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Current generation emphasis on the Digital world which creates a lot of unbeneficial data. The paper is about data annotation using deep learning as there is a lot of data available online but which data is useful can be labeled using these techniques. The unstructured data is labeled by many techniques but implementation of deep learning for labeling the unstructured data results in saving the time with high efficiency. In this paper introduce a method for data annotation, for that we can use unlabeled data as input and it is classified using the K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm. K-Nearest Neighbor is the fastest and its accuracy is very high compared to other classification algorithms. After classified the unlabeled data we use it as input and annotate data using deep learning techniques. In deep learning we use an auto annotator for annotating data. After annotating data, check the accuracy of annotated data and time efficiency of data annotation. In case the accuracy is low then we can retrain the data and make it more accurate.

Medicinal mushrooms have been used in various treatments from a very long time, among which, Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most important medicinal mushroom. It is cultivated worldwide to meet its ever-increasing demand in the market. It is generally cultivated by bed log (Sawdust) and wood log (billet) method. This study was an attempt to observe the growth performance of G. lucidum on poplar billets (Populus deltoides) in the Sherpur Village (Dehradun) and Manjgaun village (Tehri Garhwal) of Garhwal Himalaya, India. The farmers’ field with empty house/ rooms having proper growing conditions especially humidity and light were used for the cultivation of G. lucidum. The G. lucidum spawn was inoculated in poplar wood billets and these billets were installed in well prepared soil. The results demonstrated that cropping cycle of G. lucidum was shorter (132–136 days) in Sherpur Village (Dehradun) as compared to Manjgaun village (141–145 days) in Tehri Garhwal. Further the results also revealed that yield was decreased in the subsequent flushes. In Village Sherpur, the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum were harvested between 64-66 days, 100-101 days and 135-136 days during first, second and third flush after the installation of billets, respectively. However; in village Manjgaun, the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum were harvested between 69 and 71 days, 107-108 days and 144-145 days in first, second and third after the installation of billets respectively. Warmer temperature in Village Sherpur resulted in the early emergence and development of the fruiting bodies as compared to village Manjgaun where pinhead and fruiting body development was delayed due to the lower temperature during cropping cycle.

In the present study, the hybrid coating was developed by HVOF over the cast iron substrate. The hybrid coating material comprises Al2O3 (80% w/w) enriched with graphite, MoS2, and fumed silica in w/w of 5%, 10%, and 5% respectively. Microstructure and phase composition of prepared coated samples were analyzed by SEM-EDS, XRD and Raman Spectroscopy. The coated samples were heat-treated and their mechanical, electrochemical and tribological behavior was compared with the as-coated samples. There was a considerable change observed in the micro-hardness and anti-corrosion properties of the coated material after heat treatment. The residual stresses in the heat-treated sample decreased compared to the as-coated sample. The high-temperature tribological investigation was carried out in non-lubricated conditions at three different temperatures 30 °C, 150 °C, and 300 °C with a constant load of 40 N and variable sliding speed. The coefficient of friction and wear rate was calculated and it was found that there was a decrement up to 36% in the wear rate of the heat-treated samples compared to the as-coated sample. The SEM morphologies of the wear track showed the presence of small cracks, adhesion, abrasion and smear regions due to plastic deformation.

We investigate the power switching mechanism to evaluate the power loss ( P D ) and efficiency ( η ) in MgZnO/ZnO (MZO)-based power high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), and physical parameters responsible for P D in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and dual ion beam sputtering (DIBS) grown MZO HEMT and compare the performance with the group III-nitride HEMTs. This work extensively probes all physical parameters such as two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density, mobility, switching frequency, and device dimension to study their impact on power switching in MZO HEMT. Results suggest that the MBE and DIBS grown MZO HEMT with the gate width ( W G ) of ∼ 205 and ∼ 280 mm at drain current coefficient (k) of 11 and 15, respectively, will achieve 99.96 and 99.95% of η and 9.03 and 12.53 W of P D , respectively. Moreover, W G value for DIBS-grown MZO HEMT is observed to further reduce in the range of 112-168 mm by using a Y 2 O 3 spacer layer leading to the maximum η in the range of 99.98-99.97% and the minimum P D in the range of 5-7 W. This work is significant for the development of cost-effective HEMTs for power switching applications.

