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A 71-year-old man had previously undergone S7 + S8 dorsal segmentectomy and S5 partial hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinomas. Six months later, he experienced abdominal distention. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed massive ascites and a significant hepatic arterioportal shunt. The ascites was thought to be caused by portal hypertension due to a high-flow hepatic arterioportal fistula (HAPF). The fistula, located between the right hepatic artery A7 and the right portal vein, was embolized with microcoils under flow control using a balloon catheter. After embolization, the shunt blood flow disappeared and the hepatopetal venous flow was restored. His body weight and abdominal circumference decreased immediately, and his liver function on blood tests improved after the procedure. CT performed 11 days after embolization showed decreased ascites. A HAPF after hepatectomy is extremely rare. Balloon-assisted embolization using microcoils is a useful endovascular procedure for treating a high-flow HAPF.

Abstract To complement donor-dependent platelets supplies, we previously developed an ex vivo manufacturing system using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived expandable immortalized megakaryocyte progenitor cell lines (imMKCLs), and a turbulent flow bioreactor to generate iPSC-derived platelets products (iPSC-PLTs). However, the tank size of the bioreactor was limited to 10 L. Here we examined the feasibility of scaling up to 50 L with reciprocal motion by two impellers. Under optimized turbulence parameters corresponding to 10 L bioreactor, 50 L bioreactor elicited iPSC-PLTs with intact in vivo hemostatic function but with less production efficiency. This insufficiency was caused by increased defective turbulent flow space. A computer simulation proposed that designing 50 L turbulent flow bioreactor with three impellers or a new bioreactor with a modified rotating impeller and unique structure reduces this space. These findings indicate that large-scale iPSC-PLTs manufacturing from cultured imMKCLs requires optimization of the tank structure in addition to optimal turbulent energy and shear stress.

Abstract Liver metastases from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are highly fatal. A rat-based patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) model is available for transcatheter therapy. This study aimed to create an immunodeficient rat model with liver xenografts of patient-derived primary PDAC and evaluate efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin in this model. Three patient-derived PDACs were transplanted into the livers of 21 rats each (totally, 63 rats), randomly assigned into hepatic arterial infusion, systemic venous infusion, and control groups (n = 7 each) four weeks post-implantation. Computed tomography evaluated tumor volumes before and four weeks after treatment. Post-euthanasia, resected tumor specimens underwent histopathological examination. A liver-implanted PDAC PDX rat model was established in all 63 rats, with first CT identifying all tumors. Four weeks post-treatment, arterial infusion groups exhibited significantly smaller tumor volumes than controls for all three tumors on second CT. Xenograft tumors histologically maintained adenocarcinoma features compared to original patient tumors. Ki67 expression was significantly lower in arterial infusion groups than in the other two for the three tumors, indicating reduced tumor growth in PDX rats. A liver-implanted PDAC PDX rat model was established as a rat-based preclinical platform. Arterial cisplatin infusion chemotherapy represents a potential therapy for PDAC liver metastasis.

Abstract Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) remains a devastating form of stroke. Prior use of antiplatelets or warfarin before SICH is associated with poor outcomes, but the effects of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify trends in prior antithrombotic use and to assess the associations between prior use of antithrombotics and in-hospital mortality using a multicenter prospective registry in Japan. In total, 1085 patients were analyzed. Prior antithrombotic medication included antiplatelets in 14.2%, oral anticoagulants in 8.1%, and both in 1.8%. Prior warfarin use was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 5.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30–23.26, P

AbstractAnti-nuclear matrix protein 2 (NXP2) antibody-positive dermatomyositis (DM) is characterized by extensive and severe myositis. In this study, we evaluated which cytokines/chemokines involved with the activity of the myositis. We performed quantitative immunoassays using the MILLIPLEX® Multiplex Assays Using Luminex to evaluate serum levels of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, and tumor necrosis factor-α in samples collected over time from a 9-year-old female with anti-NXP2 antibody-positive DM. In our case, the serum level of IL-8 was elevated when the myositis worsened, and decreased in accordance with the improvement of myositis, suggesting that the serum IL-8 levels were correlated with the myositis activity. Serum levels of IL-8 in samples from five patients with anti-NXP2 antibody-positive DM and five patients with anti-transcriptional intermediary factor 1γ (TIF1γ) antibody-positive DM without both interstitial lung disease (ILD) and malignancy before starting treatments, along with five healthy controls, were also evaluate by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum IL-8 levels were significantly elevated in anti-NXP2 or anti-TIF1γ antibody-positive DM patients with myositis but not ILD, than healthy controls. It was suggested that serum levels of IL-8 correlate with the activity of myositis in DM including anti-NXP2 antibody-positive DM.

Abstract In this study, plasma belimumab concentrations were measured over the course of treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients on belimumab therapy, and intra‐ and interindividual variations in plasma belimumab concentration were evaluated. A single‐center prospective study was conducted at Oita University Hospital to evaluate trough plasma concentrations over the course of treatment in 13 SLE patients treated with intravenous belimumab. Plasma belimumab concentrations were measured by a validated ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method. The median age of the patients was 40 (interquartile range: 35–51) years and the median weight was 51.8 (47.0–58.1) kg. A mean of 9.4 (range: 1–13) blood samples was collected per patient at routine visits. The mean (± SD) plasma belimumab concentration was 33.4 ± 11.9 μg/mL in the patient with the lowest concentration and 170.0 ± 16.6 μg/mL in the patient with the highest concentration, indicating a 5‐fold difference between patients. On the other hand, the within‐patient coefficient of variation ranged from 7.1% to 35.7%, showing no large variations. No significant correlation was observed between plasma belimumab concentration and belimumab dose (mg/kg) (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.22, p = .54). Examinations of trough plasma belimumab concentrations over the course of treatment in patients with SLE showed small intraindividual variation but large interindividual variation. Plasma belimumab trough concentration varied widely among patients administered the approved dose.

