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During the War on Terror, when high rates of violence were occurring and schools were being forcefully torn down in Swat Valley of Pakistan, Malala Yousafzai fought for girls' education rights. At just 17 years old, Malala Yousafzai has inspired people around the world with her passion and determination to make sure girls everywhere can get an education. When the Taliban tried to silence her, Malala answered their brutality with strength and resolve. Soon in the international media, she was acclaimed as a brave hero and later honored with a Nobel Prize. She received a mixed response for her efforts in Pakistan. While some praised her, others thought her as an opportunist or believed that there was a Western conspiracy behind her promotion on an international level. This article explores the disparities in media representation of Malala Yousafzai on global and local levels. Employing ethnographic research methods, we bring to light the perceptions of people from her hometown and juxtapose it with those of international media outlets. The article will help understand the complex controversies surrounding Yousafzai's struggle and legacy. Keywords: Malala Yousafzai, Media representation, Reception, Pakistan, Global media, Local media, Introduction This article describes Malala's depiction in the local and global media. Various sociocultural, political, and ideological discourses were used to describe her role at the societal, national, and global [...]

The gross composition of milk may affect the textural, compositional and microbiological properties of yoghurt. Sahiwal, Holstein Friesian milk procured from Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, B-block University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki and Nili Ravi buffalo milk procured from Nili Ravi buffalo Research Institute (BRI), Pattoki. All other ingredients purchased from Sigma Aldrich Germany through local suppliers. Milk was standardized to 15% total solids with 3.5% fat. Skim Milk Powder (SMP) was used for the standardization of the yogurt. Milk was pasteurized at 82oC for 5 minutes and cool down to 43℃ and at this temperature starter culture was added. Yogurt batch incubated at 43℃ for 3 to 3.5 h. During this period pH was monitored regularly and as the pH drops to 4.6, the batch was shifted to blast chilling at 1-2℃ and then stored at 4℃. Sensory evaluation of all yogurt samples was carried out on a 9-point hedonic scale. All the tests were carried out on day 0, 7, 14 and 21. The collected data was investigated through ANOVA technique under complete randomized design (CRD) using SAS 9.1 software. The results showed that yoghurt made from Nili Ravi buffalo milk (To) showed a significant (p= 0.5) overall acceptability as compared to other treatments. Yoghurt made from Nili Ravi buffalo milk (To) were followed by T3, T4, T1 and T5 respectively. The Nili Ravi buffalo milk showed higher acceptability to the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, stochastic functional differential equations (SFDEs) pose a challenge as they often lack explicit exact solutions. Consequently, it becomes necessary to seek certain favorable conditions under which numerical solutions can converge towards the exact solutions. This article aims to delve into the convergence analysis of solutions for stochastic functional differential equations by employing the framework of G-Brownian motion. To establish the goal, we find a set of useful monotone type conditions and work within the space C r ((− ∞ , 0 ] ; R n) . The investigation conducted in this article confirms the mean square boundedness of solutions. Furthermore, this study enables us to compute both L G 2 and exponential estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted petrographic, geochemical, and new U-Pb laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry analyses of detrital zircons in the sandstone samples from the important Mengqiguer sandstone-type uranium deposit located in the Yili basin of the Xishanyao Formation. This formation (Shuixigou Group) is a major uranium-bearing target stratum in the basin. The main purpose of our investigations was to determine the provenance of the host sand units that has remained unclear to date. Our petrographic results suggested that the host sandstone is texturally and chemically immature, indicating superior physicochemical conditions for later uranium mineralisation. The major and trace element data of the detrital sandstone samples point towards the upper continental crust, and the chondrite-normalised rare earth element (REE) plots show enriched light REE and relatively flat heavy-REE distribution, with a negative Eu anomaly. The characteristics of the REEs and the trace elements point to felsic rocks as the provenance of the target strata with a continental arc tectonic setting. The detrital zircons indicate an age span of~235-~2327 Ma, with major age populations of~300-~500 Ma. The increasing amount of zircon grains from the Late Devonian to the Early Carboniferous coinciding with the age of volcanic magmatic activities of the Wusun and Nalati mountains indicates that the rocks formed under the Tianshan collisional orogeny and the subsequent extensional environment. Key words: Middle Jurassic Yili basin, northwest China, U-Pb detrital zircon age, Provenance. Nous avons effectue des analyses petrographiques, geochimiques et de spectrometrie de masse a source a plasma inductif avec ablation au laser de zircons detritiques d'echantillons de gres provenant de l'important gisement d'uranium de type gres de Mengqiguer, situe dans le bassin d'Yili de la Formation de Xishanyao. Cette formation (Groupe de Shuixigou) constitue une importante unite uranifere cible dans ce bassin. L'objectif principal de nos etudes consistait a determiner la provenance des unites de gres hotes, qui demeurait incertaine. Nos resultats petrographiques donnent a penser que le gres hote est immature tant sur le plan textural que chimique, indiquant des conditions physicochimiques propices a une mineralisation uranifere ulterieure. Les donnees sur les elements majeurs et en traces des echantillons de gres detritiques indiquent une provenance dans la croute continentale superieure, et les spectres des terres rares normalisees aux valeurs chondritiques montrent un enrichissement des terres rares legeres et une distribution relativement plane des terres rares lourdes, avec une anomalie en Eu negative. Les caracteristiques des terres rares et des elements en traces indiqueraient que la source des unites cibles serait constituee des roches felsiques dans un milieu tectonique d'arc continental. Les zircons detritiques definissent une fourchette d'ages allant de--235 Ma a--2327 Ma, avec des populations majeures d'ages allant de--300 Ma a--500 Ma. L'augmentation de l'abondance de grains de zircon du Devonien tardif au Carbonifere precoce, qui coincide avec l'age de l'activite magmatique volcanique des montagnes Wusun et Nalati, indique que les roches se sont formees durant l'orogenese de collision de Tianshan et dans le milieu d'extension qui a suivi. Mots-cles: bassin jurassique moyen d'Yili, nord-ouest de la Chine, age U-Pb sur zircons detritiques, provenance., 1. Introduction Sandstone-type uranium deposits, of which the worldwide resources total approximately 31%, are of greater economic significance compared with all the other known types (OCED 2010; Boberg 2010; Hall [...]

This study explains the depiction of violence in Pashtu movies and its impact on the youth's behaviour in Pashtun society. Quantitative techniques have been employed for this purpose for which data were collected from the youth through questionnaire and interview schedule. Data were, thus, collected from 360 respondents using purposive sampling technique. It was found that Pashtu movies have significant impact on the youth's behaviour. Pashtu movies romanticised the Pashtun cultural violence. The primary data shows significant (p=0.000) association between the Pashtu movies and violent impact on the youth's behaviour. Violent character is presented as a brave and honourable person of Pashtun society in Pashtu movies. Moreover, it was found that Pashtu movies inject violence into the minds of the youth thereby making them imitate the violent character of villain or hero in their real lives. It is the responsibility of the censor boards to keep check on the violence which is shown in Pashtu movies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various socio-economic and political factors spur the sectarian violence in Pakistan. This research study investigates factors behind the growing sectarian violence in the wake of war against terror in the tribal belt of Pakistan. The main purpose of this research paper is to know the relationship between terrorism and sectarian violence after US led war on terror. Various local and trans-national terrorist groups have fueled the local sectarianism for their own interest. Terrorists' organization have encouraged and motivated local people for sectarian clashes, which have destroyed the bond of unity between the local sects which were existed before new wave of terrorism. The current wave of sectarian violence cannot be controlled without eradication of terrorism of this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic solid phase extraction methods for the preconcentration of Pd(II) and Cd(II) was developed by using reduced graphene oxide-polychloroprene impregnated with magnetic nanoparticle (MNPsRGO-PCP) as an adsorbent. MNPs-RGO-PCP was synthesized and characterized by using Fourier transformation infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope. Factors affecting extraction efficiency of the adsorbents such as solution pH, vortex time, adsorbent dose, sample volume and desorption condition were determined and optimized. Analytical parameters such as limit of detection, limit of quantification, linear range, preconcentration factors, enhancement factors and % relative standard deviations were determined under optimized experimental condition. Kinetic study shows that the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) on MNPs-RGO-PCP follows pseudosecond-order kinetics. The values of thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔH°), Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) and entropy (ΔS°) show that the adsorption process is endothermic, spontaneous and feasible in nature. The developed method was applied to certified reference materials such as TMDA 52.2 environmental water, TMDA 62.2 environmental water and SPS-WW2 wastewater with satisfied recovery results. The method was also applied to real environmental samples such as dam water, river water and water from industrial effluent with good addition recovery results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to examine the role of FM Radios in the dissemination of different type of news and information through various contents in their daily broadcasting. To achieve the objectives of the study, as quantitative methodology, the researchers used the survey technique for data collection. A questionnaire was distributed among 300 respondents in Peshawar city, while data was collected through the simple random sampling method. The findings of the study revealed that each of the eight FM Radio stations working in Peshawar, which cover most of KP, PATA, FR and FATA, have their own objectives of broadcasting, like education, information and entertainment. The study shows that the number of designed programs broadcasted for FM radio stations for news and information fulfil the needs of the audiences in Peshawar. This research has also shown the compatibility with the Uses and Gratification Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pakistan government