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Aims/hypothesis The basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor neurogenin-3 (NGN3) commits the fates of pancreatic progenitors to endocrine cell types, but knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the choice between proliferation and differentiation of these progenitors is limited. Methods Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation cloning approach, we searched for direct targets of NGN3 and identified a zinc-finger transcription factor, OVO homologue-like 1 (OVOL1). Transactivation experiments were carried out to elucidate the functional role of NGN3 in Ovol1 gene expression. Embryonic and adult rodents pancreases were immunostained for OVOL1, Ki67 and NGN3. Results We showed that NGN3 negatively regulates transcription of Ovol1 in an E-box-dependent fashion. The presence of either NGN3 or NEUROD1, but not MYOD, reduced endogenous Ovol1 mRNA. OVOL1 was detected in pancreatic tissue around embryonic day 15.5, after which OVOL1 levels dramatically increased. In embryonic pancreas, OVOL1 protein levels were low in NGN3+ or Ki67+ cells, but high in quiescent differentiated cells. OVOL1 presence was maintained in adult pancreas, where it was detected in islets, pancreatic ducts and some acinar cells. Additionally OVOL1 presence was lacking in proliferating ductules in regenerating pancreas and induced in cells as they began to acquire their differentiated phenotype. Conclusions/interpretation The timing of OVOL1 appearance in pancreas and its increased levels in differentiated cells suggest that OVOL1 promotes the transition of cells from a proliferating, less-differentiated state to a quiescent more-differentiated state. We conclude that OVOL1, a downstream target of NGN3, may play an important role in regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic cells.

PHGPx (phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase) is a selenoprotein present in at least three isoforms in testis: cytosolic, mitochondrial and nuclear. All of these derive from the same gene and are structurally related with the exception of the snPHGPx (sperm nucleus-specific form), which differs from the others due to the presence of an arginine-rich N-terminus. It has been demonstrated recently that this N-terminus is encoded by an alternative exon located in the first intron of the PHGPx gene. The expression of snPHGPx has been attributed either to an alternative pre-mRNA splicing or to the presence of a distinct promoter region. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanism by which the expression of snPHGPx occurs has not been demonstrated so far. Preliminary sequence analysis of the region located upstream of the alternative exon revealed some potential DNA-binding sites, one of which is specific to the binding of CREM (cAMP-response elementmodulator) transcription factors. By using electrophoretic mobility-shift assays, we demonstrated that both nuclear protein extract from highly purified rat spermatid cells and recombinant CREM-τ protein can specifically bind to this element. Furthermore, we cloned a 1059 bp comprising the intron and the alternative exon for snPHGPx in the pCAT®3 reporter vector. By transient transfection experiments, we demonstrated that the expression of the transcription factor CREM-τ can induce the activation of the reporter gene in NIH-3T3 cell line. These results were confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments performed on highly purified rat spermatid cells.On the basis of these results, we demonstrate that snPHGPx expression is mediated by the transcription factor CREM-τ , which acts as a cis-acting element localized in the first intron of the PHGPx gene.

Helicobacter pylori is an important pathogen of the gastric system. The clinical outcome of infection is thought to be correlated with some genetic features of the bacterium. However, due to the extreme genetic variability of this organism, it is hard to draw definitive conclusions concerning its virulence factors. Here we describe a novel H. pylori gene which expresses an autolytic enzyme that is also capable of degrading the cell walls of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We designated this gene lys. We found this gene and observed its expression in a number of unrelated clinical strains, a fact that suggests that it is well conserved in the species. A comparison of the nucleotide sequences of lys and the hypothetical gene HP0339 from H. pylori strain ATCC 26695 revealed almost total identity, except for the presence of an insertion consisting of 24 nucleotides in the lys sequence. The coding sequences of lys and HP0339 show a high degree of homology with the coding sequence of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme. Because of this similarity, it was possible to model the three-dimensional structures of both the lys and HP0339 products.

