±0,4m over all sites, compared to ±0,7m for all participants. The HWM is likely to be about 4 - 5m above the lowest astronomic tide. However, the line is not a contour – it is affected by weather and local variations in the coastline such as slope and seashore composition. The averaged heights of the HWM at each of the sites for all participants showed a range of 1,3m. Since the boundaries of the seashore cannot be determined with precision, property, cadastral and environmental law needs to continue to respect the nature of this environment and the limitations of locating the HWM.

A nation’s constitution should be overtly pro-poor in its objectives. These should include how constitutional principles support land administration systems and their legal frameworks, their reform. Constitutions have, been long neglected. There is a need within developing nations to embed pro-poor objectives into land administration systems and their legal frameworks such that reforms meet the needs of the most vulnerable in society. Prior to reform of any system, understanding of that system is imperative. However, there is a lack of a context-specific frameworks to assess existing land administration systems in conjunction with constitutional law prior to a reform intervention. To develop a conceptual framework for the thorough evaluation of a country’s constitution in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa, secondary data and a text-based methodology were used. Sampling logic was applied to gather and analyse the data. A conceptual framework for accessing land administration systems and their legal frameworks, for use prior to land administration systems reform initiatives, is proposed in this chapter. To deliver pro-poor land administration systems and their legal frameworks, three fundamental constitutional tenets—human rights, the rule of law, and legal pluralism—were identified and inform the assessment of various country constitutions.

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Psychology, University of Regina. 34 p. This study investigated how accurate educators were in recognizing Grade 5 students’ ability in utilizing the mathematical concepts of inversion, associativity, and equivalence. It also sought to analyze how educators understand and characterize all three concepts. An explorative approach was employed, testing out an online-based approach to data collection of arithmetic concept use instead of the more traditional in-person methods. Undergraduate education students (N = 30) completed inversion, associativity, and equivalence problems and explained their problem-solving strategies. Afterward, they estimated the rate of use of these conceptual problem-solving strategies in Grade 5 students. There was evidence found that educators did not accurately estimate conceptual strategy use, overestimating the strategy use of Grade 5 students. Participants estimated strategy use to be higher for addition that for multiplication problem types. The findings of this study highlight the disconnect between a student’s performance on math problems and their teacher’s accurate recognition of their performance. Participants were seen to favour conceptual strategy use on problems rather than calculation. Data collection through an online format was found to be inefficient due high attrition rates and a lower amount of codable data. This study indicates the need for further investigation of teacher perceptions of student understanding. Student no

Cholesterol initiates steroid metabolism in adrenal and gonadal mitochondria, which is essential for all mammalian survival. During stress an increased cholesterol transport rapidly increases steroidogenesis; however, the mechanism of mitochondrial cholesterol transport is unknown. Using rat testicular tissue and mouse Leydig (MA-10) cells, we report for the first time that mitochondrial translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), Tom40, is central in cholesterol transport. Cytoplasmic cholesterol-lipids complex containing StAR protein move from the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) to the OMM, increasing cholesterol load. Tom40 interacts with StAR at the OMM increasing cholesterol transport into mitochondria. An absence of Tom40 disassembles complex formation and inhibits mitochondrial cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis. Therefore, Tom40 is essential for rapid mitochondrial cholesterol transport to initiate, maintain, and regulate activity.

OBJECTIVES: Challenges with patient-reported outcome (PRO) evidence and health state utility values (HSUVs) in rare diseases exist due to small, heterogeneous populations, lack of disease knowledge and early onset. To better incorporate quality of life (QoL) into Health Technology Assessment, a clearer understanding of these challenges is needed.METHODS: NICE appraisals of non-oncology treatments with an EMA orphan designation (n = 24), and corresponding appraisals in the Netherlands, France, and Germany were included. Document analysis of appraisal reports investigated how PROs/HSUVs influenced decision-making and was representative of QoL impact of condition and treatment.RESULTS: PRO evidence was not included in 6/24 NICE appraisals. When included, it either failed to demonstrate change, capture domains important for patients, or was uncertain. In the other countries, little information was reported and evidence largely did not demonstrate change. In NICE appraisals, HSUVs were derived through the collection of EQ-5D data (7/24 cases), mapping (6/24), vignettes (5/24), and published literature or other techniques (6/24). The majority did not use data collected alongside clinical trials. Few measures demonstrated significant change due to lack of sensitivity or face validity, short-term data, or implausible health states. In 8/24 NICE appraisals, patient surveys or input during appraisal committee meetings supported the interpretation of uncertainty or provided evidence about QoL.CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds light on the nature of PRO evidence in rare diseases and associated challenges. Results emphasise the need for improved development and use of PRO/HSUVs. Other forms of evidence and expert input are crucial to support better appraisal of uncertain or missing evidence.

