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Phytoseius plumifer (Canestrini and Fanzago) and Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) (Phytoseiidae) are generalist predatory mites important in controlling phytophagous mites on some agricultural crops. The biology of both species as potential biological control agents of the grape erineum mite, Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Eriophyidae) on grape leaf disks was studied in the laboratory at 33 ± 1 °C, 60%RH, 12:12 h L:D. The developmental time, survival, and reproductive parameters of P. plumifer and E. scutalis on C. vitis, date palm pollen as well as C. vitis plus date palm pollen were investigated. Both predators, P. plumifer and E. scutalis, thrived on the mixed diet of C. vitis and date palm pollen resulting in a shorter developmental time (6.16 and 6.69 days, respectively), higher oviposition rate (2.11 and 1.96 eggs/female/day, respectively), and higher intrinsic rate of increase (0.251 and 0.229 per female/day, respectively) than on any other diet. Date palm pollen was an adequate alternative food source for P. plumifer and E. scutalis. The results suggest that both predators have good potential to suppress C. vitis populations and that date palm pollen can support the population establishment of both predators in the absence or scarcity of the main prey in the environment. We discuss the relevance of our results for the biocontrol of C. vitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survival of the honey bee (Apis mellifera), which has a crucial role in pollination and ecosystem maintenance, is threatened by many pathogens, including parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses. The ectoparasite Varroa destructor is considered the major cause of the worldwide decline in honey bee colony health. Although several synthetic acaricides are available to control Varroa infestations, resistant mites and side effects on bees have been documented. The development of natural alternatives for mite control is therefore encouraged. The study aims at exploring the effects of cinnamon and oregano essential oils (EOs) and of a mixed fruit cocktail juice on mite infestation levels and bee colony health. A multi-method study including hive inspection, mite count, molecular detection of fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, analysis of defensin-1, hymenoptaecin and vitellogenin immune gene expression, colony density and honey production data, was conducted in a 20-hive experimental apiary. The colonies were divided into five groups: four treatment groups and one control group. The treatment groups were fed on a sugar syrup supplemented with cinnamon EO, oregano EO, a 1:1 mixture of both EOs, or a juice cocktail. An unsupplemented syrup was, instead, used to feed the control group. While V. destructor affected all the colonies throughout the study, no differences in mite infestation levels, population density and honey yield were observed between treatment and control groups. An overexpression of vitellogenin was instead found in all EO-treated groups, even though a significant difference was only found in the group treated with the 1:1 EO mixture. Viral (DWV, CBPV and BQCV), fungal (Nosema ceranae) and bacterial (Melissococcus plutonius) pathogens from both symptomatic and asymptomatic colonies were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life cycle of Varroa destructor , the ectoparasitic mite of honey bees (Apis mellifera), includes a dispersal phase, in which mites attach to adult bees for transport and feeding, and a reproductive phase, in which mites invade worker and drone brood cells just prior to pupation to reproduce while their bee hosts complete development. In this study, we wanted to determine whether increased nurse bee visitations of adjacent drone and worker brood cells would increase the likelihood of Varroa mites invading those cells. We also explored whether temporarily restricting the nurses' access to sections of worker brood for 2 or 4 h would subsequently cause higher nurse visitations, and thus, higher Varroa cell invasions. Temporarily precluding larvae from being fed by nurses subsequently led to higher Varroa infestation of those sections in some colonies, but this pattern was not consistent across colonies. Therefore, removing highly infested sections of capped worker brood could be further explored as a potential mechanical/cultural method for mite control. Our results provide more information on how nurse visitations affect the patterns of larval cell invasion by Varroa. Given that the mite's successful reproduction depends on the nurses' ability to visit and feed developing brood, more studies are needed to understand the patterns of Varroa mite invasion of drone and worker cells to better combat this pervasive honey bee parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varroa destructor Oud (Acari: Varroidae) is a harmful ectoparasite of Apis mellifera L. honey bees causing widespread colony losses in Europe and North America. To control populations of these mites, beekeepers have an arsenal of different treatments, including both chemical and nonchemical options. However, nonchemical treatments can be labor intensive, and Varroa has gained resistance to some conventional pesticides, and the use of other chemical treatments is restricted temporally (e.g. cannot be applied during periods of honey production). Thus, beekeepers require additional treatment options for controlling mite populations. The compound 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene (3c { 3,6 }) is a diether previously shown to be a strong feeding deterrent against Lepidopteran larvae and a repellent against mosquitoes and showed promise as a novel acaricide from laboratory and early field trials. Here we test the effect of the compound, applied at 8 g/brood box on wooden release devices, on honey bees and Varroa in field honey bee colonies located in Maryland, USA, and using a thymol-based commercial product as a positive control. 3c { 3,6 } had minimal effect on honey bee colonies, but more tests are needed to determine whether it affected egg production by queens. Against Varroa 3c { 3,6 } had an estimated efficacy of 78.5%, while the positive control thymol product showed an efficacy of 91.3%. 3c { 3,6 } is still in the development stage, and the dose or application method needs to be revisited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mites are highly prevalent arthropods that infest diverse ecological niches globally. Approximately 55,000 species of mites have been identified but many more are yet to be discovered. Of the ones we do know about, most go unnoticed by humans and animals. However, there are several species from the Acariformes superorder that exert a significant impact on global human health. House dust mites are a major source of inhaled allergens, affecting 10–20% of the world's population; storage mites also cause a significant allergy in susceptible individuals; chiggers are the sole vectors for the bacterium that causes scrub typhus; Demodex mites are part of the normal microfauna of humans and their pets, but under certain conditions populations grow out of control and affect the integrity of the integumentary system; and scabies mites cause one of the most common dermatological diseases worldwide. On the other hand, recent genome sequences of mites provide novel tools for mite control and the development of new biomaterial with applications in biomedicine. Despite the palpable disease burden, mites remain understudied in parasitological research. By better understanding mite biology and disease processes, researchers can identify new ways to diagnose, manage, and prevent common mite-induced afflictions. This knowledge can lead to improved clinical outcomes and reduced disease burden from these remarkably widespread yet understudied creatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of the Varroa destructor mite requires the use of acaricide treatments for honeybee colonies. Amitraz is one of the most common acaricide-active ingredients used