Pancreatic beta-cell regeneration, for example, by inducing proliferation, remains an important goal in developing effective treatments for diabetes. However, beta cells have mainly been considered quiescent. This “static” view has recently been challenged by observations of relevant physiological conditions in which metabolic stress is compensated by an increase in beta-cell mass. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlining these process could open the possibility of developing novel small molecules to increase beta-cell mass. Several cellular cell-cycle and signaling proteins provide attractive targets for high throughput screening, and recent advances in cell culture have enabled phenotypic screening for small molecule-induced beta-cell proliferation. We present here an overview of the current trends involving small-molecule approaches to induce beta-cell regeneration by proliferation.

1996/1997 IX Ciclo 1964 Versione digitalizzata della tesi di dottorato cartacea.

A small-molecule inducer of beta-cell proliferation in human islets represents a potential regeneration strategy for treating type 1 diabetes. However, the lack of suitable human beta cell lines makes such a discovery a challenge. Here, we adapted an islet cell culture system to high-throughput screening to identify such small molecules. We prepared microtiter plates containing extracellular matrix from a human bladder carcinoma cell line. Dissociated human islets were seeded onto these plates, cultured for up to 7 days, and assessed for proliferation by simultaneous Ki67 and C-peptide immunofluorescence. Importantly, this environment preserved beta-cell physiological function, as measured by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Adenoviral overexpression of cdk-6 and cyclin D(1), known inducers of human beta cell proliferation, was used as a positive control in our assay. This induction was inhibited by cotreatment with rapamycin, an immunosuppressant often used in islet transplantation. We then performed a pilot screen of 1280 compounds, observing some phenotypic effects on cells. This high-throughput human islet cell culture method can be used to assess various aspects of beta-cell biology on a relatively large number of compounds.

β-Cell replacement therapy represents the most promising approach to restore β-cell mass and glucose homeostasis in patients with type 1 diabetes. Safety and ethical issues associated with pluripotent stem cells stimulated the search for adult progenitor cells with endocrine differentiation capacities. We have already described a model for expansion and differentiation of human pancreatic duct-derived cells (HDDCs) into insulin-producing cells. Here we show an innovative and robust in vitro system for large-scale production of β-like cells from HDDCs using a nonintegrative RNA-based reprogramming technique. Synthetic modified RNAs for pancreatic transcription factors (pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1, neurogenin3, and V-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A [MAFA]) were manufactured and daily transfected in HDDCs without strongly affecting immune response and cell viability. MAFA overexpression was efficient and sufficient to induce β-cell differentiation of HDDCs, which acquired a broad repertoire of mature β-cell markers while downregulating characteristic epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers. Within 7 days, MAFA-reprogrammed HDDC populations contained 37% insulin-positive cells and a proportion of endocrine cells expressing somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. Ultrastructure analysis of differentiated HDDCs showed both immature and mature insulin granules with light-backscattering properties. Furthermore, in vitro HDDC-derived β cells (called β-HDDCs) secreted human insulin and C-peptide in response to glucose, KCl, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and tolbutamide stimulation. Transplantation of β-HDDCs into diabetic SCID-beige mice confirmed their functional glucose-responsive insulin secretion and their capacity to mitigate hyperglycemia. Our data describe a new, reliable, and fast procedure in adult human pancreatic cells to generate clinically relevant amounts of new β cells with potential to reverse diabetes. Significance β-Cell replacement therapy represents the most promising approach to restore glucose homeostasis in patients with type 1 diabetes. This study shows an innovative and robust in vitro system for large-scale production of β-like cells from human pancreatic duct-derived cells (HDDCs) using a nonintegrative RNA-based reprogramming technique. V-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A overexpression was efficient and sufficient to induce β-cell differentiation and insulin secretion from HDDCs in response to glucose stimulation, allowing the cells to mitigate hyperglycemia in diabetic SCID-beige mice. The data describe a new, reliable, and fast procedure in adult human pancreatic cells to generate clinically relevant amounts of new β cells with the potential to reverse diabetes.