Networks of academic, educational and training institutions are proven platforms for knowledge sharing, exchange experiences in education and capacity development. Capacity building in the area of education is getting appropriate attention and becomes one of the core elements of up-to-date and quality education. The objective of these networks could be considered as: a stage to perform activities that can support capacity development, exchange experiences and increase knowledge in the areas of geodesy, surveying, geoinformatics, geoinformation sciences and earth observation, geo-information management, land administration etc. This paper aims to explore and elaborate the nexus between academic networks, capacity building and knowledge sharing.

The marine cone snail produces one of the fastest prey strikes in the animal kingdom. It injects highly efficacious venom, often causing prey paralysis and death within seconds. Each snail has hundreds of conotoxins, which serve as a source for discovering and utilizing novel analgesic peptide therapeutics. In this study, we discovered, isolated, and synthesized a novel α3/5-conotoxins derived from the milked venom of

Human rights principles form the foundation for the move towards responsible land administration. They are embedded in such international treatises as the Sustainable Development Goals, New Urban Agenda, and Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure, among others. These treatises provide the backdrop to the development of land policies and administration systems that seek to secure land tenure and land rights for all through adherence to human rights principles such as non-discrimination, equity and justice, gender responsiveness, transparency and accountability. Yet the human rights tradition is built on Western values and biases, and there is some contention as to the universal acceptance of this. In discussing land rights in Africa, assumptions about the universality of human rights should be weighed against such contentions if land reform programmes are to sustainably succeed. In this chapter, the arguments around human rights are presented in the context of African land reform, and a model of democratic land governance is proposed.

Background Effective interventions to enhance adherence to self-care recommendations in patients with heart failure have immense potential to improve health and wellbeing. However, there is substantial inconsistency in the effectiveness of existing self-management interventions, partly because they lack theoretical models underpinning intervention development. Aim To outline how the capability, opportunity and motivation behaviour model has been applied to guide the development of a theory-based intervention aiming to improve adherence to heart failure self-care recommendations. Methods The application of the capability, opportunity and motivation behaviour model involved three steps: (a) identification of barriers and facilitators to heart failure self-care from two comprehensive meta-studies; (b) identification of appropriate behaviour change techniques to improve heart failure self-care; and (c) involvement of experts to reduce and refine potential behaviour change techniques further. Results A total of 119 barriers and facilitators were identified. Fifty-six behaviour change techniques remained after applying three steps of the behaviour model for designing interventions. Expert involvement (n=39, of which 31 were patients (67% men; 45% New York Heart Association II)) further reduced and refined potential behaviour change techniques. Experts disliked some behaviour change techniques such as ‘anticipated regret’ and ‘salience of consequences’. This process resulted in a final comprehensive list consisting of 28 barriers and 49 appropriate behaviour change techniques potentially enhancing self-care that was put forward for further use. Conclusion The application of the capability, opportunity and motivation behaviour model facilitated identifying important factors influencing adherence to heart failure self-care recommendations. The model served as a comprehensive guide for the selection and design of interventions for improving heart failure self-care adherence. The capability, opportunity and motivation behaviour model enabled the connection of heart failure self-care barriers to particular behaviour change techniques to be used in practice.

A broad-based interlaboratory study of glycosylation profiles of a reference and modified IgG antibody involving 103 reports from 76 laboratories., Graphical Abstract Highlights A broad-based interlaboratory study of the glycosylation of a reference antibody: NISTmAb. 103 reports were received from 76 diverse laboratories worldwide. Analysis involved two samples, the NISTmAb and an enzymatically modified sample, enabling within-lab separation of random and systematic errors using the “Youden two-sample” method. Consensus values were derived and similar performance across all experimental methods was noted., Glycosylation is a topic of intense current interest in the development of biopharmaceuticals because it is related to drug safety and efficacy. This work describes results of an interlaboratory study on the glycosylation of the Primary Sample (PS) of NISTmAb, a monoclonal antibody reference material. Seventy-six laboratories from industry, university, research, government, and hospital sectors in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia submitted a total of 103 reports on glycan distributions. The principal objective of this study was to report and compare results for the full range of analytical methods presently used in the glycosylation analysis of mAbs. Therefore, participation was unrestricted, with laboratories choosing their own measurement techniques. Protein glycosylation was determined in various ways, including at the level of intact mAb, protein fragments, glycopeptides, or released glycans, using a wide variety of methods for derivatization, separation, identification, and quantification. Consequently, the diversity of results was enormous, with the number of glycan compositions identified by each laboratory ranging from 4 to 48. In total, one hundred sixteen glycan compositions were reported, of which 57 compositions could be assigned consensus abundance values. These consensus medians provide community-derived values for NISTmAb PS. Agreement with the consensus medians did not depend on the specific method or laboratory type. The study provides a view of the current state-of-the-art for biologic glycosylation measurement and suggests a clear need for harmonization of glycosylation analysis methods.