Objective: We investigated the effect of the pandemic on neurological hospitalizations and complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection or vaccinations. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of patients hospitalized in our neurology division from 1 April 2019 to 31 March 2022 as the opt-out study. We classified the neurological diseases into nine subgroups, evaluated changes of neurological disease characteristics, and analyzed patients hospitalized with the complications from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection or after the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination over three eras based on the pandemic stages: (1) pre-pandemic, (2) during the pandemic but before vaccines, and (3) during the pandemic with vaccines. Results: Overall, 1756 patients were included in the analyses. The patient characteristics significantly changed throughout the pandemic ( p

Abstract Background and Aim Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using various anticancer drugs is often performed to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy and side effects of TACE with anticancer drugs versus transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) without anticancer drugs for HCC. Methods Patients with HCC were randomized to either the TACE or TAE group. Up to five target nodules were treated in each patient. Lipiodol (Lp; 10 mL), contrast media (CM; 10 mL), epirubicin (40 mg), mitomycin C (10 mg), miliplatin (70 mg), and 1–2‐mm 2‐day soluble gelatin sponge particles (2D‐SGS) were injected into the TACE group, whereas Lp (10 mL), CM (10 mL), and 2D‐SGS were injected into the TAE group. Treatment effect (TE) of the target nodules was graded (TE1–TE4) and patient responses were assessed. Three months after treatment, blood tests were performed to compare tumor markers and adverse events. Results Fifty‐four patients and 161 target nodules were included; 75 nodules in 28 patients were treated by TACE, and 86 nodules in 26 patients were treated by TAE. The number of nodules graded TE1, TE2, TE3, and TE4 was 1, 28, 7, and 39, respectively, in the TACE group and 2, 25, 7, and 52, respectively, in the TAE group. The response rates were 89% (25/28) and 73% (19/26) in the TACE and TAE groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in TE, response rates, or blood test results between the two groups. Conclusion In hepatic arterial embolization for HCC, anticancer drugs did not have any impact on the therapeutic efficacy or side effects at 3 months after embolization.

The patient was a man in his 60s who previously underwent placement of covered stents in the duodenum for a duodenal stricture caused by pancreatic cancer invasion. He experienced multiple episodes of hematemesis and hematochezia during hospitalization. Emergency upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopies were performed but were unable to reveal the bleeding source. Based on these findings, we suspected small intestinal bleeding and emergency angiography was performed for the purpose of hemostasis. Computed tomography during arteriography was performed from the superior mesenteric artery and revealed extravasation outside the covered stents in the descending portion of the duodenum. Angiography of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery revealed extravasation in the descending portion of the duodenum, and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery was embolized with n-butyl cyanoacrylate. There were no postoperative symptoms indicative of intestinal ischemia or pancreatitis, and there was no rebleeding after embolization. In patients with bleeding outside the duodenal-covered stents, it can be difficult to identify the bleeding source by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In this case, selective computed tomography during arteriography and angiography revealed bleeding outside the duodenal-covered stents that was successfully treated by arterial embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate.

Abstract Background Pulmonary inflammatory leiomyosarcoma (PILMS) is a rare type of myogenic tumor with prominent lymphohistiocytic infiltration. Despite their histological similarities, PILMS is immunohistochemically and genetically distinct from soft tissue inflammatory leiomyosarcoma, and its clinicopathological picture including DNA methylome data remains still unknown. Case presentation Here we present a case of PILMS in an 18-year-old male who underwent lobectomy. As reported previously, the current case demonstrated spindle myoid cell proliferation with smooth muscle differentiation within a prominent lymphohistiocytic infiltration and a diploid genome with a MUC3A gene alteration. DNA methylation analysis predicted this case to be an “inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor” (IMT) according to the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) classifier. The data was analyzed by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, which plotted the case tumor in the vicinity of IMT, however, there were no IMT histological features. These discordant results could be due to background non-neoplastic inflammatory cells. Conclusions As the DNA methylation classification of PILMS might be a potential diagnostic pitfall, an integrative histological and genetic approach is required for its accurate diagnosis.

Abstract Plasma 4β‐hydroxycholesterol (OHC) has drawn attention as an endogenous substrate indicating CYP3A activity. Plasma 4β‐OHC is produced by hydroxylation by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 and by cholesterol autoxidation. Plasma 4α‐OHC is produced by cholesterol autoxidation and not affected by CYP3A activity. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of plasma 4β‐OHC concentration minus plasma 4α‐OHC concentration (4β‐OHC–4α‐OHC) compared with plasma 4β‐OHC concentration and 4β‐OHC/total cholesterol (TC) ratio in cross‐sectional evaluation of CYP3A activity. Four hundred sixteen general adults were divided into 191 CYP3A5*1 carriers and 225 non‐carriers. Twenty‐six patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with CYP3A5*1 allele were divided into 14 with CKD stage 3 and 12 with stage 4–5D. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the three indices were evaluated for predicting presence or absence of CYP3A5*1 allele in general adults, and for predicting CKD stage 3 or stage 4–5D in patients with CKD. There was no significant difference between AUC of 4β‐OHC–4α‐OHC and AUC of plasma 4β‐OHC concentration in general adults and in patients with CKD. AUC of 4β‐OHC–4α‐OHC was significantly smaller than that of 4β‐OHC/TC ratio in general adults (p = 0.025), but the two indices did not differ in patients with CKD. In conclusion, in the present cross‐sectional evaluation of CYP3A activity in general adults and in patients with CKD with CYP3A5*1 allele, the usefulness of 4β‐OHC–4α‐OHC was not different from plasma 4β‐OHC concentration or 4β‐OHC/TC ratio. However, because of the limitations in study design and subject selection of this research, these findings require verification in further studies.

Abstract Background Leukocyte immunoglobulin‐like receptor subfamily B member 4 (LILRB4/ILT3) is an up‐and‐coming molecule that promotes immune evasion. We have previously reported that LILRB4 facilitates myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)‐mediated tumor metastasis in mice. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the LILRB4 expression levels on tumor‐infiltrating cells on the prognosis of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods We immunohistochemically evaluated the LILRB4 expression levels of completely resected 239 NSCLC specimens. Whether the blocking of LILRB4 on human PBMC‐derived CD33+ MDSCs inhibited the migration ability of lung cancer cells was also examined using transwell migration assay. Results The LILRB4 high group, in which patients with a high LILRB4 expression level on tumor‐infiltrating cells, showed a shorter overall survival (OS) (p = 0.013) and relapse‐free survival (RFS) (p = 0.0017) compared to the LILRB4 low group. Multivariate analyses revealed that a high LILRB4 expression was an independent factor for postoperative recurrence, poor OS and RFS. Even in the cohort background aligned by propensity score matching, OS (p = 0.023) and RFS (p = 0.0046) in the LILRB4 high group were shorter than in the LILRB4 low group. Some of the LILRB4 positive cells were positive for MDSC markers, CD33 and CD14. Transwell migration assay demonstrated that blocking LILRB4 significantly inhibited the migration of human lung cancer cells cocultured with CD33+ MDSCs. Conclusion Together, signals through LILRB4 on tumor‐infiltrating cells, including MDSCs, play an essential role in promoting tumor evasion and cancer progression, impacting the recurrence and poor prognosis of patients with resected NSCLC.