Phenotypic cell-based screening is a powerful approach to small-molecule discovery, but a major challenge of this strategy lies in determining the intracellular target and mechanism of action (MoA) for validated hits. Here, we show that the small-molecule BRD0476, a novel suppressor of pancreatic β-cell apoptosis, inhibits interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activation of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling to promote β-cell survival. However, unlike common JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors, BRD0476 inhibits JAK-STAT signaling without suppressing the kinase activity of any JAK. Rather, we identified the deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9X (USP9X) as an intracellular target, using a quantitative proteomic analysis in rat β cells. RNAi-mediated and CRISPR/Cas9 knockdown mimicked the effects of BRD0476, and reverse chemical genetics using a known inhibitor of USP9X blocked JAK-STAT signaling without suppressing JAK activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of a putative ubiquitination site on JAK2 mitigated BRD0476 activity, suggesting a competition between phosphorylation and ubiquitination to explain small-molecule MoA. These results demonstrate that phenotypic screening, followed by comprehensive MoA efforts, can provide novel mechanistic insights into ostensibly well-understood cell signaling pathways. Furthermore, these results uncover USP9X as a potential target for regulating JAK2 activity in cellular inflammation.

Evidences for the involvement of the Galectin-1 in the interaction of pig chondrocytes with a lactose-modified chitosan, namely Chitlac, are reported. The Chitlac glycopolymer has been shown to promote pig chondrocyte aggregation and to induce extracellular matrix production. Highly pure Galectin-1 was obtained from pig spleen by affinity chromatography and its identity was determined by ion spray mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic peptide fragments obtained after in-gel digestion. The complete sequence of pig Galectin-1 CDS was obtained by screening a pig EST database using human Galectin-1 sequence as template. The Galectin-1 cDNA was cloned into a pGEX-4T-1 expression vector and the recombinant protein was purified, characterized and used to produce a rabbit anti-serum. Recombinant Galectin-1 interacts in a dose-dependent manner with Chitlac as determined with ELISA assay. Expression level of galectin-1 gene, quantified by real-time PCR, was significantly higher in chondrocytes cultivated on Chitlac. In the same way, the presence of Chitlac stimulates secretion of Galectin-1 in culture medium that, by immunohistochemical analysis, revealed to be clustered on the surface of Chitlac-induced aggregates. These data indicate the role of Galectin-1 as a bridging agent between Chitlac and chondrocyte aggregates.

PHGPx (phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase) is a selenoprotein present in at least three isoforms in testis: cytosolic, mitochondrial and nuclear. All of these derive from the same gene and are structurally related with the exception of the snPHGPx (sperm nucleus-specific form), which differs from the others due to the presence of an arginine-rich N-terminus. It has been demonstrated recently that this N-terminus is encoded by an alternative exon located in the first intron of the PHGPx gene. The expression of snPHGPx has been attributed either to an alternative pre-mRNA splicing or to the presence of a distinct promoter region. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanism by which the expression of snPHGPx occurs has not been demonstrated so far. Preliminary sequence analysis of the region located upstream of the alternative exon revealed some potential DNA-binding sites, one of which is specific to the binding of CREM (cAMP-response element modulator) transcription factors. By using electrophoretic mobility-shift assays, we demonstrated that both nuclear protein extract from highly purified rat spermatid cells and recombinant CREM-τ protein can specifically bind to this element. Furthermore, we cloned a 1059 bp comprising the intron and the alternative exon for snPHGPx in the pCAT®3 reporter vector. By transient transfection experiments, we demonstrated that the expression of the transcription factor CREM-τ can induce the activation of the reporter gene in NIH-3T3 cell line. These results were confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments performed on highly purified rat spermatid cells. On the basis of these results, we demonstrate that snPHGPx expression is mediated by the transcription factor CREM-τ, which acts as a cis-acting element localized in the first intron of the PHGPx gene.