by beekeepers. Certain Varroa mite populations have developed resistance to amitraz, thereby leading to a loss in the efficacy of amitraz-based treatments. Two products, Apivar and Supatraz, were applied in the same apiary in France to evaluate their efficacy. Both treatments are amitraz-based but have different galenics. Thanks to field data, a dynamic model was used to simulate the actions of Apivar and Supatraz on the mite population. We considered two parameters to compare the products as follows: the daily mortality rate and the treatment duration. In the field, the percentage of the efficacy of the two products was not significantly different, but Supatraz kills mites faster and decreases 90% of the mite infestation in 28.4 days compared with 50.9 days when using Apivar. Through modeling, we showed the daily impact of the two different products on mite population. Supatraz has a higher daily mortality rate during the first two weeks than Apivar. Supatraz requires a lower efficacy (% of varroa mites killed during all the treatment) to stabilize the varroa mite population due to its faster release of active ingredients than Apivar, thereby needing a shorter period to achieve the same result. Depending on the model, Supatraz conserves effective efficacy when used against moderately resistant mites (with mite mortality being 40–70% at the LC90) but not against highly resistant mites (with mite mortality being <40% at the LC90). These results show that the comparison of the efficacy of the two products with different characteristics (duration of treatment and daily mortality rate) should be analyzed with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the most important agricultural pests worldwide, with chemical application being the primary control method. However, frequent heavy use or misuse of insecticides has accelerated the development of varying degrees of resistance in T. urticae. This makes the chemical control of this mite more challenging. Biocontrol methods have attracted much attention due to their safety and environment-friendly impact. Based on previous observations that the population of T. urticae was infected by unknown pathogenic fungi, we isolated, identified, and evaluated the pathogenicity of the fungi from infected mites. Through available morphological and molecular identification, the fungus was identified as Pseudozyma flocculosa. The virulence activity of the strain was evaluated at different concentrations of spore suspension (106–109 conidia/mL) using a spraying method. The strain showed pathogenic activity against the T. urticae in adult females that varied with different concentrations and temperatures. Meanwhile, the P. flocculosa also had a significant toxic effect on the developmental stages of T. urticae. In the laboratory bioassay, the mortality rate of the tested mites reached 100% at 9 d after P. flocculosa treatment. Additionally, a wettable powder processed with P. flocculosa conidia was applied on the T. urticae in the greenhouse and the control efficacy reached up to 90% at 7 d after treatment. The results showed a high insecticidal activity of P. flocculosa against T. urticae, indicating that this fungus possesses great potential for use as a bio-insecticidal agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of the study was to evaluate the viral load in honey bee colonies after adopting two brood interruption techniques that are used to control varroa mite. We evaluated the efficacy of two integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, "Queen Caging" (QC) and "Trapping Comb" (TC) procedures, in conjunction with an oxalic acid treatment, to control varroa infestations and consequently lower the viral loads of Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) and Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV). Two distinct apiaries in Slovenia and Italy, each with a different climate, served as the research sites. In the experiment, the adult bee viral load, mite fall, colony strength, and acaricide efficiency were assessed. The study indicated that the TC approach might be more successful in lowering viral loads. Our results also showed that the acaricidal efficacy of the applied IPM protocols is high. Our study is the first attempt to assess viral infections in honey bees after IPM adoption. The results show the potential advantages of using targeted varroa treatments in combination with brood interruption strategies to manage honey bee viruses vectored by varroa mite. Honey bee viruses in combination with varroa mite are very damaging for honey bee colonies worldwide. There are no effective methods to control the viral load in honey bee colonies except regular and effective control of mites. Integrated Pest Management strategies are required to effectively control mites with veterinary medicines based on organic compounds. We evaluated the effect of two brood interruption techniques, queen caging (QC) and trapping comb (TC), followed by an oxalic acid treatment, on the mite fall, colony strength, and viral load of Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) and Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV). In this paper, we report the data obtained in two experimental sites, in Slovenia and Italy, in terms of the varroacide efficacy, colony strength, and viral load. The number of adult bees after the adoption of the two techniques showed similar decreasing trends in both locations. The viral load of Acute Bee Paralysis Virus did not show any significant reduction after 25 days, reported as the number of Real-Time PCR cycles needed to detect the virus. The viral load of DWV also did not show a significant reduction after 25 days. The acaricidal efficacy of the applied protocols was high in both experimental groups and in both apiaries. Both the queen caging and trapping comb techniques, followed by an oxalic acid treatment, can be considered effective varroa treatment strategies, but further studies should be carried out to evaluate the long-term effects on viral loads to plan the Integrated Pest Management strategy with the right timing before wintering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyetpyrafen is a compound that lacks inherent uptake and systemic translocation activity. If mites do not come into direct contact with the pesticide solution on leaves, the efficacy cannot be achieved. Controlling the particle size can potentially play a crucial role in the manifestation of efficacy. In this study, high-throughput formulation technology was used to systematically screen a large number of adjuvants to obtain cyetpyrafen formulations. The particle size of the active ingredient in the formulation was measured. By examining the dynamic light scattering and contact angle, we simulated the actual process of the efficacy transmission of cyetpyrafen formulations against Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Our results showed that the activity of cyetpyrafen increases as the particle size decreases, suggesting that reducing the particle size can enhance the coverage and deposition on crop leaves, and further improve the dispersion efficiency and enhance spreading capabilities. Furthermore, controlling the particle size at 160 nm resulted in an LC50 value of 0.2026, which is approximately double than that of the commercial product. As a novel pesticide for mites, our study presents the most effective cyetpyrafen formulation in practice. Our findings provide valuable insights into controlling other mite species that pose a threat to agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mites have been a persistent infectious disease affecting both humans and animals since ancient times. In veterinary clinics, the primary approach for treating and managing mite infestations has long been the use of chemical acaricides. However, the widespread use of these chemicals has resulted in significant problems, including drug resistance, drug residues, and environmental pollution, limiting their effectiveness. To address these challenges, researchers have shifted their focus towards natural products that have shown promise both in the laboratory and real-world settings against mite infestations. Natural products have a wide variety of chemical structures and biological activities, including acaricidal properties. This article offers a comprehensive review of the acaricidal capabilities and mechanisms of action of natural products like plant extracts, natural compounds, algae, and microbial metabolites against common animal mites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication is designed to provide information on managing spider mites on hops grown in Florida to hops growers, UF/IFAS Extension agents, and other crop protection professionals. Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) (Cannabinaceae), a new crop for Florida, has been studied at the UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (GCREC) since 2016. A fall and spring crop have been cultivated each year, providing opportunity to observe pests and evaluate pest management strategies over several seasons. Spider mites (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) have been a consistent pest of hops at GCREC each season. Information on chemical and biological control is provided.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods is the property of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Beekeepers can use a variety of treatments against Varroa destructor, the parasitic mite of Apis mellifera. However, sustainable and easy-to-use solutions are still scarce, considering the complexity of reaching the parasite alone. Current treatments involve soft acaricides, although their mechanism of action is not well understood. We investigated the effects of organic acids such as tartaric, lactic, formic, and citric acids on the attachment abilities of V. destructor under laboratory conditions. Preventing parasites from gripping or holding on to their hosts is a crucial target for mite control strategies. We challenged grip skills through the Rotavar setup after the direct application of acids to mites' arolia. We also tested the potential for mites to fall off honeybees after bee treatment. We found that tartaric, citric, and lactic acids were good candidates to impair the attachment of V. destructor twenty-four hours post-treatment. However, lactic acid remained the only candidate at a reasonable concentration to destabilise mites after the honey bee's treatment without reducing their lifespan. While we conducted these experiments under artificial conditions, our results improved our comprehension of the organic acids' potential impact on V. destructor. They can also help with the development of new methods for hive application for beekeepers worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, has a broad host plant range and presents an extreme capacity for developing pesticide resistance, becoming a major economic pest in agriculture. Anticholinesterase insecticides still account for a big part of global insecticide sales. However, there is a growing concern about the serious resistance problems of anticholinesterase insecticides and their nontarget toxicity. In this study, structure-based virtual screening was performed to discover selective AChE inhibitors from the ChemBridge database, and 39 potential species-specific AChE inhibitor were obtained targeting T. urticae AChE, but not human AChE. Among them, compound No. 8 inhibited AChE from T. urticae , but not from human, and had an inhibitory activity comparable to that of eserine. Compound No. 8 had dose-dependent toxicity to T. urticae in glass slide-dipping assay and had significant mite control effects in a pot experiment, but required a high concentration to achieve similar control effects to spirodiclofen. The toxicity evaluation suggested that compound No. 8 had no acute toxicity on pollinator honey bees and natural predator N. californicus and did not affect strawberry growth in our assay. Compound No. 8 is a potential lead compound for developing novel acaricides with reduced nontarget toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetranychus urticae is a worldwide common pest for many vegetable species in greenhouses and open fields. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of two acaricide mixtures: Highpoint® 10% EC (abamectine + hexythiazox) and Ignar® 20% SC (abamectine + spirodiclofen), as well as a single active ingredient, Envidor® 24% SC (spirodiclofen), against the two-spotted spider mite in greenhouse and lab experiments. In the greenhouse experiment, both Ignar® and Highpoint® outperformed Envidor® acaricide against the adult and immature stages through the first 3 days in both experimental seasons. After 24 hours, Ignar® and Highpoint® achieved the highest efficacy with percent of reduction 95.00 and 94.86 in the 1st season and 97.84 and 95.76% in the 2 nd season, respectively. Meanwhile, Envidor® gave lower reduction percentages of 84.93 and 83.88%, respectively. Regarding the immature stage, Ignar®, Highpoint®, and Envidor® achieved reductions of 95.63%, 94.26%, and 83.31% after 24 hours for the first season and 94.09, 95.79, and 80.57% in the second season, respectively. The residual efficacy gradually decreased to reach 62.22 and 59.72% for Ignar® and 58.31 and 59.31% for Highpoint® in both seasons. On the other hand, the initial kill for all acaricides against the egg stage was low after 24 hours. However, after 3 days, Ignar® and Highpoint® showed a sharp increase in efficacy, with a reduction percent (81.24 and 51.60% in the 1st season) and (73.83 and 81.86% in the 2nd season), respectively. Envidor® showed high efficacy only at the 7th day, with varying efficacy during the inspection periods. Laboratory bioassay tests revealed that Ignar® was the most toxic acaricide against T. urticae adults and immatures, with a 100% toxicity index. Highpoint® had a moderate toxicity index against adult and immature stages, while Envidor® was less effective. Ignar® and Highpoint® were the most toxic compounds against eggs. Abamectin mixtures are the most toxic compounds. Highpoint® and Ignar®, were considered to have the best efficacy on all developmental stages of the two-spotted spider mite. Due to the extensive use of abamectin to eliminate mites and numerous sucking insects, it is better to avoid its repeated use alone or in the same mixtures to control mites for more than one or two applications in the season. The data may suggest that the appropriate acaricide for integrated pest management (IPM) for all stages of T. urticae could be Ignar® and Highpoint®. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Honey bee colony management is critical to mitigating the negative effects of biotic and abiotic stressors. However, there is significant variation in the practices implemented by beekeepers, which results in varying management systems. This longitudinal study incorporated a systems approach to experimentally test the role of three representative beekeeping management systems (conventional, organic, and chemical-free) on the health and productivity of stationary honey-producing colonies over 3 years. We found that the survival rates for colonies in the conventional and organic management systems were equivalent, but around 2.8 times greater than the survival under chemical-free management. Honey production was also similar, with 102% and 119% more honey produced in conventional and organic management systems, respectively, than in the chemical-free management system. We also report significant differences in biomarkers of health including pathogen levels (DWV, IAPV, Vairimorpha apis, Vairimorpha ceranae) and gene expression (def-1, hym, nkd, vg). Our results experimentally demonstrate that beekeeping management practices are key drivers of survival and productivity of managed honey bee colonies. More importantly, we found that the organic management system—which uses organic-approved chemicals for mite control—supports healthy and productive colonies, and can be incorporated as a sustainable approach for stationary honey-producing beekeeping operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All agricultural workers must know the main pest that affect their crops to prevent their attacks or take appropriate action as soon as they appear. The objective of this work was to know the perception of the agricultural workers of the "La Rosita" farm on the incidence of pest mites and their control. For this, a semi-structured survey was applied. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel© 2016 electronics spreadsheets and were analyzed through descriptive statistics, determining the frequencies of appearance of the responses. It was found that 80 % of those surveyed are aware of pest mites, with a higher presence of Polyphagotersonemos latus and Tetranychus tumidus in peppers, tomatoes and beans, although between 10 and 20 % found these pests in cabbage, corn and onion that shows little knowledge in relation to its identification. The 80 % of agricultural workers choose chemicals using sulfur, dicofol and Mitigan CE 18.5 more frequently. The 20 % of agricultural workers are aware of some plant extracts that are used and 100 % are unaware of the biological controls that can be used, including predatory mites. This infers that this topic constitutes one of the main training needs for agricultural workers on the farm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Persea mite, Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker & Abbatiello (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an economically important foliar pest of avocados in Spain. The effects of this mite on the foliar damage, production losses and economic impact were assessed in two avocado, cv. Hass, orchards located in the main growing areas of Spain (Northern Tenerife and Málaga) for 3 and 5 consecutive years, respectively. The economic injury level (EIL) for the optimization of the use of acaricides to control this mite was also established, considering three spraying strategies: (i) mite-free treatment (<50 mites per leaf), (ii) conventional treatment (50–150 mites per leaf), and (iii) control treatment (the absence of spraying). Persea mite populations were sampled fortnightly and foliar damage was estimated. At the end of each season, fruits were harvested, weighed and production losses were quantified. The cumulate mite-days (CMDs) had a significant effect on the percentage of leaf area damaged (PLAD) and yield reduction. High numbers of the Persea mite caused extensive damage to leaves, so a loss in tree yield was evident. However, for the middle population level, there was no evidence of yield losses. The quantitative EIL was estimated at a PLAD of 17%, equivalent to a CMDs of 178 mites per leaf, which is the amount of damage that should not be exceeded. In Northern Tenerife, with a mild climate, the Persea mite can reach significant populations that are maintained throughout the months. In avocado orchards in Málaga, the summer is hotter and drier, so the presence of the mite exists for a shorter duration in the seasons, with less damage to the leaves. In Tenerife, yield loss can be compensated by chemical treatments that permit pest control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Panonychus ulmi is a pest of several agriculturally important crops, including apples. If populations are not controlled, it can cause severe foliar damage in apple that results in lower return bloom and yield loss in following year. Biological mite control of this pest can be achieved in eastern United States apple orchards if growers conserve several species of predatory mites through proper selection and timing of insecticide applications for the main pests such as codling moth which directly damage the fruit. When apple growers occasionally loose biological mite control, they need to rely on effective miticides that also conserve these predatory mite species to maintain sustainable pest mite control. Efficiency of different pesticide chemicals used for the P. ulmi management and their non-target effects on predatory mites conserved for biological mite control in apple orchards are discussed. Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), commonly known as European red mite, is a polyphagous pest of various tree and small fruit crops, including apples. A field study was conducted to evaluate different pesticide options available for the management of P. ulmi, and their impact on the population of non-target predatory mite species complex consisting of Neoseiulus fallacis, Typhlodromus pyri, and Zetzellia mali in apple orchards. Pesticides were applied using a commercial airblast sprayer at the 3–5 mite/leaf recommended economic Integrated Pest Management (IPM) threshold or prophylactically in the spring ignoring IPM practices such as monitoring, reliance on biological control and economic thresholds. Effects on the motile and egg stages of P. ulmi were evaluated as were effects on the populations of predatory mites through frequent leaf counts during the season. We also recorded the subsequent overwintering eggs of P. ulmi from each pesticide treatment. The two prophylactic treatments containing a mixture of zeta-cypermethrin + avermectin B1 + 1% horticultural oil and abamectin + 1% horticultural oil provided effective control of P. ulmi population throughout the season without reducing predatory mite populations. In contrast, eight treatments applied at the recommended economic threshold of 3–5 mites/leaf were not effective in suppressing P. ulmi populations and most reduced predatory mites. Etoxazole had significantly higher number of overwintering P. ulmi eggs compared to all other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global spread of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor instigated a substantial decline in both managed and feral honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies mainly across the Northern hemisphere. In response, many beekeepers began to treat their colonies with chemical acaricides to control mite populations in managed colonies. However, some countries or beekeepers allowed their bees to develop mite-resistance by adopting a "treatment-free" approach, rather than using selective breeding programs. Yet, the distribution and proportion of beekeepers either treating or not within the United Kingdom (UK) is unknown, as it is in most Northern hemisphere countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a beekeeper survey to determine the current treatment strategies within the UK. We gathered 2,872 beekeeper responses from an estimated 30,000 UK beekeepers belonging to 242 bee-associations in the winter of 2020/21. The survey indicated that the majority (72–79%) of UK beekeepers are still treating their bees for Varroa, typically twice-yearly using chemical-based methods. Six percent or 1,800 UK beekeepers were treatment-free for six years or more. This is reflected by our finding that 78 associations out of 242 consist of responders who entirely treated, while only four associations had more than 75% of their members that were non-treating. Overall treatment status was not affected by association currently. Using the baseline data from this survey it will be possible in the future to observer if a shift towards treatment-free beekeeping occurs or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermanyssus gallinae, a parasitic mite that subsists on the avian blood of chickens, poses a considerable threat to the poultry industry. D. gallinae infestation can result in a plethora of detrimental effects for the host birds, including decreased egg production and anemia. Pyrethroid pesticides have been the primary means of combating this issue and have demonstrated high levels of efficacy. However, in recent years, D. gallinae has exhibited resistance to these chemicals, resulting in a marked decrease in their mortality; thus, an integrated control strategy in addition to the chemical use should be required for the sustainable control of this mite. This study confirms that D. gallinae can be effectively controlled through the utilization of high-voltage impulse discharges and that various electrical parameters possess optimal values that are required for mite control. The alterations in the body surface