In crop monitoring system recognition of Plant disease is a crucial part. Various agriculture issues were always solved by various techniques of Computer vision and deep learning (DL). This paper help in detecting disease in plant leaves with the help of localization and classification. An architecture which includes Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) using TensorFlow object detection framework. Models will be trained and then tested in a controlled environment using proper dataset which help in detecting plant disease in a particular environment. Keywords: Plant Disease, CNN, Neural Networks, image classification

A new organic complex (ANNBA) was synthesized using the solvent-free, solid-state reaction involving anthranilamide (AN)

For provisioning of various computing resources in recent days cloud computing data centers are becoming popular. Now reducing of energy consumption is the main issues at different data centers. In the field of Cloud Computing Clustering technique is the best technique to reduce the load at data centers and finally energy consumption will be reduced. In this paper, energy efficiency with reducing load is the main issue and to reduce the load at different data centers different energy efficiency and load balancing techniques implemented. Keywords: Load Balancing, Clustering, Energy Consumption, Cloud Computing

Universal colorants used for point-of-sale tinting or dealer tinting system usually have titanium dioxide dispersion as one of the essential colorants to adjust “chroma” of the shade. It is imperative that this colorant exhibits optimum performance in water-based and solvent-based products. The paper focuses on the effect of varying molecular weight of polycarboxylate-based surfactants on the properties of the aqueous dispersion.

During roll coating application of water-based architectural paints, fibers are formed between roller and substrate. These fibers progressively thin and break up into several tiny droplets leading to the wastage of paints. This defect is widely known as spattering. In the current study, the propensity to spatter in fully formulated mid pigment volume concentration water-based architectural paints based on varying the type of thickeners, namely a combination of cellulosic with clay, cellulosic, and hydrophobically modified poly acetal/ketal polyether (HMPAPE), at similar and varying volume solids is investigated. The spatter tendency of paint is qualitatively assessed using ASTM D4707. Also, a new approach to quantify the spread area of spattered droplets is developed by thresholding-based image segmentation using an image processing toolbox of Mathematica. This newly developed quantitative approach will greatly help the formulator to better differentiate between formulations. Rheological tests, namely viscosity curve, amplitude sweep, frequency sweep, and first normal stress difference test, are carried out to unravel the flow and viscoelastic properties of paints in depth. An in-house custom-built fiber drawing device on a contact angle drop shape analyzer instrument is fabricated to study the extensional properties of paints. At the same volume solids, the paint based on a combination of cellulosic with clay thickener spatters the most, while the paint based on HMPAPE thickener spatters the least. This is mainly attributed to the chemistry, molecular weight, and thickening mechanism of thickeners. Eventually, a reliable correlation is established between observed spatter and the frequency-dependent elastic modulus outside the linear viscoelastic range at the same and varying solids for paints based on the different types of thickener. This correlation will help chemists to quickly screen formulations to minimize the spattering during roll coat application, thus saving time, cost, and manpower.

This article analyzes the direct current and small-signal parameters of MgZnO/ZnO (MZO) HEMT for microwave application. Further, the impact of the MgO spacer layer on the microwave performance parameters such as transconductance (g m), cut-off frequency (f T), maximum oscillation frequency (f max) and Johnson’s figures of merit (J-FOM) of MZO HEMT has been analyzed. MZO HEMT with MgO spacer results in the enhanced values of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density of 7.2 × 1013 cm−2 and g m of 91 mS mm−1. The values of f T and f max exhibit 3-fold enhancement to 5.57 GHz and to 7.8 GHz, respectively, and J-FOM is increased by 2.93 times with the introduction of MgO spacer layer in HEMT structure. Moreover, the impact of MgO spacer is studied on the off-state breakdown mechanism of MZO HEMT. The off-state breakdown voltage (V br) of MZO HEMT is ∼25 V higher than that for MZO HEMT with an MgO layer. Therefore, there is a trade-off between the microwave performance and the device off-state breakdown voltage. This work is significant for the development of large-area and cost-effective ZnO-based HEMTs for microwave applications.