SummaryDefects in insulin secretion play a central role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, yet the mechanisms driving beta-cell dysfunction remain poorly understood, and therapies to preserve glucose-dependent insulin release are inadequate. We report a luminescent insulin secretion assay that enables large-scale investigations of beta-cell function, created by inserting Gaussia luciferase into the C-peptide portion of proinsulin. Beta-cell lines expressing this construct cosecrete luciferase and insulin in close correlation, under both standard conditions or when stressed by cytokines, fatty acids, or ER toxins. We adapted the reporter for high-throughput assays and performed a 1,600-compound pilot screen, which identified several classes of drugs inhibiting secretion, as well as glucose-potentiated secretagogues that were confirmed to have activity in primary human islets. Requiring 40-fold less time and expense than the traditional ELISA, this assay may accelerate the identification of pathways governing insulin secretion and compounds that safely augment beta-cell function in diabetes.

Summary Novel therapeutic approaches are urgently required for multiple myeloma (MM). We used a phenotypic screening approach using co-cultures of MM cells with bone marrow stromal cells to identify compounds that overcome stromal resistance. One such compound, BRD9876, displayed selectivity over normal hematopoietic progenitors and was discovered to be an unusual ATP non-competitive kinesin-5 (Eg5) inhibitor. A novel mutation caused resistance, suggesting a binding site distinct from known Eg5 inhibitors, and BRD9876 inhibited only microtubule-bound Eg5. Eg5 phosphorylation, which increases microtubule binding, uniquely enhanced BRD9876 activity. MM cells have greater phosphorylated Eg5 than hematopoietic cells, consistent with increased vulnerability specifically to BRD9876's mode of action. Thus, differences in Eg5-microtubule binding between malignant and normal blood cells may be exploited to treat multiple myeloma. Additional steps are required for further therapeutic development, but our results indicate that unbiased chemical biology approaches can identify therapeutic strategies unanticipated by prior knowledge of protein targets.

Pancreatic beta-cell regeneration, for example, by inducing proliferation, remains an important goal in developing effective treatments for diabetes. However, beta cells have mainly been considered quiescent. This “static” view has recently been challenged by observations of relevant physiological conditions in which metabolic stress is compensated by an increase in beta-cell mass. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlining these process could open the possibility of developing novel small molecules to increase beta-cell mass. Several cellular cell-cycle and signaling proteins provide attractive targets for high throughput screening, and recent advances in cell culture have enabled phenotypic screening for small molecule-induced beta-cell proliferation. We present here an overview of the current trends involving small-molecule approaches to induce beta-cell regeneration by proliferation.

Cycloheximide (CHX) is one of the most interesting protein synthesis inhibitors. For this reason, fluorescent derivatives of CHX could find useful applications in cell biology. We report the successful synthesis of a set of novel fluorescent derivatives of CHX. The effect of different functional groups on the biological activity of CHX was studied upon their modification through suitable strategies, i.e., acetylation of the hydroxyl group and reductive amination of the ketone group. The first route induced a complete loss of biological activity, while the second approach allowed a retained inhibition of protein synthesis, as demonstrated by in vitro translation assays. Various fluorescent dyes for reductive amination were tested (i.e., ANTS, APTS, and Rhodamine-123), and the success of the syntheses was demonstrated by diverse analytical techniques. Cycloheximide labeling with fluorescent dyes is a promising approach for developing fluorescence reporters for various applications, both in vitro (fluorescence spectroscopy) and in vivo (live imaging).

