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Background Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare cancer with possible poor survival, however no direct evidence supports this viewpoint and the independent prognostic factors are controversial. Patients with ovarian SCC and serous carcinoma (SC) who were diagnosed between 2004 and 2016 were selected using the recent released SEER database. Propensity score matching was used to balance the characteristics of the two groups. The difference of survival between patients with ovarian SCC and SC was explored using Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression analyses were performed to further identify the independent prognostic factors among patients with ovarian SCC. Results Of 15,286 patients (15,106 SC cases and 180 SCC cases), 304 were identified in the matched cohort (200 SC cases and 104 SCC cases). The overall survival and cause-specific survival for patients with SCC were significantly poorer (Plog-rank Conclusions The prognosis of ovarian SCC is worse than ovarian SC. Older age at diagnosis, advanced disease stage, larger tumor size and bilateral malignancy are the independent risk factors for poor survival.

Highlights • Metastatic SCC arising from the ovary is rare, and the optimal treatment is unknown. • Pembrolizumab successfully treated a patient with metastatic SCC. • Patients on pembrolizumab should be monitored for immune-related adverse events.

Background Malignant transformation such as ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in ovarian mature cystic teratoma (OMCT) is a rare tumor. The gene mutation of ovarian SCC remains unclear. We herein report a recurrent case of ovarian squamous cell carcinoma with MET gene copy number variation. Case presentation A 60-year-old woman presented with recurrence of ovarian SCC 8 months after primary surgery. Adhesiolysis, right abdominal wall mass excision, prosthetics, enterectomy, enterostomy and partial cystectomy were performed by laparoscope. Pathologic examination demonstrated metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in ileocecus, rectum and abdominal wall muscle. MET gene copy number was elevated with copy number of six in this case. Postoperatively, the patient was treated with four cycles of combination chemotherapy with docetaxel and carboplatin. The patient was free of disease at 20 months’ follow-up. Conclusions Optimal cytoreductive surgery combined with platinum-based chemotherapy is recommended currently for not only primary tumor but also recurrence. For patients with malignant transformation in OMCT, prompt diagnosis and individualized treatment are crucial for better prognosis. Increased copy number of MET may be correlated with her poor PFS and can be a potential therapeutic target for this case.

Introduction Squamous cell carcinomas of the rectum are extremely rare and their pathogenesis is still under debate. Their proper diagnosis and treatment may thus be challenging. Case presentation A 52-year-old Caucasian woman was transferred to our department with a history of pelvic pain. Colonoscopy revealed a small tumorous lesion of the upper rectum and an endoscopic biopsy showed infiltration of the rectal mucosa by a squamous cell carcinoma. Afterward, tumorous lesions were found on imaging in both her ovaries. A laparoscopy with adnexectomy and anal mapping was performed and revealed tumor masses of squamous cell carcinoma in both ovaries. Based on the large size of the ovarian tumors and the concurrence of extensive, partly ciliated, macrocystic epithelium in one of the ovaries, a diagnosis of ovarian squamous cell carcinoma arising from a mature teratoma was rendered. However, human papillomavirus genotyping analyses were positive for human papillomavirus-16 in both the rectal tumor and ovarian tumors leading to a final diagnosis of a human papillomavirus-associated rectal squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to both ovaries. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy of her rectum, total mesorectal excision, and hysterectomy were performed followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion Colorectal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare disease. In cases of colorectal squamous cell carcinoma, metastatic disease at any other location has to be excluded. Human papillomavirus genotyping is essential in this context. Discussion of the treatment strategies should be interdisciplinary and include chemoradiation therapy and radical surgery.

Highlights • Pure-type ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (POSCC) is extremely rare. • This is the first report of G-CSF-producing POSCC. • This case was successfully treated with primary surgery and standard chemotherapy. • A tumor with uninfected neutrophilia may be a G-CSF-producing tumor. • 18F-FDG-PET/CT and MRI may be useful for diagnosing G-CSF-producing tumors.