As the globalization, are expanding individuals twist towards the cutting-edge life Stress issue turns into a significant issue among in experts and understudies life. The term pressure is causing different mental issue face to face. Understudies of various courses and distinctive expert college are expanding ambushed with this pressure. The points of this examination are to research natural, social, mental and scholarly postgraduate and doctoral understudies. The quantity of tests of this investigation are 220 undergrad and postgraduate understudies. The information of my examination was gathered independent from anyone else – planned poll and by PSS Scale and the overview has organized inquiries which were gathered through google dox. There are many pressure expectation calculations has been proposed like SVM, KNN, RANDOM FOREST, NAVIE BAYES, LOGISTIC REGRESSION, DECISION TREE. Different machine learning methods are utilized that related in this field. Too, it talks about the application territories and difficulties for stress forecast with knowledge into the past research work.

The IC engine has been a conventional source of producing mechanical energy for various applications. The tribopair of piston ring and cylinder liner has to work in adverse tribological conditions such as high temperature, speed and load. The wear of piston ring not only reduce the performance of the tribopair but also cause the failure of the system. The insufficient lubrication at the interface increases the tribological losses drastically. The tribological losses can be minimized by coating of some material which has superior tribological performance. The thermal spray coating can be used for providing a stable coating over the tribological surfaces. The versatile operating conditions and process parameters assist the deposition of required material to a desired thickness over the various substrate materials. The process can be used for producing the stable coating over at a faster deposition rate. The environmental friendly coating material can be used as a bled with the conventional coating material for making the process sustainable.

Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAdoR) antagonism is a nondopaminergic approach to Parkinson's disease treatment that is under development. Earlier we had reported the therapeutic potential of 7-methoxy-4-morpholino-benzothiazole derivatives as A2AAdoR antagonists. We herein described a novel series of [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-f]purin-2-one derivatives that displays functional antagonism of the A2A receptor with a high degree of selectivity over A1, A2B, and A3 receptors. Compounds from this new scaffold resulted in the discovery of highly potent, selective, stable, and moderate brain penetrating compound 33. Compound 33 endowed with satisfactory in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetics properties. Compound 33 demonstrated robust oral efficacies in two commonly used models of Parkinson's disease (haloperidol-induced catalepsy and 6-OHDA lesioned rat models) and depression (TST and FST mice models).

P3HT (poly (3-hexylthiophene)) has been widely used as a donor in the active layer in organic photovoltaic devices. Although moderately high-power conversion efficiencies have been achieved with P3HT-based devices, structural details, such as the orientation of polymer units and the extent of H- and J-aggregation are not yet fully understood; and different measures have been taken to control the ordering in the material. One such measure, which has been exploited, is to apply an electric field from a Van de Graaff generator. Fluorescence (to measure anisotropy instead of polarization, which is more commonly measured) and Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize the order of P3HT molecules in thin films resulting from the field. Preferential orientations of the units in a thin film are determined, consistent with observed hole mobility in thin-film transistors, and it is observed that the apparent H-coupling strength changes when the films are exposed to oriented electrical fields during drying.

In the past few years, the Information and Communication Technology sector have made a significant advancement in Cloud Computing technology. The world wide acceptance of Cloud technology can be credited to the various benefits a Cloud offers to its users. The Cloud technology helps in preventing resource wastage to a much greater extent. The authors of this paper wish to explore the concept behind cloud computing, its strategy, and benefits. This paper presents some facts and figures related to cloud and green computing which will help in obtaining the gist of Cloud Computing and in understanding the need of going green in computing.

Background: Hypoxemia-induced endothelial dysfunction leads to microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria (MAB) has also been used as a parameter to assess the risk of cardiovascular events in an individual. The aim of this study was to observe the relationship of MAB in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to correlate MAB with different stages of COPD. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study included 140 patients with COPD selected according to GOLD guidelines based on COPD test assessment score and the number of exacerbations who had smoking pack years of more than 10 years. Urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) more than 30 mg/gm represents MAB. Results: The UACR increases as the severity of groups of COPD increases with significant differences in UACR values among different COPD groups. Significant differences were seen among various groups of COPD when compared for different clinical parameters such as SPO2, PaO2, PaCO2, pH, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that UACR was significantly inversely related with PaO2 (r = -0.514, P < 0.001), SPO2 (r = –0.397, P < 0.001) and FEV1 (r = –0.441, P < 0.001) and it was significantly positively correlated with PaCO2 (r = 0.675, P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study indicates that there is strong relationship of MAB in patients with COPD and the levels of MAB increase as the severity of COPD increases due to hypoxia and endothelial dysfunction. As MAB is a marker for cardiovascular risk, patients with COPD can be routinely evaluated for the urine test of MAB specially who are at increased risk for cardiovascular events.