Abstract Organic anion‐transporting polypeptides (OATP)1B are drug transporters mainly expressed in the sinusoidal membrane. Many studies have suggested that OATP1B activity is affected by genetic factor, the uremic toxin 3‐carboxy‐4‐methyl‐5‐propyl‐2‐furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), and inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Coproporphyrin‐I (CP‐I) is spotlighted as a highly accurate endogenous substrate of OATP1B. We previously reported a positive correlation between plasma CMPF and CP‐I concentrations in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present study evaluated the impact of genetic polymorphisms, CMPF, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on individual differences in OATP1B activity in patients with CKD. Seventy‐three patients with CKD who received kidney transplant at least 3 months earlier were analyzed. Plasma CP‐I concentration was higher in OATP1B1*15 carriers than in non‐carriers. In all patients, CP‐I did not correlate significantly with CMPF, IL‐6, TNF‐α, or eGFR. However, when the dataset was cut off at CMPF concentration of 8 and 7 μg/mL, 4 μg/mL, 3 μg/mL or 2 μg/mL, CMPF correlated positively with CP‐I, and correlation coefficient tended to be higher as plasma CMPF concentration was lower. In conclusion, OATP1B1*15 impacted OATP1B activity in patients with CKD, but IL‐6 and TNF‐α did not. However, the impact of CMPF on OATP1B activity was limited to low CMPF concentrations, and the effect could be saturated at high concentrations. When prescribing an OATP1B substrate drug for patients with CKD, the OATP1B1*15 carrier status and plasma CMPF concentration may need to be considered to decide the dose regimen.

The reverse genetics system, which allows the generation of influenza viruses from plasmids encoding viral genome, is a powerful tool for basic research on viral infection mechanisms and application research such as vaccine development. However, conventional plasmid construction using Escherichia coli (E.coli) cloning is time-consuming and has difficulties handling DNA encoding genes toxic for E.coli or highly repeated sequences. These limitations hamper rapid virus synthesis. In this study, we establish a very rapid in vitro one-pot plasmid construction (IVOC) based virus synthesis. This method dramatically reduced the time for genome plasmid construction, which was used for virus synthesis, from several days or more to about 8 hours. Moreover, infectious viruses could be synthesized with a similar yield to the conventional E.coli cloning-based method with high accuracy. The applicability of this method was also demonstrated by the generation of recombinant viruses carrying reporter genes from the IVOC products. This method enables the pathogenicity analysis and vaccine development using genetically modified viruses, and it is expected to allow for faster analysis of newly emerging variants than ever before. Furthermore, its application to other RNA viruses is also expected.

Background: Belimumab is the first antibody drug approved for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and is a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits soluble B lymphocyte stimulator protein. In clinical trials, a composite index was used to assess efficacy of belimumab. However, clinical guidelines on SLE treatment currently use single efficacy indexes. Objective: The main objective of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of belimumab utilizing single indexes used in routine clinical practice, rather than the composite efficacy index used in clinical trials during the development phase. As a secondary endpoint, safety was also evaluated. Methods: Several databases were searched to identify reports published up to December 1, 2021 on randomized controlled trials examining the efficacy of belimumab in adult patients with SLE. From the clinical trial data, efficacy was evaluated using single indexes including the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), British Isles Lupus Assessment Group Index, and Physician Global Assessment. Safety was also assessed. Data were synthesized and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4. This study protocol was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (Registration number: UMIN000052846). Results: The search identified 12 reports that met the inclusion criteria. Five reports were included in efficacy evaluation and 9 in safety evaluation. The primary endpoint was SLEDAI. Significantly more belimumab-treated patients achieved a ≥4-point reduction in SLEDAI (relative risk 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.16–1.40; P < 0.00001) compared with placebo. Other efficacy endpoints were also improved significantly in the belimumab group. No difference in safety was found between belimumab and placebo. Conclusions: The present meta-analysis evaluating clinical trial data using various single indexes recommended by clinical guidelines for SLE verifies that addition of belimumab to standard of care is efficacious for moderate-to-severe SLE.

Eribulin mesylate (ERB) is a synthetic analog of halichondrin B, inhibiting tumor cell growth by disrupting microtubule function. Recently, anticancer drugs have been shown to not only act directly on tumor cells but also to exert antitumor effects by modifying the tumor environment. Although ERB has also been speculated to modify the tumor microenvironment including the immune response to tumors, the precise mechanism remains unclear. In our study, ERB suppressed the tumor growth of MC38 colon cancer in wildtype mice, whereas ERB failed to inhibit the tumor growth in Rag1-deficient mice which lack both B and T cells. Moreover, depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells abrogated the antitumor effect of ERB, indicating that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play an important role in ERB-induced antitumor effects. Furthermore, ERB treatment increased the number of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as well as the expression of activation markers (CD38 and CD69), immune checkpoint molecules (LAG3, TIGIT and Tim3) and cytotoxic molecules (granzyme B and perforin) in TILs. ERB upregulated E-cadherin expression in MC38. CD103 is a ligand of E-cadherin and induces T-cell activation. ERB increased the proportion of CD103+ cells in both CD4+ and CD8+ TILs. The ERB-induced antitumor effect with the increased TIL number and the increased expression of activation markers, inhibitory checkpoint molecules and cytotoxic molecules in TILs was abrogated in CD103-deficient mice. Collectively, these results suggest that ERB exerts antitumor effects by upregulation of E-cadherin expression in tumor cells and subsequent activation of CD103+ TILs.

The arc of Riolan (AOR) is an anastomosis between the middle and left colic arteries. Aneurysms of the AOR are very rare visceral artery aneurysms. A 44-year-old man presented with abdominal pain and loss of consciousness. Computed tomography and angiography showed hemorrhagic ascites around the liver and spleen. An irregularly dilated artery was visible within a hematoma in the upper left region of the abdomen, consistent with a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the AOR. Transcatheter arterial embolization was performed with microcoils. The patient's abdominal pain disappeared after embolization, and no symptoms of intestinal ischemia were observed. To our knowledge, this is the first case of an AOR aneurysm with AOR dilation due to dissection of the celiac artery that was successfully treated by coil embolization.