N-linked or O-linked glycans derived from glycoprotein processing carry, an N-acetylglucosamine or an N-acetylgalactosamine respectively, at their reducing termini. The presence of the N-acetylamino group on C-2 of reducing sugar residues has been reported to hamper the derivatization reaction with a chromophore at the anomeric centre. In this paper N-acetyllactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and several other neutral monosaccharides are coupled to three different dyes (4-aminobenzonitrile, 2-aminopyridine, 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA)) by reductive amination and analysed by CE with UV detection. The 2-AA derivatives showed the lowest concentration detection limits, varying approximately in the 2-3 muM range for the saccharides tested including the N-acetamido ones. The possibility to separate and detect with the same sensitivity ten 2-AA-labelled monosaccharides mainly found in mammalian or plant glycoproteins in a single CE run is highlighted. The analysis has been carried out in less than 25 min using the borate-complexation method in CZE mode. The influence of the strength of the acid used as catalyst in the chemical modification of the sugars with 2-AA is also shortly addressed.

Galectin-1 is a 14 kDa beta-galactoside binding protein, capable of forming lattice-like structures with glycans of cellular glycoconjugates and inducing intracellular signaling. The expression of Galectin-1 in porcine cartilage is described in this work for the first time. Immunocytochemical methods revealed distinct distribution patterns for both articular and growth plate cartilage. In articular cartilage, the highest reactivity for Galectin-1 was found in all chondrocytes at the superficial zone and in most of those at the lower layer of the middle zone. In the growth plate, marked reactivity was seen in chondrocytes at the proliferative zone and reached a maximum level for the column-forming cells at the hypertrophic zone. In addition, different Galectin-1 distribution patterns were observed at the subcellular level. With regards to the metabolic effects of Galectin-1, the results in vitro seem to indicate an inhibitory effect of Galectin-1 on articular chondrocyte anabolism (i.e. inhibition of cell proliferation and anabolic gene expression) and a stimulation of catabolic processes (i.e. induction of matrix degradation and hypertrophy marker expression). These data represent a starting point for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlining ECM-Galectin-1 interaction and the subsequent signaling-cell transduction processes involving cartilage formation and maturation.

The enzymatic synthesis of the Tn antigen (GalNAc-α- O -Ser), a glyco-aminoacid of great biological importance, is reported. The reaction was promoted by commercial α- N -acetylgalactosaminidase from Acremonium sp., using p -nitrophenyl-α- N -acetylgalactosamine as the donor. The kinetics were monitored by capillary electrophoresis and LC–UV-MS. For unprotected serine, the role of pH and temperature was investigated, finding that pH 5 and T = 18 °C gave the best yield. Under these conditions a significant increase of the reaction rate was observed in comparison with previous literature data, using unprotected serine. The role of the bulkiness of the serine protecting groups on the yield was additionally considered, as well as the kinetic profiles generated by the use of two differently protected aminoacids. By proper choice of the protecting group, the reaction yield then increased from 5% (with unprotected serine) to about 50% (with N -Boc and N -methoxycarbonyl serine).

