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1.4 benzodiazepine derivatives are the benzodiazepine class that is used most frequently in clinical as a sedation agent, anxiolytic, and antiepileptic. The high tense of benzodiazepine consumption can causes addiction and misappropriation. That matter causes benzodiazepine and its metabolites often find in toxicology clinical and forensic. This systematic review aimed to identify an efficient sample preparation procedure and an accurate analysis method to determine benzodiazepine existence in various biological matrices. According to the PRISMA flow diagram’s chart, twenty-four reviewed articles systematically pointed that plasma and urine utilization gave good accuracy results and recovery than other biological matrices. SBSE extraction method development using vinylpyrrolidone ethylene glycol dimethacrylate polymer gave efficient results with the amount of recovery 96%, and HPLC instrument utilization was still selective and sensitive with LOD until 12ng/ml and LOQ 36 ng/ml.

Introduction Renal Doppler resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) values are potentially more sensitive at detecting renal abnormalities when compared to standard laboratory indices in patients with HIV/AIDS. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published research articles on renal Doppler indices and their correlation with laboratory indices of HIV sero-positive adult individuals. This study aimed to assess the renal function of HIV-sero-positive adults using RI and PI, and correlating these indices against laboratory values. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2019 to April 2020. A purposive sampling method was employed and included 396 HIV sero-positive adult individuals. Sampling for the renal RI and PI was performed at the level of the inter-lober arteries, in between the medullary pyramids. An RI value above 0.70 and a PI value above 1.56 were consider abnormal. Serum creatine and urea together with evidence of proteinuria were recorded at the time of scanning. Results Forty-three (10.9%) men had an abnormal RI, 32 (8.1%) had abnormal PI, five (2.5%) had abnormal creatinine, two (1%) abnormal urea and eight (4.1%) with proteinuria. In women, 29 (7.3%) had abnormal RI, 22 (5.6%) abnormal PI, four (2%) abnormal creatinine and urea and six (3%) had proteinuria. There was a statistically significant weak positive correlation between RI and PI and serum creatinine and urea (r > 0.2, P Conclusion The proportion of patients with abnormal RI and PI was higher than the proportion of participants with abnormal serum urea, creatinine and proteinuria. Renal Doppler indices could be used be used in the early assessment of renal function in HIV sero-positive adults individuals. Implications for practice Serum creatinine and urea are routinely used to evaluate renal function in patients with HIV/AIDS. Findings from this initial study show that RI and PI could be used detecting early renal abnormalities when compared to standard laboratory values.

Some metformin hydrochloride extended-release (MetHCl-XR) tablet products have been marketed in Indonesia with varying prices. In general, price is considered to indicates the quality of a product. This research was conducted to review the products quality, especially the dissolution rate of the products, and to find out if the price is an indicator of the product quality. Three brands of MetHCl 500 mg XR tablets were randomly selected, namely Tablet A, B, and C which the price of Tablet B > A > C, then the Tablets were characterized. The results showed that Tablet A, B, and C contain MetHCl with an average of 100.61%, 98.72%, and 101.15% respectively, and met the uniformity of dosage unit requirement. Tablet A met the requirements of dissolution tests 1, 2, 3, and 4, while Tablet B and C met the requirements of dissolution tests 1 and 3. The cumulative percentage of MetHCl release at the 10th hour of Tablet A, B, and C were 94.18%, 97.24%, and 94.59% respectively with the release kinetics of Tablet A and B following Higuchi model, whereas Tablet C following a first-order. Drug release of all tablets occurred in non-Fick diffusion. In conclusion, the three tablets met the standards required by USP 43 and the price is not an indicator of MetHCl-XR tablet products quality.

Hydroquinone and retinoic acid have been widely used as whitening agents in cosmetic creams and have a negative impact if used without a medical prescription. In this study, development of analytical method of retinoic acid (REA) and hydroquinone (HYQ) were carried out using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) with a PDA detector, Phenomenex Luna® ODS / C18 column (150 mmx4.6 mm), methanol-acetic acid 0.1% (85:15) as mobile phase, flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detected at 295 nm for HYQ and 341 nm for REA. The result of the validation method showed a retention time of HYQ at 1.55 minutes and REA at 3.73 minutes. Validation parameters performed are selectivity, range, linearity, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, and precision. Linear detector response in the concentration range of 75-250 ppm with a calibration curve equation. The calibration curve equation for HYQ is y = 0.4607x + 1.9014 (r = 0.999), mean while REA is y = 2.3138x + 21.0429 (r = 0.999). LOD and LOQ values of HYQ are 1.615 ppm; 13.98 ppm respectively and REA 1.02 ppm and 3.11 ppm, respectively. The precision (% RSD) ≤ ± 2% and accuracy (% recovery) in the range of 99.0% - 100.6%. This method is valid to be used to analyze HYQ and REA in commercial cosmetic cream samples.