LncRNA CASC11 promotes gastric cancer and colon cancer. Our study analyzed the role of CASC11 in ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In the present study we showed that plasma CASC11 was upregulated in OSCC, and the upregulation of CASC11 distinguished OSCC patients from control group. Plasma levels of CASC11 were further increased after chemotherapy. Treatment with oxaliplatin, tetraplatin, cisplatin, and carboplatin mediated the upregulation of CASC11 in cells of OSCC cell line. In addition, overexpression of CASC11 led to increased cancer cell viability under oxaliplatin, tetraplatin, cisplatin, and carboplatin treatment, while CASC11 siRNA silencing played an opposite role. Therefore, overexpression of CASC11 in OSCC mediated the development of cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy.

MiR-1204 has been recently identified as an oncogenic miRNA in breast cancer. Our study aims to investigate the role of miR-1204 in ovarian squamous cell carcinoma. Expression of miR-1204 and glucose transporter 1 in ovarian biopsies and plasma of both OC patients and healthy controls was detected by qRT-PCR. Correlations between patients’ clinicopathological data were analyzed by Chi-square test. MiR-1204 overexpression OC cell lines were established. Expression of GLUT-1 protein was detected by western blot. Glucose uptake was measured by glucose uptake assay. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. We found that miR-1204 expression was significantly correlated with tumor size. Expression levels of miR-1204 and GLUT-1 were significantly high in OC patients. Expression levels of miR-1204 were positively correlated with expression levels of GLUT-1 in OC patients. MiR-1204 overexpression significantly promoted GLUT-1 expression, glucose uptake and cell proliferation. MiR-1204 may promote ovarian squamous cell carcinoma growth by increasing glucose uptake.

Rectal perforation is uncommon in ovarian cancer, even in advanced stages. Pure primary ovarian squamous cell carcinoma is a very rare subtype of ovarian cancer and has not been reported to cause rectal perforation. A 50-year-old woman presented with rectal bleeding. Rectosigmoidoscopy suggested perforation of a pelvic tumor into the rectum. Abdominopelvic magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 9 cm heterogeneous mass in the pouch of Douglas. We performed complete cytoreduction, including an en-bloc resection of the tumor and rectosigmoid colon. Histopathology showed squamous cell carcinoma of the left ovary penetrating the rectal wall. A common symptom of rectal bleeding was caused by a very rare entity of ovarian cancer penetrating the rectal wall, but thorough evaluation led to its accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Objective We sought to investigate the clinicopathologic features of ovarian squamous cell carcinomas arising from mature cystic teratomas (MCT) and to report our clinical experience and lessons learned. Methods From January 1993 to November 2012, a total of 6,260 women with ovarian MCT were surgically treated at Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center. Among them, the cases with malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma were included in this analysis. Patient demographic characteristics, surgical findings, and prognosis were evaluated retrospectively. Results Of the 6,260 ovarian MCT patients, four (0.06%) had ovarian squamous cell carcinoma arising from MCT. The mean patient age was 43 years (range, 35-51 years), and the mean tumor size was 12 cm (range, 9-16 cm), with two patients in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I and the other two in stage III. Upon preoperative imaging, all cases were expected to be benign ovarian tumors, but the preoperative squamous cell carcinoma antigen level was elevated from 1.5 ng/mL in stage Ia to 11.3 ng/mL in stage IIIc, suggesting malignancy, while the CA-125 level was normal in two of the three patients who received the test. Optimal debulking surgery was performed and adjuvant chemotherapy was used in all patients, but death from the recurrence of disease occurred in one patient, whose overall survival was 10 months. Conclusion Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma arising from MCT is extremely rare, and it is rarely diagnosed preoperatively on imaging workups. Measuring the squamous cell carcinoma antigen level might be a useful diagnostic clue, and it might also be predictive of the tumor stage. An adequate staging surgery should be included in the standard treatment, but multicenter studies are needed to confirm this.