Although general cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help alleviate distress associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), strategies tailored to targeting specific cognitions, feelings, and behaviours associated with OCD such as exposure and ritual prevention (Ex/RP) and cognitive therapy (CT) have been shown to be a significantly more effective form of treatment. Treatment of individuals with unacceptable/taboo obsessions requires its own specific guidelines due to the stigmatizing and often misunderstood nature of accompanying thoughts and behaviours. In this article, OCD expert practitioners describe best practices surrounding two of the longest standing evidence-based treatment paradigms for OCD, CT and Ex/RP, tailored specifically to unacceptable and taboo obsessions, so that clients may experience the best possible outcomes that are sustained once treatment ends. In addition, CT specifically targets obsessions while Ex/RP addresses compulsions, allowing the two to be highly effective when combined together. A wide range of clinical recommendations on clinical competencies is offered, including essential knowledge, psychoeducation, designing fear hierarchies and exposures, instructing the client through behavioural experiments, and relapse prevention skills.Key learning aims(1)To learn about the theoretical underpinnings of specialized approaches to treating taboo/unacceptable thoughts subtype of OCD with gold-standard CBT treatments, cognitive therapy (CT) and exposure and ritual prevention (Ex/RP).(2)To learn about recognizing and identifying commonly missed covert cognitive symptoms in OCD such as rumination and mental compulsions.(3)To learn how to assess commonly unrecognized behavioural symptoms in OCD such as concealment, reassurance seeking, searching on online forums, etc.(4)To gain a nuanced understanding of the phenomenology of the taboo/unacceptable thoughts OCD subtype and the cycles that maintain symptoms and impairment.(5)To learn about in-session techniques such as thought experiments, worksheets, fear hierarchies, and different types of exposures.

The Delphi technique is an important tool for structuring a group communication process among key stakeholders to inform the development of an intervention. However, when designing a Delphi study the scarcity of information on different voting schemes to analyse key stakeholders’ responses became evident, despite the fact that selecting the voting scheme a priori is paramount, since the selected method can influence the outcome. To fill that gap in literature, this article introduces key concepts derived from social choice theory to inform Delphi design. This includes optimising collective decisions by gaining deeper understandings of key stakeholders’ preferences, reducing avoidable unhappiness and minimising possibilities of insincere voting strategies. Four voting schemes (majority, approval, Borda, range) are presented and their implications are discussed. Since the purpose of each Delphi study is unique, we aim to increase awareness of the differential utility of voting schemes and encourage researchers to make an informed choice.

Estradiol is essential for the development of female sex characteristics and fertility. Postmenopausal women and breast cancer patients have high levels of estradiol. Aromatase catalyzes estradiol synthesis; however, the factors regulating aromatase activity are unknown. We identified a new 22-kDa protein, aromatase interacting partner in breast (AIPB), from the endoplasmic reticulum of human breast tissue. AIPB expression is reduced in tumorigenic breast and further reduced in triple-negative tumors. Like that of aromatase, AIPB expression is induced by nonsteroidal estrogen. We found that AIPB and aromatase interact in nontumorigenic and tumorigenic breast tissues and cells. In tumorigenic cells, conditional AIPB overexpression decreased estradiol, and blocking AIPB availability with an AIPB-binding antibody increased estradiol. Estradiol synthesis is highly increased in AIPB knockdown cells, suggesting that the newly identified AIPB protein is important for aromatase activity and a key modulator of estradiol synthesis. Thus, a change in AIPB protein expression may represent an early event in tumorigenesis and be predictive of an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

