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This study verified the in vitro activity of red cabbage and beetroot against the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their relationship with the biomolecules' content. Fermentation of cabbage increased the total phenolic (~10%) and flavonoid contents (~14%), whereas decreased total phenolics/flavonoids in beetroot. Fermented cabbage exhibited higher ability against AGEs, i.e., 17% in the bovine serum albumin–methylglyoxal (BSA-MGO) model and 25% in the BSA–glucose model, while beetroot exhibited 23% and 18%, respectively. The major compounds of cabbage products were cyanidin 3-(sinapoyl)(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside, sinapic acid, and epicatechin. Syringic acid and epicatechin were predominantly present in fermented beetroot. 2,17-bidecarboxy- and 2,15,17-tridecarboxy-betanin were the major betalains. Fermented vegetables can be effective inhibitors of the AGE formation/accumulation and could be recommended in the prevention of diet-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, environmentally sound technologies for converting organic wastes into fertilizers to improve soil sustainability and crop yield have been identified and assessed. Wet wastes were combined with 50% wood sawdust and 50% wet wastes (Compost 1) or (10% Straw + 90% wet wastes) (Compost 2) to produce soil improvers with a balanced level of nutrients, and their effectiveness on soil ecosystem functioning have been tested and compared to horse manure (HM) and nitrogen–phosphorous–potassium (NPK) fertilizers. Unfertilized soil was used as a control. Soil chemical and biological properties have been detected after the harvesting of broccoli and red cabbage (90 days from the initial treatments). Three independent experiments have been conducted in an open field in a randomized complete block design with three replications (n = 9). The results showed that Compost 1 had the highest C/N ratio and cation exchange capacity (CEC), indicating a better humification of the wet material. Compost 1, even if it contained a minor amount of organic carbon, as well as less activity of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and dehydrogenase (DHA) than Compost 2, was the most effective in improving soil quality, significantly increasing the labile fraction of organic matter, the oxidative enzyme (DHA), microbial biomass, and crop yield. Both composts increased crop productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to describe the effect of convective drying (CD), vacuum drying (VD), infrared drying (IRD), low-temperature vacuum drying (LTVD) and freeze drying (FD) on bio-compound retention of red cabbage and its beneficial health properties. The total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanin (TAC) and glucosinolates (TGC) were determined by spectrophotometry. The profiles of phenolic acids, amino acids and fatty acids were determined by HPLC-UV-DAD, LC-DAD and GC-FID, respectively. Antioxidant potential was verified by DPPH and ORAC assays. The antiproliferative activity was measured in the human gastric cell line (AGS). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and arachidonic acid models. VD showed high values of TPC = 11.89 ± 0.28 mg GAE/g d.m.; TFC = 11.30 ± 0.9 mg QE/g d.m.; TAC = 0.265 ± 0.01 mg Cya3glu/g d.m.; and TGC = 51.15 ± 3.31 µmol SE/g d.m. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid were identified. The predominant amino acid and fatty acid were glutamic acid and γ–linolenic acid, respectively. The antioxidant potential was dependent on drying methods for both DPPH and ORAC assays. Dried red cabbage extracts showed clear anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity. The dehydration process is an alternative for the retention of bio-compounds and health-promoting properties of red cabbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the biochemical components in the heads of some red cabbage accessions (Russian cultivar Mikhnevskaya, Russian hybrid from Co Sedek Promethey F1, Turkish variety Mohrenkopf, hybrids from the Netherlands Zomiro F1, Pecky F1, Remala F1, Japanese hybrid Pretino F1), during cultivation in the conditions of the Leningrad region. The content of dry matter, nutritional compounds of protein and sugars, biologically active pigments anthocyanins, chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolic acids expressed in gallic acid equivalents, as well as the level of antioxidant activity using DPPH were determined. It was found that the content of most chemical components varied greatly between accessions, especially sugars, pigments, and phenolic compounds. As a result of metabolomic profiling, nine monosaccharides (84% of the total) and two disaccharides were identified, including five sugars common to all studied accessions, the predominant of which was fructose. The content of total chlorophylls in heads of cabbage was in the range of 0.48-50.43 mg/100 g (chlorophyll a was 70%), carotenoids in the range of 0.95-15.58 mg/100 g. Carotenoids included carotenes, represented mainly by βcarotene, luteins, violaxanthins, xanthophylls. The main anthocyanin in red cabbage accessions is cyanidin. A total of 19 components of the anthocyanin profile were identified; of which there are six main components, that account for 80% of the total. 11 phenolic compounds of various nature were identified, and all studied accessions contained quinic, ferulic, and sinapic acids. Sources of valuable biochemical traits have been found for breeding on quality for healthy nutrition: the cultivar Mohrenkopf stood out for its high content of dry substances; sugars – hybrid Zomiro F1; anthocyanins – hybrid Pecky F1; phenolic compounds – Pecky F1 and Mohrenkopf; high antioxidant activity - Mikhnevskaya, Mohrenkopf and Pecky F1.

Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and can potentially prevent IBD through microbial-derived metabolites, making it a promising therapeutic avenue. Recent evidence suggests that despite an unclear underlying mechanism, red cabbage juice (RCJ) alleviates Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Thus, the study aims to unravel the molecular mechanism by which RCJ modulates the gut microbiota to alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice. Using C57BL/6J mice, we evaluated RCJ's protective role in DSS-induced colitis through two cycles of 3% DSS. Mice were daily gavaged with PBS or RCJ until the endpoint, and gut microbiota composition was analyzed via shotgun metagenomics. RCJ treatment significantly improved body weight (p ≤ 0.001), survival in mice (p < 0.001) and reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores. Further, RCJ improved colonic barrier integrity by enhancing the expression of protective colonic mucins (p < 0.001) and tight junction proteins (p ≤ 0.01) in RCJ + DSS-treated mice compared to the DSS group. Shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed an enrichment of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria (p < 0.05), leading to increased Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-γ) activation (p ≤ 0.001). This, in turn, resulted in repression of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathway, causing decreased production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our study demonstrates colitis remission in a DSS-induced mouse model, showcasing RCJ as a potential modulator for gut microbiota and metabolites, with promising implications for IBD prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red cabbage (RC), a cruciferous vegetable rich in various bioactive substances, can significantly reduce the risk factors of several non-communicable diseases, but the mechanism underlying the biological effects of RC remains unclear. Furthermore, mechanisms that operate through the regulation of gut microbiota also are not known. Given the relationships between diet, gut microbiota, and health, a diet-induced mice obesity model was used to elucidate the influence of RC on gut microbial composition and bacteria–bacteria interactions in mice. After 24 h of dietary intervention, a high-fat (HF) diet with the intake of RC led to increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratios in the feces of mice. RC also reduced the relative abundance of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia muciniphila in mice fed a low-fat (LF) diet. After 8-weeks of dietary intervention, RC significantly changed the structure and the ecological network of the gut microbial community. Particularly, RC inhibited an HF-diet-induced increase in AF12 in mice, and this genus was positively correlated with body weight, low-density lipoprotein level, and fecal bile acid of mice. Unclassified Clostridiales, specifically increased via RC consumption, were also found to negatively correlate with hepatic free cholesterol levels in mice. Overall, our results demonstrated that RC modulating gut microbial composition and interactions are associated with the attenuation of HF-diet-induced body weight gain and altered cholesterol metabolism in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water issue has emerged as a significant barrier to agricultural productivity, particularly in dry and semiarid agro-ecologies, particularly during the winter season. Superabsorbent hydrogels have been identified as effective tools for improving crop and water productivity in arid locations by enhancing moisture retention. The application of hydrogel to soil is commonly done as a basal application, and its effectiveness is heavily influenced by the moisture level present in the soil. Therefore, a two-year field study was carried out to study the effects of various hydrogels and their application techniques and to assess the efficacy of recently developed cross–linked hydrogels (SPG 1118 and Pusa hydrogel) on soil water distribution (both spatial and temporal), water productivity and profitability of red cabbage. The experiment consisted of two irrigation regimes [full irrigation (100% ETc) and limited irrigation (75% ETc)] assisted in main plots, with two type of hydrogels (Pusa Hydrogel and SPG 1118) and two methods of application [root dipping and soil application of hydrogels and Control with no application of hydrogel] assisted in sub plots. The field experiment was conducted using spilt plot design with three replications. The analysis of soil water distribution patterns reveals that the utilization of hydrogels has resulted in a notable increase of 3–6% in soil water content (SWC) under full irrigation conditions, as compared to plots subjected to limited water conditions. In comparison to plots without hydrogel application, the plots treated with SPG 1118 and Pusa hydrogel exhibited enhanced soil water content of 5–6% and 2–4%, respectively. Additionally, the application of hydrogels in the root dipping showed increased water availability in the crop's root zone compared to soil application in throughout the crop season. Thus, hydrogels with reduced irrigation application resulted in significantly higher crop water productivity (14%) and irrigation water productivity (8 – 14%) compared to full irrigation levels. Likewise, root dipping of SPG 1118 led in considerable improvement in CWP (12–14%) and IWP (11–12%) over no hydrogel applied plots. In relation to profitability, the adoption of full irrigation in conjunction with SPG 1118 hydrogel resulted in an 8% increase in the benefit cost ratio compared to the control plots. Hence, the use of the unique SPG 1118 hydrogel through direct application to the roots, whether under conditions of full or limited irrigation, presents an inventive approach to address the growing issues of water shortages and sustainability in countries experiencing water stress.

This study verified the in vitro activity of red cabbage and beetroot against the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their relationship with the biomolecules’ content. Fermentation of cabbage increased the total phenolic (~10%) and flavonoid contents (~14%), whereas decreased total phenolics/flavonoids in beetroot. Fermented cabbage exhibited higher ability against AGEs, i.e., 17% in the bovine serum albumin–methylglyoxal (BSA-MGO) model and 25% in the BSA–glucose model, while beetroot exhibited 23% and 18%, respectively. The major compounds of cabbage products were cyanidin 3-(sinapoyl)(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside, sinapic acid, and epicatechin. Syringic acid and epicatechin were predominantly present in fermented beetroot. 2,17-bidecarboxy- and 2,15,17-tridecarboxy-betanin were the major betalains. Fermented vegetables can be effective inhibitors of the AGE formation/accumulation and could be recommended in the prevention of diet-related diseases.

In this work, environmentally sound technologies for converting organic wastes into fertilizers to improve soil sustainability and crop yield have been identified and assessed. Wet wastes were combined with 50% wood sawdust and 50% wet wastes (Compost 1) or (10% Straw + 90% wet wastes) (Compost 2) to produce soil improvers with a balanced level of nutrients, and their effectiveness on soil ecosystem functioning have been tested and compared to horse manure (HM) and nitrogen–phosphorous–potassium (NPK) fertilizers. Unfertilized soil was used as a control. Soil chemical and biological properties have been detected after the harvesting of broccoli and red cabbage (90 days from the initial treatments). Three independent experiments have been conducted in an open field in a randomized complete block design with three replications (n = 9). The results showed that Compost 1 had the highest C/N ratio and cation exchange capacity (CEC), indicating a better humification of the wet material. Compost 1, even if it contained a minor amount of organic carbon, as well as less activity of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and dehydrogenase (DHA) than Compost 2, was the most effective in improving soil quality, significantly increasing the labile fraction of organic matter, the oxidative enzyme (DHA), microbial biomass, and crop yield. Both composts increased crop productivity.

The aim of the present study was the synthesis of hydrogel incorporated with chitosan blend with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) from red cabbage Brassica oleracea and its application in wound healing and antibacterial activity. The chitosan/PVA hydrogel was synthesized by the combination of chitosan and PVA treated with acetic acid. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the B. oleracea extract and its antibacterial efficacy was examined. The synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using UV-spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. The synthesized NPs were purified and combined with the hydrogel. This combined hydrogel and AgNP mixture was then subjected to Fourier transform infrared analysis, and the results were observed to conclude the effectiveness of the hydrogel. This hydrogel would differ in the part of dressing the wound, that is it can last on the wound for a longer period, thus reducing the pain and frequency of dressing and in turn naturally healing the wound in less time.

The present investigation studied the effect of process parameters on the extraction of phytochemicals from red cabbage by the application of ultrasonication and temperature. The solvent selected for the study was deep eutectic solvent (DES) prepared by choline chloride and citric acid. The ultrasound assisted extraction process was modeled using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithm and integrated with the genetic algorithm for optimization purposes. The independent variables that influenced the responses (total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin activity, and total flavonoid content) were ultrasonication power, temperature, molar ratio of DES, and water content of DES. Each ANFIS model was formed by the training of three Gaussian-type membership functions (MF) for each input, trained by a hybrid algorithm with 500 epochs and linear type MF for output MF. The ANFIS model predicted each response close to the experimental data which is evident by the statistical parameters (R2>0.953 and RMSE

The study insights into the effect of temperature (80–160 °C), oxygen (O2), sunlight (SL), and storage on color attributes, shelf-life, and anthocyanins content on red cabbage (RC) anthocyanins (ANS) and their in-vitro bioaccessibility. The previously well-established encapsulating agent i.e. maltodextrin in combination with RC waste derived-pectin was used to stabilize the anthocyanins. The stability of encapsulated and non-encapsulated anthocyanins was accomplished in terms of total anthocyanin content under temperature, oxygen, sunlight, and storage. The individual content of 3,5-O-diglucoside and 3-O-glucoside of cyanidin exhibited 1.76% (SL), 1.56% (O2) & 1.8% (4 °C), 1.62% (25 °C) and 0.17% (SL), 0.15% (O2) & 0.259% (4 °C), 0.258% (25 °C) retention in maltodextrin/ pectin (MPC)-ANS, respectively. The encapsulated anthocyanins showed significantly improved stability against oxygen, sunlight, high temperature, and storage, with the highest anthocyanin retention, color, and hue angle, inducing very few color differences (ΔE). Besides, the MPC-ANS appeared to be a suitable encapsulating agent to delay anthocyanin release throughout the simulated gastrointestinal digestion.

