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In Romania are just 4 women's rugby teams, and just 60-70 players, the selection and the competition in rugby is difficult. Also, the lack of skills of coaches in the women's rugby sector creates the need to promote education in and through sport with special focus on skills development of coaches interested in women's rugby. The objective of the study is to highlight the vulnerabilities faced by rugby coaches and female rugby athletes and find solutions for eliminating or diminishing prejudices like parents' fears of letting their girls practice a sport that can be considered harsh. The survey contains 27 questions and was applied online via google forms in four countries: Romania, Poland, Portugal and Spain. The research was carried out over a period of 2 months, in 2020. Participants were 126 rugby specialists: coaches, doctors, teachers, managers, referees. Results aim to provide important data for understanding the challenges faced by coaches and specialists in women's rugby 7: how to select girl athletes, what are the things that determine athletes to continue playing rugby, if their training should be different from that of the boys and how the women's rugby game could be promoted. Possible solutions can be: coaches may need to use a full range of questioning and demonstration strategies (use of experienced players to demonstrate, use of video). Physical differences between male and female children aged ten to twelve years of age are usually minimal. Rugby girls seven needs more media coverage.

En ambientes serranos de Córdoba (Argentina) donde predomina la actividad turística y ganadera basada en especies forrajeras nativas, los incendios que afectan la zona comprometen la recuperación del paisaje natural. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad germinativa de Eustachys retusa y Schizachyrium condensatum, forrajeras nativas, sometidas a tratamientos pregerminativos y a factores del fuego. A sus semillas se les aplicaron tres repeticiones de los siguientes tratamientos: nitrato de potasio, frío, humo y choques térmicos. Se evaluó la germinación durante 21 días. Se observó un incremento favorable de la germinación en los tratamientos de 90 °C para S. condensatum y una disminución en la germinación de E. retusa en los tratamientos de frío y 120 °C durante 10 min. En el resto de los tratamientos realizados no hubo diferencias significativas con el testigo. En ninguno de los tratamientos S. condensatum alcanzó el 50 % de germinación, mientras que E. retusa resultó siempre mayor al 70 %. Se concluye que las semillas de E. retusa y S. condensatum toleran temperaturas de incendios rasantes o moderados y son capaces de germinar a 120 °C. E. retusa presenta ventajas para colonizar sitios quemados de las serranías cordobesas.

Chondracanthus chamissoi is part of the diet of coastal people from Peru and is exported dehydrated to Asian countries for direct consumption. Although it is considered endemic to Peru and Chile, its range has extended to distant regions, such as Korea, Japan, and France. Using morphological and molecular approaches, we examined specimens from Peru assigned to C. chamissoi (including the taxon of uncertain status Chondracanthus glomeratus) to improve phylogenetic and geographical information and characterize its morphological variability. Twenty-one localities on the Peruvian coast were sampled, obtaining 102 COI and 27 rbcL sequences. To differentiate both entities, morphological characters such as thallus size, consistency, arrangement of main and secondary axes, branching patterns and location of reproductive structures, were analyzed on 46 specimens. While morphological characteristics are clearly contrasting among the two groups, both COI and rbcL phylogenies revealed a well-supported clade with no genetic differentiation between the two morphologies. Therefore, the phylogenies indicate that C. chamissoi and C. glomeratus form a single taxonomic entity with high morphological variability, large geographic distribution and at least two morphological forms. The smaller form of C. chamissoi can be identified as C. chamissoi f. glomeratus. Such morphological variability can be of interest for future aquaculture development. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Tecnologica, Grant/Award Number: Convenio de Subvencion Nro. 017-2016-FONDECYT

Purpose The aim of this paper is to describe the tests carried out on a SRSMapCheck array, to verify its reliability and sensitivity for quality assurance (QA) of high gradient treatments as an alternative system to the use of high spatial resolution detectors, such as gafchromic film, whose processing requires meticulous and time‐consuming procedures. Methods In an initial step, general functionality tests were carried out to verify that the equipment meets the manufacturer's specifications. A study of the accuracy of the application of correction factors to compensate for variation in detector response due to dose rate, field size and beam angle incidence has been included. Besides, to assess the ability of the array to detect inaccurately delivered treatments, systematic errors corresponding to the deviation in the position of the leaves and the accuracy of the gantry position, have been introduced. Based on these results, an estimate of sensitivity and specificity values of the device has been completed. The final step included a study applied to high gradient treatment for real cases of spatially fractionated radiotherapy, where the results of SRSMapCheck measurements have been compared with gafchromic films. Results General commissioning tests meet the manufacturer's specifications. dose rate (DR) response variation is better than 1.5% and for DR above 50 MU/min better than 1%. The results for beam incidences are better than 1% for all gantry angles, including beam incidences parallel to the array. Field size response differences are within the range of ±1% for sizes up to 2 × 2 cm2, with a maximum value obtained of 3.5%, for 1 × 1 cm2. From the systematic error study, using a Gamma function Γ (2%, 2 mm), the detector presents a high specificity with a value greater than 90% at its lower limit, while its sensitivity has a moderate mean value of 81%. Sensitivity values increase above 86% when we apply a Gamma function Γ (2%, 1 mm) is applied. Finally, the study of actual cases comprises 17 patients, distributed into 11 lung tumors, 3 gynecological and 3 soft tissue tumors. The gafchromic film showed a lower passing rate with an average value of Γ (2%, 2 mm) = 94.1% compared to Γ (2%, 2 mm) = 98.6% reached by the measurements with the array. Conclusions Gamma function obtained with the SRSMapCheck array always presented a higher value than gafchromic film measurements, resulting in a greater number of plans considered correct. This fact, together with the sensitivity and specificity study carried out, allows us to conclude the recommendation that a restrictive metric must be established, in this way we will improve sensitivity, and therefore we will reduce the rate of incorrect plans qualified as correct. The characteristics of the equipment together with the correction factors applied, led to reliably performing acquisitions for complex treatments with multiple small targets in oblique rotational incidences. The spatial resolution of detectors allows the verification of high gradient dose plans such as those achieved in spatially fractionated radiotherapy (SFRT).

Background West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV), two closely related flaviviruses, mainly follow an enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes and birds, but also infect humans and other mammals. Since 2010, their epidemiological situation may have shifted from irregular epidemics to endemicity in several European regions; this requires confirmation, as it could have implications for risk assessment and surveillance strategies. Aim To explore the seroprevalence in animals and humans and potential endemicity of WNV and USUV in Southern France, given a long history of WNV outbreaks and the only severe human USUV case in France in this region. Methods We evaluated the prevalence of WNV and USUV in a repeated cross-sectional study by serological and molecular analyses of human, dog, horse, bird and mosquito samples in the Camargue area, including the city of Montpellier, between 2016 and 2020. Results We observed the active transmission of both viruses and higher USUV prevalence in humans, dogs, birds and mosquitoes, while WNV prevalence was higher in horses. In 500 human samples, 15 were positive for USUV and 6 for WNV. Genetic data showed that the same lineages, WNV lineage 1a and USUV lineage Africa 3, were found in mosquitoes in 2015, 2018 and 2020. Conclusion These findings support existing literature suggesting endemisation in the study region and contribute to a better understanding of USUV and WNV circulation in Southern France. Our study underlines the importance of a One Health approach for the surveillance of these viruses.

Siete especies de Rhodymenia han sido registradas para la costa de Peru, donde seis de ellas crecen en la costa central: R. corallina, R. howeana, R. multidigitata, R. flabellifolia, R. skottsbergii y R. californica . La mas conflictiva taxonomicamente es R. corallina , de la cual se han segregado R. howeana y R. multidigitata , solo en base a caracteres morfologicos externos (forma del estipe y habito de la fronda). Recolecciones recientes e intensivas de este complejo de especies en la costa central del Peru (9°S hasta 15°S) han permitido reunir varios morfotipos, evidenciando la alta variabilidad morfologica presente, que dificulta el poder diferenciar cada uno de los taxones involucrados. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue esclarecer la taxonomia de este complejo mediante la combinacion de datos morfologicos, tanto vegetativos como reproductivos, y de secuencias geneticas utilizando los marcadores rbc L y COI-5P. Especimenes de Callao, localidad tipo de R. howeana y R. multidigitata , fueron analizados molecularmente junto con material de la costa central (Casma hasta Marcona, 9-15°S) y norte de Peru (Piura, 6°S), asi como del norte chico de Chile (Coquimbo, 30°S), resolviendo dos grupos de Rhodymenia : un primer grupo filogenetico asociado a R. corallina de Chile (Coquimbo, 30°S), distribuido a lo largo de toda la costa central peruana (Casma hasta Marcona, 9-15°S) y un segundo grupo restringido a la costa norte de Peru (Piura a Casma, 6-9°S). Estos grupos se diferencian en caracteres de la morfologia externa y reproductiva. Basado en caracteristicas del soro tetrasporangial, se reconoce a R. howeana para el norte del Peru.

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with ~26% of all species being included in the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associated with habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mammals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion for marine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems functionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is crucial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublished georeferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mammals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira that includes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occurring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live observations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%), bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent less than 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrows | soil mounds | tunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animal | hair | skulls | jaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8), observation in shelters, (9) photo trapping | video, (10) predators diet | pellets | pine cones/nuts, (11) scat | track | ditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalization | echolocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and 100 m (76%). Rodentia (n=31,573) has the highest number of records followed by Chiroptera (n=18,857), Carnivora (n=18,594), Lagomorpha (n=17,496), Cetartiodactyla (n=11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n=7008). The data set includes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened (e.g., Oryctolagus cuniculus [n=12,159], Monachus monachus [n=1,512], and Lynx pardinus [n=197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate the publication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contribute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting on the development of more accurate and tailored conservation management strategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications.

RESUMEN Siendo la desnutrición un gran problema en países en desarrollo, que afecta en especial a madres gestantes y a recién nacidos, es necesario recurrir a fuentes de alimentos funcionales que contribuyan a mejorar dicho problema. La espirulina es un alimento ampliamente disponible y con un buen perfil nutricional que podría ser de utilidad, aunque no exista evidencia de su efecto sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos en periodo reproductivo en humanos o animales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del consumo de espirulina en ratas Holtzman gestantes-lactantes y vírgenes sobre el perfil hepático de ácidos grasos. Para ello, se consideraron 3 tratamientos: control, 5% y 10% de suplemento de espirulina, evaluándose las variables de relación producto/precursor de las enzimas de elongación e insaturación de ácidos grasos en hígado, peso del hígado y grasa visceral, consumo de alimento y evolución del peso corporal. Se obtuvo un incremento en la concentración de ácidos grasos n-6 y saturados en el hígado de ratas gestantes-lactantes, acompañado de un mayor apetito y aumento del peso de las crías al nacer, sin modificar el peso de las madres. El peso del hígado disminuyó solo en ratas gestantes-lactantes y la grasa visceral aumentó solo en ratas vírgenes. Se concluye que el consumo de espirulina en las ratas gestantes-lactantes mejora su perfil AGPI n-6 hepático y su apetito, así como el peso de las crías al nacer, sin influir en el peso de las madres.

Chondracanthus chamissoi es un alga roja de importancia comercial que es cosechada intensamente a lo largo de la costa peruana, por lo que es necesario que exista un mayor conocimiento que conlleve a desarrollar su cultivo. En este estudio, se cultivaron especímenes de tres localidades: Paiján (7°46’S; 79°25’O), Ancón (11°46’S; 77°11’O) y Mendieta (14°3’S; 76°15’O). Se postula la factibilidad de la metodología de carpósporas como alternativa para desarrollar su cultivo. Además, se propone que existen similitudes en el potencial reproductivo (PR) y los primeros estadios de cultivo (liberación de esporas, asentamiento y crecimiento) entre las localidades. El PR fue mayor para los especímenes de Ancón (320 millones de esporas), seguido de Mendieta (144 millones) y Paiján (12 millones). Sin embargo, el proceso de liberación de esporas para el inicio de los cultivos fue más efectivo para Paiján, con una cantidad de carpósporas liberadas de 6,2 ± 1% de su PR (795.125 ± 141.121 carpósporas por solución), seguido de Mendieta con 0,8 ± 0,12% (1.134.500 ± 181.259) y Ancón con 0,4 ± 0,1% de su PR (1.342.625 ± 387.436). Después de 120 días de cultivo se obtuvo una densidad de 31 plántulas por cm2 para Ancón, 49 para Mendieta y 18 para Paiján. Se concluye que es posible desarrollar el cultivo utilizando la metodología de carpósporas. Asimismo, se constantan diferencias entre el PR y los primeros estadios de cultivo de C. chamissoi proveniente de tres localidades distintas.

Invoices document economic transactions and are thus critical to assess tax liabilities. We study a reform in the Dominican Republic that aimed to integrate invoice management into a broader, more comprehensive, risk-based compliance strategy. By rationing authorized invoices based on an extra scrutiny of each taxpayer’s compliance history, the reform led to significant and persistent improvements on filing, payment, and information reporting obligations and a modest increase in reported tax liabilities. Our study shows that deterrence effects over compliance behaviors are strengthened when the tax administration makes explicit and active use of taxpayers’ information, no matter if the invoicing framework is paper-based or electronic.

International audience; During recent years, mass mortalities of cultured scallops became more frequent in Peruvian bays. One of the main drivers related to these mortalities was hypoxic events. This study was designed to understand the hypoxia phenomenon in these bays and to assess how the Peruvian scallop, Argopecten purpuratus, can cope with reduced oxygen levels in seawater based on individual size. First, we analyzed the relationships between dissolved oxygen saturation and other environmental parameters (the Coastal El Niño Index, temperature, salinity and pH) in bottom seawater, the frequency and intensity of hypoxic events in two main culture areas (Sechura and Paracas Bays), and their relationship with scallop mass mortalities. Then, we performed experiments with two size groups of A. purpuratus (31 and 80 mm shell height; seed and commercial size, respectively) to assess their respective survival time under severe hypoxia (1% oxygen saturation) at 16°C and a salinity of 35. Finally, the results of the field records and the experimental data are used to suggest ways to improve scallop cultivation along the Peruvian coast.

Inbreeding, the mating between genetically related individuals, often results in reduced survival and fecundity of offspring, relative to outcrossing. Yet, high inbreeding rates are commonly observed in seaweeds, suggesting compensatory reproductive traits may affect the costs and benefits of the mating system. We experimentally manipulated inbreeding levels in controlled crossing experiments, using gametophytes from 19 populations of Macrocystis pyrifera along its Eastern Pacific coastal distribution (EPC). The objective was to investigate the effects of male-female kinship on female fecundity and fertility, to estimate inbreeding depression in the F1 progeny, and to assess the variability of these effects among different regions and habitats of the EPC. Results revealed that the presence and kinship of males had a significant effect on fecundity and fertility of female gametophytes. Females left alone or in the presence of sibling males express the highest gametophyte size, number, and size of oogonia, suggesting they were able to sense the presence and the identity of their mates before gamete contact. The opposite trend was observed for the production of embryos per female gametes, indicating higher costs of selfing and parthenogenesis than outcrossing on fertility. However, the increased fecundity compensated for the reduced fertility, leading to a stable overall reproductive output. Inbreeding also affected morphological traits of juvenile sporophytes, but not their heatwave tolerance. The male-female kinship effect was stronger in high-latitude populations, suggesting that females from low-latitude marginal populations might have evolved to mate with any male gamete to guarantee reproductive success. ANID/CONICYT FONDECYT de Iniciacion [11170699]; FONDECYTComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT)CONICYT FONDECYT [1160930]; EU-FP7 MARFOR; CONACYT CCC (The Coastal Complexity Crew) project [CB-2013-1, 221662] info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The killer strains of Torulaspora delbrueckii can be used to improve the dominance of this yeast during must fermenta­tion. The present work analyzes its usefulness for traditional spar­kling wine making (base wine and cava). T. delbrueckii killer strain dominated base wine fermentation better than non-killer strains and produced dried wines. The foam ability of T. delbrueckii base wines was very low compa­red to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Significant posi­tive correlations of foam parameters were found with the amounts of C4-C16 ethyl esters and proteins, and negative correlations with some antifoam alcohols. The organoleptic quality of T. delbrueckii base wines was considered inap­propriate for cava making. While S. cerevisiae (alone or mixed with T. delbrueckii) completed the second fermen­tation to produce dry sparkling wines with high CO2 pres­sure, T. delbrueckii alone did not complete this fermen­tation, leaving sweet wines with low CO2 pressure. Death due to CO2 pressure was much higher in T. delbrueckii than in S. cerevisiae, making any killer effect of S. cerevi­siae on T. delbrueckii irrelevant. However, the organo­leptic quality of cava inoculated with mixtures of the two yeast species was better than that of wine inocula­ted exclusively with S. cerevisiae, and no deterioration in the quality of the foam was observed.

Mannan defective (mnn) mutants have constituted a fundamental tool in the study of the structure and biosynthesis of mannoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They were isolated by the group of Dr. C.E. Ballou by random mutagenesis, and a selection method using specific antibodies obtained against the wild-type strain. Initially, the mutants were characterized biochemically, and in subsequent years the genes in which they were mutated were identified. All of them encode membrane proteins that catalyze the transfer of mannoses to N-oligosaccharides, sometimes isolated or as part of complexes made up of several proteins. However, the specific mutation of each of these mutants has only been identified in the case of mnn3. In this work, we have completed the characterization of the mutants by sequencing the mutated genes in each of them. As expected, they are point mutations that involve the change of one amino acid for another in the mutated protein, or for a stop signal, resulting in a truncated protein.

Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) proteins are a family of plant transporters typically involved in transition metal homeostasis. The substrate of three of the four YSL clades (clades I, II, and IV) are metal complexes with non-proteinogenic amino acid nicotianamine or its derivatives. No such transport capabilities have been shown for any member of the remaining clade (clade III), which is able to translocate short peptides across the membranes instead. The connection between clade III YSL members and metal homeostasis might have been masked by the functional redundancy characteristic of this family. This might have been circumvented in legumes through neofunctionalization of YSLs to ensure a steady supply of transition metals for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules. To test this possibility,Medicago truncatulaclade III transporter MtYSL7 has been studied both when the plant was fertilized with ammonium nitrate or when nitrogen had to be provided by endosymbiotic rhizobia within the root nodules. MtYSL7 is a plasma membrane protein expressed in the vasculature and in the nodule cortex. This protein is able to transport short peptides into the cytosol, although none with known metal homeostasis roles. ReducingMtYSL7expression levels resulted in diminished nitrogen fixation rates. In addition, nodules of mutant lines lackingYSL7accumulated more copper and iron, the later the likely result of increased expression in roots of iron uptake and delivery genes. The available data is indicative of a role of MtYSL7, and likely other clade III YSLs, in transition metal homeostasis.ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYMedicago truncatulaYSL7 is a peptide transporter required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume nodules, likely controlling transition metal allocation to these organs.

Background Human encephalitis represents a medical challenge from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view. We investigated the cause of 2 fatal cases of encephalitis of unknown origin in immunocompromised patients. Methods Untargeted metatranscriptomics was applied on the brain tissue of 2 patients to search for pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protozoans) without a prior hypothesis. Results Umbre arbovirus, an orthobunyavirus never previously identified in humans, was found in 2 patients. In situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that Umbre virus infected neurons and replicated at high titers. The virus was not detected in cerebrospinal fluid by RT-qPCR. Viral sequences related to Koongol virus, another orthobunyavirus close to Umbre virus, were found in Culex pipiens mosquitoes captured in the south of France where the patients had spent some time before the onset of symptoms, demonstrating the presence of the same clade of arboviruses in Europe and their potential public health impact. A serological survey conducted in the same area did not identify individuals positive for Umbre virus. The absence of seropositivity in the population may not reflect the actual risk of disease transmission in immunocompromised individuals. Conclusions Umbre arbovirus can cause encephalitis in immunocompromised humans and is present in Europe.

27 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume root nodules requires a steady supply of 28 molybdenum for synthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase. This nutrient 29 has to be provided by the host plant from the soil, crossing several symplastically 30 disconnected compartments through molybdate transporters, including members of the 31 MOT1 family. MtMOT1.2 is a Medicago truncatula MOT1 family member located in 32 the endodermal cells in roots and nodules. Immunolocalization of a tagged MtMOT1.2 33 indicates that it is associated to the plasma membrane and to intracellular membrane 34 systems, where it would be transporting molybdate towards the cytosol, as indicated in 35 yeast transport assays. Loss-of-function mot1.2-1 mutant showed reduced growth 36 compared to wild-type plants when nitrogen fixation was required, but not when nitrogen 37 was provided as nitrate. While no effect on molybdenum-dependent nitrate reductase 38 activity was observed, nitrogenase activity was severely affected, explaining the observed 39 difference of growth depending on nitrogen source. This phenotype was the result of 40 molybdate not reaching the nitrogen-fixing nodules, since genetic complementation with 41 a wild-type MtMOT1.2 gene or molybdate-fortification of the nutrient solution, both 42 restored wild-type levels of growth and nitrogenase activity. These results support a 43 model in which MtMOT1.2 would mediate molybdate delivery by the vasculature into 44 the nodules. 45 46, 19 molybdate delivery for nitrogen fixation is occurring at the 450 level of nodule vessels and 451 not in loading the root vasculature with Mo. Otherwise, an accumulation of Mo in mot1.2 452 roots would be expected as well as a decrease in shoots, and none was detected in either 453 (in this case, even slightly higher levels were detected, which might correspond to surplus 454 Mo being delivered to the shoots). 455 In summary, MtMOT1.2 would position itself between molybdate root uptake 456 transporter, likely MtMOT1.1 as the closest LjMOT1 orthologue, and the nodule apoplast 457 molybdate uptake protein MtMOT1.3 (Fig. 6). MtMOT1.2 would facilitate the transfer 458 of this nutrient into endodermal cells mediating the sink-to-source molybdate trafficking, 459 which would be controlled by mass-effects to ensure that it reaches its destination. 460 However, a critical point remains to be solved, which is the identity of the proteins 461 mediating molybdate efflux from the cytosol to the symbiosome. Whether these are 462 sulfate transporters, or whether a novel family of Mo transporters with a direction of 463 transport opposite to MOT1 proteins, remains to be unveiled. 464 465 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 466 This research was funded by a European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC- 467 2013-StG-335284) and a Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant 468 (AGL2015-65866-P) to M.G-G. Development of the M. truncatula Tnt1 mutant 469 population was, in part, funded by the National Science Foundation, USA (DBI-0703285 470 & IOS-1127155) to K.S.M. Yeast transport assays were partially funded by the Plan 471 Propio de la Universidad de Córdoba (to M.T-J) and MINECO (BFU2015-70649-P). The 472 authors would like to thank Dr. Emilio Fernández and Dr. Aurora Galván (Universidad 473 de Córdoba) for their help with the yeast transport assays, as well as to members of 20 Laboratory 281 at Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de 474 Plantas (UPM-INIA) for their 475 support and feed-back in preparing this manuscript

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: (1) determinar lapractica cultural mas adecuada para la propagacion de Solidago chilensisMeyen, asteracea nativa de Argentina, para su uso en jardineriade bajo mantenimiento, y (2) describir las plantulas de S. chilensis ysu tipo morfologico. Los ensayos de germinacion, de 3 repeticionescon 50 frutos (aquenios) cada uno por tratamiento (escarificados ysin escarificar) y por ano, se realizaron con semillas cosechadas entre2011 y 2014 en la localidad de La Mesada, La Calera, Dpto. Colon(Cordoba, Argentina). Los resultados se trataron estadisticamentemediante analisis de varianza y fueron comparados por el metodoLSD de Fisher. Los esquejes de rizomas (50), obtenidos de plantasmadres seleccionadas a campo, fueron colocados en sustrato del lugar,con o sin polvo enraizante, y se cultivaron en invernadero y a campo.Las plantulas, tipo Chimonanthus y Macaranga, de germinacion fanerocotilartuvieron baja supervivencia. El porcentaje de germinacionoscilo entre 16 y 81% sin diferencias significativas entre tratamientos,pero si entre anos de cosecha. Aproximadamente el 90% de losesquejes de rizomas desarrollaron plantas normales, sin diferenciassignificativas entre tratamientos, por lo que se considera que esta esla forma mas eficiente de cultivar esta especie apta para uso en paisajismode mantenimiento minimo.

