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5. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Nichols, Emma, Steinmetz, Jaimie D, Vollset, Stein Emil, Fukutaki, Kai, Chalek, Julian, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdoli, Amir, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Akram, Tayyaba Tayyaba, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alipour, Vahid, Almustanyir, Sami, Amu, Hubert, Ansari, Iman, Arabloo, Jalal, Ashraf, Tahira, Astell-Burt, Thomas, Ayano, Getinet, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Baig, Atif Amin, Barnett, Anthony, Barrow, Amadou, Baune, Bernhard T, Béjot, Yannick, Bezabhe, Woldesellassie M Mequanint, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Biswas, Atanu, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Brayne, Carol, Brenner, Hermann, Burkart, Katrin, Burns, Richard A, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cao, Chao, Carvalho, Felix, Castro-de-Araujo, Luis F S, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cerin, Ester, Chavan, Prachi P, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Costa, Vera Marisa, Couto, Rosa A S, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Douiri, Abdel, Edvardsson, David, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Sayed, Iman, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Eskandari, Khalil, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Fares, Jawad, Faro, Andre, Farooque, Umar, Feigin, Valery L, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Fillit, Howard, Fischer, Florian, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Galluzzo, Lucia, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Gilani, Syed Amir, Glavan, Ionela-Roxana, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Hall, Brian J, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J, Haque, Shafiul, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasan, M Tasdik, Hassan, Amr, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Herteliu, Claudiu, Househ, Mowafa, Hussain, Rabia, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iacoviello, Licia, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwagami, Masao, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, Jacob, Louis, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B, Joseph, Nitin, Kalani, Rizwan, Kandel, Amit, Kandel, Himal, Karch, André, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kassie, Gizat M, Keshavarz, Pedram, Khan, Moien AB, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimäki, Mika, Koroshetz, Walter J, Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Lak, Hassan Mehmood, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Bingyu, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Xuefeng, Liu, Yuewei, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Lutzky Saute, Ricardo, Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Massano, João, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Menezes, Ritesh G, Meretoja, Atte, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed Ibrahim, Norlinah, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammed, Arif, Mokdad, Ali H, Mondello, Stefania, Moni, Mohammad Ali Ali, Moniruzzaman, Md, Mossie, Tilahun Belete, Nagel, Gabriele, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Vinod C, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Oancea, Bogdan, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Pasovic, Maja, Patel, Urvish K, Pathak, Mona, Peres, Mario F P, Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Peterson, Carrie B, Phillips, Michael R, Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A, Pond, Constance Dimity, Potashman, Michele H, Pottoo, Faheem Hyder, Prada, Sergio I, Radfar, Amir, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Mosiur, Ram, Pradhum, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rezaei, Nima, Rezapour, Aziz, Robinson, Stephen R, Romoli, Michele, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete, Schiavolin, Silvia, Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaji, KS, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silva, Renata, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Smith, Amanda E, Soshnikov, Sergey, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Stein, Dan J, Sun, Jing, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Thakur, Bhaskar, Timalsina, Binod, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasily, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wimo, Anders, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Yadav, Lalit, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Lin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Murray, Christopher J L, and Vos, Theo

Published
2022
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8. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Kendrick, Parkes J, Reitsma, Marissa B, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abedi, Aidin, Abhilash, E S, Aboyans, Victor, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Advani, Shailesh M, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmed, Haroon, Aji, Budi, Akalu, Yonas, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alhabib, Khalid F, Ali, Tilahun, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amini, Saeed, Amu, Hubert, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antony, Benny, Anvari, Davood, Arabloo, Jalal, Arian, Nicholas D, Arora, Monika, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Asmare, Wondwossen Niguse, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Ausloos, Marcel, Awan, Asma Tahir, Ayano, Getinet, Aynalem, Getie Lake, Azari, Samad, B, Darshan B, Badiye, Ashish D, Baig, Atif Amin, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Basu, Sanjay, Bayati, Mohsen, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Benziger, Catherine P, Berman, Adam E, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Biondi, Antonio, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Brunoni, Andre R, Burkart, Katrin, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Car, Josip, Carreras, Giulia, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Sofia, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, Simiao, Chido-Amajuoyi, Onyema greg, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Costa, Vera Marisa, Couto, Rosa A S, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhimal, Meghnath, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad, Edvardsson, Kristina, Effiong, Andem, El Tantawi, Maha, Elbarazi, Iffat, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Fadhil, Ibtihal, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farwati, Medhat, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Filip, Irina, Filippidis, Filippos, Fischer, Florian, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Foroutan, Masoud, Gad, Mohamed M, Gallus, Silvano, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebregiorgis, Birhan Gebresillassie, Getacher, Lemma, Getachew Obsa, Abera, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghanei Gheshlagh, Reza, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Gil, Gabriela Fernanda, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Grivna, Michal, Guha, Avirup, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajat Das, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hankey, Graeme J, Hargono, Arief, Hay, Simon I, Heidari, Golnaz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hezam, Kamal, Hird, Thomas R, Holla, Ramesh, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsiao, Thomas, Huang, Junjie, Ibeneme, Charles Ugochukwu, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Jessica Y, Islam, Rakibul M, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Jaafari, Jalil, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jang, Sung-In, Jayaram, Shubha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Kapoor, Neeti, Karch, André, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kebede, Kindie Mitiku, Kelkay, Bayew, Kennedy, Ryan David, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kivimäki, Mika, Kosen, Soewarta, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kurmi, Om P, Kusuma, Dian, Lacey, Ben, Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, Lee, Doo Woong, Lee, Yo Han, Leung, Janni, Li, Shanshan, Lin, Hualiang, Liu, Wei, Lugo, Alessandra, Madhava Kunjathur, Shilpashree, Majeed, Azeem, Maleki, Afshin, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martini, Santi, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mathur, Prashant, Mazidi, Mohsen, McKee, Martin, Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo, Mehata, Suresh, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R, Mini, GK, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamed, Misra, Sanjeev, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mossie, Tilahun Belete, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mullany, Erin C, Murray, Christopher J L, Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naik, Nitish, Nalini, Mahdi, Nangia, Vinay, Naqvi, Atta Abbas, Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas, Naveed, Muhammad, Nazari, Javad, Nduaguba, Sabina O, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pana, Adrian, Panagiotakos, Demosthenes, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Ashok, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Park, Eun-Kee, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Pathak, Mona, Pawar, Shrikant, Pestell, Richard G, Pham, Hai Quang, Pinheiro, Marina, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Pourshams, Akram, Prashant, Akila, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Ram, Pradhum, Rana, Juwel, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezapour, Aziz, Riaz, Mavra A, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Bedanta, Saddik, Basema, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salehi, Sana, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Schwendicke, Falk, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Senthil Kumar, Nachimuthu, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shafaat, Omid, Shah, Syed Mahboob, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shivakumar, K M, Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shrestha, Roman, Siabani, Soraya, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soroush, Ali, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Stortecky, Stefan, Straif, Kurt, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sulo, Gerhard, Sundström, Johan, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tareke, Minale, Tareque, Md Ismail, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Thakur, Bhaskar, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Tolani, Musliu Adetola, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Tymeson, Hayley D, Ullah, Saif, Unim, Brigid, Updike, Rachel L, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vacante, Marco, Vardavas, Constantine, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Madhur, Vidale, Simone, Vo, Bay, Vu, Giang Thu, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Welding, Kevin, Werdecker, Andrea, Whisnant, Joanna L, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yimmer, Mohammed Zewdu, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Jianrong, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, and Gakidou, Emmanuela

Published
2021
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9. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study

Author

Roth, Gregory A., Mensah, George A., Johnson, Catherine O., Addolorato, Giovanni, Ammirati, Enrico, Baddour, Larry M., Barengo, Noel C., Beaton, Andrea, Benjamin, Emelia J., Benziger, Catherine P., Bonny, Aime, Brauer, Michael, Brodmann, Marianne, Cahill, Thomas J., Carapetis, Jonathan R., Catapano, Alberico L., Chugh, Sumeet, Cooper, Leslie T., Coresh, Josef, Criqui, Michael H., DeCleene, Nicole K., Eagle, Kim A., Emmons-Bell, Sophia, Feigin, Valery L., Fernández-Sola, Joaquim, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Grundy, Scott M., He, Feng J., Howard, George, Hu, Frank, Inker, Lesley, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Koroshetz, Walter J., Lavie, Carl, Lloyd-Jones, Donald, Lu, Hong S., Mirijello, Antonio, Misganaw, Awoke T., Mokdad, Ali H., Moran, Andrew E., Muntner, Paul, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ntsekhe, Mpiko, Oliveira, Gláucia M.M., Otto, Catherine M., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Pratt, Michael, Rajagopalan, Sanjay, Reitsma, Marissa B., Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P., Rigotti, Nancy A., Rodgers, Anthony, Sable, Craig A., Shakil, Saate S., Sliwa, Karen, Stark, Benjamin A., Sundström, Johan, Timpel, Patrick, Tleyjeh, Imad I., Valgimigli, Marco, Vos, Theo, Whelton, Paul K., Yacoub, Magdi, Zuhlke, Liesl J., Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdi, Alireza, Abedi, Aidin, Aboyans, Victor, Abrha, Woldu A., Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Acharya, Dilaram, Adair, Tim, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Ademi, Zanfina, Advani, Shailesh M., Afshari, Khashayar, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Muktar B., Aji, Budi, Akalu, Yonas, Akande-Sholabi, Wuraola, Aklilu, Addis, Akunna, Chisom J., Alahdab, Fares, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alhabib, Khalid F., Alif, Sheikh M., Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed M., Alla, François, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Amegah, Adeladza K., Amini, Saeed, Aminorroaya, Arya, Amu, Hubert, Amugsi, Dickson A., Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Tudorel, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Anteneh, Zelalem A., Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Antony, Benny, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Lambert T., Arabloo, Jalal, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artanti, Kurnia D., Ataro, Zerihun, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awan, Asma T., Awoke, Mamaru A., Ayele, Henok T., Ayza, Muluken A., Azari, Samad, B, Darshan B., Baheiraei, Nafiseh, Baig, Atif A., Bakhtiari, Ahad, Banach, Maciej, Banik, Palash C., Baptista, Emerson A., Barboza, Miguel A., Barua, Lingkan, Basu, Sanjay, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berman, Adam E., Bezabih, Yihienew M., Bhagavathula, Akshaya S., Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Birhanu, Mulugeta M., Boloor, Archith, Brant, Luisa C., Brenner, Hermann, Briko, Nikolay I., Butt, Zahid A., Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cahill, Leah E., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, Luis A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Cantu-Brito, Carlos, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cerin, Ester, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chen, Simiao, Chin, Ken L., Choi, Jee-Young J., Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cirillo, Massimo, Coffey, Sean, Conti, Sara, Costa, Vera M., Cundiff, David K., Dadras, Omid, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Damasceno, Albertino A.M., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, De la Hoz, Fernando P., De Neve, Jan-Walter, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Derseh, Behailu T., Desai, Rupak, Deuschl, Günther, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dhimal, Meghnath, Dhungana, Raja Ram, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Diaz, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dokova, Klara, Douiri, Abdel, Duncan, Bruce B., Duraes, Andre R., Eagan, Arielle W., Ebtehaj, Sanam, Eftekhari, Aziz, Eftekharzadeh, Sahar, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Nahas, Nevine, Elgendy, Islam Y., Elhadi, Muhammed, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I., Esteghamati, Sadaf, Etisso, Atkilt E., Eyawo, Oghenowede, Fadhil, Ibtihal, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Faris, Pawan S., Farwati, Medhat, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandez Prendes, Carlota, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flood, David, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gad, Mohamed M., Gaidhane, Shilpa, Ganji, Morsaleh, Garg, Jalaj, Gebre, Abadi K., Gebregiorgis, Birhan G., Gebregzabiher, Kidane Z., Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak G., Getacher, Lemma, Obsa, Abera Getachew, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Giampaoli, Simona, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit S., Gillum, Richard F., Glushkova, Ekaterina V., Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Golechha, Mahaveer, Gonfa, Kebebe B., Goudarzian, Amir Hossein, Goulart, Alessandra C., Guadamuz, Jenny S., Guha, Avirup, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Teklehaimanot G., Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J., Hargono, Arief, Hartono, Risky K., Hashemian, Maryam, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassen, Hamid Y., Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Holla, Ramesh, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Huang, Junjie, Humayun, Ayesha, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibeneme, Charles U., Ibitoye, Segun E., Ilesanmi, Olayinka S., Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina N., Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islam, Rakibul M., Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwagami, Masao, Jain, Vardhmaan, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayaram, Shubha, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi P., Jonas, Jost B., Jonnagaddala, Jitendra, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek J., Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kahlon, Tanvir, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamath, Ashwin, Kamel, Ibrahim, Kandel, Himal, Kandel, Amit, Karch, André, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Katoto, Patrick D.M.C., Kayode, Gbenga A., Khader, Yousef S., Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Muhammad S., Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Ejaz A., Khatab, Khaled, Kibria, Gulam M.A., Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Kivimäki, Mika, Kolte, Dhaval, Koolivand, Ali, Korshunov, Vladimir A., Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, Kwan, Gene F., La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S., Lauriola, Paolo, Lawrence, Wayne R., Laxmaiah, Avula, LeGrand, Kate E., Li, Ming-Chieh, Li, Bingyu, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Stephen S., Lim, Lee-Ling, Lin, Hualiang, Lin, Ziqiang, Lin, Ro-Ting, Liu, Xuefeng, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lugo, Alessandra, M, Nirmal K., Madotto, Fabiana, Mahmoudi, Morteza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malik, Ahmad A., Mamun, Abdullah A., Manafi, Navid, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo G., Martini, Santi, Mathur, Manu R., Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Mehata, Suresh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Menezes, Ritesh G., Meretoja, Atte, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirzaei, Hamed, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Mohammed A., Mokhayeri, Yaser, Molokhia, Mariam, Montasir, Ahmed A., Moradi, Ghobad, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Moreno Velásquez, Ilais, Morze, Jakub, Mubarik, Sumaira, Muruet, Walter, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan J., Nalini, Mahdi, Nangia, Vinay, Naqvi, Atta Abbas, Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas, Nascimento, Bruno R., Nayak, Vinod C., Nazari, Javad, Nazarzadeh, Milad, Negoi, Ruxandra I., Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Huong L.T., Nixon, Molly R., Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nouthe, Brice E., Nowak, Christoph, Odukoya, Oluwakemi O., Ogbo, Felix A., Olagunju, Andrew T., Orru, Hans, Ortiz, Alberto, Ostroff, Samuel M., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Parvizi, Mojtaba, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patel, Urvish K., Pathak, Mona, Paudel, Rajan, Pepito, Veincent Christian F., Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Perico, Norberto, Pham, Hai Q., Pilgrim, Thomas, Piradov, Michael A., Pishgar, Farhad, Podder, Vivek, Polibin, Roman V., Pourshams, Akram, Pribadi, Dimas R.A., Rabiee, Navid, Rabiee, Mohammad, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rakovac, Ivo, Ram, Pradhum, Ramalingam, Sudha, Rana, Juwel, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Sowmya J., Rathi, Priya, Rawal, Lal, Rawasia, Wasiq F., Rawassizadeh, Reza, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Rezapour, Aziz, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Roberts-Thomson, Ross L., Roever, Leonardo, Rohloff, Peter, Romoli, Michele, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad, Saber-Ayad, Maha M., Sabour, Siamak, Sacco, Simona, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Safari, Saeed, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salehi, Sana, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M., Santos, Itamar S., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete, Schmidt, Maria I., Schutte, Aletta E., Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Sha, Feng, Shahabi, Saeed, Shahid, Izza, Shaikh, Masood A., Shamali, Mahdi, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shawon, Md Shajedur Rahman, Sheikh, Aziz, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J., Silva, Diego A.S., Singh, Jasvinder A., Mtech, Ambrish Singh, Skryabin, Valentin Y., Skryabina, Anna A., Soheili, Amin, Spurlock, Emma E., Stockfelt, Leo, Stortecky, Stefan, Stranges, Saverio, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Tadbiri, Hooman, Tadesse, Eyayou G., Tadesse, Degena B., Tajdini, Masih, Tariqujjaman, Md, Teklehaimanot, Berhane F., Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesema, Ayenew K., Thakur, Bhaskar, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu R., Thapar, Rekha, Thrift, Amanda G., Timalsina, Binod, Tonelli, Marcello, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos R., Tripathi, Avnish, Tripathy, Jaya P., Truelsen, Thomas C., Tsegay, Guesh M., Tsegaye, Gebiyaw W., Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tusa, Biruk S., Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Umapathi, Krishna Kishore, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Usman, Muhammad S., Vaduganathan, Muthiah, Valdez, Pascual R., Vasankari, Tommi J., Velazquez, Diana Z., Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vu, Giang T., Vujcic, Isidora S., Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Fang, Wei, Jingkai, Weintraub, Robert G., Weldemariam, Abrha H., Westerman, Ronny, Winkler, Andrea S., Wiysonge, Charles S., Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse, Xu, Gelin, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yan, Lijing L., Yandrapalli, Srikanth, Yano, Yuichiro, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yeheyis, Tomas Y., Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yilgwan, Christopher S., Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zachariah, Geevar, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zaman, Muhammed S., Zamanian, Maryam, Zand, Ramin, Zandifar, Alireza, Zarghi, Afshin, Zastrozhin, Mikhail S., Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Wangjian, Zhong, Chenwen, Zou, Zhiyong, Zuniga, Yves Miel H., Murray, Christopher J.L., Fuster, Valentin, Barengo, Noël C., Beaton, Andrea Z., Bonny, Aimé, Carapetis, Jonathan, Chugh, Sumeet S., Criqui, Michael, DeCleene, Nicole, Fernández-Solà, Joaquim, Fowkes, Gerry, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Koroshetz, Walter, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Mokdad, Ali, Moraes de Oliveira, Glaucia, Otto, Catherine, Owolabi, Mayowa, Reitsma, Marissa, Rigotti, Nancy, Sable, Craig, Shakil, Saate, Sliwa-Hahnle, Karen, Stark, Benjamin, Tleyjeh, Imad M., Zuhlke, Liesl, and Murray, Christopher

Published
2020
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14. Margin to Depth of Invasion Ratio: A Significant Predictor of Survival in Patients With Oral Cancer

Author

Sultania, Mahesh, primary, Chaudhary, Itisha, additional, Jain, Priyansh, additional, Ghalige, Hemanth, additional, Rajan, Dipin, additional, G, Sudhakar, additional, K, Raghuram, additional, Muduly, Dillip, additional, Barik, Sandip, additional, Pathak, Mona, additional, Adhya, Amit, additional, Kar, Madhabananda, additional, and Majumdar, Saroj, additional

Published
2023
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15. Association of keratoconus with serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and antioxidant trace elements: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Gupta, Parul, Pathak, Mona, Thakur, Bhaskar, Fogla, Rajesh, Agarwal, Aniruddha, and Ram, Jagat

Subjects
Alfacalcidol -- Statistics, Calcifediol -- Statistics, Vitamin D -- Statistics, Keratoconus -- Diagnosis -- Risk factors -- Development and progression -- Statistics, Health
Abstract

Byline: Parul. Gupta, Mona. Pathak, Bhaskar. Thakur, Rajesh. Fogla, Aniruddha. Agarwal, Jagat. Ram The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize and compare the available evidence on [...]