Novel green intelligent films based on basil seed gum (BSG)/chitosan containing red cabbage extract (RCA) (0, 2.5, 5, and 10, % (v/v)) as a colorimetric indicator for food freshness detection were fabricated by casting method. The physicochemical, barrier, mechanical, and antioxidant characteristics, as well as sensitivity to pH and ammonia gas of smart edible packaging films, were investigated. The interaction of anthocyanin extract as a natural dye with biopolymers in films characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM images revealed their suitable compatibility. The film with maximum anthocyanin content (10% (v/v)) appeared robust color changes against various pH and ammonia gas levels. The color of indicator films when exposed to alkaline, neutral and acidic buffers are indicated with green, blue, and red colors, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of smart BSG/chitosan films improved from 23% to 90.32% with increasing RCA content from 2.5 to 10% (v/v). Generally, the incorporation of RCA in film structure enhanced their solubility, WVP, ΔE, turbidity, and flexibility, and reduced tensile strength. The observations successfully confirmed the efficacy of pH‐sensitive indicator smart film based on BSG/chitosan for evaluation of fish spoilage during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of bioactive compounds with health benefits from food and medicinal plants, optimization of process to reduce solvent, raw material, energy and time consumption has been a valuable research objective. Sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources are of critical importance for sustainability goals. In this manner, microwave extraction of red cabbage which has been a mass cultivated plant for food purposes, was optimized for maximizing acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase inhibitory activity and bioactive content. Quantitative analysis of total phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin content were performed using spectrophotometry and UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Optimum conditions were determined as 600 W, 100% ethanol, 12 min for butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory and 800 W, 50% ethanol, 4 min for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Microwave extraction outperformed conventional solvent extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, 70% ethanol and water) in terms of activity and content. The isolated fraction containing major anthocyanins as cyanidin-3-sophoroside-5-glucoside and cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-sophoroside-5-glucoside was identified as the responsible portion for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The dominant anthocyanins rich fraction of the optimum microwave extract can be considered for the production of antityrosinase products, while the identification of inhibitor metabolites for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase can be targeted for future studies considering red cabbage as a valuable source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and no efficient therapy able to cure or slow down PD is available. In this study, dehydrated red cabbage was evaluated as a novel source of bio-compounds with neuroprotective capacity. Convective drying was carried out at different temperatures. Total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanins (TAC), and glucosinolates (TGC) were determined using spectrophotometry, amino acid profile by LC-DAD and fatty acid profile by GC-FID. Phenolic characterization was determined by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and neuroprotection assays were evaluated in SH-SY5Y human cells, observing the effect on preformed fibrils of α-synuclein. Drying kinetic confirmed a shorter processing time with temperature increase. A high concentration of bio-compounds was observed, especially at 90 °C, with TPC = 1544.04 ± 11.4 mg GAE/100 g, TFC = 690.87 ± 4.0 mg QE/100 g and TGC = 5244.9 ± 260.2 µmol SngE/100 g. TAC degraded with temperature. Glutamic acid and arginine were predominant. Fatty acid profiles were relatively stable and were found to be mostly C18:3n3. The neochlorogenic acid was predominant. The extracts had no cytotoxicity and showed a neuroprotective effect at 24 h testing, which can extend in some cases to 48 h. The present findings underpin the use of red cabbage as a functional food ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulation is a valuable strategy to protect and deliver anthocyanins (ACNs), phenolic compounds with outstanding antioxidant capacity but limited stability. In this study, coacervation was used to encapsulate an ACN-rich red cabbage extract (RCE). Two agri-food by-product polymers, whey protein isolate (WPI) and apple high-methoxyl pectin (HMP), were blended at pH 4.0 in a specific ratio to induce the formation of nanoparticles (NPs). The process optimisation yielded a monodispersed population (PDI < 0.200) of negatively charged (−17 mV) NPs with an average diameter of 380 nm. RCE concentration influenced size, charge, and antioxidant capacity in a dose-dependent manner. NPs were also sensitive to pH increases from 4 to 7, showing a progressive breakdown. The encapsulation efficiency was 30%, with the retention of ACNs within the polymeric matrix being influenced by their chemical structure: diacylated and/or C3-triglucoside forms were more efficiently encapsulated than monoacylated C3-diglucosides. In conclusion, we report a promising, simple, and sustainable method to produce monodispersed NPs for ACN encapsulation and delivery. Evidence of differential binding of ACNs to NPs, dependent on specific acylation/glycosylation patterns, indicates that care must be taken in the choice of the appropriate NP formulation for the encapsulation of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-glycation activities associated with the consumption of broccoli, red cabbage, alfalfa, and buckwheat seeds. Additionally, we explored the relationship between these biological activities and the profiles of amino acids, polyphenols, and organic acids identified in the seeds. Our findings demonstrated that red cabbage, broccoli, and buckwheat extracts exhibited significantly higher antioxidant potential compared to the alfalfa extract. Moreover, buckwheat displayed the most significant capacity for inhibiting alpha-glucosidase. Remarkably, broccoli and red cabbage demonstrated substantial anti-glycation and lipase inhibitory potentials. We identified the presence of amino acids, polyphenols, and organic acids in the extracts through untargeted metabolomics analysis. Correlation analysis revealed that pyroglutamic acid positively correlated with all the investigated functional properties. Most polyphenols made positive contributions to the functional properties, with the exception of ferulic acid, which displayed a negative correlation with all tested biological activities. Furthermore, gluconic acid and arabinonic acid among the organic acids identified displayed a positive correlation with all the functional properties. These results strongly support the anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-glycation potential of red cabbage, broccoli, and buckwheat seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to describe the effect of convective drying (CD), vacuum drying (VD), infrared drying (IRD), low-temperature vacuum drying (LTVD) and freeze drying (FD) on bio-compound retention of red cabbage and its beneficial health properties. The total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanin (TAC) and glucosinolates (TGC) were determined by spectrophotometry. The profiles of phenolic acids, amino acids and fatty acids were determined by HPLC-UV-DAD, LC-DAD and GC-FID, respectively. Antioxidant potential was verified by DPPH and ORAC assays. The antiproliferative activity was measured in the human gastric cell line (AGS). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and arachidonic acid models. VD showed high values of TPC = 11.89 ± 0.28 mg GAE/g d.m.; TFC = 11.30 ± 0.9 mg QE/g d.m.; TAC = 0.265 ± 0.01 mg Cya3glu/g d.m.; and TGC = 51.15 ± 3.31 µmol SE/g d.m. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid were identified. The predominant amino acid and fatty acid were glutamic acid and γ–linolenic acid, respectively. The antioxidant potential was dependent on drying methods for both DPPH and ORAC assays. Dried red cabbage extracts showed clear anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity. The dehydration process is an alternative for the retention of bio-compounds and health-promoting properties of red cabbage.