Squamous cell cervical carcinoma that metastasized to the ovary is common in patients with bulky tumors or locally advanced disease; however, ovarian squamous cell carcinoma that metastasized after cervical conization surgery for early microinvasive uterine cervical carcinoma is very rare. We present a case of ovarian squamous cell carcinoma that metastasized 8 years after cervical conization surgery for early microinvasive cervical carcinoma. She had no sign of recurrence in the uterine cervix. We detected human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in both cervical tissue and ovarian tissue, suggesting that ovarian squamous cell carcinoma is derived from microinvasive cervical cancer. Although there are very few cases of early microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma that metastasized to the ovary with delayed recurrence, we should pay attention strictly not only to the cervical condition but also to the ovarian condition on regular post-operative follow-up.

We describe an extremely rare case of advanced pure primary ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), treated by adjuvant chemotherapy with dose-dense paclitaxel combined with carboplatin (dd-TC) plus the combination chemotherapy with irinotecan and cisplatin (CPT-P), with long-term recurrence-free survival. A 71-year-old woman complaining of lower abdominal pain was referred to our hospital and a 7-cm-diameter solid tumor was identified. She was diagnosed with a left ovarian tumor that was highly suspicious for malignancy based on ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, low-anterior colon resection, and colostomy were performed. Intra- and post-operative histopathological diagnosis revealed International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIc well-differentiated pure ovarian SCC. As adjuvant chemotherapy, 2 courses of dd-TC were administered, followed by 3 courses of CPT-P; the patient then underwent 4 additional courses of dd-TC. Both regimens were effective and there has been no recurrence or metastasis thus far in the 5 years since the operation.

Preoperative diagnosis of malignant transformation of an ovarian mature cystic teratoma to squamous cell carcinoma is difficult due to nonspecific tumor markers and imaging findings. This is an interesting case presentation that has prior imaging that demonstrates imaging characteristics of the transformation of a mature cystic teratoma to squamous cell carcinoma.

Bilateral ovarian metastasis from invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is a rare phenomenon with very few clinically significant cases described in the literature. Ovarian metastases when present are usually seen in association with bulky, advanced cervical squamous cell carcinomas with extensive involvement of the uterus. We describe a 48 year old woman with clinically normal cervix whose hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy performed for abnormal uterine bleeding, demonstrated high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma involving the deeper stroma of the uterus and bilateral ovarian metastases. Gross examination of the cervical canal and the uterine cavity did not show tumor while well circumscribed pearly white metastatic deposits were distinguished within the parenchyma of both the ovaries. Microscopy ascertained high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion with malignant cells invading the deeper cervical stroma and disseminating further as lymphovascular tumor emboli within the myometrium of the corpus uteri without involving the endometrium. Both the fallopian tubes exhibited lymphovascular tumor emboli without epithelial involvement while the parenchyma of both the ovaries showed metastatic deposits. Although an isolated case of endophytic squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with extensive lymphovascular invasion of the corpus uteri, both the fallopian tubes and bilateral ovarian deposits without involving either the endometrium or the tubal mucosa does not form a paradigm, this case brings to light the capricious behavior of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1214687069122755

Pure primary ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare lesion that usually arises from the malignant transformation of an existing ovarian dermoid cyst. The de novo occurrence of an ovarian SCC in the absence of a prior ovarian dermoid cyst, Brenner tumor or endometriosis is extremely rare. At present, no effective therapy exists for treating pure primary ovarian SCC. The present case study describes a patient that presented with progressive coughing, who was diagnosed with an International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IV pure primary ovarian SCC with lung metastases. The patient received postoperative chemotherapy, however, the patient succumbed to the disease. The current study also presents a review of the literature.