Context: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) remains a major challenge globally. HIVassociated nephropathy is the third most common cause of endstage renal failure and more prevalent among AfricanAmericans with HIV compared with other races. Aims: This study evaluated sonographic renal changes in drugdependent and drugnaive patients with HIV/AIDS in Kano, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: A prospective and comparative study involving 190 each of drugdependent and drugnaive patients were conducted. Renal sonography was performed using digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system, equipped with a 3.5 MHz curvilinear transducer. Statistical analysis used: An independent ttest and Mann–Whitney Utest were used to compare the renal volume and mean rank of the renal parenchymal echogenicity between drugdependent and drugnaive patients. Statistical significance was considered at P

Objective: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important for the development of infant’s nervous and visual system because it is a major fatty acid in brain and retina phospholipids. However, the benefit of adding DHA in infant formulas is still controversial. The over intake of DHA should be considered because of its side effect. The aim of this study was to get a valid analysis method of DHA using gas chromatography (GC) to determine the concentration of DHA in infant formula.Method: The milk fat was extracted in chloroform-methanol (1:2), continued with methylated in methanol-toluene (4:1) with acetyl chloride, and finally, injected to GC.Result: The GC conditions were as follows: Injector temperature was 230°C, detector temperature was 250°C, oven temperature was programmed to increase from 130°C to 230°C by 2°C/min and held for 20 min, helium flow rate was 2.00 ml/min, and split ratio was 1:3. This method had passed the precision and recovery evaluation. The result of DHA determination in five infant formula samples was 27.49±0.62 mg/100 g, 31.14±0.43 mg/100 g, 11.83±0.38 mg/100 g, 19.34±0.58 mg/100 g, and 45.87±0.42 mg/100 g.Conclusion: The method was valid and successfully applied to determine of DHA in infant formula.

A simple and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP), which are also known as cotrimoxazole, in tablet and human plasma in vitro . The Concentration of TMP and SMX used for this study were 1:5 according to their combination as cotrimoxazole. Chromatography was performed on a C 18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) under isocratic elution with acetonitrile-water-triethylamine (20:80:0.1 v/v), pH 5.9 ± 0.1 arranged by 0.2 N NaOH or 1% acetic acid. Detection was made at 240 nm and analyses were run at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min at a room temperature. Sulfadimidine was used as internal standard. In tablet validation, the calibration curve was linear by r values 0.9994 and 0.9996, precision by coefficient of variation (CV) were 0.85% and 0.98% also accurate by % recovery for 3 concentrations were 98% - 102% for TMP and SMX, respectively. Plasma extraction was done by deproteination with acetonitrile, mix with vortex for 40s, then centrifuge it on 12500 rpm for 15 minutes. In plasma validation, the recovery was 94.95% and 86.87% for TMP and SMX, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) in plasma was 150 ng/mL and 750 ng/mL for TMP and SMX, respectively. The method also fulfill the criteria for accuracy and precision intra and inter day by % diff values not exceed ± 20% for LLOQ and ± 15% for concentrations except LLOQ. On the stability study, cotrimoxazole in plasma is pronounced to be stable for 30 days.

Cilostazol is an antiplatelet agent with the mechanism of action by inhibiting phos-phodiesterase III (PDE III). Referred to Food and Drug Administration(FDA),cilostazol is a drug recommended to be bioequivalence (BE) studied. A high-perfor-mance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detector for in vitro determination of cilostazol in human plasma had been developed and validated. Cilostazol and pioglitazone as internal standard were extracted from human plasma by protein precipitation method using methanol. The mobile phase consisting of ac-etonitrile-potassium di-hydrogen phosphate buffer 50 mM (40:60) was used at the flow rate of 1.5 mL/min on reversed phase C18 column (SunfireTM, 5 µm, 250x4.6 mm), and was detected at wavelength of 257 nm. Linearity was established within concentration range of 20-2000 ng/mL with coefficient correlation (r) was 0,9999. Accuracy (% diff) of this method was -14.67% up to 8.84% with precision (CV) being 0.98% to 4.93%, and absolute recovery was established to be 82.26% to 119.85%. Cilostazol in plasma was stable for 30 days in -200C storage. Keyword: Validation, HPLC, cilostazol, pioglitazone, plasma in vitro.

Ethanol not only caused drunk, but also in certain amount it can caused death. Because of the side effect of ethanol was dangerous if there sufficient concentration in blood and the penetration which is relatively easy so it was important to know how much ethanol in blood, especially on official employee in alcoholic beverage industry. A gas chromatography method using a capillary column CBP-10 and flame ionization detector (FID) has been developed and validated for the detection and quatification of ethanol in blood. Gas chromatography was performed in isothermal mode with column temperature 60oC. Helium was used as carrier gas with flow rate 1.0 mL/min. Quantification was performed with the uses of 1-propanol as an internal standard (IS). The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.001-0.8% v/v with coefficient of corelation 0.9998. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was found to be 0.001% v/v. This method was validated with precisions (CV) 0.53-3.47% and accuracies (% diff) 3.86-7.46%. Result of ethanol recovery varied from 96.14-107.46%. The result of validation method fulfilled for the given criteria.

The aim of this research is to find the method for analyze glimepiride and itArs metabolite. Glimepiride is the second generation of antidiabetic oral from the sulphonyl urea that works by stimulating the insulin secretion from beta cells of pancreas. Glimepiride is isolated from plasma the using chloroform. Using the high performance liquid chromatography method which include C18 reversed phase column, using mixture of methanol:water (50:50, v/v) as a mobile phase, flow rate 1.0 ml/minutes, detection at wavelenght 228 nm with photo diode array detector gives retention times of glimepiride in 17 minutes without any interference from endogen component of plasma and from itArs metabolite. Linearity with added internal standard gliclazide was established for the range concentration 100-1000 ng/ml with coefficient of correlation (r) is 0.9977 and give the limit of quantitation of glimepiride in 50 ng/ml. The results of validation method fulfilled for the given criterias.