Understanding the anticipated impact of climate change on agriculture, as well as water conservation, is critical to achieving food security. Therefore, during this critical time and due to reduced water resources and increased food demand, it is important to study the impact of water-stress conditions on crops. Two successive seasons were carried out through the 2021 and 2022 seasons to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc) and study the effect of abscisic acid on red cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) under water-stress conditions at a private farm in the Bilbeis region, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. The aim was to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc) and effect of different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) (0, 25, 50, and 75 ppm) under various irrigation levels (100, 80, and 60% of field capacity "FC") on the growth process and yield parameters of red cabbage plants. The results revealed that the average estimated crop coefficient (Kc) for red cabbage crops under standard conditions, 100% of FC, was 0.75, 1.07, 1.2 and 0.88 and 0.77, 1.2, 1.25 and 0.82 for Initial, Development, Mid, and End stages during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons, respectively. Data collected during both seasons clearly showed that all treatments significantly increased both the plant's growth process and yield parameters when compared to the control. However, abscisic acid (ABA, 75 ppm) application with irrigation requirements (80% of FC) was statistically the most effective treatment in this study. Hence, this means a water savings of 20% can be achieved without significantly compromising the yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the properties of film markers of polylactic acid and anthocyanins extracted from red cabbage and beetroot were investigated. There were four samples of: 1 (polylactic acid without anthocyanins), 2 (polylactic acid containing red cabbage anthocyanins), 3 (polylactic acid containing beet anthocyanin) and 4 (polylactic acid containing beet anthocyanin and red cabbage). The samples were tested for thickness, solubility, mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus) and changes in color indices were also analyzed. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the thickness of the film samples (p> 0.05). The highest solubility belonged to the sample 1 and the lowest solubility belonged to sample 4. The results of mechanical tests showed that the highest increase in elongation at breakbelonged to samples 3 and 4 and the lowest increase in elongation at breakbelonged to sample 1 (p≤0.05). The lowest tensile strength and Young's modulus belonged to sample 1 (p≤0.05). In all the film samples except sample 1, by increasing pH (up to pH = 14), L * significantly increased (p≤0.05). In addition, in all pH ranges, sample 1 had the highest L * and sample 3 had the lowest (p≤0.05). a * in sample 3, at pH = 1-6, had an increasing trend and then decreased to pH = 14 (p≤0.05). In samples 2 and 4 at pH = 1-13, a decreasing trend was observed and then up to pH = 14 an increasing trend was observed (p≤0.05). In sample 3, up to pH = 6, an increasing trend and then up to pH = 14, a decreasing trend was observed (p≤0.05). In the b * of sample 2, first at pH = 1-12, a decreasing trend was observed and then up to pH = 14, an increasing trend was observed (p≤0.05). The b * of sample 3 at pH = 1-11, and in sample 4 at pH = 1-12, showed a decreasing trend and an increasing trend for both samples up to pH = 14 (p≤0.05).Sample 4 was introduced as the best treatment due to suitable physical properties and color changes at different pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent crankcase oil (SCO) contains a cocktail of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), transferred to the associated water-soluble fractions (WSF); and low-dose heavy metals exposures could increase the triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) concentrations. Hence, this study estimated the changes in the lipid profile and atherogenic indices (AI) of male Wistar albino rats exposed to the WSF of SCO and treated with aqueous extracts (AE) of red cabbage (RC) for 60 and 90 days. Sixty-four male Wistar rats divided into 8 groups (8 animals each) were orally administered 1 mL of deionized water, 500 mg/kg AE of RC, 1 mL of 25%, 50%, and 100% WSF of SCO daily for 60 and 90 days, whereas alternate groups were given the stated percentages of the WSF and the AE. Serum TG, TC, LDL, and VLDL concentrations were then analyzed using appropriate kits and the AI estimated thereafter. Although the 60 days study presented a nonsignificant (P < 0.05) difference in the TG, VLDL, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-C levels in all the exposed and treated groups, a significantly (P < 0.05) elevated TC and non-HDL was recorded for the 100% exposed group alone. Also, the LDL concentration of all exposed groups was higher than all treated groups. The findings at the 90th day was different, such that the 100% and 25% exposed only groups had elevated lipid profile (except HDL-C) concentrations and AI compared with other groups. RC extracts can act as good hypolipidemic agents in WSF of SCO hyperlipidemia potentiating events. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red cabbage (RC), a cruciferous vegetable rich in various bioactive substances, can significantly reduce the risk factors of several non-communicable diseases, but the mechanism underlying the biological effects of RC remains unclear. Furthermore, mechanisms that operate through the regulation of gut microbiota also are not known. Given the relationships between diet, gut microbiota, and health, a diet-induced mice obesity model was used to elucidate the influence of RC on gut microbial composition and bacteria–bacteria interactions in mice. After 24 h of dietary intervention, a high-fat (HF) diet with the intake of RC led to increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratios in the feces of mice. RC also reduced the relative abundance of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia muciniphila in mice fed a low-fat (LF) diet. After 8-weeks of dietary intervention, RC significantly changed the structure and the ecological network of the gut microbial community. Particularly, RC inhibited an HF-diet-induced increase in AF12 in mice, and this genus was positively correlated with body weight, low-density lipoprotein level, and fecal bile acid of mice. Unclassified Clostridiales, specifically increased via RC consumption, were also found to negatively correlate with hepatic free cholesterol levels in mice. Overall, our results demonstrated that RC modulating gut microbial composition and interactions are associated with the attenuation of HF-diet-induced body weight gain and altered cholesterol metabolism in mice.

Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and can potentially prevent IBD through microbial-derived metabolites, making it a promising therapeutic avenue. Recent evidence suggests that despite an unclear underlying mechanism, red cabbage juice (RCJ) alleviates Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Thus, the study aims to unravel the molecular mechanism by which RCJ modulates the gut microbiota to alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice. Using C57BL/6J mice, we evaluated RCJ’s protective role in DSS-induced colitis through two cycles of 3% DSS. Mice were daily gavaged with PBS or RCJ until the endpoint, and gut microbiota composition was analyzed via shotgun metagenomics. RCJ treatment significantly improved body weight (p ≤ 0.001), survival in mice (p < 0.001) and reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores. Further, RCJ improved colonic barrier integrity by enhancing the expression of protective colonic mucins (p < 0.001) and tight junction proteins (p ≤ 0.01) in RCJ + DSS-treated mice compared to the DSS group. Shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed an enrichment of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria (p < 0.05), leading to increased Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-γ) activation (p ≤ 0.001). This, in turn, resulted in repression of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathway, causing decreased production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our study demonstrates colitis remission in a DSS-induced mouse model, showcasing RCJ as a potential modulator for gut microbiota and metabolites, with promising implications for IBD prevention and treatment.