Published
2022

18. Comparison of hazard models with and without consideration of competing risks to assess the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on locoregional recurrence among breast cancer patients

Author

Pathak, Mona, Deo, Surya S., Dwivedi, Sada, Vishnubhatla, Sreenivas, and Thakur, Bhaskar

Subjects
Metastasis -- Risk factors, Diseases -- Relapse, Neoadjuvant therapy -- Patient outcomes, Breast cancer -- Care and treatment -- Prognosis -- Patient outcomes, Health
Abstract

Byline: Mona. Pathak, Surya. S. Deo, Sada. Dwivedi, Sreenivas. Vishnubhatla, Bhaskar. Thakur Context: While analyzing locoregional recurrences (LRRs), it is necessary to consider distant metastasis as a competing event. Because, [...]

Published
2021

22. Analysis of submissions, editorial and peer-review process, and outcome of manuscripts submitted to the Indian Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology over a 6-month period

Author

Gupta, Vishal, Bhatia, Riti, Pathak, Mona, and Ramam, M.

Subjects
Peer review -- Management, Medical journalism -- Management, Company business management, Health
Abstract

Byline: Vishal. Gupta, Riti. Bhatia, Mona. Pathak, M. Ramam Background: Despite an interest in the editorial process at biomedical journals, not much information is available on this topic. Aims: To [...]

Published
2020

29. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Feigin, Valery L., Stark, Benjamin A., Johnson, Catherine Owens, Roth, Gregory A., Bisignano, Catherine, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abedi, Vida, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Abushouk, Abdelrahman, I, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Salih, Yusra Ahmed, Aji, Budi, Akbarpour, Samaneh, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Salman, Rustam Al-Shahi, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A., Ansar, Adnan, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Arabloo, Jalal, Arnlov, Johan, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Aryan, Zahra, Asgari, Samaneh, Ashraf, Tahira, Athar, Mohammad, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Marcel, Baig, Atif Amin, Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin, Banach, Maciej, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara, Basu, Sanjay, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Beghi, Ettore, Beheshti, Mahya, Bejot, Yannick, Bell, Arielle Wilder, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Birhanu, Mulugeta M., Boloor, Archith, Bonny, Aime, Brauer, Michael, Brenner, Hermann, Bryazka, Dana, Butt, Zahid A., dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Cantu-Brito, Carlos, Carrero, Juan J., Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catapano, Alberico L., Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Colozza, David, Costa, Vera Marisa, Costanzo, Simona, Criqui, Michael H., Dadras, Omid, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, D'Amico, Emanuele, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Gela, Jiregna Darega, Davletov, Kairat, De La Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, Desai, Rupak, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Diaz, Daniel, Dichgans, Martin, Dokova, Klara, Doshi, Rajkumar, Douiri, Abdel, Duncan, Bruce B., Eftekharzadeh, Sahar, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Nahas, Nevine, Elgendy, Islam Y., Elhadi, Muhammed, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa, I, Endres, Matthias, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Erku, Daniel Asfaw, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farooque, Umar, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feroze, Abdullah Hamid, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flood, David, Gad, Mohamed M., Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gheshlagh, Reza Ghanei, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Ghozali, Ghozali, Ghozy, Sherief, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Giampaoli, Simona, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gnedovskaya, Elena, V, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goulart, Alessandra C., Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Gyanwali, Pradip, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J., Hargono, Arief, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Treska S., Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Simon, I, Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed, I, Herteliu, Claudiu, Holla, Ramesh, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Huang, Junjie, Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iacoviello, Licia, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iso, Hiroyasu, Isola, Gaetano, Iwagami, Masao, Jacob, Louis, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jang, Sung-In, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayaram, Shubha, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Johnson, Walter D., Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Nitin, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jurisson, Mikk, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamath, Ashwin, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Karch, Andre, Katoto, Patrick D. M. C., Kayode, Gbenga A., Keshavarz, Pedram, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Imteyaz A., Khan, Maseer, Khan, Moien A. B., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimaki, Mika, Kolte, Dhaval, Koolivand, Ali, Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Krishnamurthi, Rita, V, Kumar, G. Anil, Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lak, Hassan Mehmood, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lavados, Pablo M., Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Bingyu, Li, Shanshan, Lin, Hualiang, Lin, Ro-Ting, Liu, Xuefeng, Lo, Warren David, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Saute, Ricardo Lutzky, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Manafi, Navid, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Martini, Santi, Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Menezes, Ritesh G., Meretoja, Atte, Mersha, Amanual Getnet, Jonasson, Junmei Miao, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Mokhayeri, Yaser, Molokhia, Mariam, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Al Montasir, Ahmed, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Morawska, Lidia, Morze, Jakub, Muruet, Walter, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Kandel, Sandhya Neupane, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade, Olagunju, Andrew T., Orru, Hans, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pana, Adrian, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Cheol, Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh, Pathak, Mona, Peres, Mario F. P., Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Pham, Truong-Minh, Piradov, Michael A., Podder, Vivek, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J., Pourshams, Akram, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rajai, Nazanin, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R., Rao, Sowmya J., Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reitsma, Marissa B., Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Rezapour, Aziz, Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia, Roever, Leonardo, Romoli, Michele, Rynkiewicz, Andrzej, Sacco, Simona, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Saif-Ur-Rahman, Km, Salah, Rehab, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M., Santos, Itamar S., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shawon, Md Shajedur Rahman, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Siabani, Soraya, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Jitendra Kumar, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Stortecky, Stefan, Stranges, Saverio, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Teuschl, Yvonne, Thrift, Amanda G., Tonelli, Marcello, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathi, Manjari, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Ullah, Anayat, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Vakilian, Alireza, Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vervoort, Dominique, Vo, Bay, Volovici, Victor, Vosoughi, Kia, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wafa, Hatem A., Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodward, Mark, Wu, Jason H., Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Xu, Xiaoyue, Yadav, Lalit, Yadollahpour, Ali, Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Bin Zaman, Sojib, Zamanian, Maryam, Zand, Ramin, Zandifar, Alireza, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H., Murray, Christopher J. L., Feigin, Valery L., Stark, Benjamin A., Johnson, Catherine Owens, Roth, Gregory A., Bisignano, Catherine, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abedi, Vida, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Abushouk, Abdelrahman, I, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Salih, Yusra Ahmed, Aji, Budi, Akbarpour, Samaneh, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Salman, Rustam Al-Shahi, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A., Ansar, Adnan, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Arabloo, Jalal, Arnlov, Johan, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Aryan, Zahra, Asgari, Samaneh, Ashraf, Tahira, Athar, Mohammad, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Marcel, Baig, Atif Amin, Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin, Banach, Maciej, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara, Basu, Sanjay, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Beghi, Ettore, Beheshti, Mahya, Bejot, Yannick, Bell, Arielle Wilder, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Birhanu, Mulugeta M., Boloor, Archith, Bonny, Aime, Brauer, Michael, Brenner, Hermann, Bryazka, Dana, Butt, Zahid A., dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Cantu-Brito, Carlos, Carrero, Juan J., Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catapano, Alberico L., Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Colozza, David, Costa, Vera Marisa, Costanzo, Simona, Criqui, Michael H., Dadras, Omid, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, D'Amico, Emanuele, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Gela, Jiregna Darega, Davletov, Kairat, De La Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, Desai, Rupak, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Diaz, Daniel, Dichgans, Martin, Dokova, Klara, Doshi, Rajkumar, Douiri, Abdel, Duncan, Bruce B., Eftekharzadeh, Sahar, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Nahas, Nevine, Elgendy, Islam Y., Elhadi, Muhammed, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa, I, Endres, Matthias, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Erku, Daniel Asfaw, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farooque, Umar, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feroze, Abdullah Hamid, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flood, David, Gad, Mohamed M., Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gheshlagh, Reza Ghanei, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Ghozali, Ghozali, Ghozy, Sherief, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Giampaoli, Simona, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gnedovskaya, Elena, V, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goulart, Alessandra C., Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Gyanwali, Pradip, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J., Hargono, Arief, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Treska S., Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Simon, I, Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed, I, Herteliu, Claudiu, Holla, Ramesh, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Huang, Junjie, Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iacoviello, Licia, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iso, Hiroyasu, Isola, Gaetano, Iwagami, Masao, Jacob, Louis, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jang, Sung-In, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayaram, Shubha, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Johnson, Walter D., Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Nitin, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jurisson, Mikk, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamath, Ashwin, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Karch, Andre, Katoto, Patrick D. M. C., Kayode, Gbenga A., Keshavarz, Pedram, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Imteyaz A., Khan, Maseer, Khan, Moien A. B., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimaki, Mika, Kolte, Dhaval, Koolivand, Ali, Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Krishnamurthi, Rita, V, Kumar, G. Anil, Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lak, Hassan Mehmood, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lavados, Pablo M., Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Bingyu, Li, Shanshan, Lin, Hualiang, Lin, Ro-Ting, Liu, Xuefeng, Lo, Warren David, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Saute, Ricardo Lutzky, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Manafi, Navid, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Martini, Santi, Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Menezes, Ritesh G., Meretoja, Atte, Mersha, Amanual Getnet, Jonasson, Junmei Miao, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Mokhayeri, Yaser, Molokhia, Mariam, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Al Montasir, Ahmed, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Morawska, Lidia, Morze, Jakub, Muruet, Walter, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Kandel, Sandhya Neupane, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade, Olagunju, Andrew T., Orru, Hans, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pana, Adrian, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Cheol, Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh, Pathak, Mona, Peres, Mario F. P., Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Pham, Truong-Minh, Piradov, Michael A., Podder, Vivek, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J., Pourshams, Akram, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rajai, Nazanin, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R., Rao, Sowmya J., Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reitsma, Marissa B., Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Rezapour, Aziz, Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia, Roever, Leonardo, Romoli, Michele, Rynkiewicz, Andrzej, Sacco, Simona, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Saif-Ur-Rahman, Km, Salah, Rehab, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M., Santos, Itamar S., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shawon, Md Shajedur Rahman, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Siabani, Soraya, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Jitendra Kumar, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Stortecky, Stefan, Stranges, Saverio, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Teuschl, Yvonne, Thrift, Amanda G., Tonelli, Marcello, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathi, Manjari, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Ullah, Anayat, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Vakilian, Alireza, Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vervoort, Dominique, Vo, Bay, Volovici, Victor, Vosoughi, Kia, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wafa, Hatem A., Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodward, Mark, Wu, Jason H., Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Xu, Xiaoyue, Yadav, Lalit, Yadollahpour, Ali, Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Bin Zaman, Sojib, Zamanian, Maryam, Zand, Ramin, Zandifar, Alireza, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H., and Murray, Christopher J. L.

Abstract

Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates

Published
2021
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30. Global mortality from dementia : Application of a new method and results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Nichols, Emma, Abd‐Allah, Foad, Abdoli, Amir, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu‐Gharbieh, Eman, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Alahdab, Fares, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alipour, Vahid, Ansari, Iman, Arabloo, Jalal, Ashraf‐Ganjouei, Amir, Avan, Abolfazl, Ayano, Getinet, Babar, Zaheer‐Ud‐Din, Baig, Atif Amin, Banach, Maciej, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker‐Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Baune, Bernhard T., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Biondi, Antonio, Birhan, Tsegaye Adane, Biswas, Atanu, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Brayne, Carol, Brenner, Hermann, Burkart, Katrin, Burns, Richard A., Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina, Carvalho, Felix, Castro‐de‐Araujo, Luis F. S., Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cerin, Ester, Cernigliaro, Achille, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Choi, Jee‐Young Jasmine, Chu, Dinh‐Toi, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Diaz, Daniel, Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji, Douiri, Abdel, Duncan, Bruce B., Edvardsson, David, El‐Jaafary, Shaimaa I., Eskandari, Khalil, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed‐Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gebregzabiher, Kidane Zereabruk, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Golechha, Mahaveer, Gupta, Rajeev, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J., Haro, Josep Maria, Hassan, Amr, Hay, Simon I., Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari‐Soureshjani, Reza, Househ, Mowafa, Hussain, Rabia, Hwang, Bing‐Fang, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwagami, Masao, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Kalani, Rizwan, Kandel, Himal, Karch, André, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kim, Young‐Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Kivimäki, Mika, Komaki, Hamidreza, Koyanagi, Ai, Kukull, Walter A, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Landires, Iván, Leonardi, Matilde, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Xuefeng, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Loy, Clement T., Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim M., Manafi, Navid, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Menezes, Ritesh G, Meretoja, Atte, Merkin, Alexander, Metekiya, Workua Mekonnen, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Mohajer, Bahram, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohapatra, Archisman, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H., Mondello, Stefania, Mossie, Tilahun Belete, Mulugeta, Anwar, Nagel, Gabriele, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Vinod C., Kandel, Sandhya Neupane, Nguyen, Son Hoang, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nuñez‐Samudio, Virginia, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olagunju, Andrew T., Orru, Hans, Ostojic, Sergej M., Ostroff, Samuel M., Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Pathak, Mona, Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Peterson, Carrie B., Pham, Hai Quang, Phillips, Michael R., Piradov, Michael A., Pottoo, Faheem Hyder, Prada, Sergio I., Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Radfar, Amir, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Ram, Pradhum, Rana, Juwel, Rashedi, Vahid, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Reinig, Nickolas, Rezaei, Nima, Robinson, Stephen R, Romoli, Michele, Sachdev, Perminder S., Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sattin, Davide, Saylan, Mete, Sayyah, Mehdi, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Shahid, Izza, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Jasvinder A., Soheili, Amin, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés‐Seisdedos, Rafael, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Thakur, Bhaskar, ThekkePurakkal, Akhil Soman, Tovani‐Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara S., Tripathi, Manjari, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Vacante, Marco, Velazquez, Diana Zuleika, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidale, Simone, Vlassov, Vasily, Wang, Yuan‐Pang, Wei, Jingkai, Weiss, Jordan, Weldemariam, Abrha Hailay, Wimo, Anders, Wu, Chenkai, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zhang, Zhi‐Jiang, Murray, Christopher J. L., Vos, Theo, GBD 2019 Collaborators, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, HUS Neurocenter, Neurologian yksikkö, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Royal Society (Reino Unido), African Academy of Sciences, National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), Wellcome Trust, Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (Reino Unido), King College London, Xiamen University Malaysia (Malasia), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), NIH - National Institute on Aging (NIA) (Estados Unidos), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Ministero della Salute (Italia), National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Alzheimers Association, University of Melbourne (Australia), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Unión Europea. Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER/ERDF), Nichols, E, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abosetugn, A, Abrha, W, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Akinyemi, R, Alahdab, F, Alanezi, F, Alipour, V, Ansari, I, Arabloo, J, Ashraf-Ganjouei, A, Avan, A, Ayano, G, Babar, Z, Baig, A, Banach, M, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Baune, B, Srikanth Bhagavathula, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Birhan, T, Biswas, A, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Brayne, C, Brenner, H, Burkart, K, Burns, R, Nagaraja, S, Carvalho, F, Castro-De-araujo, L, Catala-Lopez, F, Cerin, E, Cernigliaro, A, Cherbuin, N, Jasmine Choi, J, Chu, D, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Diaz, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Douiri, A, Duncan, B, Edvardsson, D, El-Jaafary, S, Eskandari, K, Eskandarieh, S, Feigin, V, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Gaidhane, S, Gebregzabiher, K, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Gupta, R, Hachinski, V, Hamidi, S, Hankey, G, Haro, J, Hassan, A, Hay, S, Heidari, G, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Househ, M, Hussain, R, Hwang, B, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Naghibi Irvani, S, Iso, H, Iwagami, M, Jha, R, Kalani, R, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Kasa, A, Kengne, A, Kim, Y, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kivimaki, M, Komaki, H, Aikoyanagi, Kukull, W, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Landires, I, Leonardi, M, Lim, S, Liu, X, Logroscino, G, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Loy, C, Amin, H, Manafi, N, Manjunatha, N, Mehndiratta, M, Menezes, R, Meretoja, A, Merkin, A, Metekiya, W, Misganaw, A, Mohajer, B, Ibrahim, N, Mohammad, Y, Mohapatra, A, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Mondello, S, Mossie, T, Mulugeta, A, Nagel, G, Naveed, M, Nayak, V, Kandel, S, Nguyen, S, Nguyen, H, Nunez-Samudio, V, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Orru, H, Ostojic, S, Ostroff, S, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, Pathak, M, Toroudi, H, Peterson, C, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Piradov, M, Pottoo, F, Prada, S, Angga Pribadi, D, Radfar, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Ram, P, Rana, J, Rashedi, V, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Reinig, N, Rezaei, N, Robinson, S, Romoli, M, Sachdev, P, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sattin, D, Saylan, M, Sayyah, M, Schiavolin, S, Schmidt, M, Shahid, I, Shaikh, M, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Siddiqi, T, Silva, J, Singh, J, Soheili, A, Spurlock, E, Szoeke, C, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Taddele, B, Thakur, B, Thekke Purakkal, A, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, G, Usman, M, Vacante, M, Velazquez, D, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidale, S, Vlassov, V, Wang, Y, Wei, J, Weiss, J, Weldemariam, A, Wimo, A, Wu, C, Yadollahpour, A, Yamagishi, K, Yeshitila, Y, Yonemoto, N, Zadey, S, Zhang, Z, Murray, C, Vos, T, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Center for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Imperial College London (Reino Unido), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, South African Medical Research Council, NIH - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (Estados Unidos), Alzheimer's Association, Australian Research Council, European Regional Development Fund, Ministry of Science and Technology (Shanghái), Nichols, Emma, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdoli, Amir, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Mulugeta, Anwar, and Vos, Theo