Several Avian paramyxoviruses 1 (synonymous with Newcastle disease virus or NDV, used hereafter) classification systems have been proposed for strain identification and differentiation. These systems pioneered classification efforts; however, they were based on different approaches and lacked objective criteria for the differentiation of isolates. These differences have created discrepancies among systems, rendering discussions and comparisons across studies difficult. Although a system that used objective classification criteria was proposed by Diel and co-workers in 2012, the ample worldwide circulation and constant evolution of NDV, and utilization of only some of the criteria, led to identical naming and/or incorrect assigning of new sub/genotypes. To address these issues, an international consortium of experts was convened to undertake in-depth analyses of NDV genetic diversity. This consortium generated curated, up-to-date, complete fusion gene class I and class II datasets of all known NDV for public use, performed comprehensive phylogenetic neighbor-Joining, maximum-likelihood, Bayesian and nucleotide distance analyses, and compared these inference methods. An updated NDV classification and nomenclature system that incorporates phylogenetic topology, genetic distances, branch support, and epidemiological independence was developed. This new consensus system maintains two NDV classes and existing genotypes, identifies three new class II genotypes, and reduces the number of sub-genotypes. In order to track the ancestry of viruses, a dichotomous naming system for designating sub-genotypes was introduced. In addition, a pilot dataset and sub-trees rooting guidelines for rapid preliminary genotype identification of new isolates are provided. Guidelines for sequence dataset curation and phylogenetic inference, and a detailed comparison between the updated and previous systems are included. To increase the speed of phylogenetic inference and ensure consistency between laboratories, detailed guidelines for the use of a supercomputer are also provided. The proposed unified classification system will facilitate future studies of NDV evolution and epidemiology, and comparison of results obtained across the world., Highlights • An international consortium phylogenetically studied the diversity of NDV. • Consensus objective NDV classification and nomenclature system was developed. • Optimal phylogenetic inference method with guidelines is recommended. • Curated, up-to-date, complete fusion gene datasets for public use were created. • Three new NDV genotypes were identified.

This article presents the results of a research-creation project undertaken in Brazil during a period of thirty months to assess how journalists of the so-called Generation Z handle emerging technologies and create specific narratives on converging media platforms. The study included 125 university students on a multi-platform journalistic creation project subject to the methods of Paulo Freire’s theory. The results show that Gen Zers establish writing parameters that avoid complex browsing and are based on a virtual newsroom and multitasking. New journalistic models to be led by the students who participated in the study will probably rely on an organizational setting characterized by horizontal decision-making processes and more flexible, democratic production. Immersed in the context of imminent democratic backsliding in Brazil, research participants defined their news agenda as a form of contesting hegemonic discourses., Ovaj članak predstavlja rezultate istraživačko-stvaralačkog projekta provedenog u Brazilu u razdoblju od trideset mjeseci čiji je zadatak bio istražiti kako se novinari takozvane generacije Z nose s novim tehnologijama i stvaraju specifične narative na konvergirajućim medijskim platformama. Istraživanje je uključilo 125 studenata u projekt stvaranja sadržaja na različitim platformama, pri čemu su se koristile teorija i metode koje je osmislio Paul Freire. Rezultati pokazuju da generacija Z uspostavlja parametre pisanja kojima izbjegava složeno pretraživanje i koji se temelje na virtualnoj redakciji i multitaskingu. Novi novinarski modeli otkriveni kod studenata koji su sudjelovali u istraživanju vjerojatno će se oslanjati na organizacijsko okruženje čije su karakteristike horizontalno odlučivanje i fleksibilnija, demokratičnija produkcija. U kontekstu trenutnog demokratskog nazadovanja u Brazilu, sudionici istraživanja definirali su svoju informativnu agendu kao oblik borbe protiv hegemonijskog diskursa.