Encapsulation is a valuable strategy to protect and deliver anthocyanins (ACNs), phenolic compounds with outstanding antioxidant capacity but limited stability. In this study, coacervation was used to encapsulate an ACN-rich red cabbage extract (RCE). Two agri-food by-product polymers, whey protein isolate (WPI) and apple high-methoxyl pectin (HMP), were blended at pH 4.0 in a specific ratio to induce the formation of nanoparticles (NPs). The process optimisation yielded a monodispersed population (PDI < 0.200) of negatively charged (−17 mV) NPs with an average diameter of 380 nm. RCE concentration influenced size, charge, and antioxidant capacity in a dose-dependent manner. NPs were also sensitive to pH increases from 4 to 7, showing a progressive breakdown. The encapsulation efficiency was 30%, with the retention of ACNs within the polymeric matrix being influenced by their chemical structure: diacylated and/or C3-triglucoside forms were more efficiently encapsulated than monoacylated C3-diglucosides. In conclusion, we report a promising, simple, and sustainable method to produce monodispersed NPs for ACN encapsulation and delivery. Evidence of differential binding of ACNs to NPs, dependent on specific acylation/glycosylation patterns, indicates that care must be taken in the choice of the appropriate NP formulation for the encapsulation of phenolic compounds.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and no efficient therapy able to cure or slow down PD is available. In this study, dehydrated red cabbage was evaluated as a novel source of bio-compounds with neuroprotective capacity. Convective drying was carried out at different temperatures. Total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanins (TAC), and glucosinolates (TGC) were determined using spectrophotometry, amino acid profile by LC-DAD and fatty acid profile by GC-FID. Phenolic characterization was determined by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and neuroprotection assays were evaluated in SH-SY5Y human cells, observing the effect on preformed fibrils of α-synuclein. Drying kinetic confirmed a shorter processing time with temperature increase. A high concentration of bio-compounds was observed, especially at 90 °C, with TPC = 1544.04 ± 11.4 mg GAE/100 g, TFC = 690.87 ± 4.0 mg QE/100 g and TGC = 5244.9 ± 260.2 µmol SngE/100 g. TAC degraded with temperature. Glutamic acid and arginine were predominant. Fatty acid profiles were relatively stable and were found to be mostly C18:3n3. The neochlorogenic acid was predominant. The extracts had no cytotoxicity and showed a neuroprotective effect at 24 h testing, which can extend in some cases to 48 h. The present findings underpin the use of red cabbage as a functional food ingredient.

Isolated microspore culture in vitro (IMC) is an advanced technique for producing doubled haploids. We developed a modified microspore isolation method for the Brassicaceae family, which exceeds the results obtained by a standard microspore isolation method. We found that the new method allows an increase in the percentage of microspores at the embryogenic stage of development in the culture. In the spring rapeseed 'Ratnik' culture the percentage of microspores increases from 66.7% to 73%, and in the European radish 'RBK' from 34% to 61.9%. Moreover, the new method of microspore isolation made it possible to expand the range of linear bud sizes (from 3.5–4.0 to 3.0–4.5 mm for spring rapeseed 'Ratnik') suitable for IMC technology. In addition, the new method of microspore isolation reduced the debris in the preparation of spring rapeseed 'Ratnik' and European radish 'RBK' by 2.4 and 15 times, respectively. The best results were shown on Sareptian mustard No. 72, where the yield of embryoids increased by 7.5 times. Remarkably, the new method of microspore isolation allowed us to obtain the first embryoids of red cabbage No. 428, whereas no embryoids were obtained using the standard method of microspore isolation. In summary, the new method of microspore isolation allows an increase in the efficiency of IMC technology for Brassicaceae family crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassicaceaes are rich in glucosinolates (GSL), whose derivatives, the isothyocianates sulforaphane (SFN), iberine (IB), or indole derivatives as indole-3-carbinol (I3C), have anticancer activities. We evaluated the effects of a broccoli sprout ( Brassica oleracea var italica) and red cabbage ( B. oleracea L. var capitata f. rubra) extracts and their GSL derivatives on breast cancer cells. Broccoli sprout aqueous extract (BSE) and red cabbage aqueous (RCA) or ethanolic (RCE) extracts were high in SFN, IB, and/or I3C. BSE and RCA decreased proliferation at doses of 2.5-5 mg/mL but induced proliferation at lower doses. RCE decreased proliferation starting at 10 µg/mL with selectivity toward cancer cells. SFN, IB, or I3C alone or in combination did not decrease proliferation similarly, suggesting synergistic effects with other phytochemicals in the extract. RCE showed selectivity toward breast cancer cells, but the effect of the individual metabolites or their combination did not reduce proliferation to the same extent. It will be important to determine the combination responsible for this effect to characterize their use for breast cancer treatment.

We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-glycation activities associated with the consumption of broccoli, red cabbage, alfalfa, and buckwheat seeds. Additionally, we explored the relationship between these biological activities and the profiles of amino acids, polyphenols, and organic acids identified in the seeds. Our findings demonstrated that red cabbage, broccoli, and buckwheat extracts exhibited significantly higher antioxidant potential compared to the alfalfa extract. Moreover, buckwheat displayed the most significant capacity for inhibiting alpha-glucosidase. Remarkably, broccoli and red cabbage demonstrated substantial anti-glycation and lipase inhibitory potentials. We identified the presence of amino acids, polyphenols, and organic acids in the extracts through untargeted metabolomics analysis. Correlation analysis revealed that pyroglutamic acid positively correlated with all the investigated functional properties. Most polyphenols made positive contributions to the functional properties, with the exception of ferulic acid, which displayed a negative correlation with all tested biological activities. Furthermore, gluconic acid and arabinonic acid among the organic acids identified displayed a positive correlation with all the functional properties. These results strongly support the anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-glycation potential of red cabbage, broccoli, and buckwheat seeds.

The present work studied the effect of foliar spray of different concentrations of titanium (Ti, applied as titanium dioxide) and vanadium (V, applied as vanadium pentoxide) on growth, chemical composition, antioxidant contents, antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant capacity, yield and quality criteria of red cabbage plants. For this purpose, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 mg L−1 of Ti and V were used to treat red cabbage plants. The control plants were treated with tap water. Our results showed that plants treated with 4.0 mg L−1 of Ti recorded the highest values of plant growth and bioactive compounds, while antioxidant capacity was decreased compared to the other treatments. In addition, plants treated with Ti and V at 2.0 and 4.0 mg L−1, respectively, showed higher values of all of the growth, yield, non-enzymatic antioxidants and antioxidants enzymes' parameters compared to the untreated plants. Based on the obtained results, it could be concluded that the low concentrations of both Ti and V (2.0 and 4.0 mg L−1) were able to enhance red cabbage growth and yield, as well as the antioxidant contents, enzymes and capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the anticipated impact of climate change on agriculture, as well as water conservation, is critical to achieving food security. Therefore, during this critical time and due to reduced water resources and increased food demand, it is important to study the impact of water-stress conditions on crops. Two successive seasons were carried out through the 2021 and 2022 seasons to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc) and study the effect of abscisic acid on red cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) under water-stress conditions at a private farm in the Bilbeis region, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. The aim was to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc) and effect of different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) (0, 25, 50, and 75 ppm) under various irrigation levels (100, 80, and 60% of field capacity “FC”) on the growth process and yield parameters of red cabbage plants. The results revealed that the average estimated crop coefficient (Kc) for red cabbage crops under standard conditions, 100% of FC, was 0.75, 1.07, 1.2 and 0.88 and 0.77, 1.2, 1.25 and 0.82 for Initial, Development, Mid, and End stages during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons, respectively. Data collected during both seasons clearly showed that all treatments significantly increased both the plant’s growth process and yield parameters when compared to the control. However, abscisic acid (ABA, 75 ppm) application with irrigation requirements (80% of FC) was statistically the most effective treatment in this study. Hence, this means a water savings of 20% can be achieved without significantly compromising the yield.