There is a rising recognition of the crucial role self-care plays in managing heart failure (HF). Yet patients often have difficulties implementing ongoing self-care recommendations into their daily lives. There is also recognition of the importance of theory for successful intervention design, and understanding of key factors for implementation so interventions fit a given context. Local key stakeholders can provide valuable insights to help understand relevant context-specific factors for intervention implementation. This study sought to engage stakeholders to explore and determine relevant contextual factors needed to design and facilitate successful implementation of an HF self-care intervention in the German health care system. A ranking-type Delphi approach was used to establish consensus from stakeholders (i.e., clinicians, patients, policymakers/potential funders) regarding eight factors (content, interventionist, target group, location, mode of delivery, intensity, duration, and format) to adequately define the components and implementation strategy of the intervention. Seventeen participants were invited to participate in the first Delphi round. A response rate of 94% (16/17) was achieved and maintained for all three Delphi rounds. Stakeholder consensus determined that nurses specializing in HF are the most appropriate interventionists, target groups should include patients and carers, and the intervention should occur in an outpatient HF clinic, be a mixture of group and individual training sessions, and last for 30 minutes. Sessions should take place more frequently in the beginning and less often over time. Local stakeholders can help determine contextual factors that must be taken into account for successful delivery of an intervention. This enables the intervention to be developed and applied based on these factors, to make it suitable for the target context and to enhance participation to achieve the desired outcomes.

Background and status of (inter)national research: Adherence to heart failure (HF) self-care has been found to be effective for maintaining the condition and reducing hospital admissions. Many patients, however, struggle to implement regular self-care into daily routines. Previous interventions to enhance [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a leading cause of disability world-wide (World Health Organization, 2008). Treatment of OCD is a specialized field whose aim is recovery from illness for as many patients as possible. The evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatment for OCD is specialized cognitive behavior therapy (CBT, NICE, 2005, Koran and Simpson, 2013). However, these treatments are not accessible to many sufferers around the world. Currently available guidelines for care are deemed to be essential but insufficient because of highly variable clinician knowledge and competencies specific to OCD. The phase two mandate of the 14 nation International OCD Accreditation Task Force (ATF) created by the Canadian Institute for Obsessive Compulsive Disorders is development of knowledge and competency standards for specialized treatments for OCD through the lifespan deemed by experts to be foundational to transformative change in this field. This paper presents knowledge and competency standards for specialized CBT for adult OCD developed to inform, advance, and offer a model for clinical practice and training for OCD. During upcoming ATF phases three and four criteria and processes for training in specialized treatments for OCD through the lifespan for certification (individuals) and accreditation (sites) will be developed based on the ATF standards.

Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in females worldwide and accounts for 16% of all female cancers, 22.9% of invasive cancers in women, and 18.2% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide. About 80% of these cancers, once established, depend on available estrogens (i.e., estradiol) to grow. The production of estrogens occurs via a catalytic process governed by the enzyme Aromatase. This process occurs primarily in the ovaries in pre-menopause, while in post-menopause, this occurs in peripheral tissues, including the breast. In patients whose cancers have specific hormone receptors, such as Estrogen Receptor positive (ER+), Progesterone Receptor positive (PR+), and Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2 Receptor positive (HER2+), these tumors can continue receiving nutrients and signals to grow, which provides targets for therapy. Although many of the currently available drugs for breast cancer seek to suppress this process and thus reduce available estrogens, they have numerous harmful side effects and have high rates of therapy failure due to the development of resistance. Therefore, new therapies and targets for this devastating disease are needed. We observed that breast tumors had increased estrogen production in postmenopausal women, leading us to question the cause of this increase. Further, the complete mechanism of aromatase action and the possibility of targetable cofactors remained previously unknown. Thus, we set out to identify the mechanism of Aromatase action to provide prognostic and therapeutic insight into this distressing disease. As Aromatase is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein, we purified ER fractions from breast tissues, separated through 1D, and then each ten kDa fractions were further separated and analyzed through Mass-spectrometry to determine the cofactors associated with aromatase activity. We observed an 11 mer peptide LEVVVDQPMER, which on cloning resulted in a 207 amino acid protein not present in the database. This previously undiscovered protein is colocalized with Aromatase in the ER. We saw that knocking down its expression by siRNA in wild-type breast cells (MCF-12A) or tumorigenic MCF-7 or T47-D cells increased estradiol synthesis significantly without affecting aromatase expression. Further biochemical experiments showed that Aromatase and the 207 amino acid protein interacted directly without affecting the expression of other ER-resident proteins. Additionally, our experiments showed that the new protein is not hormonally stimulated or transcriptionally inhibited and thus, regulates the aromatase catalytic activity of estradiol synthesis. Therefore, we have termed this new protein "Aromatase Interacting Partner in Breast" (AIPB). Presentation: Tuesday, June 14, 2022 9:45 a.m. - 10:00 a.m.