2004/2005 In questo lavoro si è cercato di fornire gli strumenti per l'analisi del proteoma della membrana plasmatica con particolare interesse nei confronti delle glicoproteine e delle eventuali modificazioni della loro componente oligosaccaridica, nell'ambito deii'HCC, con lo scopo di individuare nuovi marker glicoproteici da utilizzare in diagnostica e terapia. La componente oligosaccaridica delle glicoproteine di membrana viene coinvolta e continuamente rimaneggiata in diversi processi biologici, che vanno dalla regolazione del sistema immunitario alla comunicazione cellulare, dallo sviluppo embrionale alla capacità patogenetica degli agenti infettivi, dal ripiegamento della catena lineare dei polipeptidi fino allo sviluppo dei tumori e di altre importanti patologie[1J. La limitata disponibilità di dati sperimentali di riferimento per quanto riguarda un approccio di proteomica della membrana plasmatica, ha reso ardua l'interpretazione di molti dei risultati ottenuti riportati in questo lavoro di Tesi. In via preliminare si è reso necessario mettere a punto la maggior parte dei protocolli sperimentali atti ad ottenere il maggior grado di informazioni possibile in merito all'espressione differenziale delle glicoproteine di membrana. Questa fase propedeutica ma indispensabile ha impegnato gran parte del tempo richiesto per lo sviluppo di questo progetto di ricerca. L'approccio sperimentale ha previsto l'utilizzo di due modelli di linea epatocitaria. La linea CHANG, derivante da tessuto di fegato normale, mostra una notevole somiglianza con le cellule normali di fegato ed è citata spesso in letteratura come modello di epatocita in condizione fisiologica[2J. Le cellule HepG2 sono una linea cellulare stabilizzata in coltura derivata da cellule di un epatocarcinoma umano. In primo luogo è stato necessario mettere a punto un metodo di estrazione, confrontando e modificando alcune delle metodofogie già esistenti, al fine di sviluppare una strategia che permettesse di ottenere i risultati migliori in termini di purezza e arricchimento del campione proteico4 Più precisamente, tra queUe disponibili, due sono state messe a confronto e svituppate a seconda detre nostre esigenze . Analizzando i campioni di proteine estratte secondo la strategia differenziate proposta da MoUoyf31 dopo separazione etettroforeticai si è osservato un potenziale arricchimento in proteine dl membrana,. ma la contaminazione da parte della componente dtopfasmatica o proveniente dalle membrane degli organe Ui è. risultata essere ancora troppo a.fta .. Al metodo appena lndicato si è prefertto· queflo che prevede fa marcatura con un derivato della biotina e Ja successiva purificazione su colonna funzionalizzata con avidina[4l: si .è dimostrato, infatti, che attraverso questo metodo estrattivo si possono ottenere proteine che presentano un peso molecolare elevato e che per la maggior parte appartengono alla classe deHe glicoproteine, essendoci una buona corrispondenza tra n profiJo proteico rivelato in colorazione argentica e quello rivelato con un metodo di colorazione specifico per le glicoproteine (ProQ Emerald 300). Inoltre, tramite analisi di immunocitochimica, in fase pre-estrattiva, e di western blot si è verificato che tutte le proteine estratte sono biotinilate; infine, dai gel bidimensionali ottenuti sono evidenziabili le caratteristiche tipiche delle glicoproteine, che si presentano come trenini di spot costituiti delle diverse glicoforme esistenti, differenti tra loro sia per pi che per massa relativa. l'osservazione di questi risultati ci ha fatto ragionevolmente supporre che il metodo di estrazione e purificazione prescelto portasse, effettivamente, ad un arricchimento in proteine di membrana. Successivamente l'analisi comparativa eseguita sulle mappe prote;che relative alta linea· cellulare· CHANG ed HepG2 ha messo in luce numerose differenze, dì tipo proteìco, esistenti a livello della membrana cellulare, ma ha evidenziato anche aJcune somigJianze degne di nota. s; è sceJto dì cominciare l'identificazione delle proteine da quelle che risultavano comuni ad entrambe le linee cellulari e che, ad una prima osservazione dei gel, si presentavano come treni di spot associabili a diverse glicoforme di una glicoproteina. Le analisi di spettrometria di massa hanno fornito risultati interessanti·; anche se inaspettati.. Di particolare importanza è il ritrovamento di segnali attribuibili a proteine con funzioni di Chaperoninei4J .. Tra queste sono state identificate, costantemente:: GR.P78/Bip, HSP60, MTHSP75, HSP90, gp96/GRP94 per entrambe le linee cellulari., mentre POI è stata identificata nelle HepG2. Ed è stata proprio " l' inusualità " di .questo dato che ci ha stimolato a proseguire su una nuova linea interpretativa e a verificare fa possibilità che effettivamente queste proteine fossero presenti su una membrana plasmatica dei modelli cellulari studiati1 da un lato per vatidare le metodologie sviluppate, dall'altro per sfruttare il potenziale informativo fornito da un dato che, seppure anomalo, rimane comunque estremamente interessante. La particolarità di questo risultato risiede nella "anomala" localizzazione topografica di questa dasse di proteine che, normalmente, hanno una tipica.. ma non esclusiva.. localizzazione citoplasmatica o collocazione a livello di reticolo endoplasmatico. Per molte di queste chaperonine si è cercato di dare un interpretazione all'inconsueta localizzazione. In questo lavoro sono state analizzate in maniera più dettagllatate proteine che, tra quelle