Phenological gaps exert a significant influence on the growth of dwarf bamboos. However, how dwarf bamboos respond to and exploit these phenological gaps remain enigmatic. The light environment, soil nutrients, leaf morphology, maximum photosynthetic rate, foliage dynamics, and branching characteristics of Sasa kurilensis were examined under the canopies of Fagus crenata and Magnolia obovata. The goal was to elucidate the adaptive responses of S. kurilensis to phenological gaps in the forest understory. The findings suggest that phenological gaps under an M. obovata canopy augment the available biomass of S. kurilensis, enhancing leaf area, leaf thickness, and carbon content per unit area. However, these gaps do not appreciably influence the maximum photosynthetic rate, total leaf number, leaf lifespan, branch number, and average branch length. These findings underscore the significant impact of annually recurring phenological gaps on various aspects of S. kurilensis growth, such as its aboveground biomass, leaf morphology, and leaf biochemical characteristics. It appears that leaf morphology is a pivotal trait in the response of S. kurilensis to phenological gaps. Given the potential ubiquity of the influence of phenological gaps on dwarf bamboos across most deciduous broadleaf forests, this canopy phenomenon should not be overlooked.

Buprenorphine readily crosses the placenta, and with greater prenatal exposure, neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) likely grows more severe. Current dosing strategies can be further improved by tailoring doses to expected NOWS severity. To allow the conceptualization of fetal buprenorphine exposure, a maternal–fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for sublingual buprenorphine was developed using Simcyp (v21.0). Buprenorphine transplacental passage was predicted from its physicochemical properties. The maternal–fetal PBPK model integrated reduced transmucosal absorption driven by lower salivary pH and induced metabolism observed during pregnancy. Maternal pharmacokinetics was adequately predicted in the second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum period, with the simulated area under the curve from 0 to 12 h, apparent clearance, and peak concentration falling within the 1.25-fold prediction error range. Following post hoc adjustment of the likely degree of individual maternal sublingual absorption, umbilical cord blood concentrations at delivery (n = 21) were adequately predicted, with a geometric mean ratio between predicted and observed fetal concentrations of 1.15 and with 95.2% falling within the 2-fold prediction error range. The maternal–fetal PBPK model developed in this study can be used to forecast fetal buprenorphine exposure and would be valuable to investigate its correlation to NOWS severity.

Elucidating taste sensing systems in chickens is an important step toward understanding poultry nutrition. Amino acid taste receptors, type 1 taste receptors 1 and 3 (T1R1 and T1R3, respectively), are expressed in chicken taste cells, and chicken T1R1/T1R3 is activated by L-alanine (L-Ala) and L-serine (L-Ser), but not by L-proline (L-Pro). However, it is not clear whether chickens have a gustatory perception of L-amino acids. Here, we found that chickens conditioned to avoid either L-Ala, L-Ser, or L-Pro solutions could successfully learn to avoid the corresponding L-amino acid solution in the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) test. Because CTA is a well-established learning paradigm generated specifically by pairing gustatory perception and gastrointestinal malaise, the present study suggests that chickens can sense L-amino acids by gustatory perception. In addition, we found that the expression of the T1R1 and T1R3 genes was significantly downregulated in response to chronic exposure to L-Ala solution, but not to acute oral stimulation. Taken together, the present study suggests that chickens have a gustatory perception of L-amino acids, and the expression of T1R1/T1R3 mRNAs in the oral cavity can be regulated by L-amino acid intake. Since chickens can detect L-Pro solutions, additional amino acid receptors, other than T1R1/T1R3, may be involved in L-amino acid taste detection in chickens.

Abstract Background Aortopulmonary mediastinal paragangliomas are rare. Complete resection of the tumor is desirable regardless of tumor size in view of the risk of sudden death induced by adjacent organ compression and poor prognosis after partial resection or untreated observation. Due to the hypervascularity of the tumor, the risk of intraoperative bleeding is significant, and cardiopulmonary bypass is often required for complete resection. Case presentation The patient was diagnosed as having bilateral carotid body tumors and supposedly an aortic body tumor at the age of 43 and eventually underwent resections of bilateral carotid body tumors at the age of 52. The pathology of the carotid body tumors was compatible with paraganglioma on both sides. A familial succinate dehydrogenase subunit D mutation was subsequently identified. Five years later, a contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan showed an enlarged tumor of 45 mm in size in the aortopulmonary mediastinum. Based on the previously known genetic mutation, the tumor was thought to be a paraganglioma. After confirming with an endocrinologist that the aortic body tumor was non-functional, radiologists performed preoperative embolization of the feeding vessels. Subsequently, a surgical team consisting of thoracic and cardiovascular surgeons resected the aortic body tumor using a video-assisted small left thoracotomy approach combined with a median sternotomy approach. The procedure was completed without cardiopulmonary bypass or blood transfusion. The patient was discharged home on postoperative day 9 uneventfully. Conclusions After conduction of preceding interventional embolization of multiple feeding vessels, we employed a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical approach to dissect the aspects of the tumor adjacent to the esophagus, descending thoracic aorta, and left pulmonary artery, followed by a median sternotomy approach to dissect the other aspects of the tumor adjacent to the ascending aorta, aortic arch, right pulmonary artery, and trachea. There have been no reports on scheduled preoperative embolization of feeding vessels to an aortopulmonary mediastinal paraganglioma. Multidisciplinary approach was effective for complete resection of this challenging rare mediastinal tumor.

Abstract Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in cancer growth by interacting with cancer cells, but their effects differ depending on the type of cancer. This study investigated the role of CAFs in biliary tract cancers (BTCs), compared with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) as a comparison cohort. Methods We retrospectively evaluated alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression in CAFs from 114 cases of PDAC and 154 cases of BTCs who underwent surgical treatment at our institution from 1996 to 2017. CAFs were isolated from resected specimens of BTC and PDAC, and tested for the effects of their supernatants and cytokines on cancer cell proliferation. Results PDAC patients with positive αSMA expression showed significantly shorter overall survival and recurrence-free survival than αSMA-negative patients (p = 0.003, p = 0.009, respectively). BTC patients with positive αSMA expression showed better recurrence-free survival than αSMA-negative patients (p = 0.03). CAF-conditioned medium suppressed the proliferation of cancer cells for only OCUCh-LM1 cells and not PDAC cells. Blockage of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) or its receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) by antibodies canceled the suppressive effect of the IL-8. Conclusions CAFs are a good prognostic factor in BTC, but not for PDAC. Moreover, CAF-produced Interleukin-8 suppresses the proliferation of OCUCh-LM1 cell lines.