Background Reactive arthritis (ReA)and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (USpA) have similar clinical picture, the former is prededed by mucosal infections and the latter do not meet criteria of well defined entity of seronegative spondyloarthropathy (SSA) We have shown that both ReA and uSpA have similar synovial fludid T cell response to salmonella antigens and cytokine profile. Objectives To investigate if the metabolic profiles of ReA in sera and synovial fluid are different from those of USpA Methods Standard defnitions were used to classify patients as ReA 2 and uSpA 3 Metabolic profiles in sera and synovial fluid samples were measured using 1D 1 H NMR spectroscopy and analysed using CHENOMX© software. The quantitative profiles between the groups were compared using Partial Least Square-Discriminatory Analysis (PLS-DA) and Q 2 parameter was used to assess the metabolic differences between the groups. Results The study involved 19 ReA and 13 USpA patients with median age 26 (21–33.75) years. Of 32 patients: 7 (22%) were females, three(12%) had monophasic illness, 16 (64%) polyphasic, and six(24%) persistent arthritis (follow-up data was not available for 7). 27% had monoarticular, 59% oligoarticular and 14% polyarticular involvement. Six had inflammatory backpain, three had oral ulcers, one dactylitis, but none had mucocutaneous manifestations. Two had asymptomatic sacroiliitis on radiographs. Compared to normal controls (n=18, median age=29 years, male:female=17:1), the sera of ReA/USpA patients were characterised by elevated levels of malonate, mannose, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and pyruvate, whereas 3-hydroxyisovalerate was decreased significantly (T-test p-value (figure 1) while that of synovial fluid showed Q 2 2 Conclusions ReA and USpA have indistinguishable metabolomics profiles in sera and synovial fluid reflecting similar metabolo-inflammatory pathways involved. References [1] Chaurasia S, Shasany AK, Aggarwal A, Misra R. 2016Aug;185(2):210–8. [2] Braun J, Kingsley G, et sl. Journal of Rheumatology2000;27:2185–92. [3] Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009Jun;68(Suppl 2):ii1–44. Disclosure of Interest None declared

We experimentally and theoretically investigate the effects of utilizing BaTiO3 nanoparticles as additives in polythiophene/fullerene solar cells. BaTiO3 nanoparticles were chosen because of their multifaceted potential for increasing exciton dissociation (due to their high dielectric constant) and light scattering. To achieve stable suspensions for device fabrication, the nanoparticles were functionalized with organic ligands. Solar cells fabricated in air showed ∼40% enhancement in the photocurrent primarily due to string-like aggregates of functionalized BaTiO3 particles that increase light absorption without hindering charge collection. Solar cells fabricated in an inert atmosphere yielded overall more efficient devices, but the string-like aggregates were absent and enhancement in photocurrent was up to ∼6%. Simulations with the excitonic drift-diffusion model demonstrate that a bare nanoparticle significantly increases exciton dissociation, whereas the functional group negates this effect. Simulatio...

Three conjugated polymers comprised of dioctyl‐dithieno‐[2,3‐b:2',3'‐d]silole and a donor‐acceptor‐donor triad of either cis‐benzbisoxazole, trans‐benzobisoxazole or trans‐benzobisthiazole were synthesized via the Stille cross‐coupling reaction. The impact of varying the heteroatoms and/or the location within the benzobisazole moiety on the optical and electronic properties of the resulting polymers was evaluated via cyclic voltammetry and UV‐Visible spectroscopy. All of the polymers have similar optical band‐gaps of ∼1.9 eV and highest occupied molecular orbital levels of −5.2 eV. However, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) ranged from −3.0 to −3.2 eV. Interestingly, when the polymers were used as donor materials in bulk‐heterojunction photovoltaic cells with PC₇₁BM as the electron‐acceptor, the benzobisoxazole‐based polymers gave slightly better results than the benzobisthiazole‐containing polymers with power conversion efficiencies up to 3.5%. These results indicate that benzobisoxazoles are promising materials for use in OPVs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1533–1540