identificate, presentavano aspetti interessanti sia da.t punto di v.ista funzionale (HSP90 e GRP78) che glicobiologico (gp96). Caratteristica di· tutte- le- proteine- con localizzazione· a llveflo· def- RE, come- GRP94 e GRP78, è la presenza, nella porzione C-terminale, di una particolare sequenza amminoacidica KDEL {lys-Asp-Giu-Leu) che ne garantirebbe la· permanenza a- livello- del· REr51.. Nonostante questa peculiarità, esistono diversi riscontri sperimentali che dimostrano la localizzazione dì GRP78 e gp96 anche a livello della membrana plasmatìca dove sì. assocerebbero con altre proteine in alcuni casi non ancora identificate, per formare complessi di diverse dimensioni.. I meccanismi molecolari chiamati in causa per spiegare la "fuga" di proteine KDEL dal RE alla superficie della membrana plasmatica sono diversi. Ad esempio alcuni dati sembrerebbero attribuire questo evento ad una saturazione dei recettori per KDEL con conseguente perdita di alcune proteine che sarebbero in grado di migrare verso la membrana plasmatica. In altri casi il difetto nel sistema di ritenzione potrebbe essere dovuto alla presenza di .forme tronche delle proteine o difettive del dominio di riconoscimento. Un'altra ipotesi prevede che l'associazione delle proteine KDEL con proteine che sono destinate ad essere esportate verso la membrana plasmatica possa bloccare stericamente H dominio KDEL, impedendone l'interazione con il· rispettivo recettore e comportando la comigrazione verso la membrana plasmatica. Queste ossetvazioni, per quanto interessanti, rappresentano comunque solo interpretazioni finalistiche di un comportamento- che, alla fuce dei risultati riportati in questo favoro e di· quelli in letteratura, potrebbe essere molto più importante e di maggior significato biologico: non è un caso che tutti i dati più significativi e, al momento,. più. c.ompJeti. riguardano forme ceJJuJari associate a. trasformazioni neoplastiche .. Su HSP90, in letteratura, sono state fatte le considerazioni più interessanti. Dati recenti attestano la sua localizzazione sulla superficie cellulare in particolare sulla -membrana -dei -neuroni nelle fasi .precoci delt.o sviluppo de.l sistema nervoso: si ipotizza che questa chaperonina sia coinvolta nella migrazione cellulare[6J. Inoltre, è stato proposto che, sulla superficie cellulare, .HSP90 svolgesse un .ruolo attivo, in questo caso ln senso migratorio, partecipando a qualche meccanismo che· porta la cellula a· staccarsi dalla matrice extracellulare e dalle cellule vicine. Questo dipenderebbe dalla stretta relazione che esiste tra HSP90 e MMP2, enzima. coinvolto nel rimodellamento-della-matrice extracellulare[7l. Dal punto dì vista dì un approccio glicomico alla trasformazione neoplastìca e facendo salvo il concetto ormai accettato e dimostrato della stretta associazione tra. Ja trasformazione neo.pJastica e la: modificazione dei. pattem di glicosilazione appare piuttosto interessante l'osservazione secondo la quale alcune di queste proteine vengano attivate ad alti livelli in presenza di inibitori della glicosilazione. Le alterazioni della glicosilazione potrebbero essere, entro certi limiti, assimilate agli effetti prodotti dal trattamento con inibitori della glicosilazione. Non bisogna dimenticare, inoltre, che questi chaperone molecolari sono deputati al controllo e alla successiva eliminazione di proteine non correttamente ripiegate e/o glicosilate: una loro alterata funzionalità potrebbe risolversi in una mancata eliminazione o sequestramento detta proteina non funzionale con conseguente trasporto della stessa al compartimento di competenza. La presenza, quindi, di proteine non correttamente gticosilate sulla membrana plasmatica potrebbe essere· dovuta a meccanismi di· eliminazione alterati a livello del RE- e del· Golgi. Certamente questa è semplice considerazione ipotetica che, in ogni caso, potrebbe costituire una buona base di partenza per ulteriori e più a-pprofonditi. studi. In questo lavoro si è cercato non solo di ottenere gli strumenti per facilitare la comprensione del proteoma di membrana ma anche. porre. te basi per lo studio e ·la caratterizzazione degli N-glicani associati a questo compartimento. Quest'ultimo aspetto sperimentale è piuttosto rilevante: la possibilità di sviluppare una gUcoproteomica in senso stretto- si è sempre scontrata con .ta sostanziale incompatibilità dei metodi disponibili in letteratura, che comportavano o la perdita della componente saccaridica o n· sacrificio di quella proteicarsJ. Fintanto che l'approccio glicoproteomico era rivolto esclusivamente all'identi.ficazione de.l complessQ delle proteine espresse da una cellula; ciò· non· ha mai costituito un problema; quando· invece si rende necessaria un'analisi di un compartimento esclusivo come quello della membrana plasmatica, dove la componente glicoproteica è poco rappresentata, il discorso è diverso. In taf senso, f'ottimìzzazìone degfi approcci sperimentali di 2-DE che consentono la simultanea caratterizzazione della porzione oligosaccaridica e di quella proteica è auspicabile se non indispensabile... Proprio in quest'ottica risiede l'importanza dei risultati ottenuti in questo ·lavoro, ossia nell'aver messo a punto un efficiente metodo di degli cosilazione in gelr9J in associazione alla separazione 20-E, che permettesse di mantenere integra ed analizzabile sia la componente oligosaccaridica che quella proteica, per lo sviluppo di una completa glicomica della membrana plasmatica. XVIII Ciclo 1974 Versione digitalizzata della tesi di dottorato cartacea.

Rapid and reliable methods for the analysis of O- and C-allyl galactopyranosides and glucopyranosides are presented, based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). In MEKC, the formation of chromophoric and charged complexes between the saccharides and borate as well as the hydrophobic interactions with micelles jointly contributed to the selective separation and sensitive detection of all the investigated anomeric couples. Some non-purified synthesis mixtures of C-allyl glycosides were successfully characterised without pre-treatment. MEKC buffer conditions for which glycosides separation was successfully achieved were then exported and applied to reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), for the quantitative isolation of each allyl glycoside anomer. Identification of the obtained anomeric products was performed by electrospray mass spectrometry and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Glycoside-solvent interactions driving the selective anomeric separation were shortly addressed and discussed on the basis of sugar derivatives structural differences.

A reductive amination reaction (N-alkylation) obtained exploiting the aldheyde group of lactose and the amino group of the glucosamine residues of chitosan (d.a. 89%) afforded a highly soluble engineered polysaccharide (chitlac) for a potential application in the repair of the articular cartilage. Chitosan derivatives with 9% and 64% of side chain groups introduced have been prepared and characterized by means of potentiometric titration, 1H-NMR and intrinsic viscosity. Both polymers, with respect to the unmodified chitosan, induce cell aggregation when in contact with a primary culture of pig chondrocytes, leading to the formation of nodules of considerable dimensions (up to 0.5–1 mm in diameter). The nodules obtained from chondrocytes treated with chitlac with the higher degree of substitution have been studied by means of optical and electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen has been measured by means of colorimetric assays. The chondro-specificity of GAG and collagen was determined by RT-PCR. The results show that the lactose-modified chitosan is non-toxic and stimulates the production of aggrecan and type II collagen.