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Border adjustment is a crucial key to mitigating emission leakage. This study uses the carbon price and border adjustments in the US power grid to analyze the impact on decarbonization and leakage mitigation of those policies. The combination is simulated based on the direct current optimal power flow (DCOPF) model and allocation constraints from the PJM study. The study uses the public health assessment tool (COBRA) to estimate the health benefits associated with emission reduction at the county level. The study finds that the border adjustments enhance the effect of the carbon price on the unregulated regions which results in mitigating the leakage. Gaining tax revenues from carbon emissions and mitigating the difference between the carbon price and non-carbon price regions. The study also shows that renewable energy in the carbon price regions affects the outcome of combining carbon price and border adjustments., 25 pages, 14 figures

Ninh Kieu District is an urban district with a rapid urbanization rate and a complex dimension. This factor has made urban flooding in this district very serious. Metro Residential Area is one of the areas currently being strongly affected by urban flooding in Ninh Kieu District. This research is conducted to apply GIS and SWMM model to assess urban flooding in Metro Residential Area. GIS is used to digitize the drainage system, while SWMM model is used to simulate urban flooding in the study area. Research results have shown the flood level, flood time, flood volume, flow velocity and frequently flooded locations in Metro Residential Area. This is an important basis for the development of solutions to reduce flooding, thereby reducing the impact of urban flooding and improving the quality of life of the residential community living in the study area.

Ninh Kieu District is located in the center of Can Tho City, established under the Government’s Decree No. 05/2004/ND-CP. This is a modern and rich district, with a history of formation and development associated with the Mekong Delta. According to statistics in 2019, Ninh Kieu District has an average population of 280,792 people, with a population density of 9,605 people/km2 and an area of 29.23 km2. In the current period, the urbanization process in Ninh Kieu District takes place at a fast and strong pace. This has made it impossible for the urban drainage system to keep up with this change, thereby creating great difficulties for the drainage management here. In order to deal with these enormous challenges, the managers in this area need to incorporate new technologies into drainage management. This paper presents the main result of building a spatial database to support drainage management for Ninh Kieu District. This is considered as a fundamental source of data for application of GIS in urban drainage research and management in Ninh Kieu District.

Rice is an important human crop and rice cultivation is threatened due to natural disasters, leading to negative effects on national and global food security. Natural disasters, such as tropical cyclones and saline intrusion, have dramatic influences in coastal regions. To investigate possible impacts of these disasters on rice cultivation, it needs an efficient tool to assess potential disaster impacts and a risk index is highly applicable. Therefore, this study aims at establishing a risk assessment of rice production in coastal areas under the effects of tropical cyclones and saline intrusion. We adopted the risk definition introduced by [1] in which risk is a function of hazard, exposure and, vulnerability. Multiple hazards of tropical cyclones and saline intrusion were indicated by their frequency and severity at some critical levels of 25%, 50% and, >50% rice yield reduction. Each hazard was weighted by its damage to rice yield. The exposure and vulnerability of rice crops are evaluated at different growing phases. The tropical cyclone hazard index was ranked high and very high in the wet season while the salinity hazard index was ranked very high in the dry season. Due to the combined effects of tropical cyclones and salinity, rice crop is highly susceptible during the reproduction phase and at the panicle initiation stage particularly. Based on the cropping calendar of My Xuyen, the period of October-November was the very high vulnerability period since it had the largest rice cultivable area and rice crops were at the reproduction phase. This result shows that rice crops are at high risk in October and November. Noticeably, saline intrusion reaches the highest level in April and May, but no risk is at this period because of no rice crop cultivated. This can reflect a measure to reduce risk by adjusting the cropping calendar.

In this dissertation, we formulate and implement p- adaptive and hp-adaptive finite element methods to solve elliptic partial differential equations. The main idea of the work is to use elements of high degrees solely (p- adaptive) or in combination with elements of small size (hp-adaptive) to better capture the behavior of the solution. In implementing the idea, we deal with different aspects of building an adaptive finite element method, such as defining basis functions, developing algorithms for adaptive meshing procedure and formulating a posteriori error estimates and error indicators. The basis functions used in this work are regular nodal basis functions and special basis functions defined for elements with one or more edges of higher degree transition elements). It is proved that with our construction of these basis functions, the finite element space is well- defined and C⁰. Several algorithms are developed for different scenarios of the adaptive meshing procedure, namely, p-refinement, p-unrefinement and hp-refinement. They all follow the 1-irregular rule and 2-neighbor rule motivated by [Bank and Sherman, 1983 - MR751598]. These rules help to limit the number of special cases and maintain the sparsity of the stiffness matrix, and thus to simplify the implementation and reduce the cost of calculation. The work of formulating a posteriori error estimates and error indicators is the core of this dissertation. Our error estimates and error indicators are based on the derivative recovery technique proposed by [Bank and Xu, 2003 - MR2034616, MR2034617] and Bank et al., 2007 - MR2346369]. Using the information in formulating the error indicators, we define a hp-refinement indicator which can be utilized to decide whether a given element should be refined in h or in p. Numerical results show that the combination of the two indicators helps automatic hp-refinement to create optimal meshes that demonstrate exponential rate of convergence. In this dissertation, we also consider hp-adaptive and domain decomposition when they are combined using the parallel adaptive meshing paradigm developed by [Bank and Holst, 2000 - MR1797889]. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the paradigm scales up to at least 256 processors (maximum size of our experiments) and with nearly 200 millions degrees of freedom

This book is a collection of papers presented at the 23rd International Conference on Domain Decomposition Methods in Science and Engineering, held on Jeju Island, Korea on July 6-10, 2015. Domain decomposition methods solve boundary value problems by splitting them into smaller boundary value problems on subdomains and iterating to coordinate the solution between adjacent subdomains. Domain decomposition methods have considerable potential for a parallelization of the finite element methods, and serve a basis for distributed, parallel computations.