Adenosine A

The photostability of bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic films containing a polymer donor and a fullerene-derivative acceptor was examined using resonance Raman spectroscopy and controlled laser power densities. The polymer donors were poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophenediyl] (PCDTBT), or poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl}) (PTB7). Four sample preparation methods were studied: (i) thin or (ii) thick films with fast solvent evaporation under nitrogen, (iii) thick films with slow solvent evaporation under nitrogen, and (iv) thin films dried under nitrogen followed by thermal annealing. Polymer order was assessed by monitoring a Raman peak’s full width at half-maximum and location as a function of illumination time and laser power densities from 2.5 × 103 to 2.5 × 105 W cm–2. Resonance Raman...

In organic electronic devices, indium tin oxide (ITO) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) are the most common transparent electrode and anodic buffer layer materials, respectively. A widespread concern is that PEDOT:PSS is acidic and etches ITO. We show that this issue is not serious: only a few nanometers of ITO are etched in typical device processing conditions and storage thereafter; conductivity losses are affordable; and optical transmission gains further offset these losses. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices fabricated on old ITO (with PEDOT:PSS history) were similar or higher in efficiency than devices on fresh ITO. Poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7) devices on old ITO showed efficiencies up to 9.24% compared to 8.72% efficient devices on fresh ITO. This reusability of ITO can be impactful for economics of organic electronics because ITO accounts for almost 90% of energy embedded in devices, such as OPVs.

To tailor the nanomorphology in polymer/fullerene blends, we study the effect of electrostatic field (E-field) on the solidification of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2, 5-diyl) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) bulk heterojunction (BHJ). In addition to control; wet P3HT:PC60BM thin films were exposed to E-field of Van de Graaff (VDG) generator at three different directions—horizontal (H), tilted (T), and vertical (V)—relative to the plane of the substrate. Surface and bulk characterizations of the field-treated BHJs affirmed that fullerene molecules can easily penetrate the spaghetti-like P3HT and move up and down following the E-field. Using E-field treatment, we achieved favorable morphologies with efficient charge separation, transport, and collection. We improve; (1) the hole mobility values up to 19.4 × 10–4 ± 1.6 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1 and (2) the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of conventional and inverted OPVs up to 2.58 ± 0.02% and 4.1 ± 0.40%, respectively. This E-field approach c...

Personal authentication that correctly identifies valid users in an indispensable security technology for enabling people to enjoy the access to data services with a sense of confidence and assurance. Passwords have been extensively used to identify authorized users in the past, but passwords alone are vulnerable because people tend to choose weak password relating to some aspect of them (e.g. birthday, phone number, family name) that can be guessed. This has led to growing interest in biometric authentication using fingerprints that make it possible to identify personal authentication correctly. It eliminates problems of forgotten passwords or lost cards and is currently becoming more popular for convenient and secure authentication. NTT Microsystems is a new and exclusive technology that overcomes the limitations of previous systems and sets a new standard for compact, reliable and low-cost fingerprint authentication. NTT laboratories have developed Finger Token, a portable fingerprint identification device that substitutes a fingerprint instead of password for authentication

The wireless adhoc networks are highly vulnerable to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks because of its unique characteristics such as open network architecture and shared wireless medium. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its legitimate users. The denial of service (DOS) does not result in information theft or any kind of information loss but can be very dangerous, as it can cost the person a large amount of time and money. Significant efforts have been made towards making adhoc network secure and free from DDoS attacks. In this paper we study how various detection parameters together work as a single and efficient method to detect various DDoS attacks in Manet. Later in this paper a technique to prevent DDoS attacks in Manet is also presented which help in preventing the attacks to communicate in the network and did not allow them in the network.

A multidisciplinary research area sas wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been invoked the monitoring of remote physical environment and are used for a wide range of applications ranging from defense personnel to many scientific research, statistical application, disaster area and War Z one. These networks are constraint with energy, memory and computing power enhance efficient techniques are needed for data aggregation, data collection, query processing, decision making and routing in sensor networks. The problem encountered in the recen t past was of the more battery power consumption as activity increases, need more efficient data aggregation and collection techniques with right decision making capabilities. Therefore, this paper proposed the efficient and effective architecture and mech anism of energy efficient techniques for data aggregation and collection in WSN using principles like global weight calculation of nodes, data collection for cluster head and data aggregation techniques using data cube aggregation.

To improve the efficiency of organic solar cells, it is essential to understand the role of morphology and to tailor fabrication process to get desired morphologies. In this context, a comprehensive set of computational tools to quantify and classify the 2D/3D heterogeneous internal structure of thin films is invaluable. We present a graph-based framework to efficiently compute a broad suite of physically meaningful morphology descriptors. These morphology descriptors are further classified according to the physical subprocesses within OSCs – photon absorption, exciton diffusion, charge separation, and charge transport. This approach is motivated by the equivalence between a discretized 2D/3D morphology and a labeled, weighted, undirected graph. We utilize this approach to pose six key questions related to structure characterization. These questions are the basis for a comprehensive suite of morphology descriptors. To advocate the appropriateness of the formulated suite, we correlate these morphology descriptors with analysis using a excitonicdrift–diffusion-based device model. A very high correlation between the fast graph-based approach and computationally intensive full scale analysis illustrates the potential of our formulation to rapidly characterize a large set of morphologies. Finally, our approach is showcased by characterizing the effect of thermal annealing on time-evolution of a model thin film morphology.

Langmuir-Blodgett films of polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene - P(VDF-TrFE)-copolymers possess substantially improved electrocaloric and pyroelectric properties, when compared with conventionally spin-cast films. In order to rationalize this, we prepared single-layered films of P(VDF-TrFE) (70 : 30) using both deposition techniques. Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), reveals that Langmuir-Blodgett deposited films have a higher concentration of the ferroelectric β-phase crystals, and that these films are highly oriented with respect to the substrate. Based on these observations, we suggest alternative means of deposition, which may substantially enhance the electrocaloric effect in P(VDF-TrFE) films. This development has significant implications for the potential use of P(VDF-TrFE) in solid-state refrigeration.

Fourier transform (FT)-plasmon waveguide resonance (PWR) spectroscopy measures light reflectivity at a waveguide interface as the incident frequency and angle are scanned. Under conditions of total internal reflection, the reflected light intensity is attenuated when the incident frequency and angle satisfy conditions for exciting surface plasmon modes in the metal as well as guided modes within the waveguide. Expanding upon the concept of two-frequency surface plasmon resonance developed by Peterlinz and Georgiadis (Opt. Commun. 1996, 130, 260), the apparent index of refraction and the thickness of a waveguide can be measured precisely and simultaneously by FT-PWR with an average percent relative error of 0.4%. Measuring reflectivity for a range of frequencies extends the analysis to a wide variety of sample compositions and thicknesses since frequencies with the maximum attenuation can be selected to optimize the analysis. Additionally, the ability to measure reflectivity curves with both p- and s-polarized light provides anisotropic indices of refraction. FT-PWR is demonstrated using polystyrene waveguides of varying thickness, and the validity of FT-PWR measurements are verified by comparing the results to data from profilometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

A common material in creating memristors is titanium dioxide (TiO2), grown by atomic layer deposition, sputtering, or sol-gel process. In this letter, we study the memristive behavior in thin TiO2 films fabricated by brief electrochemical anodization of titanium. The effects of different anodization times and annealing are explored. We discover that inherent oxygen-vacancies at the bottom Ti/TiO2 interface naturally lead to memristive switching in nonannealed films. Annealing induces extra oxygen vacancies near the top metal/oxide interface, which leads to symmetric and ohmic current-voltage characteristics with a collapse of memristive switching. No clear dependence on anodization time was observed for times between 1 s and 1 min.

Interest in realizing conjugated polymer-based films with controlled morphology for efficient electronic devices, including photovoltaics, requires a parallel effort to characterize these films. Scanning angle (SA) Raman spectroscopy is applied to measure poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)-blend morphology on sapphire, gold, and indium tin oxide interfaces, including functional organic photovoltaic devices. Nonresonant SA Raman spectra are collected in seconds with signal-to-noise ratios that exceed 80, which is possible due to the reproducible SA signal enhancement. Raman spectra are collected as the incident angle of the 785 nm excitation laser is precisely varied upon a prism/sample interface from approximately 35 to 70°. The width of the ∼1447 cm(-1) thiophene C═C stretch is sensitive to P3HT order, and polymer order varied depending on the underlying substrate. This demonstrates the importance of performing the spectroscopic measurements on substrates and configurations used in the functioning devices, which is not a common practice. The experimental measurements are modeled with calculations of the interfacial mean square electric field to determine the distance dependence of the SA Raman signal. SA Raman spectroscopy is a versatile method applicable whenever the chemical composition, structure, and thickness of interfacial polymer layers need to be simultaneously measured.

A novel architecture has been employed to fabricate transparent electrodes with high conductivity and high optical transmittance at high incident angles. Soft lithography is used to fabricate polymer grating patterns onto which thin metallic films are deposited. Etching removes excess metal leaving tall walls of metal. Polymer encapsulation of the structure both protects the metal and minimizes diffraction. Transmission is dependent upon the height of the walls and encapsulation and varies from 60% to 80% for structures with heights of 1400 nm to 300 nm. In encapsulated structures, very little distortion is visible (either parallel to or perpendicular to standing walls) even at viewing angles 60° from the normal. Diffraction is at characterized through measurement of intensity for zeroth through third order diffraction spots. Encapsulation is shown to significantly reduce diffraction. Measurements are supported by optical simulations.

A multidisciplinary research area such as wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been invoked the monitoring of remote physical environment and are used for a wide range of applications ranging from defense personnel to many scientific research, statistical application, disaster area and War Zone. These networks are constraint with energy, memory and computing power enhance efficient techniques are needed for data aggregation, data collection, query processing, decision making and routing in sensor networks. The problem encountered in the recent past was of the more battery power consumption as activity increases, need more efficient data aggregation and collection techniques with right decision making capabilities. Therefore, this paper proposed the efficient and effective architecture and mechanism of energy efficient techniques for data aggregation and collection in WSN using principles like global weight calculation of nodes, data collection for cluster head and data aggregation techniques using data cube aggregation. &nbsp

Herein, the implications of silicone contamination found in solution-processed conjugated polymer solar cells are explored. Similar to a previous work based on molecular cells, we find this contamination as a result of the use of plastic syringes during fabrication. However, in contrast to the molecular case, we find that glass-syringe fabricated devices give superior performance than plastic-syringe fabricated devices in poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based cells. We find that the unintentional silicone addition alters the solution’s wettability, which translates to a thinner, less absorbent film on spinning. With many groups studying the effects of small-volume additives, this work should be closely considered as many of these additives may also directly alter the solutions’ wettability, or the amount of silicone dissolved off the plastic syringes, or both. Thereby, film thickness, which generally is not reported in detail, can vary significantly from device to device.

l-2-Hydroxy acid oxidase (Hao2) is a peroxisomal enzyme with predominant expression in the liver and kidney. Hao2 was recently identified as a candidate gene for blood pressure quantitative trait locus in rats. To investigate a pharmacological role of Hao2 in the management of blood pressure, selective Hao2 inhibitors were developed. Optimization of screening hits 1 and 2 led to the discovery of compounds 3 and 4 as potent and selective rat Hao2 inhibitors with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for in vivo studies in rats. Treatment with compound 3 or 4 resulted in a significant reduction or attenuation of blood pressure in an established or developing model of hypertension, deoxycorticosterone acetate-treated rats. This is the first report demonstrating a pharmacological benefit of selective Hao2 inhibitors in a relevant model of hypertension.

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells suffer from low charge carrier mobilities of polymers, which renders it important to achieve complete optical absorption in active layers thinner than optical absorption length. Active layers conformally deposited on light-trapping, microscale textured, grating-type surfaces is one possible approach to achieve this objective. In this report, we analyze the design of such grating-type OPV cells using finite element method simulations. The energy dissipation of electromagnetic field in the active layer is studied as a function of active layer thickness, and pitch and height of the underlying textures. The superiority of textured geometry in terms of light trapping is clearly demonstrated by the simulation results. We observe 40% increase in photonic absorption in 150 nm thick active layer, for textures with 2 microm pitch and 1.5 microm height.