of the mite caused by high-voltage impulses were akin to those caused by heat, but no alteration in the elemental composition of the body surface was observed, suggesting a change in organization caused by currents flowing inside the exoskeleton. Comparatively, the mite control efficacy of high-voltage impulse was found to be substantially superior to that of ultraviolet light or ozone, with up to 95% more mites being killed in as little as 30 seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous lab and field studies have reported the potential of soil predatory mites for the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes and arthropods pests. Most of these studies have utilized biocontrol agents in augmentative releases, essentially controlling the pest with the released predators. While this may be a valid approach, we hypothesize that conservation of soil mite predators with available, suitable, and accessible free-living nematodes as prey, will provide better agricultural ecosystem performance and long-range sustainability. In this manuscript, we review the relevant studies on soil predatory mite–nematode interactions and highlight their potential for conservation biological control of soil-borne pests. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of implementing environmentally sound soil management practices for the sustainability and conservation of functional soil food webs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) is an ectoparasite that affects the health, generates stress in the population, and decreases the growth rate of laying hens. Therefore, lowers the quality of the eggs. Knowledge gap: the control of D. gallinae is done with synthetic contact acaricides, but this parasite has generated resistance to them. That situation requires the development of studies to find novel and environmentally friendly alternatives to heal the hens. That is why essential oils have been proposed as an alternative, considering they have acaricidal activity depending on the composition of the oil, which is affected by genetic and environmental factors. Purpose: the objective of this research was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil of T. vulgaris against D. gallinae of egg laying birds in Tinjaca (Boyacá - Colombia). Methodology: the essential oil of T. vulgaris, in concentrations of 0,05, 0,1, 0,15, 0,20 and 0,25 mg/cm², was evaluated through contact bioassays in laboratory conditions. Results and conclusions: 100% mortality of D. gallinae was obtained with the essential oil of T. vulgaris in concentrations of 0,05 and 0,25 mg/cm, at 35 minutes of contact. The lethal concentration [LC50] was 0,073 mg/cm and the lethal time [LT50] was 13 minutes. That proves that thyme essential oil can be an alternative for the control of the red mite in birds of poultry farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The tomato russet mite (TRM), Aculops lycopersici (Eriophyidae), causes severe damage to tomato plants Lycopersicon esculentum, which results in a wilted, russetted appearance with desiccated leaves. This study focused on the search for a suitable biological control agent against TRM, as an alternative to commonly used sulfur or chemicals. The efficacy of several potential predatory mite species was assessed. Pronematus ubiquitus proved successful in preventing the development of TRM and damage symptoms. The potential of iolinid predatory mites for the biological control of eriophyids is discussed. Our search for a suitable biological agent to control the tomato russet mite (TRM), Aculops lycopersici, was initiated in 2013. Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius andersoni, and Neoseiulus fallacis showed a promising pest reduction potential in a curative control strategy. Although these beneficials had a low survival on tomato and were not able to eradicate the pest, plants did not present typical TRM damage. However, their inability to establish in the tomato crop means that their commercial use would require repeated introductions, making their use too expensive for growers. Other predatory mites in the survey, such as the iolinids Homeopronematus anconai and Pronematus ubiquitus, showed the potential for a preventative strategy as they can establish and reach high densities on tomato with weekly or biweekly provision of Typha angustifolia pollen as a food source. When the tomato crop was adequately colonized by either iolinid, the development of TRM and any damage symptoms could be successfully prevented. The potential of iolinid predatory mites for biological control of eriophyids is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BEEHAVE model simulates the population dynamics and foraging activity of a single honey bee colony (Apis mellifera) in great detail. Although it still makes numerous simplifying assumptions, it appears to capture a wide range of empirical observations. It could, therefore, in principle, also be used as a tool in beekeeper education, as it allows the implementation and comparison of different management options. Here, we focus on treatments aimed at controlling the mite Varroa destructor. However, since BEEHAVE was developed in the UK, mite treatment includes the use of a synthetic acaricide, which is not part of Good Beekeeping Practice in Germany. A practice that consists of drone brood removal from April to June, treatment with formic acid in August/September, and treatment with oxalic acid in November/December. We implemented these measures, focusing on the timing, frequency, and spacing between drone brood removals. The effect of drone brood removal and acid treatment, individually or in combination, on a mite‐infested colony was examined. We quantify the efficacy of Varroa mite control as the reduction of mites in treated bee colonies compared to untreated bee colonies. We found that drone brood removal was very effective, reducing mites by 90% at the end of the first simulation year after the introduction of mites. This value was significantly higher than the 50–67% reduction expected by bee experts and confirmed by empirical studies. However, literature reports varying percent reductions in mite numbers from 10 to 85% after drone brood removal. The discrepancy between model results, empirical data, and expert estimates indicate that these three sources should be reviewed and refined, as all are based on simplifying assumptions. These results and the adaptation of BEEHAVE to the Good Beekeeping Practice are a decisive step forward for the future use of BEEHAVE in beekeeper education in Germany and anywhere where organic acids and drone brood removal are utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emaravirus (Order Bunyavirales; Family Fimoviridae) is a genus comprising over 20 emerging plant viruses with a worldwide distribution and economic impact. Emaraviruses infect a variety of host plants and have especially become prevalent in important long-living woody plants. These viruses are enveloped, with a segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome and are transmitted by eriophyid mites or mechanical transmission. Emaraviruses have four core genome segments encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a glycoprotein precursor, a nucleocapsid protein, and a movement protein. They also have additional genome segments, whose number varies widely. We report here that the proteins encoded by these segments form three main homology groups: a homolog of the sadwavirus Glu2 Pro glutamic protease; a protein involved in pathogenicity, which we named "ABC"; and a protein of unknown function, which we named "P55". The distribution of these proteins parallels the emaravirus phylogeny and suggests, with other analyses, that emaraviruses should be split into at least two genera. Reliable diagnosis systems are urgently needed to detect emaraviruses, assess their economic and ecological importance, and take appropriate measures to prevent their spread (such as routine testing, hygiene measures, and control of mite vectors). Additional research needs include understanding the function of emaravirus proteins, breeding