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This article adopts a media archaeological approach to the Eichmann trial (1961) to explore the technology and media constellations that enabled its global television coverage. Drawing on extensive archival research, it offers insights into the technological setup and institutional cooperation crucial for the broadcast. In this context, video tape recording played a pivotal role, facilitating instantaneous reporting from around the world. Informed by actor-network theory, the article highlights the interplay of different (non)human actors who were interested and enrolled in a short-lived actor-network that soon became obsolete with the advent of communication satellites. Through recounting the story of the trial coverage, it not only recalls the forgotten use of a technology but also sheds light on emerging television formats and infrastructures that persisted far beyond the brief prominence of Instant TV.

The February 4, 1968 UFO sighting at Redlands, CA was accompanied by an intense, distinctive sound that was recorded as a background sound on a magnetic tape recording being made by Reverend Julian Vigh at the Bethel Christian Church. A rescue Emergency Vehicle (EV), with its siren operating, happened to be deployed in Redlands at the time of the UFO sightings. An informal inquiry by several Redlands University professors attributed the background sound on the Vigh recording to the EV siren. Subsequently, I performed independent comprehensive detailed sonic analyses of the tape background sound and the EV siren, and documented these analyses in a 1969 report intended for inclusion as an independent technical appendix in a book on the Redlands UFO sightings then in preparation by authors David Branch and Robert Klinn. This book was never completed and published. The independent technical appendix is released and published here for the first time. Detailed tape analyses revealed and quantified a number of sonic anomalies. Present day concluding comments are offered that place these anomalies in the context of other investigative reports of the Redlands UFO sightings that appeared in the press subsequent to the writing of the appendix in 1969.

Importance: Evidence-based care plans can fail when they do not consider relevant patient life circumstances, termed contextual factors, such as a loss of social support or financial hardship. Preventing these contextual errors can reduce obstacles to effective care., Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a quality improvement program in which clinicians receive ongoing feedback on their attention to patient contextual factors., Design, Setting, and Participants: In this quality improvement study, patients at 6 Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient facilities audio recorded their primary care visits from May 2017 to May 2019. Encounters were analyzed using the Content Coding for Contextualization of Care (4C) method. A feedback intervention based on the 4C coded analysis was introduced using a stepped wedge design. In the 4C coding schema, clues that patients are struggling with contextual factors are termed contextual red flags (eg, sudden loss of control of a chronic condition), and a positive outcome is prospectively defined for each encounter as a quantifiable improvement of the contextual red flag. Data analysis was performed from May to October 2019., Interventions: Clinicians received feedback at 2 intensity levels on their attention to patient contextual factors and on predefined patient outcomes at 4 to 6 months., Main Outcomes and Measures: Contextual error rates, patient outcomes, and hospitalization rates and costs were measured., Results: The patients (mean age, 62.0 years; 92% male) recorded 4496 encounters with 666 clinicians. At baseline, clinicians addressed 413 of 618 contextual factors in their care plans (67%). After either standard or enhanced feedback, they addressed 1707 of 2367 contextual factors (72%), a significant difference (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6; P = .01). In a mixed-effects logistic regression model, contextualized care planning was associated with a greater likelihood of improved outcomes (adjusted odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.1; P < .001). In a budget analysis, estimated savings from avoided hospitalizations were $25.2 million (95% CI, $23.9-$26.6 million), at a cost of $337 242 for the intervention., Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that patient-collected audio recordings of the medical encounter with feedback may enhance clinician attention to contextual factors, improve outcomes, and reduce hospitalizations. In addition, the intervention is associated with substantial cost savings.

Background: Dementia is a common and serious neuropsychiatric syndrome, characterised by progressive cognitive and functional decline. The majority of people with dementia develop behavioural disturbances, also known as behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Several non-pharmacological interventions have been evaluated to treat BPSD in people with dementia. Simulated presence therapy (SPT), an intervention that uses video or audiotape recordings of family members played to the person with dementia, is a possible approach to treat BPSD., Objectives: To assess the effects of SPT on behavioural and psychological symptoms and quality of life in people with dementia., Search Methods: We searched ALOIS (the Specialised Register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library) (9 April 2020), MEDLINE Ovid SP (1946 to 9 April 2020), Embase Ovid SP (1972 to 9 April 2020), PsycINFO Ovid SP (1806 to 9 April 2020), CINAHL via EBSCOhost (1980 to 9 April 2020), LILACS via BIREME (all dates to 9 April 2020), ClinicalTrials.gov (ClinicalTrials.gov) (all dates to 9 April 2020), and the World Health Organization (WHO) Portal (apps.who.int/trialsearch) (all dates to 9 April 2020). We also checked the reference lists of relevant articles to identify any additional studies., Selection Criteria: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials, including cross-over studies, that evaluated the efficacy of SPT, consisting of personalised audio or videotape recordings of family members, in people with any form of dementia., Data Collection and Analysis: Two authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. No meta-analyses were conducted because of substantial heterogeneity among the included studies., Main Results: Three trials with 144 participants met the inclusion criteria. Two of the trials had a randomised cross-over design, one was a cross-over trial which we classified as quasi-randomised. Participants in the included studies were people with dementia living in nursing homes. They were predominantly women and had a mean age of over 80 years. SPT was performed using an audio or video recording prepared by family members or surrogates. It varied in its content, frequency of administration and duration. All the studies compared multiple treatments. In one study, SPT was compared with two other interventions; in the other two studies, it was compared with three other interventions. Specifically, SPT was compared to usual care, personalised music (two studies), a 'placebo' audiotape containing the voice of a person (two studies), and one-to-one social interaction performed by trained research assistants (one study). In terms of outcomes evaluated, one study considered agitation and withdrawn behaviour (both assessed with three methods); the second study evaluated verbal disruptive behaviour (assessed with three methods); and the third study evaluated physically agitated behaviour and verbally agitated behaviour (the method used was not clearly described). According to the GRADE criteria, the overall quality of the evidence was very low due to very small numbers of participants and risk of bias in the included studies; (none of the trials was at low risk of selection bias; all the trials were at high risk of performance bias; one trial was at high risk of attrition bias; and all had unclear selective reporting). Because of variation in the participants, the format of SPT, the comparison interventions, and the measures used to assess outcomes, we judged the results unsuitable for a meta-analysis. Within each trial, the effect of SPT on behaviour, compared to usual care, was mixed and depended on the measure used. Two trials which included a personalised music intervention reported no significant differences between simulated presence and music on behavioural outcomes. Because the overall quality of the evidence was very low, we were very uncertain regarding all the results None of the studies evaluated quality of life or any of our secondary outcome measures (performance of activities of daily living, dropout and carer burden)., Authors' Conclusions: We were unable to draw any conclusions about the efficacy of SPT for treating behavioural and psychological symptoms and improving quality of life of people with dementia. New high-quality studies are needed to investigate the effect of SPT., (Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Background: Auscultation is a fundamental part of the physical examination, but its utility has been questioned due to the low inter-rater concordance. We therefore sought to evaluate the concordance of the discrimination of lung sound recordings between experienced physiotherapists., Methods: Lung sound recordings were selected and validated by an expert panel when Fleiss κ concordance was > 0.75. Eleven recordings were played for subject recognition using a portable computer in their workplace. Results were analyzed using Fleiss κ when looking for concordance between physiotherapists. Univariate regression was performed to determine if there was an association with clinical training, years of experience, academic accomplishment, or university affiliation., Results: Sixty-nine physiotherapists with a median of 4 years of working experience (interquartile range 2-6 y) completed the study. There was moderate concordance (κ = 0.562; 95% CI 0.462-0.605) for overall lung sound recording discrimination. For continuous and noncontinuous lung sound recordings, discrimination concordance was substantial (κ = 0.63 and κ = 0.76, respectively). A bivariate analysis revealed that years of experience presented an inverse association with stridor recognition., Conclusions: Concordance between physiotherapists in discriminating recorded lung sounds was moderate. The ability to recognize stridor was inversely associated with years of work experience., (Copyright © 2020 by Daedalus Enterprises.)

Objectives: Patients' preferences, values and contexts are important elements of the shared decision-making (SDM) process. We captured those elements into the concept of 'personal perspective elicitation' (PPE), which reflects the need to elicit patients' preferences, values and contexts in patient-clinician conversations. We defined PPE as: 'the disclosure (either elicited by the clinician or spontaneously expressed by the patient) of information related to the patient's personal preferences, values and/or contexts potentially relevant to decision-making'. Our goal was to operationalise the concept of PPE through the evaluation of preferences, values and contexts and explore how PPE occurs in clinical encounters., Design: Cross-sectional study: observational coding based on a novel coding scheme of audio-recorded outpatient clinical encounters where encounter patient decision aids were applied., Setting: We audio-recorded patient-clinician interactions at three Dutch outpatient clinics. PPE was analysed using a novel observational coding scheme, distinguishing preferences, contexts and four Armstrong taxonomy value types (global, decisional, external and situational). We measured SDM using the Observer OPTION 5 ., Participants: Twenty patients who suffered from psoriasis or ovarian cysts; four clinicians., Results: We included 20 audio-recordings. The mean Observer OPTION 5 score was 57.5 (SD:10.1). The audio-recordings gave a rich illustration of preferences, values and contexts that were discussed in the patient-clinician interactions. Examples of identified global values: appearance, beliefs, personality traits. Decisional values were related to the process of decision-making. External values related to asking advice from for example, the clinician or significant others. An identified situational value: a new job ahead. Contexts related to how the illness impacted the life (eg, sexuality, family, sports, work life) of patients., Conclusions: The operationalisation of PPE, an important aspect of SDM, explores which preferences, values and contexts were discussed during patient-clinician interactions where an ePDA was used. The coding scheme appeared feasible to apply but needs further refinement., Competing Interests: Competing interests: GE has edited and published books that provide royalties: Shared Decision Making (Oxford University Press) and Groups (Radcliffe Press). Glyn Elwyn’s academic interests are focused on shared decision-making and coproduction. He owns copyright in measures of shared decision-making (collaboRATE) and care integration (integRATE), a measure of experience of care in serious illness (consideRATE), a measure of goal setting coopeRATE, a measure of clinician willingness to do shared decision-making (incorpoRATE), an observer measures of shared decision-making (Observer OPTION-5 and Observer OPTION-12). He is the Founder and Director of &think LLC which owns the registered trademark for Option GridsTM patient decision aids; Founder, Director of SHARPNETWORK LLC, a provider of online training for shared decision-making, consultant to EBSCO Health and Chief Clinical Research Scientist to abridge AI Inc. JAMK is Special Envoy for Appropriate Care (Ministry of Health, the Netherlands). DD is a member of the programme committee of ZonMw. ZonMw programmes and funds research and innovation in health, healthcare and well-being, encourages the use of this knowledge and highlights knowledge needs. JWMA, Guus Brand, Marjan Meinders and Ester Rake: none declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