Malignant ovarian tumours comprise of a spectrum of clinicopathologic entities. Many have comparable presenting clinical features, some are associated with unique and intriguing histomorphological features. Not only does a histopathology define a tumour’s ontogeny and biology, they may also predict prognosis and help plan an adjuvant therapy. What follows is a 17th case report of an exceedingly rare primary ovarian tumour (pure, de novo), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, it is known that 2 % of mature teratomas harbour malignant component and up to 80 % will be squamous. Some pure SCCs will arise in association with a foci of endometriosis and very rarely entirely de novo [1–4]. SCC of ovary are aggressive tumours, which may be amenable to multimodality treatment. Due to conflicting evidence from literature, the best therapeutic option cannot be deciphered. Treatment needs to be tailored to patient profile.

Mature cystic teratoma (MCT) is a common benign tumor of the ovary in females. Malignant transformation in a MCT of the ovary is a rare condition and accounts for only 1%–2% cases. The most common malignancy is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which comprises about 75% of malignant transformations. We report a case of a 52-year-old postmenopausal female who presented with complaint of pain and mass per abdomen for 4 months. She underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and histopathological examination revealed primary ovarian SCC arising in a MCT. Later, she underwent chemotherapy, total hysterectomy, and omentectomy with iliac lymph node dissection.

Se presenta un caso clínico de carcinoma escamoso de ovario bilateral, derivado de un teratoma quístico maduro de ovario derecho, en paciente de 41 años, que ingresó de urgencia por dolor y aumento de volumen pélvico. Se efectuó histerectomía total más salpingooforectomía bilateral, omentectomía infracólica, apendicectomía, citología líquido peritoneal y resección parcial de tumor en fondo de saco de Douglas que comprometía el recto. Fue derivada a centro oncológico, se efectuó nueva cirugía y quimioterapia complementaria. Fallece a los 7 meses de su cirugía inicial

Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma is a rare malignancy and the occurrence is attributable to malignant transformation of an existing ovarian dermoid cyst. The de novo occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the ovary, in the absence of an antecedent ovarian dermoid, is extremely rare. A 40- years- old female presented with pain and enlargement of abdomen since last 4 months. A mass was felt over right iliac fossa. Ultrasonography showed partly cystic and solid area in mass arising from ovary. A tooth- like structure was also seen. Dermoid cyst was the diagnosis offered. Laparotomy was performed. Ovarian mass with hair, a tooth and putty-like material was present. Solid white area with thickened wall was found. Histopathology confirmed the findings of dermoid cyst and the thickened area showed squamous cell carcinoma with areas showing keratinous and giant cell reaction which was also seen at the periphery of tumor areas. Left ovary was normal and no deposits of tumor were seen. Postoperative period was uneventful.

Objective Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the ovary in humans is rare. Most cases represent a malignant transformation of ovarian teratoma, Brenner tumor, or endometriosis. The etiology of this cancer remains largely unknown. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a critical factor that induces tumor formation, particularly cervical cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association of HPV with malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma (MCT) into SCC of the ovary. Materials and methods The samples included four formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded SCC-MCT tissues and their adjacent tissues from the cervix to the ovaries, 12 cases of benign teratoma ovarian tissues (dermoid tissues), and 11 cases of benign nonteratoma ovarian tissues (nondermoid tissues). The two squamous carcinoma tissues of the cervix were used as control samples. HPV was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with anti-HPV capsid or E6 (HPV type 16/18) antibodies and in situ hybridization (ISH) with three sets of genotyping probes, HPV types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33. Results IHC revealed HPV infection associated with the four cases of SCC-MCT and the two cases of control cervical cancer samples. Importantly, HPV was also detected in adjacent reproductive tissues of the SCC-MCT cases, which suggested that the viral particles might spread in an ascending route through the fallopian tubes, endometrium, endocervix, and cervix to the ovaries. ISH revealed HPV type 16/18 in all SCC-MCT cases and HPV type 31/33 in two, with no HPV type 6/11 in any SCC-MCT cases. However, compared with the SCC-MCT cases, the lower detection rates of HPV in dermoid cysts and nondermoid tissues suggested that HPV might not be associated with normal ovarian tissues or benign ovarian teratomas. Conclusion Our data suggest that high-risk HPV infection might be a causal factor that induces malignant transformation of MCT into SCC of the ovary, although further investigation is still required.