Subjects
MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, Clinical Neurology, Global health, global health, burden of disease, ALL-CAUSE, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, CLINICALLY DIAGNOSED DEMENTIA, mental disorders, 030212 general & internal medicine, REPORTING DEMENTIA, Mortality, RC346-429, GBD 2019 Collaborators, PREDICTORS, Research Articles, POPULATION, Science & Technology, DEATH CERTIFICATES, RC952-954.6, Neurosciences, Burden of disease, 3112 Neurosciences, NURSING-HOME RESIDENTS, mortality, 3. Good health, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, Psychiatry and Mental health, Disease burdens, Geriatrics, SURVIVAL, Dementia, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, Neurosciences & Neurology, Neurology (clinical), Life Sciences & Biomedicine, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Research Article, dementia
Abstract

Introduction: Dementia is currently one of the leading causes of mortality globally, and mortality due to dementia will likely increase in the future along with corresponding increases in population growth and population aging. However, large inconsistencies in coding practices in vital registration systems over time and between countries complicate the estimation of global dementia mortality. Methods: We meta-analyzed the excess risk of death in those with dementia and multiplied these estimates by the proportion of dementia deaths occurring in those with severe, end-stage disease to calculate the total number of deaths that could be attributed to dementia. Results: We estimated that there were 1.62 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 0.41-4.21) deaths globally due to dementia in 2019. More dementia deaths occurred in women (1.06 million [0.27-2.71]) than men (0.56 million [0.14-1.51]), largely but not entirely due to the higher life expectancy in women (age-standardized female-to-male ratio 1.19 [1.10-1.26]). Due to population aging, there was a large increase in all-age mortality rates from dementia between 1990 and 2019 (100.1% [89.1-117.5]). In 2019, deaths due to dementia ranked seventh globally in all ages and fourth among individuals 70 and older compared to deaths from other diseases estimated in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Discussion: Mortality due to dementia represents a substantial global burden, and is expected to continue to grow into the future as an older, aging population expands globally. This work was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, and by Gates Ventures, Seattle, WA. R. Akinyemi is supported as a FLAIR Research Fellow by the UK Royal Society and the African Academy of Science (Grants FLR/R1/191813 and FCG/R1/201034) U01HG010273 and from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA as part of the H3Africa Consortium. F. Carvalho and E. Fernandes acknowledge support from UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES, through national funds. L. F. S. Castro-de-Araujo is funded by The Wellcome Trust (Grant 202912/Z/16Z) via a research associate scholarship at Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz). A. Douiri acknowledges financial support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research and from the NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the King’s College London, NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. B. B. Duncan was supported in part by IATS/FAPERGS (465518/2014-1). A. P. Kengne is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Y. J. Kim was funded by a grant from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (Grant number: XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). M. Kivimäki reports grants from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC S011676), the US National Institutes on Ageing (NIA R01AG056477) and NordForsk. W. Kukull acknowledges support from U01 AG016976. M Kumar acknowledges support from FIC/NIMHK43 TW010716-03. I. Landires is member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Panamá. S. Lorkowski acknowledges institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (Germany; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; grant agreement number 01EA1808A). S. Mondello acknowledges support by grant number GR-2013-02354960 from the Italian Ministry of Health. M. R. Phillips is supported in part by Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases-National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC. No. 81761128031). P. S. Sachdev acknowledges funding support from NHMRC Australia (grant no 1093086). J. P. Silva acknowledges support from grant number UIDB/04378/2020 from the Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), supported through Portuguese national funds via FCT/MCTES. C. E. I. Szoeke is supported by the National Med ical Health and Research Council, the Alzheimer’s Association, and The University of Melbourne. R. Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. C. Wu acknowledges support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (2020YFC2005600) and Suzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (SS2019069). Sí

Published
2021

31. Urinary MMP-7: A Predictive, Noninvasive Early Marker for Chronic Kidney Disease Development in Patients with Hypertension.

Author

Sarangi, RajLaxmi, Tripathy, Krishna Padarabinda, Bahinipati, Jyotirmayee, Gupta, Partisha, Pathak, Mona, Mahapatra, Srikrushna, and Mohapatra, Soumya R

Subjects
HYPERTENSION, CHRONIC kidney failure, BIOMARKERS, STATISTICS, COMPUTER software, DISEASE progression, PREDICTIVE tests, CROSS-sectional method, CALCIUM antagonists, ONE-way analysis of variance, PROTEOLYTIC enzymes, CONFIDENTIAL communications, ACE inhibitors, BLOOD collection, MANN Whitney U Test, RESEARCH ethics, COMPARATIVE studies, T-test (Statistics), SEVERITY of illness index, INTERPROFESSIONAL relations, ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, DATA analysis, RECEIVER operating characteristic curves, SENSITIVITY & specificity (Statistics), EARLY diagnosis, DISEASE complications
Abstract

Objective Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) is associated with hypertension and kidney fibrosis, which can progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Currently, kidney fibrosis is only detectable by an invasive procedure. Therefore, we set out to determine whether MMP-7 can act as a noninvasive biomarker in patients with hypertension to enable early detection of kidney fibrosis. Materials and Methods Diagnosed patients with hypertension and control patients were sampled. We diagnosed CKD using clinical and laboratory parameters. Serum urea, creatinine, urinary microalbumin, the albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and urinary MMP-7 were analyzed. Results The 195 patients with hypertension had significantly elevated MMP-7. Of these patients, 166 had MMP-7 >25.8 μg/L, whereas only 29 had MMP-7 <25.8 μg/L. Thirty-two patients with hypertension showed features of CKD, all of whom had urinary MMP-7 >25.8 μg/L. However, the urinary MMP-7 level did not differ with the severity of CKD or with the duration of hypertension. Conclusion Elevated urinary MMP-7 can be a potential noninvasive, early indicator in patients with hypertension progressing to CKD, thus enabling early therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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32. Profile of dermatology inpatients and admissions over a four year period in a tertiary level government teaching hospital in North India.

Author

Gupta, Vishal, Gupta, Savera, Kharghoria, Geetali, Pathak, Mona, and Sharma, Vinod Kumar

Subjects
PSORIASIS treatment, PSORIASIS, SKIN diseases, ACADEMIC medical centers, SPECIALTY hospitals, DERMATOLOGY, RETROSPECTIVE studies, PUBLIC administration
Abstract

Background: Although dermatology is mostly an outpatient specialty, some patients with severe skin disease need hospital admission for management. There is a paucity of data regarding the profile of these dermatology in-patient admissions.Aims: We studied the profile of patients admitted to the dermatology ward of our tertiary care government hospital in North India.Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of discharge sheets of patients admitted in the dermatology ward from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017.Results: Discharge sheets of 2032 admissions for 1664 patients were analyzed. The most common diagnoses in the admitted patients were immunobullous disorders (576, 28%), connective tissue diseases (409, 20%), infections, including leprosy and sexually transmitted infections (179, 8.8%), psoriasis (153, 7.5%) and reactive arthritis (92, 4.5%). The mean duration of admission was 13.95±11.67 days (range 1-118 days). Two hundred and fifty-six patients (15.38%) were re-admitted, accounting for 368 (18.11%) re-admissions. Patients with immunobullous disorders (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.29-2.28) and psoriasis (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.02-2.55) were more likely to be re-admitted. Adult patients, those who were admitted for more than four weeks, those who had comorbidities, and those who developed a complication during the hospital stay also had a greater likelihood of being re-admitted.Limitations: The retrospective design of the study, and the non-availability of data regarding transfers to other specialties or intensive care units and deaths were the main limitations of this study.Conclusion: This study describes the profile of patients admitted in a dermatology ward of a tertiary care centre center in North India. The patient profile and admission characteristics associated with a higher probability of re-admission were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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33. Effect of night shift on development of metabolic syndrome among health care workers.

Author

Bahinipati, Jyotirmayee, Sarangi, Rajlaxmi, Pathak, Mona, and Mohapatra, Srikrushna

Subjects
NIGHT work, MEDICAL personnel, METABOLIC syndrome, C-reactive protein, SHIFT systems, FOOD habits, ORAL habits, DYSLIPIDEMIA
Abstract

Circadian desynchronization, sleep deprivation, changes in eating habit, and lack of physical activity resulting in an increase in pro-inflammatory markers in night shift health care workers is associated with various risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to estimate the pro-inflammatory markers in night shift work and find its relationship with different criteria of metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: A total of 303 participants were recruited for the study. Demographic data and parameters pertaining to the development of metabolic syndrome were taken. Highly sensitive C-reactive protein (Hs CRP) as proinflammatory marker was analyzed. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were estimated. Criteria for metabolic syndrome were taken according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) guidelines. Results: Night shift workers had higher hs CRP compared to day shift workers. TG and FBS were increased significantly (P < 0.001). A total of 6.5% of the night shift workers had a waist circumference greater than 40 inches. It was observed that night shift workers with higher hsCRP had significantly high waist circumference (P < 0.001) and FBS (P < 0.05). A total of 3.57% of the night shift workers were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome with three criteria positive. Conclusion: Night shift work is associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory markers and the development of risk factors leading to metabolic syndrome. Thus, early screening and management of risk factors among night shift health care workers may improve their health status and prevent the development of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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37. The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Safiri, Saeid, Bisignano, Catherine, Ikuta, Kevin S., Merat, Shahin, Saberifiroozi, Mehdi, Poustchi, Hossein, Tsoi, Derrick, Colombara, Danny V., Abdoli, Amir, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadian, Elham, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alipour, Vahid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Angus, Colin, Anoushiravani, Amir, Arabloo, Jalal, Araya, Ephrem Mebrahtu, Asmelash, Daniel, Ataeinia, Bahar, Ataro, Zerihun, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Floriane, Awasthi, Ashish, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Biondi, Antonio, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Borzì, Antonio M., Butt, Zahid A., Cámera, Luis LA Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Carvalho, Félix, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera M., Cowie, Benjamin C, Daryani, Ahmad, de Courten, Barbora, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Hoa Thi, Dorostkar, Fariba, Drake, Thomas M., Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce B., Effiong, Andem, Eftekhari, Aziz, Elsharkawy, Aisha, Etemadi, Arash, Farahmand, Mohammad, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork, Geta, Birhanu, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit, Gutirrez, Reyna Alma, Haile, Michael Tamene, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Hamid, Saeed S., Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hashemian, Maryam, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Behnam, Henok, Andualem, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong, Igumbor, Ehimario U., Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Jafari Balalami, Nader, James, Spencer L., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Muhammad Ali, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khater, Amir, Kim, Yun Jin, Koyanagi, Ai, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed, Mai, Hue Thi, Manafi, Navid, Manafi, Amir, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Mehta, Dhruv, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miller, Ted R., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Montero-Zamora, Pablo A., Moradi, Ghobad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nayak, Vinod, Negoi, Ionut, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Tinuke O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pana, Adrian, Pathak, Mona, Pourshams, Akram, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rana, Saleem Muhammad M., Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Reiner, Robert C., Roever, Leonardo, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safari, Saeed, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sartorius, Benn, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharifi, Amrollah, Shigematsu, Mika, Singh, Jasvinder A., Soheili, Amin, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Vacante, Marco, Vahedian-Azimi, Amir, Valdez, Pascual R., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vu, Giang Thu, Waheed, Yasir, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zarghi, Afshin, Zelber-Sagi, Shira, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Xiu-Ju, Naghavi, Mohsen, Malekzadeh, Reza, HASH(0x5651c9b09eb8), Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Sepanlou, S, Safiri, S, Bisignano, C, Ikuta, K, Merat, S, Saberifiroozi, M, Poustchi, H, Tsoi, D, Colombara, D, Abdoli, A, Adedoyin, R, Afarideh, M, Agrawal, S, Ahmad, S, Ahmadian, E, Ahmadpour, E, Akinyemiju, T, Akunna, C, Alipour, V, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almulhim, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Angus, C, Anoushiravani, A, Arabloo, J, Araya, E, Asmelash, D, Ataeinia, B, Ataro, Z, Atout, M, Ausloos, F, Awasthi, A, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Bejarano Ramirez, D, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhattacharyya, K, Biondi, A, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Borzì, A, Butt, Z, Cámera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Carvalho, F, Chu, D, Chung, S, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Cowie, B, Daryani, A, de Courten, B, Demoz, G, Desai, R, Dharmaratne, S, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dorostkar, F, Drake, T, Dubey, M, Duncan, B, Effiong, A, Eftekhari, A, Elsharkawy, A, Etemadi, A, Farahmand, M, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Gebremedhin, K, Geta, B, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gutirrez, R, Haile, M, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamid, S, Hasankhani, M, Hasanzadeh, A, Hashemian, M, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, B, Henok, A, Hoang, C, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsieh, V, Igumbor, E, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jafari Balalami, N, James, S, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kasaeian, A, Kassaye, H, Kefale, A, Khalilov, R, Khan, M, Khan, E, Khater, A, Kim, Y, Koyanagi, A, La Vecchia, C, Lim, L, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Mai, H, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Mazzaglia, G, Mehta, D, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, M, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Montero-Zamora, P, Moradi, G, Naimzada, M, Nayak, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, T, Ofori-Asenso, R, Oh, I, Olagunju, T, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Pathak, M, Pourshams, A, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, S, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Reiner RC, J, Roever, L, Room, R, Roshandel, G, Safari, S, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sartorius, B, Schmidt, M, Senthilkumaran, S, Shaikh, M, Sharif, M, Sharifi, A, Shigematsu, M, Singh, J, Soheili, A, Suleria, H, Teklehaimanot, B, Tesfay, B, Vacante, M, Vahedian-Azimi, A, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Weldegwergs, K, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wondafrash, D, Wondmieneh, A, Yeshitila, Y, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zarghi, A, Zelber-Sagi, S, Zewdie, K, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X, Naghavi, M, and Malekzadeh, R