resistant plants, and clarifying transmission modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch L. (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a plant pest that can lead to severe economic losses in open field cucumber cultivation. Between 2017 and 2019 we studied the abundance of spider mites in the soil to estimate the potential infestation pressure of soil colonizing spider mites. The spider mites were heterogeneously distributed in small concentrations in the soil. Soil colonizing spider mites did not affect spider mite abundance on plants and reversed. We observed that spider mite migration occurred primarily from the edge of the field adjacent to the weed strip. In 2020 and 2021, we investigated the efficacy of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) for suppressing spider mite hotspots in the cropland. We compared untreated spider mite hotspots with N. californicus treated hotspots and showed that a single release of predatory mites could result in a high level of control when spider mite infestation density was initially high. With this study, soil can be ruled out as a habitat for spider mites, and attention to spider mite pest control can be directed to plant infestations. The highly sensitive HRM real-time PCR assay was used for the quantification of the spider mites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the relationship between feather mites and their hosts taking into account host ecology I examined relationships among feather mite load, and sex, age, wing length and body‐condition in the white wagtail Motacilla alba lugens. I captured 288 wagtails in January (the first period) 2002 at a communal roost in Osaka, central Japan. All the wagtails were ringed individually, aged as yearlings (first‐winter) or adults (older) and sexed. I measured wing length, tarsus length and body mass, calculated a body condition index (BCI) and determined the feather mite loads (FML) of each individual by visual examination of the flight feathers of one wing, giving a score using the range 0–5. I recaptured 121 wagtails after an average of 45 days (the second period), and redetermined their FML. FML was not correlated with wing length or body‐condition. Yearlings had higher FML than adults in both periods. Males had greater FML than females in the second period. No significant differences in FML between the first and second periods were detected among yearling females, or adult males, but adult females had significantly lower FML and yearling males had significantly higher FML than the other age–sex classes in the second period. The sexual difference was caused by the lower FML of adult females and the higher FML of yearling males. The BCI of yearling males was the lowest among the four combinations of sex and age‐class. I conclude that wagtails may be able to prevent overpopulation of feather mites on their own plumage. The ability to control mite populations may be related to the condition of the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four predatory mites including Amblyseius swirskii, Cydnoseius negevi, Neoseiulus cucumeris, and Phytoseiulus persimilis, as well as mixture of commercial pesticides named Actara® and Egyxide® (Emulsified vegetable oil) were used to manage the population of Bemisia tabaci, Thrips tabaci, and Tetranychus urticae on red delta star pepper cultivar of Capsicum annuum. All treatments were applied separately and in combination on pepper cultivar grown in a high plastic-net tunnel. The results showed that A. swirskii released separately or combined with other treatments significantly suppressed the population of B. tabaci and T. tabaci to 0.00 and 0.04-2.10 individual/leaf, respectively. Cydnoseius negevi and N. cucumeris significantly reduced B. tabaci population. However, the latter was the most effective against T. tabaci. The numerical densities of movable and egg stages of T. urticae reduced significantly by P. persimilis alone or along with A. swirskii, followed by the release of A. swirskii with N. cucumeris and reached 0.00 individual/leaf. The most effective treatments for T. tabaci with percent reduction ranging from 94.53% to 100% were A. swirskii, N. cucumeris, and all combined treatments. Treatments with pesticides, C. negevi, and A. swirskii + pesticides exhibited less efficiency in controlling B. tabaci, T. tabaci, and T. urticae, respectively. Our findings indicated that the applied bio-agents were efficient, and the inclusion of A. swirskii in programs of integrated pest management is advisable for controlling B. tabaci, T. tabaci, and T. urticae on the pepper cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the Acari, eriophyoid mites are considered important pests as they produce various damage symptoms while feeding on plants. During the general surveys for eriophyoid mites of Mongalbari, Malda, West Bengal, India, one new species, Colomerus terminaliae sp. nov. of the family Eriophyidae was found along the rolling of leaf margin of Terminalia crenulata (Heyne) (Combretaceae). This new phytophagous mite species is described and illustrated from the specimens collected at present study area. The new species is compared with other closely related species and a differential diagnosis is also provided here. The new species belongs to the genus Colomerus Newkirk & Keifer, 1971. This new species is morphologically distinguished from other existing species of Colomerus and it produces leaf rolling at the edges of leaves and causes damage to this economically important tree by its phytophagous mode of nutrition. For proper control of this mite pest, studying its taxonomy and relation to the host plant is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is an important pest of horticultural crops worldwide and has developed resistance against multiple kinds of pesticides. To date, information on the resistance to pesticides is inadequate for T. urticae populations in Hainan, south China. In the current study, we determined the resistance to seven pesticides in five field populations of T. urticae that were collected on cucurbit crops in Hainan in 2021. The results showed that T. urticae populations developed high to extremely high resistance to abamectin and bifenthrin and medium to high resistance to pyridaben, profenofos, and cyflumetofen. However, four of the five populations were either susceptible to or had only low resistance to bifenazate and B-azolemiteacrylic. We also determined the frequencies of mutations previously associated with T. urticae resistance to abamectin, pyrethroids, organophosphates, bifenazate, or pyridaben; mutation frequencies as high as 100% were detected for some of the mutations in some of the populations. The results should facilitate the development of rational strategies for the chemical control of T. urticae populations in Hainan, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the absorption and release rate of the essential oil, Amomum krervanh, by seven different materials were evaluated. Cardboard showed the highest EO absorption capacity (0.93 ± 0.0052 μL of oil/mg of dry cardboard) followed by balsa wood and drawing board with the EO absorption of 0.77 ± 0.043 and 0.62 ± 0.010 μL of oil/mg of dry material, respectively. The results also demonstrated that cardboard had the highest EO retention (52.84 ± 0.687% after 20 min of analysis). Additionally, the essential oil was released from the drawing board and cardboard at the same rate during the observation period. Surface modification of drawing board and cardboard was performed using atmospheric-pressure plasma for enhancing the material properties for Tropilaelaps control. The absorption capacity of cardboard was decreased after plasma treatment at an argon flow rate of 0.25 and 0.5 Lpm for 60 s/cm2. However, the atmospheric-pressure plasma did not change the EO release property of these materials. Scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated a fractured and scaly surface after plasma treatment of gas flow rate at 0.5 Lpm and 1.0 Lpm for 30 s/cm2. The surface chemical composition of materials was not altered following plasma treatment. Although the number of mite-infested brood cells did not differ significantly between treatment groups at the end of the field experiment, Tropilaelaps spp. populations in the plasma-treated cardboard impregnated with EO 5% (v/v) treatment were lower on days 7–14 of the experiment. Thus, parameters related to the atmospheric-pressure plasma should be further optimized to improve the material surfaces for use with essential oils to control honeybee mites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The ectoparasite Varroa destructor is the greatest threat to managed honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies globally. Despite significant efforts, novel treatments to control the mite and its vectored pathogens have shown limited efficacy, as the host remains naïve. A prospective solution lies in the development of Varroa-resistant honey bee stocks, but a paucity of rigorous selection data restricts widespread adoption. Here, we characterise the parasite and viral dynamics of a Varroa-resistant honey bee stock, designated 'Pol-line', using a large-scale longitudinal study. Results demonstrate markedly reduced Varroa levels in this stock, diminished titres of three major viruses (DWV-A, DWV-B, and CBPV), and a two-fold increase in survival. Levels of a fourth virus that is not associated with Varroa—BQCV—do not differ between stocks, supporting a disruption of the transmission pathway. Further, we show that when decoupled from the influence of Varroa levels, viral titres do not constitute strong independent predictors of colony mortality risk. These findings highlight the need for a reassessment of Varroa etiology, and suggest that derived stocks represent a tractable solution to the Varroa pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date fruit is considered one of the most important fruits crop, that helps in the increment of national income. During storage, date fruits face a lot of problems such as infestation with insects, diseases and mites. The most damaging mite species are Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Astigmata: Acaridae) and Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Astigmata: Acaridae). Therefore, this work aims to evaluate two physical control methods, gamma radiation and ozone gas treatment in controlling these two mites. The two mites were irradiated with doses of 0 (control), 100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy in a source of Cobalt-60 type Indian Gamma cell with a dose rate of 0.7967 k Gy /hr. to control eggs and mobile stages. Obtained results concluded that the mites' mortality percentage increases by increasing irradiation doses and the dose for controlling 100% of the two tested mites' species was 400 Gy. While exposing the mites stages to concentrations of 0 (control), 100, 200, 300 and 400ppm of ozone gas, the results showed that the mites mortality percentage increases by increasing ozone concentrations and/or exposure period. The results indicated that ozone has the potential to control the tested mites, particularly at 200 ppm in just 4 hrs.exposure period and 99% at 400 ppm at the same exposure time. The results clearly showed that the mobile stages were more susceptible to radiation and ozone than the egg stage. Also, although radiation and ozone are safe and environmentally friendly methods of pest control, and effective to control the two mites' species with low risk but ozone control was faster and more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The organosilicone is commonly used as surfactant ingredient in agriculture. Some pilot studies showed pesticidal activities of some organosilicone surfactants. This study examined the toxicity of an organosilicone, Silwet 408, to the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychusurticae and explored the field usage of this chemical in pest control. We tested this chemical on eggs, nymphs, and adults of T. urticae. We applied a two-sprays strategy to enhance the field control efficacy based on the high toxicity of Silwet 408 to nymphs and adults and the lack of toxicity to eggs of T. urticae. However, their phytotoxicity should be taken under consideration. Our study improved our understand of the toxicity and safety of organosilicone surfactants. The results provide a basis for the usage of this chemical in mite control. Organosilicone molecules represent important components of surfactants added to pesticides to improve pest control efficiency, but these molecules also have pesticidal properties in their own right. Here, we examined toxicity and control efficacy of Silwet 408, a trisiloxane ethoxylate-based surfactant, to the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae and its crop hosts. Silwet 408 was toxic to nymphs and adults of TSSM but did not affect eggs. Field trials showed that the control efficacy of 1000 mg/L Silwet 408 aqueous solution reached 96% one day after spraying but declined to 54% 14 days after spraying, comparable to 100 mg/L cyetpyrafen, a novel acaricide. A second spraying of 1000 mg/L Silwet 408 maintained control efficacy at 97% when measured 14 days after spraying. However, Silwet 408 was phytotoxic to eggplant, kidney bean, cucumber, and strawberry plants, although phytotoxicity to strawberry plants was relatively low and declined further seven days after application. Our study showed that while the organosilicone surfactant Silwet 408 could be used to control the TSSM, its phytotoxicity to crops should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermanyssus gallinae is a major hematophagous ectoparasite in layer hens. Although the acaricide β-cypermethrin has been used to control mites worldwide, D. gallinae has developed resistance to this compound. Carboxylesterases (CarEs) are important detoxification enzymes that confer resistance to β-cypermethrin in arthropods. However, CarEs associated with β-cypermethrin resistance in D. gallinae have not yet been functionally characterized. Here, we isolated a CarE gene ( Deg-CarE ) from D. gallinae and assayed its activity. The results revealed significantly higher expression of Deg-CarE in the β-cypermethrin-resistant strain (RS) than in the susceptible strain (SS) toward α-naphthyl acetate (α-NA) and β-naphthyl acetate (β-NA). These findings suggest that enhanced esterase activities might have contributed to β-cypermethrin resistance in D. gallinae. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that Deg-CarE expression levels were significantly higher in adults than in other life stages. Although Deg-CarE was upregulated in the RS, significant differences in gene copy numbers were not observed. Additionally, Deg-CarE expression was significantly induced by β-cypermethrin in both the SS and RS. Moreover, silencing Deg-CarE via RNA interference decreased the enzyme activity and increased the susceptibility of the RS to β-cypermethrin, confirming that Deg-CarE is crucial for β-cypermethrin detoxification. Finally, recombinant Deg-CarE (rDeg-CarE) expressed in Escherichia coli displayed high enzymatic activity toward α/β-NA. However, metabolic analysis indicated that rDeg-CarE did not directly metabolize β-cypermethrin. The collective findings indicate that D. gallinae resistance to β-cypermethrin is associated with elevated CarEs protein activity and increased Deg-CarE expression levels. These findings provide insights into the metabolic resistance of D. gallinae and offer scientific guidance for the management and control of D. gallinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lychee erinose mite, Aceria litchii (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae), is an important pest of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.; Sapindaceae) trees. This minute mite prefers to feed on young, new flush causing the formation of galls called "erinea." Chemical control to protect the new flush is the primary management approach that has been used to control this mite. Aceria litchii was detected recently in Lee County, Florida, USA, and there is an urgent need to identify an acaricide that can control mite populations. Among the acaricides registered for use on lychee in Florida, abamectin was reported to be effective against A. litchii from other parts of the world. However, it remains unknown whether this acaricide can control the mites inside the erinea effectively and protect the new flush. We investigated whether abamectin alone or in combination with an organosilicone surfactant could control an existing mite infestation. Lychee leaflets that had erinea were sprayed with acaricides, then placed on uninfested plants and monitored for symptom development. One mo after placing treated leaflets on uninfested plants, the same treatment was applied to the whole plants and monitored for erinea development on the new flush. Our results showed that none of the treatments were able to control the mites inside the erinea and protect the new flush. The methods described here can be used for more precise evaluations of other acaricides that are urgently needed to control A. litchii in Florida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There may be high amounts of fluvalinate residue in bee colonies and products. It is usually used to control the varroa parasite on bees, but it may lead to adverse effects on both larvae and adults. In this study, we found that feeding with fluvalinate at a dose of 40 ng/larva could result in declined brood-capping, pupation, and eclosion rates. In addition, the olfactory associative behavior of adult bees was impaired after they were treated with a sublethal dose of 0.004 ng/larva in the larval stage. These findings suggest that a sublethal dose of fluvalinate given to larvae has a huge negative effect on adult honey bee workers, affecting their subsequent associative ability. It may further lead the entire colony to a detrimental developmental trend. Fluvalinate is a widely used insecticide for varroa mite control in apiculture. While most beekeepers have ignored the effects of low levels of fluvalinate on bees, this study aims to demonstrate its effects at very low concentrations. We first used fluvalinate doses ranging from 0.4 to 400 ng/larva to monitor the capping, pupation, and emergence rates of larval bees. Second, we used the honey bees' proboscis extension reflex reaction to test the learning ability of adult bees that were exposed to fluvalinate doses from 0.004 to 4 ng/larva in the larval stage. The brood-capped rate of larvae decreased dramatically when the dose was increased to 40 ng/larva. Although no significant effect was observed on brood-capping, pupation, and eclosion rates with a dose of 4 ng/larva, we found that the olfactory associative behavior of adult bees was impaired when they were treated with sublethal doses from 0.004 to 4 ng/larva in the larval stage. These findings suggest that a sublethal dose of fluvalinate given to larvae affects the subsequent associative ability of adult honey bee workers. Thus, a very low dose may affect the survival conditions of the entire colony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophagous mites can cause economic losses in many crops, including grapevines. The changes in their population levels may be associated with changes in the predator-prey relationship. Knowledge of the distribution of mites in plants is important for planning sampling strategies and facilitating control decisions. The aims of this study were to (i) evaluate the abundances of Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae) and Neoseiulus californicus (Phytoseiidae), and the correlations between them and environmental factors; (ii) determine their distribution on the top, middle, or base strata of the evaluated grapevines (Vitis vinifera, Chardonnay cultivar) and, additionally, report the first occurrence of damage caused by T. urticae in grapevine leaves in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Sixteen samplings were conducted, divided between the 2018 and 2019 seasons. In each sampling, three leaves from the three strata of the plant (top, middle, and base) were collected from 20 plants, totaling 60 leaves per sampling. The predator-prey relationship and their association with environmental variables were evaluated with multivariate correlation, whereas the number of mites per plant leaf strata was compared using a generalized linear mixed model in R software. It was possible to observe the symptoms of damage caused by T. urticae attacks on grapevines in Southern Brazil, characterized by the presence of yellow spots and general yellowing of the vineyard. Our findings indicate that T. urticae and N. californicus individuals are strongly associated with each other regardless of the environmental variables, and such relationship occurs mainly on the lower strata (middle and base leaves) of grapevines. Thus, by taking into account the damage on the leaves of grapevines and the occurrence of T. urticae and N. californicus majorities on specific strata of these vineyards, we suggest that the lower strata of grapevines should be the priority targets for management strategies to control such mites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is lethal to the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Recent studies in greenhouse strawberry have shown that light-reflecting sheets installed under strawberry plants can increase the suppressive effect of UV-B on T. urticae by reflecting the UV-B delivered from overhead lamps to the underside of the leaves. These methods are expected to be complementary to biological control methods, such as phytoseiid mites. However, light-reflecting sheets have low water permeability, which can result in the formation of puddles after pesticide spraying, leading to fruit deterioration and loss of yield. It is important to explore highly efficient installation methods for light-reflecting materials (LRMs) in spider mite control. Here, we examined the effects of three LRMs, and the impact of LRM orientation (horizontal vs. vertical), on T. urticae populations in greenhouse strawberry treated with UV-B radiation, chemical pesticides, and biopesticide control with phytoseiid mites. Of the three LRMs examined, a reflective 0.6 × 0.6-mm-mesh polyethylene net (“Mushi Furatto Net”) and a 2.0 × 7.0-mm-mesh polyethylene net woven with flashspun nonwoven fabric sheets (“Slimwhite 75”) offered significantly increased suppression of T. urticae populations compared with white mulching sheet alone. Even though these LRMs were installed horizontally, they were little stained at the end of the experiment, suggesting that puddle formation after pesticide spraying was avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) is a polyphagous pest with a cosmopolitan distribution. The combined application of botanical pesticides and entomo-acaropathogenic fungi may serve as an eco-friendly approach in controlling the mite. In this study, the Mimosa pudica (Fabales: Fabaceae) leaf aqueous extract (MpAE) was initially tested to determine its effects on the mycelial growth, sporulation, and conidia viability of the entomo-acaropathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). The compatibility was then determined based on the biological index (BI) value. The bioefficacy of MpAE and B. bassiana at various concentrations was evaluated against P. latus, both alone and in combinations. Each treatment was sprayed into an arena containing a citrus leaf disc and gravid females of P. latus. The mortality and oviposition rate of the females were observed until 120 h after application. The results showed no reduction in B. bassiana mycelial growth, sporulation, and conidia viability when MpAE was incorporated into the culture medium. The BI value ranged from 100.01 to 136.30, indicating that MpAE was highly compatible with B. bassiana. The individual and combined applications of MpAE and B. bassiana significantly increased the mite mortality and simultaneously inhibited the mite oviposition rate. The mite mortality varied from 90 to 100% at 120 h after application in the treatment groups. The mite oviposition rate was significantly decreased, ranging from 11.50 to 29.00 eggs in the treatment groups, while it was 57.25 eggs in control. