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Cell inconsistency within a lithium-ion battery system poses a significant challenge in maximizing the system operational time. This study presents an optimization-driven active balancing method to minimize the effects of cell inconsistency on the system operational time while simultaneously satisfying the system output power demand and prolonging the system operational time in energy storage applications. The proposed method utilizes a fractional order model to forecast the terminal voltage dynamics of each cell within a battery system, enhanced with a particle-swarm-optimisation-genetic algorithm for precise parameter identification. It is implemented under two distinct cell-level balancing topologies: independent cell balancing and differential cell balancing. Subsequently, the current distribution for each topology is determined by resolving two optimization control problems constrained by the battery's operational specifications and power demands. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by extensive experiments based on the two balancing topologies. The results demonstrate that the proposed method increases the operational time by 3.2%., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures; Preprint submitted to IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification on 02-May-2024

Accurate state of power (SOP) estimation is of great importance for lithium-ion batteries in safety-critical and power-intensive applications for electric vehicles. This review article delves deeply into the entire development flow of current SOP estimation technology, offering a systematic breakdown of all key aspects with their recent advancements. First, we review the design of battery safe operation area, summarizing diverse limitation factors and furnishing a profound comprehension of battery safety across a broad operational scale. Second, we illustrate the unique discharge and charge characteristics of various peak operation modes, such as constant current, constant voltage, constant current-constant voltage, and constant power, and explore their impacts on battery peak power performance. Third, we extensively survey the aspects of battery modelling and algorithm development in current SOP estimation technology, highlighting their technical contributions and specific considerations. Fourth, we present an in-depth dissection of all error sources to unveil their propagation pathways, providing insightful analysis into how each type of error impacts the SOP estimation performance. Finally, the technical challenges and complexities inherent in this field of research are addressed, suggesting potential directions for future development. Our goal is to inspire further efforts towards developing more accurate and intelligent SOP estimation technology for next-generation battery management systems., Comment: 96 pages, 16 figures

Retired batteries (RBs) for second-life applications offer promising economic and environmental benefits. However, accurate and efficient sorting of RBs with discrepant characteristics persists as a pressing challenge. In this study, we introduce a data driven based electrode aging assessment approach to address this concern. To this end, a number of 15 feature points are extracted from battery open circuit voltage (OCV) curves to capture their characteristics at different levels of aging, and a convolutional neural network with an optimized structure and minimized input size is established to relocate the relative positions of these OCV feature points. Next, a rapid estimation algorithm is proposed to identify the three electrode aging parameters (EAPs) which best reconstruct the 15 OCV feature points over the entire usable capacity range. Utilizing the three EAPs as sorting indices, we employ an adaptive affinity propagation algorithm to cluster RBs without the need for pre-determining the clustering number. Unlike conventional sorting methods based solely on battery capacity, the proposed method provides profound insights into electrode aging behaviors, minimizes the need for constant-current charging data, and supports module/pack-level tests for the simultaneous processing of high volumes of RBs., Comment: 40 pages, 25 figures

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have found wide applications in a variety of fields such as electrified transportation, stationary storage and portable electronics devices. A battery management system (BMS) is critical to ensure the reliability, efficiency and longevity of LIBs. Recent research has witnessed the emergence of model-based fault diagnosis methods in advanced BMSs. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the model-based fault diagnosis methods for LIBs. First, the widely explored battery models in the existing literature are classified into physics-based electrochemical models and electrical equivalent circuit models. Second, a general state-space representation that describes electrical dynamics of a faulty battery is presented. The formulation of the state vectors and the identification of the parameter matrices are then elaborated. Third, the fault mechanisms of both battery faults (incl. overcharege/overdischarge faults, connection faults, short circuit faults) and sensor faults (incl. voltage sensor faults and current sensor faults) are discussed. Furthermore, different types of modeling uncertainties, such as modeling errors and measurement noises, aging effects, measurement outliers, are elaborated. An emphasis is then placed on the observer design (incl. online state observers and offline state observers). The algorithm implementation of typical state observers for battery fault diagnosis is also put forward. Finally, discussion and outlook are offered to envision some possible future research directions., Comment: Submitted to Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews on 09-Jan-2024