Red cabbage is known as the millennium's functional food, which has a lot of importance in our diet because of the health-promoting ingredients present in it. The current study investigated the synergistic relationship of rhizospheric-competent microbial agents (Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis) in modulating the performance of red cabbage under the field conditions of Middle Gangetic Plains, India. Growth parameters were studied at three developmental stages, viz., pre-cupping, early head formation, and maturity. Our results suggested that the dual application of T. harzianum + P. fluorescens along with the 75% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) increased the number of leaves (24.6), leaf area (537.2 cm2), root length (19.8 cm), and micronutrient uptake (Fe, Mn, and Cu) by head of the crop, whereas the co-inoculation of P. fluorescens and B. subtilis along with 75% RDF enhanced plant spread (39.0 cm), earliness (95.2 days), and Zn uptake. Maximum plant height (28.7 cm) and chlorophyll (SPAD, 77.3) were recorded in 100% RDF (120:60:60 kg ha−1) and the combination of T. harzianum + B. subtilis along with 75% RDF, respectively. Interestingly, consortium (T. harzianum + P. fluorescens) bio-primed plants recorded about 14% higher root length in comparison to plants receiving sole fertilizers. The regression analysis revealed a significant relationship of Fe and Mn uptake with chlorophyll (SPAD) and between Zn uptake and the earliness of the crop. The present study indicated that seedling bio-priming with the dual consortium of efficient bio-agents is a viable strategy to lessen our dependence on chemical fertilizers for improving red cabbage production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. Recent dietary and epidemiological studies have suggested the benefit of dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables in lowering the incidence of cancer. The health promoting effects of red cabbage are attributed to their mixture of phytochemicals known for their antioxidant and anticancer activity. In the current study, we investigated whether young shoots and mature red cabbage had any effect on prostate cancer cell lines (DU145 and LNCaP). Attempts were also made to identify the potential molecular mechanism(s) by which plant material elicits its biological effects on prostate cancer cell lines. Here we report that the studied vegetable inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells and that this process was associated with the induction of apoptosis via caspase-dependent and both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. In addition, we also observed the regulation of genes and proteins associated with cell survival and apoptotic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to evaluate effects of red cabbage extract as a preservative against lipid oxidation for quality and shelf life of minced Tilapia (Nile perch) during refrigerated storage at 4  1°C. Untreated and treated samples were examined from day 0 to 10 during refrigerated storage using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, peroxide value (PV), pH and color analysis. Samples treated with red cabbage extract showed less degradation due to lipid oxidation compared to untreated samples. Lipid peroxide values on treated samples showed benefits through day-6. This work shows that red cabbage antioxidant extracts represent an inexpensive and natural method for reducing oxidative spoilage of fresh fish.

The green method of nanoparticle synthesis, which is an environment and living-friendly method, is an updated subject that has appeared as an alternative to conventional methods such as physical and chemical synthesis. In this presented study, the green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) from iron (III) chloride by using Brassica oleracea var. capitata sub.var. rubra aqueous peel extract has been reported. The prepared IONPs were characterized with fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The cytotoxic effects of IONPs on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line were studied by MTT assay, and migrative effect of its were carried out by the wound healing assay. It was found that the mean particle size of IONPs was 675 ± 25 nm, and the polydispersity index was 0.265 PDI. It was also determined that these nanoparticles had an anti-proliferative impact on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line depending on the dosage. Characterization results support the successful synthesis of nanoparticles, and the dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles on MCF-7 cells also make it a potential chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water issue has emerged as a significant barrier to agricultural productivity, particularly in dry and semiarid agro-ecologies, particularly during the winter season. Superabsorbent hydrogels have been identified as effective tools for improving crop and water productivity in arid locations by enhancing moisture retention. The application of hydrogel to soil is commonly done as a basal application, and its effectiveness is heavily influenced by the moisture level present in the soil. Therefore, a two-year field study was carried out to study the effects of various hydrogels and their application techniques and to assess the efficacy of recently developed cross–linked hydrogels (SPG 1118 and Pusa hydrogel) on soil water distribution (both spatial and temporal), water productivity and profitability of red cabbage. The experiment consisted of two irrigation regimes [full irrigation (100% ET c) and limited irrigation (75% ET c)] assisted in main plots, with two type of hydrogels (Pusa Hydrogel and SPG 1118) and two methods of application [root dipping and soil application of hydrogels and Control with no application of hydrogel] assisted in sub plots. The field experiment was conducted using spilt plot design with three replications. The analysis of soil water distribution patterns reveals that the utilization of hydrogels has resulted in a notable increase of 3–6% in soil water content (SWC) under full irrigation conditions, as compared to plots subjected to limited water conditions. In comparison to plots without hydrogel application, the plots treated with SPG 1118 and Pusa hydrogel exhibited enhanced soil water content of 5–6% and 2–4%, respectively. Additionally, the application of hydrogels in the root dipping showed increased water availability in the crop's root zone compared to soil application in throughout the crop season. Thus, hydrogels with reduced irrigation application resulted in significantly higher crop water productivity (14%) and irrigation water productivity (8 – 14%) compared to full irrigation levels. Likewise, root dipping of SPG 1118 led in considerable improvement in CWP (12–14%) and IWP (11–12%) over no hydrogel applied plots. In relation to profitability, the adoption of full irrigation in conjunction with SPG 1118 hydrogel resulted in an 8% increase in the benefit cost ratio compared to the control plots. Hence, the use of the unique SPG 1118 hydrogel through direct application to the roots, whether under conditions of full or limited irrigation, presents an inventive approach to address the growing issues of water shortages and sustainability in countries experiencing water stress. • Two irrigation regimes with two type of hydrogels and two methods of application were used • Soil moisture dynamics was studied in horizontal as well as vertical direction. • Crop and irrigation water productivity and crop economics was assessed. • Soil water distribution patterns revealed that hydrogels have resulted increased moisture content. • Root dipping of SPG 1118 hydrogel improved CWP (12–14%) and IWP (11–12%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of feeding on defatted soy bean and flaxseed flour as protein and phytoestrogen sources; broccoli and red cabbage as antioxidant sources; in addition to skimmed milk powder as a calcium source in prevention of bone loss and cell damage that usually accompanies aging process. Raw materials were subjected to proximate analysis and biologically evaluation on ninety six 4 month aged female albino rats. Eight rats were regarded as an initial group. Other eight rats were hold as a normal negative control group and fed on a basal diet. The remaining rats were ovariectomized and fed on low calcium diet for 8 weeks to produce osteoporosis model. Osteoporotic rats were divided into 9 groups (each of 8 rats) fed on standard diet supplemented with: I) soy bean flour, II) soy bean flour and broccoli, III) soy bean flour and red cabbage, IV) soy bean flour and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage, V) defatted flaxseed, VI) defatted flaxseed and broccoli, VII) defatted flaxseed and red cabbage, VIII) defeated flaxseed and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage. Skimmed milk powder and vitamin D were added to the diet of each tested group. One group was kept as a positive control and fed on a standard diet. The results showed a decreases in body weight, changes in relative weight of kidney and liver organs, physical properties of bone, also decreases in serum and bone minerals including; calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in osteoporotic model .A decreasing in estradiol and increasing in parathyroid hormone as a bone marker were also found. Results observed in tested groups showed that the highest recovery for the parameters were found in group IV which fed on standard diet supplemented with soy bean flour and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage followed by group VIII which fed on standard diet supplemented with defatted flaxseed and a mixture of broccoli and red cabbage. Therefore, it could be concluded that the aforementioned mixtures may be a promising sources to produce a functional food for prevention of bone loss and cell damage.

The present work studied the effect of foliar spray of different concentrations of titanium (Ti, applied as titanium dioxide) and vanadium (V, applied as vanadium pentoxide) on growth, chemical composition, antioxidant contents, antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant capacity, yield and quality criteria of red cabbage plants. For this purpose, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 mg L−1 of Ti and V were used to treat red cabbage plants. The control plants were treated with tap water. Our results showed that plants treated with 4.0 mg L−1 of Ti recorded the highest values of plant growth and bioactive compounds, while antioxidant capacity was decreased compared to the other treatments. In addition, plants treated with Ti and V at 2.0 and 4.0 mg L−1, respectively, showed higher values of all of the growth, yield, non-enzymatic antioxidants and antioxidants enzymes’ parameters compared to the untreated plants. Based on the obtained results, it could be concluded that the low concentrations of both Ti and V (2.0 and 4.0 mg L−1) were able to enhance red cabbage growth and yield, as well as the antioxidant contents, enzymes and capacity.

A total of 132 Rhizoctonia isolates were recovered from red cabbage plants with root rot and wirestem symptoms in the province of Samsun (Turkey) between 2018 and 2019. Based on the sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region located between the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes and including nuclear staining, these 124 isolates were assigned to multinucleate Rhizoctonia solani, and eight were binucleate Rhizoctonia. The most prevalent anastomosis group (AG) was AG 4 (84%), which was subdivided into AG 4 HG-I (81%) and AG 4 HG-III (3%), followed by AG 5 (10%) and AG-A (6%), respectively. The unweighted pair group method phylogenetic tree resulting from the data of 68 isolates with the inter-PBS amplification DNA profiling method based on interspersed retrotransposon element sequences confirmed the differentiation of AGs with a higher resolution. In the greenhouse experiment with representative isolates (n = 24) from AGs on red cabbage (cv. Rondale), the disease severity index was between 3.33 and 4.0 for multinucleate AG isolates and ranged from 2.5 to 3.17 for AG-A isolates. In the pathogenicity assay of six red cabbage cultivars, one isolate for each AG was tested using a similar method, and all cultivars were susceptible to AG 4 HG-I and AG 4 HG-III isolates. Redriver and Remale were moderately susceptible, while Rescue, Travero, Integro, and Rondale were susceptible to the AG 5 isolate. The results indicate that the most prevalent and aggressive AGs of Rhizoctonia are devastating pathogens to red cabbage, which means that rotation with nonhost-crops for these AGs may be the most effective control strategy. This is the first comprehensive study of Rhizoctonia isolates in red cabbage using a molecular approach to assess genetic diversity using iPBS-amplified DNA profiling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red cabbage is known as the millennium’s functional food, which has a lot of importance in our diet because of the health-promoting ingredients present in it. The current study investigated the synergistic relationship of rhizospheric-competent microbial agents (Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis) in modulating the performance of red cabbage under the field conditions of Middle Gangetic Plains, India. Growth parameters were studied at three developmental stages, viz., pre-cupping, early head formation, and maturity. Our results suggested that the dual application of T. harzianum + P. fluorescens along with the 75% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) increased the number of leaves (24.6), leaf area (537.2 cm2), root length (19.8 cm), and micronutrient uptake (Fe, Mn, and Cu) by head of the crop, whereas the co-inoculation of P. fluorescens and B. subtilis along with 75% RDF enhanced plant spread (39.0 cm), earliness (95.2 days), and Zn uptake. Maximum plant height (28.7 cm) and chlorophyll (SPAD, 77.3) were recorded in 100% RDF (120:60:60 kg ha−1) and the combination of T. harzianum + B. subtilis along with 75% RDF, respectively. Interestingly, consortium (T. harzianum + P. fluorescens) bio-primed plants recorded about 14% higher root length in comparison to plants receiving sole fertilizers. The regression analysis revealed a significant relationship of Fe and Mn uptake with chlorophyll (SPAD) and between Zn uptake and the earliness of the crop. The present study indicated that seedling bio-priming with the dual consortium of efficient bio-agents is a viable strategy to lessen our dependence on chemical fertilizers for improving red cabbage production.

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Objective: The present study was performed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of red cabbage and its fractions on sleeping behavior in mice. Materials and Methods: The extract and its fractions were injected to mice and sleep duration as well as sleep latency were recorded. Furthermore, toxicity of the extract was determined both in vivo and in vitro. Results: The extract increased sleep duration at doses of 50–200mg/kg (P < 0.001). This observed hypnotic effect was comparable to that of diazepam (3mg/kg) (P < 0.001 in comparison with control group). Ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions could increase sleep duration (P < 0.001). The sleep latency was decreased by the extract (P < 0.001) and only ethyl acetate fraction (P < 0.001). LD50 value for red cabbage extract was 2.4g/kg. There was no toxic effect on viability of cultured neuronal cells (PC12). Rotarod test results showed that there were no significant differences between the extract groups and the control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that red cabbage potentiates pentobarbital hypnosis without any toxic effect. The main component(s) responsible for this effect is most likely to be intermediate polar agent(s) such as flavonoids, which are found in ethyl acetate fraction of this plant.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. Recent dietary and epidemiological studies have suggested the benefit of dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables in lowering the incidence of cancer. The health promoting effects of red cabbage are attributed to their mixture of phytochemicals known for their antioxidant and anticancer activity. In the current study, we investigated whether young shoots and mature red cabbage had any effect on prostate cancer cell lines (DU145 and LNCaP). Attempts were also made to identify the potential molecular mechanism(s) by which plant material elicits its biological effects on prostate cancer cell lines. Here we report that the studied vegetable inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells and that this process was associated with the induction of apoptosis via caspase-dependent and both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. In addition, we also observed the regulation of genes and proteins associated with cell survival and apoptotic events.