extended an un-announced support to local elders in the Pakhtun-tribal belt to raise Lashkars/militias in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and the first lashkar was formed in Salarzai area of Bajaur agency in 2008. Pakistan has mainly adopted two approaches 'the kinetic approach' and 'bottom-up approach' to counter militancy in the tribal areas. The kinetic approach involves belligerent and offensive measures to annihilate or capture members of the militant networks. While in the community-led 'bottom-up' approach government works with local clans or community and this is how the Pakistani security forces motivated the local tribal elders to raise a Lashkar/militias of volunteers to combat militants in the FATA. The theoretical framework for this paper is the community-led 'bottom-up' approach as the government security forces engaged the local tribesmen to fight against militants in the FATA. Apparently, the government exploited the concept of the traditional Lashkars/militias and persuaded, encouraged or compelled local tribal chieftain/maliks to raise Lashkars/anti-Taliban militias to guard government installations and patrol along with the security forces during search and strike operations. This paper critically evaluates the legality of arming civilians to fight against insurgents in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. The research is qualitative in nature and the researcher has extensively used the research tools of interviews, focused group discussion (FGDs), personal interactions and observation, as well as both published and unpublished documents and existing literature on the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, the Taliban aimed to spread terror, insecurity and created space for extremism in the absence of the local leadership in the tribal belt of Pakistan. The existing/traditionalleadership--Khan and Malik are not only considered the symbol of power, but they also maintain socio-political order in the tribal belt because they coordinate between government and the common people of the tribal society. The Taliban succeeded in minimizing the role of existing structure and created space for themselves in the absence of Khans and Maliks (traditional leaders of the tribal society). This paper critically investigates the phenomenon of targeted killings in Bajaur agency of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) during the War on Terror. It is concluded that the targeted killings of tribal chieftains havean impact on the social order of Bajaur agency. The research is based on interviews, un-published government document and a case study of the few tribal elders to understand the impact of tribal elders targeted killing on the existing social order in light of anthropological perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study photo-oxidative stability of pasteurized milk packaged in polyethylene pouches was investigated. Milk packaged in three layer polyethylene pouch packs was exposed to 400, 600 and 800 l× florescent light at 4 °C for 6 days, compared with a control (stored in dark). Light had a pronounced effect on fat content of milk with no effect on protein, lactose and ash content. Photo-oxidative stability of milk decreased as the intensity of light increased, peroxide value, anisidine value and conjugated dienes increased during the storage period of 6 days, higher values were observed in samples exposed to 800 l× florescent light. After 6 days of storage period, milk exposed to 400 l× florescent light did not reveal any oxidized flavour. The results of this study depicted that polyethylene pouches have the capability to resist photo-oxidation up to 400 l× light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on fabrication of magnetic activated carbon (M-AC) using tire waste and its potential investigation for adsorption of Cr (VI) from wastewater. The composite material (M-AC) was synthesized by pyrolysis followed by in situ magnetization method, and characterized by FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and XRD analysis. The maximum adsorption of Cr (VI) ion over composite adsorbent was found (~99.5%) to occur at pH 2, sample volume 10 mL, adsorbent dose 100 mg, contact time 30 min. The adsorption process was endothermic, feasible, spontaneous, and was found to follow pseudo second order of the reaction. The Cr ion could be completely desorbed (~99.3%) from the composite adsorbent by using 20 mL of 2 M NaOH solution. The composite adsorbent was regenerated by continuous adsorption and desorption for 5 consecutive cycles by using 10 mL 0.1 M HCl solution. M-AC also performed well in case of tannery wastewater by removing about 97% of Cr (VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effect of leadership styles on knowledge management. The population of the study consists of faculty and administrative staff of public sector universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. To test the study hypotheses, correlation and regression analysis were conducted. The study found that transformational leadership style has positive and significant relation with knowledge management effectiveness. The study found that transactional leadership style has negative but significant relationship with knowledge management effectiveness. The study concluded that educational institutions should adopt transformational leadership style in order to improve knowledge management effectiveness. Educational leaders should not adopt transactional leadership style as that type of leadership negatively affects knowledge management. The study recommended that leaders of the educational institutions should get involved their subordinates in decision making process in order to further enhance their performance. Managerial implications, recommendations and directions for future research are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]