Subjects
Liver Cirrhosis, Male, Cirrhosis, Cost-Benefit Analysis, HEPATITIS-B, Global Burden of Disease, Liver disease, Disability Evaluation, 0302 clinical medicine, Burden, Global, Mortality, Cirrhosis, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Risk Factors, FIBROSIS, Europe, Eastern, POPULATION, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Singapore, Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, Gastroenterology, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, PREVALENCE, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Asia, Central, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Egypt, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Viral hepatitis, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, EUROPE, Population, GBD 2017 Cirrhosis Collaborators, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, LIVER-DISEASE, medicine, Humans, education, Liver Diseases, Alcoholic, Africa South of the Sahara, Aged, Science & Technology, Hepatology, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, business.industry, MORTALITY, DISABILITY, DECOMPENSATION, medicine.disease, Years of potential life lost, Early Diagnosis, Socioeconomic Factors, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, INJURIES, Human medicine, business, Demography, RC
Abstract

Background\ud \ud Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases (collectively referred to as cirrhosis in this paper) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, although the burden and underlying causes differ across locations and demographic groups. We report on results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 on the burden of cirrhosis and its trends since 1990, by cause, sex, and age, for 195 countries and territories.\ud \ud \ud \ud Methods\ud \ud We used data from vital registrations, vital registration samples, and verbal autopsies to estimate mortality. We modelled prevalence of total, compensated, and decompensated cirrhosis on the basis of hospital and claims data. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of years of life lost due to premature death and years lived with disability. Estimates are presented as numbers and age-standardised or age-specific rates per 100 000 population, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). All estimates are presented for five causes of cirrhosis: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and other causes. We compared mortality, prevalence, and DALY estimates with those expected according to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) as a proxy for the development status of regions and countries.\ud \ud \ud \ud Findings\ud \ud In 2017, cirrhosis caused more than 1·32 million (95% UI 1·27–1·45) deaths (440 000 [416 000–518 000; 33·3%] in females and 883 000 [838 000–967 000; 66·7%] in males) globally, compared with less than 899 000 (829 000–948 000) deaths in 1990. Deaths due to cirrhosis constituted 2·4% (2·3–2·6) of total deaths globally in 2017 compared with 1·9% (1·8–2·0) in 1990. Despite an increase in the number of deaths, the age-standardised death rate decreased from 21·0 (19·2–22·3) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 16·5 (15·8–18·1) per 100 000 population in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest age-standardised death rate among GBD super-regions for all years of the study period (32·2 [25·8–38·6] deaths per 100 000 population in 2017), and the high-income super-region had the lowest (10·1 [9·8–10·5] deaths per 100 000 population in 2017). The age-standardised death rate decreased or remained constant from 1990 to 2017 in all GBD regions except eastern Europe and central Asia, where the age-standardised death rate increased, primarily due to increases in alcohol-related liver disease prevalence. At the national level, the age-standardised death rate of cirrhosis was lowest in Singapore in 2017 (3·7 [3·3–4·0] per 100 000 in 2017) and highest in Egypt in all years since 1990 (103·3 [64·4–133·4] per 100 000 in 2017). There were 10·6 million (10·3–10·9) prevalent cases of decompensated cirrhosis and 112 million (107–119) prevalent cases of compensated cirrhosis globally in 2017. There was a significant increase in age-standardised prevalence rate of decompensated cirrhosis between 1990 and 2017. Cirrhosis caused by NASH had a steady age-standardised death rate throughout the study period, whereas the other four causes showed declines in age-standardised death rate. The age-standardised prevalence of compensated and decompensated cirrhosis due to NASH increased more than for any other cause of cirrhosis (by 33·2% for compensated cirrhosis and 54·8% for decompensated cirrhosis) over the study period. From 1990 to 2017, the number of prevalent cases more than doubled for compensated cirrhosis due to NASH and more than tripled for decompensated cirrhosis due to NASH. In 2017, age-standardised death and DALY rates were lower among countries and territories with higher SDI.\ud \ud \ud \ud Interpretation\ud \ud Cirrhosis imposes a substantial health burden on many countries and this burden has increased at the global level since 1990, partly due to population growth and ageing. Although the age-standardised death and DALY rates of cirrhosis decreased from 1990 to 2017, numbers of deaths and DALYs and the proportion of all global deaths due to cirrhosis increased. Despite the availability of effective interventions for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B and C, they were still the main causes of cirrhosis burden worldwide, particularly in low-income countries. The impact of hepatitis B and C is expected to be attenuated and overtaken by that of NASH in the near future. Cost-effective interventions are required to continue the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis, and to achieve early diagnosis and prevention of cirrhosis due to alcohol-related liver disease and NASH.\ud \ud \ud \ud Funding\ud \ud Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2020

38. Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

Author

Kinyoki, Damaris K., Ross, Jennifer M., Lazzar-Atwood, Alice, Munro, Sandra B., Schaeffer, Lauren E., Abbasalizad-Farhangi, Mahdieh, Abbasi, Masoumeh, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Nebiyu Dereje, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R. M., Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Adabi, Maryam, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Aduroja, Posi Emmanuel, Advani, Shailesh M., Afarideh, Mohsen, Aghaali, Mohammad, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Rushdia, Ajumobi, Olufemi, Akal, Chalachew Genet, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Samiah, Alamene, Genet Melak, Alanzi, Turki M., Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde, Alema, Niguse Meles, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Muhammad, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almasi, Afshin, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Amare, Azmeraw T., Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Saeed, Rarani, Mostafa Amini, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever Loreche, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Anteneh, Zelalem Alamrew, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Araya, Ephrem Mebrahtu, Arefi, Zohreh, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., Asgari, Samaneh, Asghari, Babak, Ashagre, Alebachew Fasil, Asrat, Anemaw A., Ataeinia, Bahar, Atalay, Hagos Tasew, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide F. G. A., Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared A. 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A., Damiani, Giovanni, Darwish, Amira Hamed, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Jai K., Gupta, Rajat Das, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio, Davis Weaver, Nicole, Leo, Diego De, Neve, Jan-Walter De, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh, Demissie, Dereje Bayissa, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Desai, Rupak, Desalegn, Beruk Berhanu, Desalew, Assefa, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Dey, Sagnik, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhillon, Preeti, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Nasab, Mostafa Dianati, Diaz, Daniel, Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji, Dinsa, Girmaye Deye, Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Hoa Thi, Do, Huyen Phuc, Doku, Paul Narh, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshmangir, Leila, Dubey, Manisha, Adema, Bereket Duko, Dunachie, Susanna J., Duncan, Bruce B., Cousin, Ewerton, Durães, Andre R., Earl, Lucas, Leylabadlo, Hamed Ebrahimzadeh, Eftekhari, Aziz, El Sayed, Iman, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, El Tantawi, Maha, Elbarazi, Iffat, Elemineh, Demelash Abewa, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I., El-Khatib, Ziad, Elsharkawy, Aisha, El-Sherbiny, Yasser Mohamed, Elyazar, Iqbal R. F., Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Enany, Shymaa, Endalew, Daniel Adane, Endalifer, Melese Linger, Eskandari, Khalil, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esteghamati, Alireza, Etemadi, Arash, Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas, Fanzo, Jessica, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraj, Anwar, Farashi, Sajjad, Fareed, Mohammad, Farioli, Andrea, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Farzam, Hossein, Fatima, Syeda Sadia, Fattahi, Nazir, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Fazaeli, Ali Akbar, Fentahun, Netsanet, Ferede, Tomas Y., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, João C., Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flohr, Carsten, Foigt, Nataliya A., Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Foroutan, Masoud, Förster, Jana, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremariam, Hadush, Gebremariam, Kidane Tadesse, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew, Gebretsadik, Gebretsadkan G. G., Gedefaw, Getnet Azeze, Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Geta, Birhanu, Getenet, Agegnehu Bante, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghajarzadeh, Mahsa, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghiasvand, Hesam, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Tiffany K., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed, Goli, Srinivas, Gomes, Nelson G. M., Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goudarzi, Houman, Goulart, Alessandra C., Govindakarnavar, Arunkumar, Grada, Ayman, Grivna, Michal, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Michael Tamene, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hall, Brian J., Halvaei, Iman, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamidi, Yadollah, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Hankey, Graeme J., Haririan, Hamidreza, Hariyani, Ninuk, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasan, Md. Mehedi, Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanpoor, Edris, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hashemian, Maryam, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hawkes, Corinna, Hayat, Khezar, Hayelom, Desta Haftu, Heidari, Behnam, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, Henok, Andualem, Henry, Nathaniel J., Herrero, Mario, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, de Hidru, Hagos D., Hoang, Chi Linh, Hoek, Hans W., Hole, Michael K., Holla, Ramesh, Hollerich, Gillian, Rad, Enayatollah Homaie, Hong, Sung Hwi, Hoogar, Praveen, Horino, Masako, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huda, Tanvir M., Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iwu, Chidozie C. D., Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Izadi, Neda, Jaafari, Jalil, Jaca, Anelisa, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Balalami, Nader Jafari, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalali, Amir, Jalilian, Farzad, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jehan, Fyezah, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S., Jia, Peng, John, Oommen, John-Akinola, Yetunde O., Johnson, Kimberly B., Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jungari, Suresh Banayya, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kahsay, Amaha, Kahssay, Molla, Kalani, Hamed, Kalankesh, Leila L., Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapil, Umesh, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami, Manoochehr, Matin, Behzad Karami, Karch, André, Karim, Mohd A., Karki, Surendra, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie, Kasaye, Habtamu Kebebe, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Karyani, Ali Kazemi, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khaksarian, Mojtaba, Khalid, Nauman, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Asad, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Mohammad Saud, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Amir, Khater, Mona M., Khatib, Mahalqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khazaei-Pool, Maryam, Khazaei, Mohammad, Khazaei, Salman, Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khundkar, Roba, Kiadaliri, Ali, Kianipour, Neda, Kiirithio, Daniel N., Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kolola, Tufa, Komaki, Hamidreza, Kondlahalli, Shivakumar K. M., Koolivand, Ali, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kraemer, Moritz U. G., Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J., Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Vivek, Kurmi, Om P., Kuti, Oluwatosin, Vecchia, Carlo La, Lacey, Ben, Lad, Deepesh P., Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lami, Faris Hasan, Lamichhane, Prabhat, Lang, Justin J., Lansingh, Van C., Lasrado, Savita, Lebedev, Georgy, Lee, Paul H., Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leili, Mostafa, Letourneau, Ian D., Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Linn, Shai, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Simin, Lodha, Rakesh, Longbottom, Joshua, Lopez, Jaifred Christian F., Lorkowski, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Madadin, Mohammed, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd, Maghavani, Dhaval P., Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur, Maled, Venkatesh, Maleki, Afshin, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manafi, Ali, Manafi, Farzad, Manafi, Navid, Manohar, Narendar Dawanu, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mapoma, Chabila Christopher, Marami, Dadi, Marczak, Laurie B., Arnedo, Carlos Alberto Marrugo, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masaka, Anthony, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Maulik, Pallab K., Mayala, Benjamin K., Mazidi, Mohsen, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehri, Freshteh, Mehta, Kala M., Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda, Mekonnen, Fantahun Ayenew, Mekonnen, Teferi, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Melese, Addisu, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mengesha, Meresa Berwo, Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Tuomo J., Miazgowski, Tomasz, Kostova, Neda Milevska, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mini, G. K., Mir, Seyed Mostafa, Miri, Mohammad, Mirjalali, Hamed, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei, Roya, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Amjad, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad, Dara K., Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Milad, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Salahuddin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mohammed, Ammas Siraj, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokari, Amin, Mokdad, Ali H., Montañez, Julio Cesar, Montero-Zamora, Pablo A., Moodley, Yoshan, Moossavi, Maryam, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Yousef, Moradi-Joo, Mohammad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradpour, Farhad, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosapour, Abbas, Mosser, Jonathan F., Mouodi, Simin, Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Murray, Christopher J. L., Murthy, G. V. S., Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nabavizadeh, Behnam, Naderi, Mehdi, Nadkarni, Girish N., Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Narayan, K. M. Venkat, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Nayak, Vinod, Nazari, Javad, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nigatu, Dabere, Nigatu, Yeshambel T., Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nnaji, Chukwudi A., Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Oancea, Bogdan, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike, Omer, Muktar Omer, Onwujekwe, Obinna E., Asante, Kwaku Oppong, Oren, Eyal, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Ortiz, Alberto, Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron E., Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, P. A., Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Parsian, Hadi, Pashaei, Tahereh, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Pathak, Ashish, Pathak, Mona, Pati, Sanghamitra, Patle, Ajay, Patton, George C., Paulos, Kebreab, Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Perico, Norberto, Petri, William A., Pickering, Brandon V., Pigott, David M., Pirestani, Majid, Piroozi, Bakhtiar, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Kalhori, Reza Pourmirza, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Prada, Sergio I., Preotescu, Liliana, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Sajjad ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rajati, Fatemeh, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rana, Saleem Muhammad, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J., Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rastogi, Prateek, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Ray, Sarah E., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Nima, Rezaeian, Shahab, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Ana Isabel, Rickard, Jennifer, Rodriguez, Alina, Roever, Leonardo, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Rubagotti, Enrico, Saad, Anas M., Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad, Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sabour, Siamak, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Safari, Saeed, Safari, Yahya, Safarpour, Hamid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salam, Nasir, Salehi, Farkhonde, Zahabi, Saleh Salehi, Salem, Hosni, Salem, Marwa R. Rashad, Salimi, Yahya, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Kafil, Hossein Samadi, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M., Santos, Itamar S., Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Saxena, Sonia, Sayyah, Mehdi, Sbarra, Alyssa N., Schipp, Megan F., Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba, Shaahmadi, Faramarz, Shafaat, Omid, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S., Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamshirian, Amir, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharma, Rajesh, Shehata, Hatem Samir, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shibuya, Kenji, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Simonetti, Biagio, Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Pushpendra, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Pankaj Kumar, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sintayehu, Yitagesu, Sisay, Malede Mequanent M., Soheili, Amin, Soleymani, Bija, Soltani, Farzaneh, Soltani, Shahin, Soriano, Joan B., Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Spotin, Adel, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srivastava, Rajni Kant Kant, Starodubova, Antonina, Sudaryanto, Agus, Sufiyan, Mu’awiyyah Babale, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Sulo, Gerhard, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sykes, Bryan L., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun, Taherkhani, Amir, Tamirat, Koku Sisay, Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel, Taveira, Nuno, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tekulu, Gebretsadkan Hintsa, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thomas, Nihal, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tlaye, Kenean Getaneh, Tohidinik, Hamid Reza, Tonelli, Marcello, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathi, Manjari, Uddin, Riaz, Ullah, Irfan, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Useh, Ushotanefe, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vacante, Marco, Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Valdez, Pascual R., VanderHeide, John, Varavikova, Elena, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasseghian, Yasser, Veisani, Yousef, Venkatesh, Srinivasaraghavan, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Madhur, Vidale, Simone, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasily, Vollmer, Sebastian, Vukovic, Rade, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay, Werdecker, Andrea, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wiens, Kirsten E., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wolde, Haileab Fekadu, Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wonde, Tewodros Eshete, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Wu, Ai-Min, Xu, Gelin, Yadegar, Abbas, Yadollahpour, Ali, Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh, Yamada, Tomohide, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Youm, Yoosik, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A., Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Moghadam, Telma Zahirian, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zarafshan, Hadi, Zepro, Nejimu Biza, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zewale, Taye Abuhay, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Xiu-Ju, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zomorodian, Kamiar, Zotor, Francis Bruno, Afshin, Ashkan, Hay, Simon I., LBD Double Burden of Malnutrition Collaborator, Violante FS, Adema, Bereket Duko, Yeshaw, Yigizie, LBD Double Burden of Malnutrition Collaborators, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 10922180 - Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, UAM. Departamento de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (ISS-FJD), Kinyoki, D, Ross, J, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Munro, S, Schaeffer, L, Abbasalizad-Farhangi, M, Abbasi, M, Abbastabar, H, Abdelalim, A, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, N, Abebo, T, Abegaz, K, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abushouk, A, Accrombessi, M, 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S, Kasaeian, A, Kasahun, G, Kasaye, H, Kassa, T, Kassaye, H, Kassebaum, N, Karyani, A, Kengne, A, Ketema, D, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khaksarian, M, Khalid, N, Khalil, I, Khalilov, R, Khan, A, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khatab, K, Khater, A, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaei-Pool, M, Khazaei, M, Khazaei, S, Khodayari, M, Khosravi, M, Khundkar, R, Kiadaliri, A, Kianipour, N, Kiirithio, D, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kolola, T, Komaki, H, Kondlahalli, S, Koolivand, A, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kugbey, N, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Kumar, V, Kurmi, O, Kuti, O, Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lad, D, Lal, A, Lal, D, Lami, F, Lamichhane, P, Lang, J, Lansingh, V, Lasrado, S, Lebedev, G, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leili, M, Letourneau, I, Lewycka, S, Li, S, Lim, L, Linn, S, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Longbottom, J, Lopez, J, Lorkowski, S, Macarayan, E, Madadin, M, El Razek, H, El Razek, M, Maghavani, D, Mahasha, P, Mahotra, N, Maled, V, Maleki, A, Maleki, S, Malta, D, Manafi, A, Manafi, F, Manafi, N, Manohar, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mapoma, C, Marami, D, Marczak, L, Arnedo, C, Martins-Melo, F, Masaka, A, Massenburg, B, Maulik, P, Mayala, B, Mazidi, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mehta, K, Meitei, W, Mekonnen, F, Mekonnen, T, Meles, G, Meles, H, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, M, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Miazgowski, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mini, G, Mir, S, Miri, M, Mirjalali, H, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Mohamadi, E, Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A, Mohammad, K, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, D, Darwesh, A, Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, J, Mohammed, A, Mohebi, F, Mokari, A, Mokdad, A, Montanez, J, Montero-Zamora, P, Moodley, Y, Moossavi, M, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Joo, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradpour, F, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, 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Subjects
Male, Local patterns, Double burden, Börn, Research & Experimental Medicine, Sjúkdómseinkenni, DOUBLE BURDEN, Childhood overweight, Lífefnafræði, Læknisfræði, 0302 clinical medicine, Syndemic, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, under 5 years of age, General Medicine, 3. Good health, Geography, Medicine, Research & Experimental, Child, Preschool, Income, GROWTH, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, RJ, Medicina, Immunology, education, MODELS, wa_395, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Humans, Author Correction, Developing Countries, Poverty, Biology, LBD Double Burden of Malnutrition Collaborators, Demography, Science & Technology, Wasting Syndrome, Public health, MORTALITY, Infant, Næringarskortur, medicine.disease, Obesity, TRENDS, signs and symptoms, Social Class, Risk factors, Sameindalíffræði, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, UNDERNUTRITION, Human medicine, Clinical Medicine, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Pediatric Obesity, obesity, Offita, Áhættuþættir, Geographic Mapping, Overweight, RA0421, Global health, risk factors, 030212 general & internal medicine, Signs and symptoms, Wasting, Malnutrition, Global Burden of Diseases, Global Nutrition, low- and middle-income countries, 2. Zero hunger, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, A900 Others in Medicine and Dentistry, Childhood wasting, PREVALENCE, Chemistry, Mapping, Female, Lýðheilsa, medicine.symptom, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, GROWTH FAILURE, Nutritional Status, malnutrition, ITC-HYBRID, ws_115, children, Environmental health, medicine, Erfðafræði, wd_200, Malnutrition, Infant, Newborn, Klinisk medicin, Cell Biology, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, NA
Abstract

Artículo con numerosos autores, sólo se mencionan el primero, los de la UAM y grupo colectivo, A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of, This work was primarily supported by grant OPP1132415 from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation awarded to S.I.H.

Published
2020

39. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Sub Foundations&PhilosophyofNaturSc begr, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, Murray, Christopher J.L., Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., Zheng, Peng, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R.M., Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Adabi, Maryam, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M., Agarwal, Gina, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M., Alemu, Biresaw wassihun, Alhabib, Khalid F., Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Alonso, Jordi, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amugsi, Dickson A., Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A., Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Angus, Colin, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Ariani, Filippo, Armoon, Bahram, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., Ashbaugh, Charlie, Assmus, Michael, Atafar, Zahra, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D., Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M., Baldasseroni, Alberto, Ball, Kylie, Ballew, Shoshana H., Balzi, Daniela, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K., Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H., Barthelemy, Celine M., Barua, Lingkan, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bayati, Mohsen, Becker, Jacob S., Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michellr L., Bennitt, Fiona B., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Berman, Adam E., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bisignano, Catherine, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bitew, Helen, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bohluli, Mehdi, Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S., Borges, Guilherme, Borzì, Antonio Maria, Borzouei, Shiva, Bosetti, Cristina, Boufous, Soufiane, Braithwaite, Dejana, Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Breitner, Susanne, Brenner, Hermann, Briant, Paul Svitil, Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Britton, Gabrielle B., Bryazka, Dana, Bumgarner, Blair R., Burkart, Katrin, Burnett, Richard Thomas, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Butt, Zahid A., Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cahill, Leah E., Cámera, Luis LA Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro, Franz, Causey, Kate, Cederroth, Christopher R., Cercy, Kelly M., Cerin, Ester, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Kai Lan, Charlson, Fiona J., Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Choi, Jee Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh Toi, Chung, Michael T., Chung, Sheng Chia, Cicuttini, Flavia M., Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne, Cohen, Aaron J., Compton, Kelly, Cooper, Owen R., Costa, Vera Marisa, Cousin, Ewerton, Cowden, Richard G., Cross, Di H., Cruz, Jessica A., Dahlawi, Saad M.A., Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dangel, William James, Danielsson, Anna Karin, Dargan, Paul I., Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Jai K., Das Gupta, Rajat, das Neves, José, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, DeLang, Marissa, Dellavalle, Robert Paul, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Demsie, Desalegn Getnet, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Dibaji Forooshani, Zahra Sadat, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Hoa Thi, Dokova, Klara, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshmangir, Leila, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Duncan, Bruce B., Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Edvardsson, David, El Nahas, Nevine, El Sayed, Iman, El Tantawi, Maha, Elbarazi, Iffat, Elgendy, Islam Y., El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I., Elyazar, Iqbal RF, Emmons-Bell, Sophia, Erskine, Holly E., Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Etemadi, Arash, Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas, Fanzo, Jessica, Farahmand, Mohammad, Fareed, Mohammad, Faridnia, Roghiyeh, Farioli, Andrea, Faro, Andre, Faruque, Mithila, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Nazir, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L., Feldman, Rachel, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Giannina, Ferrari, Alize J., Ferreira, Manuela L., Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L., Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A., Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Force, Lisa M., Foroutan, Masoud, Franklin, Richard Charles, Freitas, Marisa, Fu, Weijia, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Furtado, João M., Gad, Mohamed M., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gallus, Silvano, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gardner, William M., Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew, Geremew, Abraham, Gershberg Hayoon, Anna, Gething, Peter W., Ghadimi, Maryam, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghiasvand, Hesam, Ghith, Nermin, Gholamian, Asadollah, Ghosh, Rakesh, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Ginindza, Themba G.G., Giussani, Giorgia, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Goharinezhad, Salime, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goudarzi, Houman, Goulart, Alessandra C., Greaves, Felix, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Guo, Gaorui, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tarun, Haddock, Beatrix, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hall, Brian J., Halvaei, Iman, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamidi, Samer, Hammer, Melanie S., Hankey, Graeme J., Haririan, Hamidreza, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hasanpoor, Edris, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Henrikson, Hannah J., Herbert, Molly E., Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hird, Thomas R., Hoek, Hans W., Holla, Ramesh, Hoogar, Praveen, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hsieh, Vivian Chia rong, Hu, Guoqing, Hu, Kejia, Huda, Tanvir M., Humayun, Ayesha, Huynh, Chantal K., Hwang, Bing Fang, Iannucci, Vincent C., Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikeda, Nayu, Ikuta, Kevin S., Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Ippolito, Helen, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, M. Mofizul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iso, Hiroyasu, Ivers, Rebecca Q., Iwu, Chidozie C.D., Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jafari, Hussain, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalilian, Farzad, James, Spencer L., Janjani, Hosna, Javaheri, Tahereh, Javidnia, Javad, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S., Johansson, Lars, John, Oommen, John-Akinola, Yetunde O., Johnson, Catherine Owens, Jonas, Jost B., Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalani, Hamed, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalankesh, Leila R., Kalhor, Rohollah, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karch, André, Karim, Mohd Anisul, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kayode, Gbenga A., Kazemi Karyani, Ali, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Keller, Cathleen, Kemmer, Laura, Kendrick, Parkes J., Khalid, Nauman, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Maseer, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Mona M., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khazaei, Salman, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimäki, Mika, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Kochhar, Sonali, Kopec, Jacek A., Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kraemer, Moritz U.G., Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J., Kromhout, Hans, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Vivek, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lami, Faris Hasan, Landires, Iván, Lang, Justin J., Langan, Sinéad M., Larsson, Anders O., Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, Lazarus, Jeffrey V., Lee, Paul H., Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, LeGrand, Kate E., Leigh, James, Leonardi, Matilde, Lescinsky, Haley, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee Ling, Linn, Shai, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Simin, Liu, Yang, Lo, Justin, Lopez, Alan D., Lopez, Jaifred Christian F., Lopukhov, Platon D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lu, Alton, Lugo, Alessandra, Maddison, Emilie R., Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Mahmoudi, Morteza, Majeed, Azeem, Maleki, Afshin, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manda, Ana Laura, Manguerra, Helena, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantilla Herrera, Ana M., Maravilla, Joemer C., Marks, Ashley, Martin, Randall V., Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masaka, Anthony, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Mathur, Manu Raj, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Maulik, Pallab K., McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J., McKee, Martin, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehta, Kala M., Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Mereke, Alibek, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mini, G. K., Miri, Mohammad, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei, Roya, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Ammas Siraj, Mohammed, Hussen, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mooney, Meghan D., Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosapour, Abbas, Mosser, Jonathan F., Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Mukhopadhyay, Satinath, Mullany, Erin C., Musa, Kamarul Imran, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nabhan, Ashraf F., Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Najafi, Farid, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Naserbakht, Morteza, Nayak, Vinod C., Negoi, Ionut, Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Minh, Nigatu, Yeshambel T., Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Nixon, Molly R., Nnaji, Chukwudi A., Nomura, Shuhei, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Oţoiu, Adrian, Oancea, Bogdan, Odell, Christopher M., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In Hwan, Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Omer, Muktar Omer, Ong, Kanyin L., Onwujekwe, Obinna E., Orpana, Heather M., Ortiz, Alberto, Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo, Osei, Frank B., Ostroff, Samuel M., Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S., Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O., P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Palladino, Raffaele, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Parry, Charles D.H., Pasovic, Maja, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Pathak, Mona, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Peden, Amy E., Pennini, Alyssa, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K., Pereira, David M., Pesudovs, Konrad, Pham, Hai Quang, Phillips, Michael R., Piccinelli, Cristiano, Pilz, Tessa M., Piradov, Michael A., Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Polkinghorne, Kevan R., Pond, Constance Dimity, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Poznańska, Anna, Prada, Sergio I., Prakash, V., Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Raggi, Alberto, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rajati, Fatemeh, Rakovac, Ivo, Ram, Pradhum, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja C., Rao, Sowmya J., Rashedi, Vahid, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Rawat, Ramu, Razo, Christian, Redford, Sofia Boston, Reiner, Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Nima, Rezapour, Aziz, Rhinehart, Phoebe Anne, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Ribeiro, Daniela, Rickard, Jennifer, Rivera, Juan A., Roberts, Nicholas L.S., Rodríguez-Ramírez, Sonia, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S., Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeedi, Reza, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Safari, Yahya, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salam, Nasir, Salamati, Payman, Salem, Hosni, Salem, Marwa R.Rashad, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salman, Omar Mukhtar, Salomon, Joshua A., Samad, Zainab, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Santomauro, Damian Francesco, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, João Vasco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Saxena, Sonia, Schaeffer, Lauren E., Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P., Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Serre, Marc L., Shadid, Jamileh, Shafaat, Omid, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S., Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shibuya, Kenji, Shield, Kevin David, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shin, Min Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sierpinski, Radoslaw, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, João Pedro, Simpson, Kyle E., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Pushpendra, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skou, Søren T.Skou, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Smith, Emma U.R., Soheili, Amin, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J.D., Soriano, Joan B., Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Spencer, Cory N., Spotin, Adel, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stein, Caroline, Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Caitlyn, Stockfelt, Leo, Stokes, Mark A., Straif, Kurt, Stubbs, Jacob L., Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sulo, Gerhard, Sultan, Iyad, Szumowski, Łukasz, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M., Tabuchi, Takahiro, Taherkhani, Amir, Tajdini, Masih, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad Hani, Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thurston, George D., Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tohidinik, Hamid Reza, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Torre, Anna E., Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Uddin, Riaz, Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R., van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasseghian, Yasser, Veisani, Yousef, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vukovic, Rade, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan Pang, Watson, Alexandrea, Wei, Jingkai, Wei, Melissa Y.Wei, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Jordan, Werdecker, Andrea, West, J. Jason, Westerman, Ronny, Whisnant, Joanna L., Whiteford, Harvey A., Wiens, Kirsten E., Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wozniak, Sarah S., Wu, Ai Min, Wu, Junjie, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xu, Gelin, Xu, Rixing, Yadgir, Simon, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yaminfirooz, Mousa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeheyis, Tomas Y., Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo, Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Younker, Theodore Patrick, Yousefi, Bahman, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi Jiang, Zhao, Jeff T., Zhao, Xiu Ju George, Zhao, Yingxi, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziapour, Arash, Zimsen, Stephanie R.M., Brauer, Michael, Afshin, Ashkan, Lim, Stephen S., Sub Foundations&PhilosophyofNaturSc begr, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, Murray, Christopher J.L., Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., Zheng, Peng, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R.M., Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Adabi, Maryam, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M., Agarwal, Gina, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M., Alemu, Biresaw wassihun, Alhabib, Khalid F., Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, 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Published
2020

40. The global, regional, and national burden of oesophageal cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017

Author

Kamangar, Farin, Nasrollahzadeh, Dariush, Safiri, Saeid, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Ikuta, Kevin S., Bisignano, Catherine, Islami, Farhad, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Lim, Stephen S., Abolhassani, Hassan, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Advani, Shailesh M., Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Alipour, Vahid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Anber, Nahla Hamed, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Awedew, Atalel Fentahun, Badawi, Alaa, Sachiko Berfield, Kathleen S., Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Biondi, Antonio, Bjørge, Tone, Borzì, Antonio M., Bosetti, Cristina, Carreras, Giulia, Carvalho, Felix, Castro, Clara, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Costa, Vera Marisa, Dagnew, Baye, Gela, Jiregna Darega, Daryani, Ahmad, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Elbarazi, Iffat, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Etemadi, Arash, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Gad, Mohamed M, Gallus, Silvano, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku, Ghasemi-Kebria, Fatemah, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gorini, Giuseppe, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Harvey, James D., Hashemian, Maryam, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Henok, Andualem, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hosgood, H. Dean, Househ, Mowafa, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Jain, Charvi, James, Spencer L., Jee, Sun Ha, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Joukar, Farahnaz, Kabir, Ali, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Mesfin Wudu, Kaur, Supreet, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kerboua, Esma, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khoja, Abdullah T., Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Komaki, Hamidreza, Kumar, Vivek, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lasrado, Savita, Li, Bingyu, Lopez, Alan D., Majeed, Azeem, Manafi, Navid, Manda, Ana Laura, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mehta, Varshil, Mehta, Dhruv, Mendoza, Walter, Mithra, Prasanna, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Moosavi, Delaram, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradpour, Farhad, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Naik, Gurudatta, Negoi, lonut, Nggada, Haruna Asura, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Nixon, Molly R., Olagunju, Andrew T., Padubidri, Jagadish Roa., Pakshir, Keyvan, Patel, Shanti, Pathak, Mona, Pham, Hai Quang, Pourshams, Akram, Rabiee, Navid, Rabiee, Mohammad, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rezaei, Nima, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Saad, Anas M., Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M., Sartorius, Benn, Sarvaezad, Arash, Sekerija, Mario, Sha, Feng, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shirkoohi, Reza, Siddappa Malleshappa, Sudeep K., Singh, Jasvinder A., Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Smarandache, Catalin-Gabriel, Soshnikov, Sergey, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Tadesse, Degena Bahrey, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Thakur, Bhaskar, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ullah, Irfan, Vacante, Marco, Veisani, Yousef, Vujcic, Isidora S., Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay, Xu, Rixing, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yuce, Deniz, Zadnik, Vesna, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Malekzadeh, Reza, Naghavi, Mohsen, GBD 2017 Oesophageal Cancer Collaborators, Kamangar, Farin, Nasrollahzadeh, Dariush, Safiri, Saeid, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Ikuta, Kevin S., Bisignano, Catherine, Islami, Farhad, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Lim, Stephen S., Abolhassani, Hassan, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Advani, Shailesh M., Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Alipour, Vahid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Anber, Nahla Hamed, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Awedew, Atalel Fentahun, Badawi, Alaa, Sachiko Berfield, Kathleen S., Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Biondi, Antonio, Bjørge, Tone, Borzì, Antonio M., Bosetti, Cristina, Carreras, Giulia, Carvalho, Felix, Castro, Clara, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Costa, Vera Marisa, Dagnew, Baye, Gela, Jiregna Darega, Daryani, Ahmad, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Elbarazi, Iffat, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Etemadi, Arash, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Gad, Mohamed M, Gallus, Silvano, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku, Ghasemi-Kebria, Fatemah, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gorini, Giuseppe, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Harvey, James D., Hashemian, Maryam, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Henok, Andualem, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hosgood, H. Dean, Househ, Mowafa, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Jain, Charvi, James, Spencer L., Jee, Sun Ha, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Joukar, Farahnaz, Kabir, Ali, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Mesfin Wudu, Kaur, Supreet, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kerboua, Esma, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khoja, Abdullah T., Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Komaki, Hamidreza, Kumar, Vivek, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lasrado, Savita, Li, Bingyu, Lopez, Alan D., Majeed, Azeem, Manafi, Navid, Manda, Ana Laura, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mehta, Varshil, Mehta, Dhruv, Mendoza, Walter, Mithra, Prasanna, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Moosavi, Delaram, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradpour, Farhad, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Naik, Gurudatta, Negoi, lonut, Nggada, Haruna Asura, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Nixon, Molly R., Olagunju, Andrew T., Padubidri, Jagadish Roa., Pakshir, Keyvan, Patel, Shanti, Pathak, Mona, Pham, Hai Quang, Pourshams, Akram, Rabiee, Navid, Rabiee, Mohammad, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rezaei, Nima, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Saad, Anas M., Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M., Sartorius, Benn, Sarvaezad, Arash, Sekerija, Mario, Sha, Feng, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shirkoohi, Reza, Siddappa Malleshappa, Sudeep K., Singh, Jasvinder A., Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Smarandache, Catalin-Gabriel, Soshnikov, Sergey, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Tadesse, Degena Bahrey, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Thakur, Bhaskar, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ullah, Irfan, Vacante, Marco, Veisani, Yousef, Vujcic, Isidora S., Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay, Xu, Rixing, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yuce, Deniz, Zadnik, Vesna, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Malekzadeh, Reza, Naghavi, Mohsen, and GBD 2017 Oesophageal Cancer Collaborators

Abstract

© 2020 The Author(s). Background Oesophageal cancer is a common and often fatal cancer that has two main histological subtypes: oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Updated statistics on the incidence and mortality of oesophageal cancer, and on the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by the disease, can assist policy makers in allocating resources for prevention, treatment, and care of oesophageal cancer. We report the latest estimates of these statistics for 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017, by age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD). Methods We used data from vital registration systems, vital registration-samples, verbal autopsy records, and cancer registries, combined with relevant modelling, to estimate the mortality, incidence, and burden of oesophageal cancer from 1990 to 2017. Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) were estimated and fed into a Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) including risk factors. MIRs were used for mortality and non-fatal modelling. Estimates of DALYs attributable to the main risk factors of oesophageal cancer available in GBD were also calculated. The proportion of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma to all oesophageal cancers was extracted by use of publicly available data, and its variation was examined against SDI, the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index, and available risk factors in GBD that are specific for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (eg, unimproved water source and indoor air pollution) and for oesophageal adenocarcinoma (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease). Findings There were 473 000 (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI] 459 000-485 000) new cases of oesophageal cancer and 436 000 (425 000-448 000) deaths due to oesophageal cancer in 2017. Age-standardised incidence was 5.9 (5.7-6.1) per 100 000 population and age-standardised mortality was 5.5 (5.3-5.6) per 100

Published
2020

41. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abbasi, Mohammad, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Parisa, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Aboyans, Victor, Abrams, Elissa M., Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes, Abrigo, Michael R. M., Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Acebedo, Alyssa, Ackerman, Ilana N., Adabi, Maryam, Adair, Tim, Adamu, Abdu A., Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adelson, Jaimie D., Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M., Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshari, Mahdi, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E., Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Agesa, Kareha M., Aghaali, Mohammad, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aji, Budi, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M., Albertson, Samuel B., Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Alema, Niguse Meles, Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Alhabib, Khalid F., Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi, Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A., Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alumran, Arwa Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Amare, Azmeraw T., Amare, Bekalu, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Aminorroaya, Arya, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever L., Amugsi, Dickson A., Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera, Anbesu, Etsay Woldu, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A., Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Androudi, Sofia, Angus, Colin, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari, Iman, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., Arba, Aseb Arba Kinfe, Aremu, Olatunde, Ariani, Filippo, Aripov, Timur, Armoon, Bahram, Arnlov, Johan, Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi Olalekan, Aryal, Krishna K., Arzani, Afsaneh, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., Asgari, Samaneh, Asghari, Babak, Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Assmus, Michael, Atafar, Zahra, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Atre, Sachin R., Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Getie Lake, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Ayza, Muluken Altaye, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Azhar, Gulrez, Azzopardi, Peter S., Darshan, B. B., Babaee, Ebrahim, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D., Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Bagli, Eleni, Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M., Balachandran, Arun, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balassyano, Shelly, Baldasseroni, Alberto, Ball, Kylie, Ballew, Shoshana H., Balzi, Daniela, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K., Banik, Palash Chandra, Bannick, Marlena S., Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Bante, Simachew Animen, Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H., Barthelemy, Celine M., Barua, Lingkan, Barzegar, Akbar, Basaleem, Huda, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bayati, Mohsen, Baye, Bayisa Abdissa, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Becker, Jacob S., Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bejot, Yannick, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bender, Rose G., Bennett, Derrick A., Bennitt, Fiona B., Bensenor, Isabela M., Benziger, Catherine P., Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Berman, Adam E., Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S., Bertolacci, Gregory J., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhat, Anusha Ganapati, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bibi, Sadia, Biehl, Molly H., Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bilano, Ver, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bisanzio, Donal, Bisignano, Catherine, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bitew, Helen, Bjorge, Tone, Bockarie, Moses John, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bohluli, Mehdi, Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S., Borges, Guilherme, Borzi, Antonio Maria, Borzouei, Shiva, Bose, Dipan, Bosetti, Cristina, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert, Brady, Oliver J., Braithwaite, Dejana, Brauer, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Breitner, Susanne, Brenner, Hermann, Breusov, Alexey V., Briant, Paul Svitil, Briggs, Andrew M., Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Britton, Gabrielle B., Brugha, Traolach, Bryazka, Dana, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bumgarner, Blair R., Burkart, Katrin, Burnett, Richard Thomas, Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A., Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cahill, Leah E., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cai, Tianji, Callender, Charlton S. K. H., Camera, Luis Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Rincon, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Cao, Jackie, Car, Josip, Cardenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castelpietra, Giulio, Castle, Chris D., Castro, Emma, Castro, Franz, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Causey, Kate, Cederroth, Christopher R., Cercy, Kelly M., Cerin, Ester, Chalek, Julian, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Alex R., Chang, Angela Y., Chang, Jung-Chen, Chang, Kai-Lan, Charan, Jaykaran, Charlson, Fiona J., Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chin, Ken Lee, Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Michael T., Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cicuttini, Flavia M., Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cislaghi, Beniamino, Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne, Cohen, Aaron J., Collins, Emma L., Comfort, Haley, Compton, Kelly, Conti, Sara, Cooper, Owen R., Corso, Barbara, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Cousin, Ewerton, Cowden, Richard G., Cowie, Benjamin C., Cromwell, Elizabeth A., Croneberger, Andrew J., Cross, Di H., Cross, Marita, Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Cruz, Jessica A., Cummins, Steven, Cunningham, Matthew, Dahlawi, Saad M. A., Dai, Haijiang, Dai, Hancheng, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Damiani, Giovanni, D'Amico, Emanuele, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz, Dangel, William James, Danielsson, Anna-Karin, Gela, Jiregna Darega, Dargan, Paul I., Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Jai K., Das Gupta, Rajat, Das Neves, Jose, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Davey, Gail, Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davis, Adrian C., Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, Davletov, Kairat, De Leo, Diego, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Dean, Frances E., DeCleene, Nicole K., Deen, Amanda, Degenhardt, Louisa, DeLang, Marissa, Dellavalle, Robert Paul, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Demsie, Desalegn Getnet, Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar, Dereje, Nebiyu Dereje, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Desai, Rupak, Desalew, Assefa, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Deuba, Keshab, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, da Silva, Diana Dias, Diaz, Daniel, Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji, Dichgans, Martin, Didarloo, Alireza, Dingels, Zachary V., Dippenaar, Ilse N., Dirac, M. Ashworth, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Hoa Thi, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dolecek, Christiane, Dolgert, Andrew J., Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshi, Chirag P., Doshi, Pratik P., Doshmangir, Leila, Douiri, Abdel, Doxey, Matthew C., Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim Robert, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Dunachie, Susanna J., Duncan, Bruce B., Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi, Edvardsson, David, Effiong, Andem, Ehrlich, Joshua R., El Nahas, Nevine, El Sayed, Iman, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, El Tantawi, Maha, Elbarazi, Iffat, Elgendy, Islam Y., Elhabashy, Hala Rashad, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I., Elsharkawy, Aisha, Elyazar, Iqbal R. 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F., Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Emmons-Bell, Sophia, Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Eskandari, Khalil, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz, Esteghamati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Sadaf, Estep, Kara, Etemadi, Arash, Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas, Ezekannagha, Oluchi, Fanzo, Jessica, Farag, Tamer, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraj, Anwar, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Fareed, Mohammad, Faridnia, Roghiyeh, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Farioli, Andrea, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Faro, Andre, Faruque, Mithila, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Nazir, Fazaeli, Ali Akbar, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L., Feldman, Rachel, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Giannina, Ferrara, Pietro, Ferrari, Alize J., Ferreira, Manuela L., Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L., Fitzgerald, Ryan, Flohr, Carsten, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A., Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Force, Lisa M., Fornari, Carla, Foroutan, Masoud, Fox, Jack T., Francis, Joel Msafiri, Frank, Tahvi D., Franklin, Richard Charles, Freitas, Marisa, Fu, Weijia, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fukutaki, Kai, Fuller, John E., Fullman, Nancy, Furtado, Joao M., Gad, Mohamed M., Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Galles, Natalie C., Gallus, Silvano, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gardner, William M., Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebremeskel, Leake G., Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku, Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew, Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea, Geremew, Abraham, Hayoon, Anna Gershberg, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W., Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghadimi, Maryam, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghiasvand, Hesam, Ghith, Nermin, Gholamian, Asadollah, Ghosh, Rakesh, Giampaoli, Simona, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K., Gillum, Richard F., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed, Ginindza, Themba G., Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan, Giussani, Giorgia, Glagn, Mustefa, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Godinho, Myron Anthony, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goli, Srinivas, Gomez, Ricardo Santiago, Gona, Philimon N., Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goren, Emily, Gorini, Giuseppe, Gorman, Taren M., Gottlich, Harrison Chase, Goudarzi, Houman, Goudarzian, Amir Hossein, Goulart, Alessandra C., Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia, Grada, Ayman, Greaves, Felix, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Gudi, Nachiket, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena, Guimaraes, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Gultie, Teklemariam, Guo, Gaorui, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Sharan, Subodh, Gupta, Tarun, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hachinski, Vladimir, Haddock, Beatrix, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Hagins, Hailey, Haile, Lydia M., Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hall, Brian J., Halvaei, Iman, Hamadeh, Randah R., Abdullah, Kanaan Hamagharib, Hameed, Sajid, Hamidi, Samer, Hamilton, Erin B., Hammer, Melanie S., Han, Chieh, Han, Hannah, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J., Haririan, Hamidreza, Haro, Josep Maria, Harvey, James D., Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hasanpoor, Edris, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hashemian, Maryam, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Amr, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Roderick J., Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Behnam, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, Henny, Kiana, Henok, Andualem, Henrikson, Hannah J., Henry, Nathaniel J., Herbert, Molly E., Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hird, Thomas R., Ho, Hung Chak, Hoek, Hans W., Hole, Michael K., Holla, Ramesh, Hollingsworth, Bruce, Hoogar, Praveen, Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hsiao, Thomas, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-Rong, Hu, Guoqing, Hu, Kejia, Huda, Tanvir M., Hugo, Fernando N., Humayun, Ayesha, Hussain, Rabia, Huynh, Chantal K., Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iannucci, Vincent C., Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibeneme, Charles Ugochukwu, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikeda, Nayu, Ikuta, Kevin S., Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Ippolito, Helen, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, M. Mofizul, Islam, MdMohaimenul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Ivers, Rebecca Q., Iwu, Chidozie C. 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Q., Kohler, Stefan, Kolola, Tufa, Komaki, Hamidreza, Kopec, Jacek A., Korotkova, Anna V., Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotlo, Anirudh, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kraemer, Moritz U. G., Kravchenko, Michael A., Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J., Kromhout, Hans, Shaji, K. S., Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kumar, G. 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N., Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Mengesha, Meresa Berwo, Mensah, George A., Mereke, Alibek, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Milne, George J., Mini, G. K., Miri, Mohammad, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei, Roya, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Mitchell, Philip B., Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamad, Osama, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammad, Yousef, Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi, Mohammadbeigi, Abolfazl, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Ammas Siraj, Mohammed, Hussen, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Bandpei, Mohammad A. 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H., Pasovic, Maja, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Jenil R., Patel, Sangram Kishor, Paternina-Caicedo, Angel J., Pathak, Ashish, Pathak, Mona, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paudel, Deepak, Paudel, Sagun, Paulson, Katherine R., Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Pease, Spencer A., Peden, Amy E., Pennini, Alyssa, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K., Pereira, Alexandre, Pereira, David M., Pereira, Jeevan, Perico, Norberto, Pescarini, Julia Moreira, Pesudovs, Konrad, Pham, Hai Quang, Phillips, Michael R., Piccinelli, Cristiano, Pierce, Maxwell, Pigott, David M., Pilgrim, Thomas, Pilz, Tessa M., Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A., Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pishgar, Farhad, Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Polibin, Roman V., Polinder, Suzanne, Polkinghorne, Kevan R., Pond, Constance Dimity, Postma, Maarten J., Pottoo, Faheem Hyder, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Kalhori, Reza Pourmirza, Pourshams, Akram, Poznanska, Anna, Prada, Sergio I., Prakash, Sanjay, Prakash, V., Prasad, Narayan, Preotescu, Liliana, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rajati, Fatemeh, Rakovac, Ivo, Ram, Pradhum, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rana, Saleem Muhammad, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranta, Annemarei, Rao, Puja C., Rao, Sowmya J., Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rastogi, Prateek, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Rawat, Ramu, Razo, Christian, Boston, Sofia, Regassa, Lemma Demissie, Reiner, Robert C., Jr., Reinig, Nickolas, Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Nima, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P., Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Ribeiro, Daniela, Rickard, Jennifer, Rivera, Juan A., Robalik, Toshana, Roberts, Nicholas L. S., Roberts, Shaun, Robinson, Stephen R., Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia, Roever, Leonardo, Rolfe, Sam, Romoli, Michele, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostamian, Morteza, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rumisha, Susan Fred, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad, Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S., Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeedi, Reza, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Saeidi, Shahram, Safari, Yahya, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salam, Nasir, Salama, Joseph S., Salamati, Payman, Zahabi, Saleh Salehi, Salem, Hosni, Salem, Marwa R., Salimi, Yahya, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salman, Omar Mukhtar, Salomon, Joshua A., Salz, Inbal, Samad, Zainab, Kafil, Hossein Samadi, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Santomauro, Damian Francesco, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Savic, Miloje, Sawyer, Susan M., Saxena, Deepak, Saxena, Sonia, Saylan, Mete, Sbarra, Alyssa N., Schaeffer, Lauren E., Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sekerija, Mario, Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Serre, Marc L., Servan-Mori, Edson, Sha, Feng, Shabani, Mahsima, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shadid, Jamileh, Shafaat, Omid, Shahabi, Saeed, Shahbaz, Mohammad, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S., Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsi, MohammadBagher, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharafi, Zeinab, Sharara, Fablina, Sharifi, Hamid, Sharma, Rajesh, Shaw, David H., Sheena, Brittney S., Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar, Shetty, Ranjitha S., Shibuya, Kenji, Shield, Kevin David, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Il Shin, Jae, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K. M., Shrime, Mark G., Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sierpinski, Radoslaw, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Joao Pedro, Simonetti, Biagio, Simpson, Kyle E., Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Pushpendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skou, Soren T., Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Amanda, Smith, Emma U. R., Sobngwi, Eugene, Soheili, Amin, Sokhan, Anton, Soltani, Shahin, Somefun, Oluwaseyi Dolapo, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J. 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M., Zlavog, Bianca S., Zodpey, Sanjay, Lim, Stephen S., and Murray, Christopher J. L.

Abstract

In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the post

Published
2020
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42. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Lozano, Rafael, Fullman, Nancy, Mumford, John Everett, Knight, Megan, Barthelemy, Celine M., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abedi, Aidin, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R.M., Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Adabi, Maryam, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Adekanmbi, Victor, Adelson, Jaimie, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M., Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Albertson, Samuel B., Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi, Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A., Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever L., Amugsi, Dickson A., Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., Ashbaugh, Charlie, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Aynalem, Getie Lake, Ayza, Muluken Altaye, Azari, Samad, Azzopardi, Peter S., B, Darshan B., Babaee, Ebrahim, Badiye, Ashish D., Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M., Balachandran, 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Mofizul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Iwu, Chidozie C.D., Jaafari, Jalil, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Janjani, Hosna, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S., Jia, Peng, John-Akinola, Yetunde O., Jonas, Jost B., Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R., Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamath, Aruna M., Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karanikolos, Marina, Karimi, Seyed M., Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kayode, Gbenga A., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young Ho, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Amir M., Khater, Mona M., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Young Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Kneib, Cameron J., Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Kochhar, Sonali, Kohler, Stefan, Kopec, Jacek A., Korotkova, Anna V., Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotlo, Anirudh, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J., Kugbey, Nuworza, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kumar, Manasi, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Landires, Iván, Lansingh, Van Charles, Larsson, Anders O., Lasrado, Savita, Lau, Kathryn Mei Ming, Lauriola, Paolo, Lazarus, Jeffrey V., Ledesma, Jorge R., Lee, Paul H., Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leever, Andrew T., LeGrand, Kate E., Leigh, James, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Stephen S., Lim, Lee Ling, Liu, Xuefeng, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D., Lopukhov, Platon D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lu, Alton, Ma, Jianing, Madadin, Mohammed, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahmoudi, Morteza, Majeed, Azeem, Malagón-Rojas, Jeadran N., Maleki, Shokofeh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I., Mathur, Manu Raj, McAlinden, Colm, McKee, Martin, Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mekonnen, Teferi, Melese, Addisu, Memiah, Peter T.N., Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Tuomo J., Meretoja, Atte, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Mitchell, Philip B., Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosapour, Abbas, Mosser, Jonathan F., Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Muriithi, Moses K., Mustafa, Ghulam, Nabhan, Ashraf F., Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nayak, Vinod C., Nazari, Javad, Ndejjo, Rawlance, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Neupane, Subas, Ngari, Kiirithio N., Nguefack-Tsague, Georges, Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Diep Ngoc, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nnaji, Chukwudi A., Nomura, Shuhei, Norheim, Ole F., Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Otoiu, Adrian, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, Oh, In Hwan, Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Muktar Omer, Ong, Kanyin L., Onwujekwe, Obinna E., Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.V., Ortiz, Alberto, Ostojic, Sergej M., Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S., Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakhale, Smita, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha, Pathak, Mona, Patton, George C., Paudel, Sagun, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Pease, Spencer A., Peden, Amy E., Pennini, Alyssa, Peprah, Emmanuel K., Pereira, Jeevan, Pigott, David M., Pilgrim, Thomas, Pilz, Tessa M., Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A., Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Pourmirza Kalhori, Reza, Pourshams, Akram, Prada, Sergio I., Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rana, Saleem Muhammad, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J., Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Razo, Christian, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Reshmi, Bhageerathy, Rezaei, Nima, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Rickard, Jennifer, Roberts, Nicholas L.S., Roever, Leonardo, Romoli, Michele, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S., Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Safari, Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salem, Marwa R.Rashad, Salem, Hosni, Salomon, Joshua, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Savic, Miloje, Sawyer, Susan M., Saxena, Deepak, Sbarra, Alyssa N., Schaeffer, Lauren E., Schiavolin, Silvia, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sha, Feng, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharara, Fablina, Sharifi, Hamid, Shaw, David H., Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar, Shibuya, Kenji, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K. M., Shrime, Mark G., Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sierpinski, Radoslaw, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Simonetti, Biagio, Simpson, Kyle E., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Pushpendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Smith, Emma U.R., Soheili, Amin, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J.D., Soriano, Joan B., Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Caroline, Stokes, Mark A., Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Sultan, Iyad, Szumowski, Łukasz, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Degena Bahrey, Taherkhani, Amir, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tanser, Frank C., Tareque, Md Ismail, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Teagle, Whitney L., Tediosi, Fabrizio, Tefera, Yonas Getaye Getaye, Tela, Freweini Gebrearegay, 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A., Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zaidi, Syed Saoud, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhao, Xiu Ju George, Zhao, Yingxi, Zheng, Peng, Zhu, Cong, Ziapour, Arash, Zlavog, Bianca S., Zodpey, Sanjay, Murray, Christopher J.L., Lozano, Rafael, Fullman, Nancy, Mumford, John Everett, Knight, Megan, Barthelemy, Celine M., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abedi, Aidin, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R.M., Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Adabi, Maryam, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Adekanmbi, Victor, Adelson, Jaimie, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M., Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Albertson, Samuel B., Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi, Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A., Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever L., Amugsi, Dickson A., Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asaad, Malke, 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Akshaya Srikanth, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhat, Anusha Ganapati, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bilano, Ver, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bockarie, Moses John, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Rao, Boloor, Archith, Brady, Oliver J., Braithwaite, Dejana, Briant, Paul Svitil, Briggs, Andrew M., Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A., Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Causey, Kate, Cederroth, Christopher R., Cercy, Kelly M., Cerin, Ester, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Angela Y., Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Chin, Ken Lee, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Choi, Jee 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Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e.Sá, Farioli, Andrea, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Faro, Andre, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L., Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L., Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A., Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Foroutan, Masoud, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Fu, Weijia, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Furtado, João M., Gad, Mohamed M., Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Galles, Natalie C., Gallus, Silvano, Gardner, William M., Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen, Gebremeskel, Leake G., Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K., Ginindza, Themba G., Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan, Giussani, Giorgia, Glagn, Mustefa, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Godinho, Myron Anthony, Goharinezhad, Salime, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goudarzian, Amir Hossein, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Gultie, Teklemariam, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hameed, Sajid, Hamidi, Samer, Han, Chieh, Han, Hannah, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J., Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassan, Amr, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hird, Thomas R., Ho, Hung Chak, Hole, Michael K., Holla, Ramesh, Hollingsworth, Bruce, Hoogar, Praveen, Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsieh, Vivian Chia rong, Hu, Guoqing, Huda, Tanvir M., Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikeda, Nayu, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, M. Mofizul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Iwu, Chidozie C.D., Jaafari, Jalil, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Janjani, Hosna, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S., Jia, Peng, John-Akinola, Yetunde O., Jonas, Jost B., Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R., Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamath, Aruna M., Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karanikolos, Marina, Karimi, Seyed M., Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kayode, Gbenga A., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young Ho, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Amir M., Khater, Mona M., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Young Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Kneib, Cameron J., Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Kochhar, Sonali, Kohler, Stefan, Kopec, Jacek A., Korotkova, Anna V., Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotlo, Anirudh, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J., Kugbey, Nuworza, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kumar, Manasi, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Landires, Iván, Lansingh, Van Charles, Larsson, Anders O., Lasrado, Savita, Lau, Kathryn Mei Ming, Lauriola, Paolo, Lazarus, Jeffrey V., Ledesma, Jorge R., Lee, Paul H., Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leever, Andrew T., LeGrand, Kate E., Leigh, James, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Stephen S., Lim, Lee Ling, Liu, Xuefeng, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D., Lopukhov, Platon D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lu, Alton, Ma, Jianing, Madadin, Mohammed, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahmoudi, Morteza, Majeed, Azeem, Malagón-Rojas, Jeadran N., Maleki, Shokofeh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I., Mathur, Manu Raj, McAlinden, Colm, McKee, Martin, Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mekonnen, Teferi, Melese, Addisu, Memiah, Peter T.N., Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Tuomo J., Meretoja, Atte, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Mitchell, Philip B., Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosapour, Abbas, Mosser, Jonathan F., Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Muriithi, Moses K., Mustafa, Ghulam, Nabhan, Ashraf F., Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nayak, Vinod C., Nazari, Javad, Ndejjo, Rawlance, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Neupane, Subas, Ngari, Kiirithio N., Nguefack-Tsague, Georges, Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Diep Ngoc, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nnaji, Chukwudi A., Nomura, Shuhei, Norheim, Ole F., Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Otoiu, Adrian, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, Oh, In Hwan, Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Muktar Omer, Ong, Kanyin L., Onwujekwe, Obinna E., Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.V., Ortiz, Alberto, Ostojic, Sergej M., Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S., Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakhale, Smita, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha, Pathak, Mona, Patton, George C., Paudel, Sagun, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Pease, Spencer A., Peden, Amy E., Pennini, Alyssa, Peprah, Emmanuel K., Pereira, Jeevan, Pigott, David M., Pilgrim, Thomas, Pilz, Tessa M., Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A., Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Pourmirza Kalhori, Reza, Pourshams, Akram, Prada, Sergio I., Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rana, Saleem Muhammad, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J., Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Razo, Christian, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Reshmi, Bhageerathy, Rezaei, Nima, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Rickard, Jennifer, Roberts, Nicholas L.S., Roever, Leonardo, Romoli, Michele, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S., Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Safari, Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salem, Marwa R.Rashad, Salem, Hosni, Salomon, Joshua, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Savic, Miloje, Sawyer, Susan M., Saxena, Deepak, Sbarra, Alyssa N., Schaeffer, Lauren E., Schiavolin, Silvia, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sha, Feng, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharara, Fablina, Sharifi, Hamid, Shaw, David H., Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar, Shibuya, Kenji, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K. M., Shrime, Mark G., Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sierpinski, Radoslaw, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Simonetti, Biagio, Simpson, Kyle E., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Pushpendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Smith, Emma U.R., Soheili, Amin, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J.D., Soriano, Joan B., Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Caroline, Stokes, Mark A., Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Sultan, Iyad, Szumowski, Łukasz, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Degena Bahrey, Taherkhani, Amir, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tanser, Frank C., Tareque, Md Ismail, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Teagle, Whitney L., Tediosi, Fabrizio, Tefera, Yonas Getaye Getaye, Tela, Freweini Gebrearegay, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thakur, Bhaskar, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Troeger, Christopher E., Tudor Car, Lorainne, Uddin, Riaz, Ullah, Irfan, Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R., Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasseghian, Yasser, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vongpradith, Avina, Vos, Theo, Waheed, Yasir, Walters, Magdalene K., Wamai, Richard G., Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yuan Pang, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Jordan, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wilner, Lauren B., Woldu, Gebremariam, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wu, Ai Min, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xie, Yang, Xu, Rixing, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yearwood, Jamal A., Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zaidi, Syed Saoud, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhao, Xiu Ju George, Zhao, Yingxi, Zheng, Peng, Zhu, Cong, Ziapour, Arash, Zlavog, Bianca S., Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J.L.

Abstract

Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UH

Published
2020

43. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Bikbov, Boris, Purcell, Caroline A., Levey, Andrew S., Smith, Mari, Abdoli, Amir, Abebe, Molla, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Afarideh, Mohsen, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Agudelo-Botero, Marcela, Ahmadian, Elham, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alipour, Vahid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Saeed, Andrei, Tudorel, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andualem, Zewudu, Anjomshoa, Mina, Arabloo, Jalal, Ashagre, Alebachew Fasil, Asmelash, Daniel, Ataro, Zerihun, Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Badawi, Alaa, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Ballew, Shoshana H., Balouchi, Abbas, Banach, Maciej, Barquera, Simon, Basu, Sanjay, Bayih, Mulat Tirfie, Bedi, Neeraj, Bello, Aminu K., Bensenor, Isabela M., Bijani, Ali, Boloor, Archith, Borzì, Antonio M., Cámera, Luis Alberto, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Félix, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Alex R., Chin, Ken Lee, Chung, Sheng Chia, Cirillo, Massimo, Cousin, Ewerton, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daryani, Ahmad, Das Gupta, Rajat, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Desta, Desilu Mahari, Do, Huyen Phuc, Duncan, Bruce B., Eftekhari, Aziz, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fatima, Syeda Sadia, Fernandes, João C., Fernandes, Eduarda, Fischer, Florian, Freitas, Marisa, Gad, Mohamed M., Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku, Geta, Birhanu, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghith, Nermin, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hariyani, Ninuk, Hasan, Mehedi, Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Heidari, Behnam, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jafari Balalami, Nader, James, Spencer L., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jha, Vivekanand, Jonas, Jost B., Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kahsay, Amaha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Mohammad Saud, Khang, Young Ho, Kisa, Adnan, Kovesdy, Csaba P., Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G. Anil, Larsson, Anders O., Lim, Lee Ling, Lopez, Alan D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, März, Winfried, Masaka, Anthony, Meheretu, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Morales, Linda, Moreno Velasquez, Ilais, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mukhopadhyay, Satinath, Nachega, Jean B., Nadkarni, Girish N., Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Nazari, Javad, Neal, Bruce, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Olagunju, Andrew T., Ortiz, Alberto, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Palladino, Raffaele, Pathak, Mona, Poustchi, Hossein, Prakash, Swayam, Prasad, Narayan, Rafiei, Alireza, Raju, Sree Bhushan, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Reiner, Robert C., Rezapour, Aziz, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Roever, Leonardo, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad, Safari, Saeed, Sahle, Berhe Weldearegawi, Salem, Hosni, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar S., Sarveazad, Arash, Sawhney, Monika, Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharafi, Zeinab, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharifi, Amrollah, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Narinder Pal, Sisay, Malede Mequanent M., Soheili, Amin, Sutradhar, Ipsita, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tesfay, Berhe etsay, Teshome, Getnet Fetene, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Tonelli, Marcello, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran Ngoc, Candide, Ullah, Irfan, Valdez, Pascual R., Varughese, Santosh, Vos, Theo, Vu, Linh Gia, Waheed, Yasir, Werdecker, Andrea, Wolde, Haileab Fekadu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Yamada, Tomohide, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamora, Nelson, Zarghi, Afshin, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Ärnlöv, Johan, Coresh, Josef, Perico, Norberto, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Murray, Chris J.L., Bikbov, Boris, Purcell, Caroline A., Levey, Andrew S., Smith, Mari, Abdoli, Amir, Abebe, Molla, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Afarideh, Mohsen, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Agudelo-Botero, Marcela, Ahmadian, Elham, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alipour, Vahid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Saeed, Andrei, Tudorel, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andualem, Zewudu, Anjomshoa, Mina, Arabloo, Jalal, Ashagre, Alebachew Fasil, Asmelash, Daniel, Ataro, Zerihun, Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Badawi, Alaa, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Ballew, Shoshana H., Balouchi, Abbas, Banach, Maciej, Barquera, Simon, Basu, Sanjay, Bayih, Mulat Tirfie, Bedi, Neeraj, Bello, Aminu K., Bensenor, Isabela M., Bijani, Ali, Boloor, Archith, Borzì, Antonio M., Cámera, Luis Alberto, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Félix, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Alex R., Chin, Ken Lee, Chung, Sheng Chia, Cirillo, Massimo, Cousin, Ewerton, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daryani, Ahmad, Das Gupta, Rajat, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Desta, Desilu Mahari, Do, Huyen Phuc, Duncan, Bruce B., Eftekhari, Aziz, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fatima, Syeda Sadia, Fernandes, João C., Fernandes, Eduarda, Fischer, Florian, Freitas, Marisa, Gad, Mohamed M., Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku, Geta, Birhanu, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghith, Nermin, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hariyani, Ninuk, Hasan, Mehedi, Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Heidari, Behnam, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jafari Balalami, Nader, James, Spencer L., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jha, Vivekanand, Jonas, Jost B., Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kahsay, Amaha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Mohammad Saud, Khang, Young Ho, Kisa, Adnan, Kovesdy, Csaba P., Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G. Anil, Larsson, Anders O., Lim, Lee Ling, Lopez, Alan D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, März, Winfried, Masaka, Anthony, Meheretu, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Morales, Linda, Moreno Velasquez, Ilais, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mukhopadhyay, Satinath, Nachega, Jean B., Nadkarni, Girish N., Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Nazari, Javad, Neal, Bruce, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Olagunju, Andrew T., Ortiz, Alberto, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Palladino, Raffaele, Pathak, Mona, Poustchi, Hossein, Prakash, Swayam, Prasad, Narayan, Rafiei, Alireza, Raju, Sree Bhushan, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Reiner, Robert C., Rezapour, Aziz, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Roever, Leonardo, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad, Safari, Saeed, Sahle, Berhe Weldearegawi, Salem, Hosni, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar S., Sarveazad, Arash, Sawhney, Monika, Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharafi, Zeinab, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharifi, Amrollah, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Narinder Pal, Sisay, Malede Mequanent M., Soheili, Amin, Sutradhar, Ipsita, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tesfay, Berhe etsay, Teshome, Getnet Fetene, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Tonelli, Marcello, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran Ngoc, Candide, Ullah, Irfan, Valdez, Pascual R., Varughese, Santosh, Vos, Theo, Vu, Linh Gia, Waheed, Yasir, Werdecker, Andrea, Wolde, Haileab Fekadu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Yamada, Tomohide, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamora, Nelson, Zarghi, Afshin, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Ärnlöv, Johan, Coresh, Josef, Perico, Norberto, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, and Murray, Chris J.L.