International audience; Eilat virus (EILV) is described as one of the few alphaviruses restricted to insects. We report the record of a nearly-complete sequence of an alphavirus genome showing 95% identity with EILV during a metagenomic analysis performed on 1488 unblood-fed females and 1076 larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens captured in Rabat (Morocco). Genetic distance and phylogenetic analyses placed the EILV-Morocco as a variant of EILV. The observed infection rates in both larvae and adults suggested an active circulation of the virus in Rabat and its maintenance in the environment either through vertical transmission or through horizontal infection of larvae in breeding sites. This is the first report of EILV out of Israel and in Culex pipiens populations.

International audience; Usutu virus (USUV) was detected in 11 Culex pipiens mosquito pools collected in 2015 in Camargue (France) using quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays. Phylogenetic analysis of recovered virus sequences identified USUV lineages Africa 2 and Africa 3, demonstrating the simultaneous occurrence of different strains within the mosquito population. This is the first report on USUV in mosquitoes from France that concurrently accompanied the emergence of Usutu virus in blackbirds and a human case in France during 2015/2016.

International audience; Infection with Usutu virus (USUV) has been recently associated with neurologic disorders, such as encephalitis or meningoencephalitis, in humans. These findings indicate that USUV is a potential health threat. We report an acute human infection with USUV in France putatively associated with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic facial paralysis.

To understand the physiological responses of the brown macroalga Macrocystis integrifolia during the marine tidal cycle, two RNA libraries were prepared from algal frond samples collected in the intertidal zone (0 m depth) and subtidal zone (10 m depth). Samples collected from intertidal zone during low tide was considered as abiotic stressed (MI0), while samples collected from subtidal zone was considered as control (MI10). Both RNA libraries were sequenced on Illumina NextSeq 500 which generated approx. 46.9 million and 47.7 million raw paired-end reads for MI0 and MI10, respectively. Among the representative transcripts (RTs), a total of 16,398 RTs (39.20%) from MI0 and 21,646 RTs (39.24%) from MI10 were successfully annotated. A total of 535 unigenes (271 upregulated and 264 downregulated) showed significantly altered expression between MI0 and MI10. In abiotic-stressed condition (MI0), the relative expression levels of genes associated with antioxidant defenses (vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase, glutathione S-transferase, lipoxygenase, serine/threonine-protein kinase, aspartate Aminotransferase, HSPs), water transport (aquaporin), photosynthesis (light-harvesting complex) protein were significantly upregulated, while in control condition (MI10) most of the genes predominantly involved in energy metabolism (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase/NADH dehydrogenase, NAD(P)H-Nitrate reductase, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase, udp-n-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase) were overexpressed. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13205-018-1204-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

SummaryMolybdenum, as a component of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase, is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. This nutrient has to be provided by the host plant through molybdate transporters.Members of the molybdate transporters family MOT1 were identified in the model legumeMedicago truncatulaand their expression in nodules determined. Yeast toxicity assays, confocal microscopy, and phenotypical characterization of aTnt1insertional mutant line were carried out in the oneM. truncatulaMOT1 family member expressed specifically in nodules.Among the five MOT1 members present inM. truncatulagenome,MtMOT1.3is the only one uniquely expressed in nodules. MtMOT1.3 shows molybdate transport capabilities when expressed in yeast. Immunolocalization studies revealed that MtMOT1.3 is located in the plasma membrane of nodule cells. Amot1.3-1knockout mutant showed an impaired growth concomitant with a reduction in nitrogenase activity. This phenotype was rescued by increasing molybdate concentrations in the nutritive solution, or upon addition of an assimilable nitrogen source. Furthermore,mot1.3-1plants transformed with a functional copy ofMtMOT1.3showed a wild type-like phenotype.These data are consistent with a model in which MtMOT1.3 would be responsible for introducing molybdate into nodule cells, which will be later used to synthesize functional nitrogenase.