This paper reports on a corrosion-resistant spin-valve head (Ta/NiFe/CoNiFe/CuAu/CoNiFe/PtMn/Ta) for a tape recording system. The spin-valve film has a +0.4 V higher electrochemical potential than the conventional spin-valve film (Ta/NiFe/CoFe/Cu/CoFe/PtMn/Ta). The spin-valve head with CoNiFe magnetic layer and CuAu spacer exhibits good corrosion resistance. An investigation of the recording characteristics of the corrosion-resistant spin-valve head with metal evaporated (ME) tapes showed that: 1) the spin-valve head had about 64% of the output voltage of an isolated pulse of the conventional spin-valve head; 2) the carrier-to-media noise (C/[N.sub.media]) ratio at a wavelength of 0.4 [micro]m of the spin-valve head is the same as that of the conventional spin-valve head; and 3) the C/[N.sub.media] ratio of thin ME tape with magnetic layer 33 nm thick was maximized at around [M.sub.r]t = 10 mA, where [M.sub.r] is the remanent magnetization and t is the magnetic layer thickness. These results indicate that the corrosion-resistant spin-valve head (Ta/NiFe/CoNiFe/CuAu/CoNiFe/PtMn/Ta) for a tape recording system provides high recording density. Index Terms--CoNiFe, corrosion resistance, CuAu, metal evaporated tape, spin-valve head.

Previous studies have shown that tape medium noise is dominated by surface roughness. Here, we use error rate analysis to evaluate the effects of surface roughness as well as particle size distributions in a partial-response maximum-likelihood (PRML) channel. We use: 1) a modified self-consistent model, incorporating a log-normal particle size distribution and a random packing of the particles to simulate the recording process and 2) a predeveloped error rate model to evaluate the system performance with fixed head/medium combinations. Surface roughness is introduced as a varying random head/tape spacing during both the recording and the playback processes. The impact of mean particle length, roughness variance, and roughness correlation length on system performance is examined for a partial response (PR4) channel. A surface roughness variance changing from 5 to 10 nm yields, at 200 kfci with a particle length of 60 nm, a change of error rate from [10.sup .-10] to [10.sup.-5]. Because of the finite head read track width, roughness with shorter correlation lengths can be cross-track-averaged more readily and yields better system performance. We also found that larger particle size media have higher dc noise but lower roughness-induced transition noise. The shorter-particle-size media give better system performance, and the advantage increases with reducing roughness variance. Index Terms--Error rate, magnetic tape, partial-response maximum-likelihood (PRML), roughness correlation length, roughness noise, roughness variance.

A recently developed, advanced multi-track tape head for operation in a next generation, high performance tape drive is described. This head features full thin film write elements with high moment, cobalt-based pole materials for recording on high coercivity metal particle (MP) tape, together with narrow track, shielded, dual-stripe magnetoresistive (DSMR) read elements. This presentation will discuss the global design philosophy of the head with particular attention to the design and recording performance of the read and write elements in a tape environment. The head is capable of recording 288 tracks on half-inch, MP tape of 1625-1850 Oe coercivity at a recording density of 65 kfci. The system operates with 16 parallel data channels and includes full multi-element active track following servo. The head can be used in a full start-stop mode and read verify on the fly (read-while-write) hi-directional operating modes.

In this paper we present results on the fabrication and testing of thin film tape recording heads using high moment FeAlN pole materials (4[Pi][M.sub.s] = 20 kGauss). These heads are of the type used in quarter inch cartridge (QIC) tape drives, with a record gap dimension of 1.9 [[micro]meter] and a written track-width of 33 [[micro]meter]. The pole thicknesses ranged from 4 to 4.5 [[micro]meter] with a 14 turn coil. The FeAlN pole material delivers sufficient field to the media surface to saturate 1.5 [[micro]meter] thick Ba-Ferrite media ([H.sub.c] = 1500 Oe). In comparisons to a head of identical design with CoZrTa poles, the FeAlN poles were able to deliver more flux to the media because of a higher head saturation onset current.