Abstract

Background: Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods: The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and included incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings: Globally, in 2017, 1·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·2 to 1·3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41·5% (95% UI 35·2 to 46·5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2·8%, −1·5 to 6·3). In 2017, 697·5 million (95% UI 649·2 to 752·0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9·1% (8·5 to 9·8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29·3% (95% UI 26·4 to 32·6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1·2%, −1·1 to 3·5). CKD resulted in 35·8 million (95% UI 33·7 to 38·0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. M

Published
2020

44. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Lozano, R, Fullman, N, Mumford, J, Knight, M, Barthelemy, C, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abu Haimed, A, Abushouk, A, Adabi, M, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adelson, J, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Akinyemi, R, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Albertson, S, Alemu, Y, Alhassan, R, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Almadi, M, Almasi, A, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Almulhim, A, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, N, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amit, A, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Ashbaugh, C, Athari, S, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Aynalem, G, Ayza, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi, P, B, D, Babaee, E, Badiye, A, Bahrami, M, Baig, A, Bakhshaei, M, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, S, Balachandran, A, Balassyano, S, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Bante, A, Bante, S, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Baye, B, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bekuma, T, Bell, M, Bensenor, I, Berman, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Biondi, A, Birihane, B, Bockarie, M, Bohlouli, S, Bojia, H, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Brady, O, Braithwaite, D, Briant, P, Briggs, A, Briko, N, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cámera, L, Cárdenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Castro, F, Catalá-López, F, Causey, K, Cederroth, C, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, A, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Chin, K, Cho, D, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chung, M, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Comfort, H, Compton, K, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Cousin, E, Dahlawi, S, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darega Gela, J, Darwesh, A, Daryani, A, Dash, A, Davey, G, Dávila-Cervantes, C, Davletov, K, De Neve, J, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deribe, K, Dervenis, N, Desai, R, Dharmaratne, S, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dippenaar, I, Do, H, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Edvardsson, D, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elgendy, I, Elyazar, I, Eskandari, K, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esteghamati, A, Ezekannagha, O, Farag, T, Farahmand, M, Faraon, E, Farinha, C, Farioli, A, Faris, P, Faro, A, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Francis, J, Fu, W, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, J, Gad, M, Gaidhane, A, Gakidou, E, Galles, N, Gallus, S, Gardner, W, Geberemariyam, B, Gebrehiwot, A, Gebremeskel, L, Gebremeskel, G, Gesesew, H, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamian, A, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gill, T, Ginindza, T, Gitimoghaddam, M, Giussani, G, Glagn, M, Gnedovskaya, E, Godinho, M, Goharinezhad, S, Gopalani, S, Goudarzian, A, Goulart, B, Gubari, M, Guimarães, R, Guled, R, Gultie, T, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Haile, T, Hamadeh, R, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Han, C, Han, H, Handiso, D, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Hendrie, D, Herteliu, C, Hird, T, Ho, H, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hollingsworth, B, Hoogar, P, Hopf, K, Horita, N, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsieh, V, Hu, G, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ikeda, N, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islam, M, Islam, S, Islami, F, Iso, H, Iwu, C, Jaafari, J, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jahagirdar, D, Jahani, M, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Janjani, H, Javaheri, T, Jayatilleke, A, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Jia, P, John-Akinola, Y, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami Matin, B, Karanikolos, M, Karimi, S, Kassebaum, N, Katikireddi, S, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khammarnia, M, Khan, M, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khatab, K, Khater, A, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kivimäki, M, Kneib, C, Kocarnik, J, Kochhar, S, Kohler, S, Kopec, J, Korotkova, A, Korshunov, V, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kugbey, N, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kumar, M, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Kyu, H, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lau, K, Lauriola, P, Lazarus, J, Ledesma, J, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leever, A, Legrand, K, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Li, S, Lim, S, Lim, L, Liu, X, Logroscino, G, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lotufo, P, Lu, A, Ma, J, Madadin, M, Mahasha, P, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Malagón-Rojas, J, Maleki, S, Malta, D, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, Massenburg, B, Mastrogiacomo, C, Mathur, M, Mcalinden, C, Mckee, M, Medina-Solís, C, Meharie, B, Mehndiratta, M, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mehri, F, Mehrotra, R, Mekonnen, T, Melese, A, Memiah, P, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mitchell, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, D, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, J, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moradi, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Muriithi, M, Mustafa, G, Nabhan, A, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Naghshtabrizi, B, Naimzada, M, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Nayak, V, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Neupane, S, Ngari, K, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, D, Nguyen, H, Nnaji, C, Nomura, S, Norheim, O, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nunez-Samudio, V, Otoiu, A, Ogbo, F, Oghenetega, O, Oh, I, Okunga, E, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Oluwasanu, M, Omar Bali, A, Omer, M, Ong, K, Onwujekwe, O, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Ortiz, A, Ostojic, S, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Øverland, S, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pakhale, S, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pangaribuan, H, Pathak, M, Patton, G, Paudel, S, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pease, S, Peden, A, Pennini, A, Peprah, E, Pereira, J, Pigott, D, Pilgrim, T, Pilz, T, Pinheiro, M, Piradov, M, Pirsaheb, M, Pokhrel, K, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Pourmirza Kalhori, R, Pourshams, A, Prada, S, Pribadi, D, Pupillo, E, Quazi Syed, Z, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahman, M, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rana, S, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rasella, D, Rashedi, V, Rath, G, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Razo, C, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Reshmi, B, Rezaei, N, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Roberts, N, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rubagotti, E, Rwegerera, G, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, M, Sadeghi, E, Safari, Y, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, S, Salahshoor, M, Salem, M, Salem, H, Salomon, J, Samadi Kafil, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Savic, M, Sawyer, S, Saxena, D, Sbarra, A, Schaeffer, L, Schiavolin, S, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sharara, F, Sharifi, H, Shaw, D, Sheikh, A, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shetty, B, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, W, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, K, Shrime, M, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sierpinski, R, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, D, Silva, J, Simonetti, B, Simpson, K, Singh, J, Singh, P, Sinha, D, Skryabin, V, Smith, E, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soyiri, I, Spurlock, E, Sreeramareddy, C, Stanaway, J, Steel, N, Stein, C, Stokes, M, Sufiyan, M, Suleria, H, Sultan, I, Szumowski, Ł, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadakamadla, S, Taddele, B, Tadesse, D, Taherkhani, A, Tamiru, A, Tanser, F, Tareque, M, Tarigan, I, Teagle, W, Tediosi, F, Tefera, Y, Tela, F, Tessema, Z, Thakur, B, Titova, M, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Troeger, C, Tudor Car, L, Uddin, R, Ullah, I, Umeokonkwo, C, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Uthman, O, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vongpradith, A, Vos, T, Waheed, Y, Walters, M, Wamai, R, Wang, H, Wang, Y, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wilner, L, Woldu, G, Wolfe, C, Wu, A, Wulf Hanson, S, Xie, Y, Xu, R, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yearwood, J, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yusefzadeh, H, Zadey, S, Zahirian Moghadam, T, Zaidi, S, Zaki, L, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, M, Zewdie, K, Zhang, Y, Zhao, X, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhu, C, Ziapour, A, Zlavog, B, Zodpey, S, Murray, C, Lozano, Rafael, Fullman, Nancy, Mumford, John Everett, Knight, Megan, Barthelemy, Celine M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abedi, Aidin, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adabi, Maryam, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adelson, Jaimie, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Albertson, Samuel B, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi, Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Almulhim, Abdulaziz M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Aynalem, Getie Lake, Ayza, Muluken Altaye, Azari, Samad, Azzopardi, Peter S, B, Darshan B, Babaee, Ebrahim, Badiye, Ashish D, Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Balachandran, Arun, Balassyano, Shelly, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K, Banik, Palash Chandra, Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Bante, Simachew Animen, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Baye, Bayisa Abdissa, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye, Bell, Michelle L, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berman, Adam E, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhat, Anusha Ganapati, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bilano, Ver, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bockarie, Moses John, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Rao, Boloor, Archith, Brady, Oliver J, Braithwaite, Dejana, Briant, Paul Svitil, Briggs, Andrew M, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Causey, Kate, Cederroth, Christopher R, Cercy, Kelly M, Cerin, Ester, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Angela Y, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Chin, Ken Lee, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Michael T, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Comfort, Haley, Compton, Kelly, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Cousin, Ewerton, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Daryani, Ahmad, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Davey, Gail, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davletov, Kairat, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Dippenaar, Ilse N, Do, Hoa Thi, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshmangir, Leila, Duncan, Bruce B, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Edvardsson, David, El Sayed, Iman, El Tantawi, Maha, Elgendy, Islam Y, Elyazar, Iqbal RF, Eskandari, Khalil, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esteghamati, Alireza, Ezekannagha, Oluchi, Farag, Tamer, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Farioli, Andrea, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Faro, Andre, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Foroutan, Masoud, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Fu, Weijia, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Furtado, João M, Gad, Mohamed M, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Galles, Natalie C, Gallus, Silvano, Gardner, William M, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen, Gebremeskel, Leake G, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K, Ginindza, Themba G, Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan, Giussani, Giorgia, Glagn, Mustefa, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Godinho, Myron Anthony, Goharinezhad, Salime, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goudarzian, Amir Hossein, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Gultie, Teklemariam, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hameed, Sajid, Hamidi, Samer, Han, Chieh, Han, Hannah, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassan, Amr, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hird, Thomas R, Ho, Hung Chak, Hole, Michael K, Holla, Ramesh, Hollingsworth, Bruce, Hoogar, 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Abstract

Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC e

Published
2020

45. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Vos, Theo, Lim, Stephen S, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abbasi, Mohammad, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abrams, Elissa M, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Acebedo, Alyssa, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adabi, Maryam, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adelson, Jaimie D, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adham, Davoud, Afshari, Mahdi, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aghaali, Mohammad, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alanzi, Turki M, Albertson, Samuel B, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Alema, Niguse Meles, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Aminorroaya, Arya, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Amugsi, Dickson A, Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari, Iman, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Ariani, Filippo, Ärnlöv, Johan, Aryal, Krishna K, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Asghari, Babak, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atre, Sachin R, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Babaee, Ebrahim, Badawi, Alaa, Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balassyano, Shelly, Banach, Maciej, Banik, Palash Chandra, Bannick, Marlena S, Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barthelemy, Celine M, Barua, Lingkan, Barzegar, Akbar, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bello, Aminu K, Bender, Rose G, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennitt, Fiona B, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benziger, Catherine P, Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bertolacci, Gregory J, Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bibi, Sadia, Biehl, Molly H, Bikbov, Boris, Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bisanzio, Donal, Bisignano, Catherine, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bohluli, Mehdi, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Rao, Boloor, Archith, Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S, Borges, Guilherme, Borzì, Antonio Maria, Bourne, Rupert, Brady, Oliver J, Brauer, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Briant, Paul Svitil, Briggs, Andrew M, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Britton, Gabrielle B, Bryazka, Dana, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bumgarner, Blair R, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos, Cámera, Luis LA Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castle, Chris D, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Causey, Kate, Cederroth, Christopher R, Cercy, Kelly M, Cerin, Ester, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Alex R, Charlson, Fiona J, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chin, Ken Lee, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Michael T, Cicuttini, Flavia M, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Collins, Emma L, Compton, Kelly, Conti, Sara, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Cousin, Ewerton, Cowden, Richard G, Cowie, Benjamin C, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Cross, Di H, Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Cruz, Jessica A, Cunningham, Matthew, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Jai K, Gupta, Rajat Das, Neves, José das, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davletov, Kairat, Leo, Diego De, Dean, Frances E, DeCleene, Nicole K, Deen, Amanda, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert Paul, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demsie, Desalegn Getnet, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Dereje, Nebiyu Dereje, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Desai, Rupak, Desalew, Assefa, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Diaz, Daniel, Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji, Dingels, Zachary V, Dirac, M Ashworth, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Hoa Thi, Dokova, Klara, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshi, Chirag P, Doshmangir, Leila, Douiri, Abdel, Doxey, Matthew C, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Dunachie, Susanna J, Duncan, Bruce B, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi, Edvardsson, David, Ehrlich, Joshua R, Nahas, Nevine El, Sayed, Iman El, Tantawi, Maha El, Elbarazi, Iffat, Elgendy, Islam Y, Elhabashy, Hala Rashad, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Elyazar, Iqbal RF, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Emmons-Bell, Sophia, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Etemadi, Arash, Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraj, Anwar, Fareed, Mohammad, Faridnia, Roghiyeh, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Farioli, Andrea, Faro, Andre, Faruque, Mithila, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Nazir, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrari, Alize J, Ferreira, Manuela L, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L, Fitzgerald, Ryan, Flohr, Carsten, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Force, Lisa M, Fornari, Carla, Foroutan, Masoud, Fox, Jack T, Freitas, Marisa, Fu, Weijia, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Furtado, João M, Gad, Mohamed M, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Galles, Natalie C, Gallus, Silvano, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gardner, William M, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew, Hayoon, Anna Gershberg, Gething, Peter W, Ghadimi, Maryam, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghiasvand, Hesam, Ghith, Nermin, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan, Giussani, Giorgia, Goli, Srinivas, Gomez, Ricardo Santiago, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Gorman, Taren M, Gottlich, Harrison Chase, Goudarzi, Houman, Goulart, Alessandra C, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Grada, Ayman, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Guo, Gaorui, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haddock, Beatrix, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Hagins, Hailey, Haile, Lydia M, Hall, Brian J, Halvaei, Iman, Hamadeh, Randah R, Abdullah, Kanaan Hamagharib, Hamilton, Erin B, Han, Chieh, Han, Hannah, Hankey, Graeme J, Haro, Josep Maria, Harvey, James D, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hashemian, Maryam, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J, Hay, Roderick J, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Behnam, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, Henrikson, Hannah J, Henry, Nathaniel J, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hird, Thomas R, Hoek, Hans W, Hole, Michael K, Holla, Ramesh, Hoogar, Praveen, Hosgood, H Dean, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong, Hu, Guoqing, Huda, Tanvir M, Hugo, Fernando N, Huynh, Chantal K, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iannucci, Vincent C, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikuta, Kevin S, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Ippolito, Helen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, M Mofizul, Islam, MdMohaimenul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Ivers, Rebecca Q, Iwu, Chidozie C D, Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jafari, Hussain, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalali, Amir, Jalilian, Farzad, James, Spencer L, Janjani, Hosna, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S, Jia, Peng, John, Oommen, John-Akinola, Yetunde O, Johnson, Catherine Owens, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tamas, Joshi, Ankur, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalani, Hamed, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Matin, Behzad Karami, Karch, André, Karim, Mohd Anisul, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keddie, Suzanne H, Keller, Cathleen, Kereselidze, Maia, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khalid, Nauman, Khan, Maseer, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Mona M, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi, Khundkar, Roba, Kianipour, Neda, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Kneib, Cameron J, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kocarnik, Jonathan M, Kolola, Tufa, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael A, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Vivek, Kumaresh, Girikumar, Kurmi, Om P, Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Vecchia, Carlo La, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Jennifer O, Lami, Faris Hasan, Landires, Iván, Lang, Justin J, Lansingh, Van Charles, Larson, Samantha Leigh, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S, Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming, Lavados, Pablo M, Lazarus, Jeffrey V, Ledesma, Jorge R, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, LeGrand, Kate E, Leigh, James, Leonardi, Matilde, Lescinsky, Haley, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Lewington, Sarah, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lin, Christine, Lin, Ro-Ting, Linehan, Christine, Linn, Shai, Liu, Hung-Chun, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Zichen, Looker, Katharine J, Lopez, Alan D, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Tim C D, Lugo, Alessandra, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Jianing, MacLachlan, Jennifer H, Maddison, Emilie R, Maddison, Ralph, Madotto, Fabiana, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mai, Hue Thi, Majeed, Azeem, Maled, Venkatesh, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manafi, Amir, Manafi, Navid, Manguerra, Helena, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Herrera, Ana M Mantilla, Maravilla, Joemer C, Marks, Ashley, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Massano, João, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehta, Kala M, Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda, Memiah, Peter T N, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Mengesha, Meresa Berwo, Mereke, Alibek, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Dara K, Mohammad, Yousef, Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Momen, Natalie C, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, Mooney, Meghan D, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morales, Linda, Morawska, Lidia, Velásquez, Ilais Moreno, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Munro, Sandra B, Muriithi, Moses K, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Nair, Sanjeev, Nandi, Anita K, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nayak, Vinod C, Nazari, Javad, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Netsere, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Jason, Nguyen, Michele, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Nigatu, Dabere, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nomura, Shuhei, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Oţoiu, Adrian, Oancea, Bogdan, Odell, Christopher M, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike, Bali, Ahmed Omar, Omer, Muktar Omer, Ong, Kanyin L, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Orji, Aislyn U, Orpana, Heather M, Ortiz, Alberto, Ostroff, Samuel M, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O, A, Mahesh P, 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Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rajati, Fatemeh, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja C, Rao, Sowmya J, Rasella, Davide, Rastogi, Prateek, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Razo, Christian, Redford, Sofia Boston, Reiner, Robert C, Reinig, Nickolas, Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Nima, Rezai, Mohammad sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Ribeiro, Daniela, Rickard, Jennifer, Roberts, Nicholas L S, Roberts, Shaun, Robinson, Stephen R, Roever, Leonardo, Rolfe, Sam, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rumisha, Susan Fred, Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeidi, Shahram, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, 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Alemayehu, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Jeff T, Zhao, Yingxi, Zheng, Peng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziapour, Arash, Zimsen, Stephanie R M, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Murray, Christopher J L

Abstract

Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th a

Published
2020

46. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Murray, Christopher J L, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Zheng, Peng, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adabi, Maryam, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M, Agarwal, Gina, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alemu, Biresaw wassihun, Alhabib, Khalid F, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alonso, Jordi, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Angus, Colin, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Ariani, Filippo, Armoon, Bahram, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Assmus, Michael, Atafar, Zahra, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D, 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Abstract

Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-locat

Published
2020

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