Background: Numerous studies have shown that improving oral hygiene contributes to a reduction in the risk of postoperative complications in patients with head and neck cancer, cardiac disease, and esophageal cancer. However, the beneficial standard for oral management procedures during the perioperative period has not yet been established. Therefore, our aim was to determine whether or not their innovative oral management intervention contributed to a reduction in postoperative complications in lung cancer. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records of patients who underwent lung cancer surgery with lobectomy and pneumonectomy at Kyorin University Hospital. Patients were divided into 2 groups: a perioperative oral management intervention group that underwent lung cancer surgery from April 2016 to March 2018 (n = 164), and a control group without oral management that underwent surgery from April 2014 to March 2016 (n = 199). In particular, our oral management procedure emphasized oral mucosa stimulation to induce saliva discharge as in gum chewing, rather than simply using teeth brushing to reduce oral microbiome. Therefore, our oral management procedure is different from traditional oral care. Results: This study demonstrated that our oral management practice was associated with a decline in the occurrence of postoperative pneumonia (odds ratio, 0.184; 95% CI, 0.042-0.571; P = .009), postoperative hospital stay duration (β coefficient, −4.272; 95% CI, −6.390 to −2.155; P

Current cancer immunotherapies target immune checkpoint molecules such as the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), one of its ligands, programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a competitive ligand for CD28 binding to stimulatory receptors CD80 and CD86. Multiple biological drugs use monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 as cancer immunotherapies. These are termed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, activation of the immune system by ICIs can induce the development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can affect multiple organ systems. The most frequent irAEs are cutaneous and mimic various types of spontaneous skin disorders. Most irAEs are classified as autoimmune conditions mediated by ICI-activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, some of which are also related to activated B cells and production of pathogenic antibodies. Interestingly, blockade of CTLA-4 mainly induces activation of T cells and inhibition of Treg cells. On the other hand, the mechanisms underlying anti-PD-1/PD-L1 ICI-induced irAEs are more complicated. PD-1 is a receptor expressed on T and B cells, which binds not only PD-L1, but also PD-L2. The role of PD-L1 is dominant in Th1 and Th17 immunity, while PD-L2 works mainly in Th2 immunity. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying irAEs will allow for better management of irAEs and improve outcomes and quality of life in cancer patients.

Abstract Background Although clozapine is the optimal drug for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, the drug has harmful adverse effects such as leukopenia. Adenine and cepharanthine are known to be effective for radiation- or drug-induced leukopenia. Furthermore, ninjin-yoei-to, a Chinese herbal medicine, augments the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Thus, these drugs may be useful for clozapine-induced leukopenia. Case presentation A 21 years-old woman with schizophrenia was hospitalized for initiation of clozapine treatment. Despite concomitant use of adenine, cepharanthine, and lithium carbonate having activities of increasing leukocytes, a decrease in leukocyte counts occurred after the initiation of clozapine. Additional administration of ninjin-yoei-to increased leukocyte counts, which prevented the development of leukopenia. Conclusions This is the first case that concomitant use of adenine, cepharanthin, and ninjin-yoei-to exhibited the effectiveness of reversing the decrease in leukocytes caused by clozapine. Monitoring leukocyte counts and preventing leukopenia are essential for successful treatment with clozapine for refractory schizophrenia. These medicines may be a potential option for preventing clozapine-induced leukopenia.

Background The impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) on the prognosis of biliary tract cancer (BTC) is not completely understood. Therefore, in our study, we investigated the effects of the various immune cells infiltration in tumor microenvironment (TME). Methods A total of 130 patients with BTC who underwent surgical treatment at our institution were enrolled in this study. We retrospectively evaluated TILs and TAMs with immunohistochemical staining. Results With CD8-high, CD4-high, FOXP3-high, and CD68-low in TME as one factor, we calculated Immunoscore according to the number of factors. The high Immunoscore group showed significantly superior overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) than the low Immunoscore group (median OS, 60.8 vs. 26.4 months, p = 0.001; median RFS not reached vs. 17.2 months, p < 0.001). Also, high Immunoscore was an independent good prognostic factor for OS and RFS (hazards ratio 2.05 and 2.41 and p = 0.01 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions High Immunoscore group had significantly superior OS and RFS and was an independent good prognostic factor for OS and RFS.

Abstract Response to antihypertensive drugs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has great interindividual variability. Adrenomedullin (ADM) is produced abundantly in hypertension, but clearance is very rapid. Mid-regional proADM (MR-proADM) produced from an ADM precursor is considered a surrogate biomarker for quantification of ADM. We investigated the association of MR-proADM with antihypertensive resistance in CKD patients with poor blood pressure (BP) control. This cross-sectional study analyzed 33 CKD patients with poor BP control defined as failure to achieve target BP despite at least two classes of antihypertensive drugs. Treatment intensity score was calculated to facilitate comparability of antihypertensive regimens across subjects taking different drugs. Plasma MR-proADM concentration was measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma MR-proADM concentration correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r = − 0.777, p

Abstract The programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway could affect antimicrobial immune responses by suppressing T cell activity. Several recent studies demonstrated that blocking of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway exacerbated Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, the effect of blocking this pathway in pulmonary Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex (MAC) infection is not fully understood. Wild-type, PD-1-deficient mice, and PD-L1-deficient mice were intranasally infected with Mycobacterium avium bacteria. Depletion of PD-1 or PD-L1 did not affect mortality and bacterial burden in MAC-infected mice. However, marked infiltration of CD8-positive T lymphocytes was observed in the lungs of PD-1 and PD-L1-deficient mice compared to wild-type mice. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis showed that levels of gene expressions related to Th1 immunity did not differ according to the genotypes. However, genes related to the activity of CD8-positive T cells and related chemokine activity were upregulated in the infected lungs of PD-1 and PD-L1-deficient mice. Thus, the lack of change in susceptibility to MAC infection in PD-1 and PD-L1-deficient mice might be explained by the absence of obvious changes in the Th1 immune response. Furthermore, activated CD8-positive cells in response to MAC infection in these mice seemed to not be relevant in the control of MAC infection.

Abstract Because tacrolimus is predominantly metabolized by CYP3A, the blood concentration/dose (C/D) ratio is affected by CYP3A5 polymorphism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression increases in secondary hyperparathyroidism, which is frequently associated with end‐stage renal disease. Recently, PTH has been shown to downregulate CYP3A expression at mRNA level. In this study, we examined the influence of CYP3A5 polymorphism on and association of serum intact‐PTH (iPTH) level with blood tacrolimus concentration in patients with end‐stage renal disease just before kidney transplantation. Forty‐eight patients who satisfied the selection criteria were analyzed. Subjects were classified into two phenotype subgroups: CYP3A5 expressor (CYP3A5*1/*1 and *1/*3; n = 15) and CYP3A5 nonexpressor (CYP3A5*3/*3; n = 33). The blood tacrolimus C/D (per body weight) ratio was significantly lower in CYP3A5 expressors than that in CYP3A5 nonexpressors. A significant positive correlation was found between tacrolimus C/D and iPTH concentrations (r = 0.305, p = 0.035), and the correlation coefficient was higher after excluding 20 patients co‐administered CYP3A inhibitor or inducer (r = 0.428, p = 0.023). A multiple logistic regression analysis by stepwise selection identified CYP3A5 polymorphism and serum iPTH level as significant factors associated with tacrolimus C/D. These results may suggest the importance of dose design considering not only the CYP3A5 phenotype but also serum iPTH level when using tacrolimus in patients who undergo renal transplantation.

Overexpression of human dynactin‐associated protein isoform a (dynAPa) transforms NIH3T3 cells. DynAPa is a single‐pass transmembrane protein with a carboxy‐terminal region exposed to the outside of cells. According to the NCBI RefSeq database, there may be two other splicing variants of the encoding gene (dynAPb and c). DynAPa and c differ in some amino‐terminal residues (NH2‐MVA in dynAPa and NH2‐MEYQLL in dynAPc). DynAPb has the same amino‐terminal residues as dynAPc, but lacks 55 residues in the intracellular region. All three isoforms have the same carboxy‐terminal region, including the transmembrane domain. Expression of mRNAs of three splicing variants was found in human cancer cell lines ACHN and Caki‐1. The subcellular localization and in vitro cell transformation ability of the three isoforms were examined using NIH3T3 cells overexpressing each respective isoform. All isoforms were found to be localized to the Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane, where the carboxy‐terminal region was exposed to the outside of cells. Cell transformation was tested using focus formation due to loss of contact inhibition of cell proliferation, and colony formation was examined on soft agar and spheroid formation in ultralow U‐bottomed wells. DynAPa robustly formed foci and colonies on soft agar and spheroid, whereas these abilities were considerably decreased for dynAPb and completely lost in dynAPc. These findings warrant dissection studies to identify the dynAP domain that is required for cell transformation.

Abstract Free itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole concentrations were markedly elevated despite almost no changes in total concentrations when itraconazole was discontinued due to adverse effects. Elevated free itraconazole concentration may have a causal relationship with the development of adverse effects.

Abstract Drug‐drug interaction of fluorinated pyrimidine anticancer agents with phenytoin is well known, but interaction with phenobarbital is limited. We describe a case showing increases in plasma phenobarbital as well as phenytoin concentrations during preoperative S‐1 (tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil) and radiation therapy for rectal cancer.

Abstract Dynamic digital radiography (DDR) is a motion‐detecting technique with high temporal resolution. Flexible laryngoscopy is a common modality for the observation of the larynx; however, it generates aerosol. DDR is an easy and less risky screening test for the diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Abstract Mycophenolic acid (MPA) undergoes enterohepatic circulation. A kidney transplant patient on mycophenolate mofetil was treated with tazobactam/piperacillin for pyelonephritis, and developed antimicrobial‐associated diarrhea. Consequently, the MPA trough level decreased by approximately 90%. Furthermore, it took approximately a month for the MPA level to normalize even after diarrhea had resolved.

Abstract Combination therapy of tegafur/uracil (UFT) and leucovorin (LV) is widely used to treat colorectal cancers. Although this therapy has a significant therapeutic effect, severe adverse effects occur frequently. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may help to prevent adverse effects. A useful assay that can quantitate plasma levels of 5-FU, uracil, and tegafur simultaneously for TDM has been desired, but such a method is not currently available. In this study, we aimed to develop a sensitive method for simultaneous quantification of 5-FU, uracil, and tegafur in human plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). After preparing plasma samples by protein precipitation and liquid extraction, 5-FU, uracil, and tegafur were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS in negative electrospray ionization mode. Validation was performed according to US Food and Drugs Administration guidance. The calibration curves were linear over concentration ranges of 2–500 ng/mL for 5-FU, 20–5000 ng/mL for uracil, and 200–50,000 ng/mL for tegafur. The corresponding average recovery rates were 79.9, 80.9, and 87.8%. The method provides accuracy within 11.6% and precision below 13.3% for all three analytes. Matrix effects of 5-FU, uracil, and tegafur were higher than 43.5, 84.9, and 100.2%, respectively. This assay was successfully applied to assess the time courses of plasma 5-FU, uracil, and tegafur concentrations in two patients with colorectal liver metastasis who received UFT/LV therapy after hepatectomy. In conclusion, we succeeded to develop a sensitive and robust UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of 5-FU, uracil, and tegafur in human plasma. This method is potentially useful for TDM in patients receiving UFT/LV combination therapy.

Abstract We investigated the potential of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) for use as a novel biomarker for arterial stiffness as the criterion for vascular failure and cardiometabolic disease (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome) compared with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Overall, 2169 individuals (702 men and 1467 women) were enrolled. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the association of MR-proADM and hsCRP with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), adjusting for other variables. The diagnostic performance (accuracy) of MR-proADM with regard to the index of vascular failure was tested with the help of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in the models. MR-proADM was significantly higher in participants with vascular failure, as defined by baPWV and/or its risk factors (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome), than in control groups. Independent of cardiovascular risk factors (age, drinking, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, lipid and glycol metabolism), MR-proADM was significantly associated with baPWV, and MR-proADM showed higher areas under the curve of baPWV than hsCRP showed. MR-proADM is more suitable for the diagnosis of higher arterial stiffness as the criterion for vascular failure than hsCRP. Because vascular assessment is important to mitigate the most significant modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, MR-proADM may be useful as a novel biomarker on routine blood examination.

Abstract We aimed to construct a novel population pharmacokinetics (PPK) model of doripenem (DRPM) for Japanese patients in intensive care unit, incorporating the clearance of DRPM by continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Twenty-one patients treated with DRPM (0.25 or 0.5 g) by intravenous infusion over 1 h were included in the study. Nine of the 21 patients were receiving CRRT. Plasma samples were obtained before and 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after the first DRPM administration. PPK analysis was conducted by nonlinear mixed effects modeling using a two-compartment model. Total clearance (CLtotal) in the model was divided into CRRT clearance (CLCRRT) and body clearance (CLbody). The final model was: CLtotal (L h−1) = CLbody(non-CRRT) = 3.65 × (Ccr/62.25)0.64 in the absence of CRRT, or = CLbody(CRRT) + CLCRRT = 2.49 × (Ccr/52.75)0.42 + CLCRRT in the presence of CRRT; CLCRRT = QE × 0.919 (0.919 represents non-protein binding rate of DRPM); V1 (L) = 10.04; V2 (L) = 8.13; and Q (L h−1) = 3.53. Using this model, CLtotal was lower and the distribution volumes (V1 and V2) tended to be higher compared to previous reports. Also, Ccr was selected as a significant covariate for CLbody. Furthermore, the contribution rate of CLCRRT to CLtotal was 30–40%, suggesting the importance of drug removal by CRRT. The population analysis model used in this study is a useful tool for planning DRPM regimen and administration. Our novel model may contribute greatly to proper use of DRPM in patients requiring intensive care.

Abstract Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) is a type of vasculitis affecting small vessels with deposition of immune complexes consisting of IgA and complement component 3. IgAV involves the skin, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, joints, and kidneys. Adult patients have higher risks of gastrointestinal tract involvement than children. To investigate the risk factors of the GI tract involvements in adult IgAV patients, we enrolled 29 adult (aged ≥ 20 years) Japanese patients recently (from 2013 to 2019) histopathologically diagnosed with IgAV and classified them into the GI lesion (+) group and the GI lesion (−) group. All patients presented with purpura on the lower extremities; moreover, GI lesion (+) patients presented significantly more with extensive purpura on the upper extremities, and low levels of factor XIII activity (≤70%) than gastrointestinal lesion (−) patients (87.5% vs 28.6% [P = .004]; odds ratio [OR], 17.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4 to 366], and 57.1% vs 14.3% [P = .04]; OR, 8; 95% CI, 1.06 to 83.9, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the populations with extensive purpura on the trunk, arthralgia, hematuria, proteinuria, or elevated serum levels of C‐reactive protein or IgA. Widespread purpura on the upper extremities accompanied by a low factor XIII activity is a suggestive factor for severe GI lesions in adult IgAV patients.

Background and ObjectiveHypercoagulability is associated with increased risks of ischemic stroke and subsequent mortality in patients with active cancer. This study investigated the relationships between plasma D-dimer levels after stroke treatment and short-term outcomes in patients with cancer-associated stroke.MethodsThis retrospective, observational, multicenter study analyzed consecutive patients with cancer-associated ischemic stroke. Hypercoagulability was assessed by plasma D-dimer levels before and after stroke treatment. Short-term outcomes were assessed in terms of poor outcomes (a modified Rankin Scale score >3), cumulative rates of recurrent ischemic stroke, and mortality at 30 days after admission.ResultsOf 282 patients, 135 (47.9%) showed poor outcomes. Recurrent ischemic stroke was observed in 28 patients (9.9%), and the cumulative mortality rate was 12.4%. Multivariate analysis showed that post-treatment plasma D-dimer levels ≥10 μg/ml were independently associated with both poor outcomes (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 9.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.60–25.70; P < 0.001) and mortality (adjusted OR, 9.38; 95% CI, 3.32–26.44; P < 0.001). Pre-treatment plasma D-dimer levels ≥10 μg/ml were not associated with these outcomes. Patients who received heparin had higher pre-treatment plasma D-dimer levels than those treated with other anticoagulants. Heparin produced a significant reduction in D-dimer levels from pre- to post-treatment without increasing the incidence of hemorrhagic events.ConclusionA high plasma D-dimer level after stroke treatment was associated with poor short-term outcomes in patients with cancer-associated stroke. Using anticoagulants to reduce D-dimer levels may improve short-term outcomes in these patients.

4β-Hydroxycholesterol (4β-OHC) is formed by Cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A and has drawn attention as an endogenous phenotyping probe for CYP3A activity. However, 4β-OHC is also increased by cholesterol autooxidation occurring in vitro due to dysregulated storage and in vivo by oxidative stress or inflammation, independent of CYP3A activity. 4α-hydroxycholesterol (4α-OHC), a stereoisomer of 4β-OHC, is also formed via autooxidation of cholesterol, not by CYP3A, and thus may have clinical potential in reflecting the state of cholesterol autooxidation. In this study, we establish a sensitive method for simultaneous quantification of 4β-OHC and 4α-OHC in human plasma using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma samples were prepared by saponification, two-step liquid-liquid extraction, and derivatization using picolinic acid. Intense [M+H]+ signals for 4β-OHC and 4α-OHC di-picolinyl esters were monitored using electrospray ionization. The assay fulfilled the requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration guidance for bioanalytical method validation, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.5 ng/ml for both 4β-OHC and 4α-OHC. Apparent recovery rates from human plasma ranged from 88.2% to 101.5% for 4β-OHC, and 91.8% to 114.9% for 4α-OHC. Additionally, matrix effects varied between 86.2% and 117.6% for 4β-OHC and between 89.5% and 116.9% for 4α-OHC. Plasma 4β-OHC and 4α-OHC concentrations in healthy volunteers, stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and stage 5D CKD patients as measured by the validated assay were within the calibration ranges in all samples. We propose this novel quantification method may contribute to accurate evaluation of in vivo CYP3A activity.

BackgroundWe reported that chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 2 (CXCR2) signaling appears to play an important role in the pathogenic signaling of gastric cancer (GC), and although CXCR2 may have a role in other solid cancers, the significance of CXCR2 in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has not been evaluated. Herein, we determined the clinicopathologic significance of CXCL1-CXCR2 signaling in CCA.Materials and methodsTwo human CCA cell lines, OCUG-1 and HuCCT1, were used. CXCR2 expression was examined by western blotting. We investigated the effects of CXCL1 on the proliferation (by MTT assay) and migration activity (by a wound-healing assay) of each cell line. Our immunohistochemical study of the cases of 178 CCA patients examined the expression levels of CXCR2 and CXCL1, and we analyzed the relationship between these expression levels and the patients' clinicopathologic features.ResultsCXCR2 was expressed on both CCA cell lines. CXCL1 significantly inhibited both the proliferative activity and migratory activity of both cell lines. CXCL1 and CXCR2 were immunohistochemically expressed in 73% and 18% of the CCA cases, respectively. The CXCL1-positive group was significantly associated with negative lymph node metastasis (p = 0.043). The CXCR2-positive group showed significantly better survival (p = 0.042, Kaplan-Meier). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that CXCR2 expression (p = 0.031) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.004) were significantly correlated with the CCA patients' overall survival.ConclusionCXCR2 signaling might exert a tumor-suppressive effect on CCA cells. CXCR2 might be a useful independent prognostic marker for CCA patients after surgical resection.

Recent reports suggest that Staphylococcus haemolyticus can cause infective endocarditis (IE). However, no data are available regarding infectious intracranial aneurysm (IIA) following S. haemolyticus endocarditis. Endovascular coiling is a challenging approach for the treatment of IIA. We describe the case of a 63-year-old woman who suddenly developed aphasia and dysarthria following an acute cerebral infarction in her left insular and temporal cortex. After a total hysterectomy at the age of 39, the patient had suffered from recurrent bacterial pyomyositis in her legs. At admission, there was no evidence of cerebral aneurysm, as assessed by magnetic resonance angiography, and no vegetation, as assessed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), resulting in an incorrect diagnosis. However, subarachnoid hemorrhage and development of cerebral aneurysm in the left middle cerebral artery occurred within 1 week of hospitalization. Continuous positive blood culture results and a second TEE finally revealed that IE was caused by S. haemolyticus. Coil embolization of the IIA was successful on day 26 after symptom onset; after this procedure, the patient began to recover. This case demonstrates that S. haemolyticus -induced endocarditis can cause IIA. Endovascular coiling is a potentially effective approach to treat IIA.

Some bone lesions are reported to mimic bone metastasis on imaging tests. Herein, we report a case of a 55-year-old Japanese man who presented with a skin tumor on the left lower extremity. He also had a history of recurrent generalized cutaneous blister and erosion formation since childhood. His skin lesions were diagnosed as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma complicated by recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Magnetic resonance imaging of the left lower extremity detected multiple focal bone lesions mimicking bone metastases in the left femur and tibia. However, bone biopsy revealed that the bone lesions were osteonecrosis without tumor cells. We suggest that cancer-induced osteonecrosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of bone lesions suspected of being metastases on magnetic resonance imaging.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but its diagnosis is challenging in some cases. A brain biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing PCNSL, but its invasiveness can be problematic. Thus, noninvasive imaging examinations have been developed for the pre-surgical diagnosis of PCNSL, including gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 123 I-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine single-photon emission computed tomography ( 123 I-IMP SPECT), and positron emission tomography with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG PET). Here, we report the case of a 71-year-old woman with negative imaging findings for PCNSL, but who was diagnosed with PCNSL by a brain biopsy and histological analysis. Her imaging results were negative for gadolinium-enhanced cranial MRI, with low uptake in 123 I-IMP SPECT and hypometabolism in 18 F-FDG PET. However, a stereotactic brain biopsy from an abnormal lesion revealed that many round cells had infiltrated into the brain. Moreover, many infiltrating cells were positive for cluster of differentiation (CD)20 and CD79a, and proliferation marker protein Ki-67-positive cells accounted for nearly 80% of all cells. Based on these results, our final pathological diagnosis was PCNSL. The present case highlights the possibility of a PCNSL diagnosis even when all imaging-related examinations display negative results.

Abstract Fixed dose regimen is currently the standard administration method for TKI. However, this case report indicated that TDM may by a useful approach to individualized dosing of TKI for the treatment of CML when initiating dialysis.

Background Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been associated with inflammation in several autoimmune diseases. However, their relation to ischemic stroke remains unclear. This study attempted to elucidate the role of MAIT cells in acute ischemic stroke in mice. Methods and Results We used MR1 knockout C57BL/6 (MR1−/−) mice and wild‐type littermates (MR1+/+). After performing a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), we evaluated the association with inflammation and prognosis in the acute cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, we analyzed the tMCAO C57BL/6 mice administered with the suppressive MR1 ligand and the vehicle control. We also evaluated the infiltration of MAIT cells into the ischemic brain by flow cytometry. Results showed a reduction of infarct volume and an improvement of neurological impairment in MR1−/− mice (n=8). There was a reduction in the number of infiltrating microglia/macrophages (n=3–5) and in their activation (n=5) in the peri‐infarct area of MR1−/− mice. The cytokine levels of interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐17 at 24 hours after tMCAO (n=3–5), and for interleukin‐17 at 72 hours after tMCAO (n=5), were lower in the MR1−/− mice. The administration of the suppressive MR1 ligand reduced the infarct volume and improved functional impairment (n=5). Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated there was a reduction of MAIT cells infiltrating into the ischemic brain at 24 hours after tMCAO (n=17). Conclusions Our results showed that MAIT cells play an important role in neuroinflammation after focal cerebral ischemia and the use of MAIT cell regulation has a potential role as a novel neuroprotectant for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

Although cystadenocarcinoma is classified as a low-grade histological subtype of salivary gland carcinoma (SGC), recurrence and metastases sometimes develop. However, standard treatments for advanced cases have not yet been established. Here, we present a case of unresectable local recurrence and cervical lymph node metastases of cystadenocarcinoma of the parotid gland with multiple lung nodules, all of which showed complete response with only a single course of combined nivolumab and ipilimumab therapy. The patient's medical history of metastatic melanoma roused our suspicions that the multiple lung nodules were cystadenocarcinoma metastases or malignant melanoma. Combination therapy was used based on our suspected diagnosis of lung metastases of melanoma although histological examination of the lung nodules could not be performed. While various chemotherapies are used for advanced SGCs including cystadenocarcinoma, overall, the results are unsatisfactory. In contrast, there have not yet been any reports of advanced cystadenocarcinoma of the salivary gland treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Given that, in our case, a single course of combined ICI therapy induced a complete response in the unresectable and lymph node metastases from the cystadenocarcinoma and the multiple lung nodules, ICIs, including combined therapy, could be a promising treatment for advanced cystadenocarcinoma.