This paper describes a participatory deliberative planning methodology employed in Can Tho, Vietnam to assess sanitation infrastructure options for a new peri-urban area with an expected population of 278,000 people. The study compared four options across a range of scales from centralised to decentralised treatment systems, and also included an innovative resource recovery option with urine collection and reuse in local agriculture. The study was undertaken in close collaboration with the local water utility, a local university, and several city government departments. In the sustainability assessment process key city stakeholders ranked the four options against criteria in five areas: (i) technical and risk, (ii) social and health, (iii) environmental, (iv) economic and financial, (v) city future. Stakeholders were provided with detailed information about each option, including quantitative data such as costs and energy use, and qualitative data against areas such as social acceptability. The assessment made evident the trade-offs between these five areas, and after their prioritisation, stakeholders agreed on the option that combined centralised treatment for the densely populated area to be inhabited earlier, and decentralised treatment for the remaining area. The methodology provided a robust way for stakeholders to engage in informed decision-making on this important planning issue. © IWA Publishing 2013.

© 2016 Taylor & Francis. High-rise buildings in areas with thick layers of sedimentation require deep pile foundations which lead to higher costs. The height, layout and location of high-rise buildings are crucial to reducing costs. The aim of this paper is to propose a cost estimation model for buildings, which includes pile foundation and land cost. The element method for cost control and structural theories are integrated in order to predict costs per m² of floor. Specific soil characteristics have been combined with wind and seismic loads. The result of this study is a cost estimation model that allows for the comparison of these different layouts (building height and depth). The effect of land cost and soil conditions (requiring appropriate pile foundation) on the price per m² of floor can be calculated. The model can support designers, developers and policy-makers in making decisions in the early design stages. ispartof: Architectural Engineering and Design Management vol:12 issue:3 pages:151-169 status: published

Summary Provision of urban water supplies to rapidly growing cities of South East Asia is difficult because of increasing demand for limited water supplies, periodic droughts, and depletion and contamination of surface and groundwater. In such adverse environments, effective policy and planning processes are required to secure adequate water supplies. Developing a Water Needs Index reveals key elements of the complex urban water supply by means of a participatory approach for rapid and interdisciplinary assessment. The index uses deliberative interactions with stakeholders to create opportunities for mutual understanding, confirmation of constructs and capacity building of all involved. In Can Tho City, located at the heart of the Mekong delta in Vietnam, a Water Needs Index has been developed with local stakeholders. The functional attributes of the Water Needs Index at this urban scale have been critically appraised. Systemic water issues, supply problems, health issues and inadequate, poorly functioning infrastructure requiring attention from local authorities have been identified. Entrenched social and economic inequities in access to water and sanitation, as well as polluting environmental management practices has caused widespread problems for urban populations. The framework provides a common language based on systems thinking, increased cross-sectoral communication, as well as increased recognition of problem issues; this ought to lead to improved urban water management. Importantly, the case study shows that the approach can help to overcome biases of local planners based on their limited experience (information black spots), to allow them to address problems experienced in all areas of the city.

The present paper investigated what would be the flood propagation in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), due to different projected climate change scenarios, if the 2000 flood event (the most recent highest flood in the history) was taken as a base for computation. The analysis herein was done to demonstrate the particular complexity of the flood dynamics. The future floods, on short term horizon, year 2050, were studied by considering the projected sea level rise (SLR) (+30 cm). At the same time, future flood hydrograph changes at Kratie, Cambodia were applied for the upstream boundary condition. In this study, the future flood hydrograph was separated into two scenarios in which: (i) Scenario 1 was projected in 2050 according to the adjusted regional climate model without any development in the Upper Mekong Basin; and, (ii) Scenario 2 was projected as in Scenario 1 but with the development of the Upper Mekong Basin after 2030. Analyses were done to identify the high sensitive areas in terms of flood conditions (i.e. with and without flood) according to the uncertainty of the projection of both the upstream and downstream boundary conditions. In addition, due to the rice-dominated culture in the VMD, possible impacts of flood on the rice-based farming systems were analysed.

This chapter presents the application and comparison of three land-use planning (LUP) approaches in the coastal area of the Mekong Delta (MD), Vietnam. The land use of the studied area is diverse, quickly shifting and strongly contrasting. The contrast is not only in terms of resources but also in economic profitability and environmental sustainability. We wanted to use LUP approaches representing various levels of complexity and computation intensity, from empirical and qualitative to mechanistic and quantitative. From the variety of methods available, we selected a participatory LUP (PLUP) methodology, the guidelines for LUP by FAO enhanced with multi-criteria evaluation (FAO-MCE) and the land-use planning and analysis system (LUPAS) using interactive, multiple-goal linear programming. We used the same planning goal, worked in the same study area and the same period and produced three land-use plans. We compared the credibility, which is the technical and scientific appropriateness of the approach, and the stakeholder acceptability, which is the perception of the stakeholders of its practical value. The LUPAS map was best appreciated by stakeholders, but it also was the most expensive method. When comparing land-use plans of 2003 with actual land use of 2004, the PLUP map, which is disagreed with most strongly by the scientists, agrees best with the actual land use by the farmers. In the dynamic and contrasting land-use systems of the coastal MD, PLUP seems the most suitable approach for short-term advice, but for longer-term planning a combination of methods will probably work best.