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause extensive tissue damages in various disease conditions. It may also induce an irreversible structural and/or functional modification of proteins. Flavonoids and their derivatives are the largest group in plant polyphenols that are known to have an antioxidant effect. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antioxidant effects of red or white cabbage on bovine serum albumin (BSA). Methods: Fresh leaves of red or white cabbage were washed with distilled water, and sliced into small pieces. Finally, the pieces were dried and extracted with 80% ethanol overnight. The antioxidant activity of cabbage extracts were studied by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and H2O2 scavenging assays. Statistical analysis: Statistical significances were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using software R version 2.8.1 (R Development Core Team, 2008). Significant differences (p < 0.05) are denoted by different letters. Results: Red and white cabbage extract showed a pronounced antioxidant activity. White cabbage exhibited a highest antioxidant activities compared to red cabbage extract. Conclusion: Both red and white cabbages have a high antioxidant effects. White cabbage extract had higher antioxidant activity than red cabbage extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, dyeing properties of cotton fabrics with red cabbage extract as a natural colorant and by mordanting materials like potassium aluminumsulphate and tannic acid were investigated. Pre-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting and post-mordanting methods were used for mordanting of cotton fabric and natural dyeing process was carried out by exhaustion method. Moreover, since it is known that red cabbage presents different colors in different pH values due to its indicator property, the trials were renewed for three pH conditions as acidic, basic and neutral. After dyeing processes, color measurement, washing and rubbing fastness tests were applied to the samples. As a result of the study, it was observed that red cabbage extract can be used to dye cotton fabrics and the most permanent colors can be obtained in neutral pH conditions. When mordanting methods and mordanting materials were compared to each other, it was determined that various color shades were provided according to the mordanting materials and methods. In terms of general, it was concluded that uniform dyeings with high color yield can be obtained by tannic acid mordant and pre-mordanting method and high mordant concentration should be used to get dark color shades. In addition, washing and rubbing fastness values were determined to be in acceptable limits for natural dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varieties of Brassica oleracea are commonly used in human nutrition. Beside nutritive role it is suggested that diets reach in cabbage play important role in disease prevention. The aim of this study was to determine total phenol content and the antioxidant potential of different Brassica oleracea varieties (broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, green cabbage and red cabbage). The highest content of total phenols was found in red cabbage and the lowest in broccoli. Red cabbage had the highest ability to remove free radicals, while the lowest radical scavenging activity was recorded for broccoli. Strong correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity suggests the importance of phenolics in health benefits of cabbages. The study identified differences between different varieties suggesting different nutritional advantages, providing useful information in selection of right cabbage variety as diet supplement in disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of reversed-phase HPLC with diode-array and mass-spectrometric detection was explored to determine the qualitative composition of red cabbage anthocyanins. Mono- and diacylated derivatives of cyanidin-3,5-diglycosides with a complex structure of the substituent in position were found, as well as non-esterified compounds. The acylation acids were paracoumaric, ferulic and sinapic. Quantitative analysis was performed according to a simplified spectrophotometric method: absorbance measurement at pH 4.5 was excluded. The measurement showed that the level of anthocyanins accumulation is as high as 0.100 g of anthocyanins per 100 g of raw plant material (as cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride equivalent). Analysis of electronic spectra of the extract at different pH revealed the existence of some basic structures with absorbance maxima shifted bathochromically as compared to the spectrum of flavylium structure. The existence of one basic form at pH 4.5 forced us to exclude absorbance measurement at pH 4.5 during quantitative anthocyanin determination. Thus, the possibility of obtaining some differently colored encapsulated forms was proved. Because of relative instability of non-flavylium forms of anthocyanins the freeze drying technique was used to prepare six differently colored forms of 3% anthocyanins encapsulated in maltodextrin. The decrease of anthocyanins contents at drying did not exceed 30%, while no statistically proved loss of anthocyanins was found at storage in a refrigerator during more than six months.

[Display omitted] • Anthocyanins are responsible for the red and purple colors of red cabbage. • UAE was conducted at ultrasonication power of 100–300 W and temperature 30–60 °C. • Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System integrates fuzzy logic and neural networks. • Deep eutectic solvents are green and sustainable alternative for extraction of phytochemicals. The present investigation studied the effect of process parameters on the extraction of phytochemicals from red cabbage by the application of ultrasonication and temperature. The solvent selected for the study was deep eutectic solvent (DES) prepared by choline chloride and citric acid. The ultrasound assisted extraction process was modeled using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithm and integrated with the genetic algorithm for optimization purposes. The independent variables that influenced the responses (total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin activity, and total flavonoid content) were ultrasonication power, temperature, molar ratio of DES, and water content of DES. Each ANFIS model was formed by the training of three Gaussian-type membership functions (MF) for each input, trained by a hybrid algorithm with 500 epochs and linear type MF for output MF. The ANFIS model predicted each response close to the experimental data which is evident by the statistical parameters ( R 2 > 0.953 and RMSE < 1.165). The integrated hybrid ANFIS-GA algorithm predicted the optimized condition for the process parameters of ultrasound assisted extraction of phytochemicals from red cabbage was found to be 252.114 W for ultrasonication power, 52.715 °C of temperature, 2.0677:1 of molar ratio of DES and 25.947 % of water content in DES solvent with maximum extraction content of responses, with fitness value 3.352. The relative deviation between the experimental and ANFIS predicted values for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin activity, and total flavonoid content was found to be 1.849 %, 3.495 %, 2.801 %, and 4.661 % respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red cabbage belongs to the economically important group of vegetable crops of the Brassicaceae family. A unique feature of this vegetable crop that distinguishes it from other members of the family is its unique biochemical composition characterized by high anthocyanin content, which gives it antioxidant properties. The production mainly uses F1 hybrids, which require constant parental lines, requiring 6–7 generations of inbreeding. Culture of isolated microspores in vitro is currently one of the promising methods for the accelerated production of pure lines with 100% homozygosity. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors and select optimal parameters for successful induction of red cabbage embryogenesis in isolated microspore culture in vitro and subsequent regeneration of DH plants. As a result of research, for the first time, it was possible to carry out the full cycle of obtaining DH plants of red cabbage from the induction of embryogenesis to their inclusion in the breeding process. The size of buds containing predominantly microspores at the late vacuolated stage and pollen at the early bi-cellular stage has to be selected individually for each genotype, because the embryoid yield will be determined by the interaction of these two factors. In the six samples studied, the maximum embryoid yield was obtained from buds 4.1–4.4 mm and 4.5–5.0 mm long, depending on the genotype. Cultivation of microspores was carried out on liquid NLN culture medium with 13% sucrose. The maximum number of embryoids (173.5 ± 7.5 pcs./Petri dish) was obtained on culture medium with pH 5.8 and heat shock at 32 °C for 48 h. Successful embryoid development and plant regeneration by direct germination from shoot apical meristem were achieved on MS culture medium with 2% sucrose and 0.7% agar, supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine at a concentration of 1 mg/L. Analysis of the obtained regenerated plants, which successfully passed the stage of adaptation to ex vitro conditions by flow cytometry, showed that most of them were doubled haploids (up to 90.9%). A low number of seeds produced by self-fertilization in DH plants was observed.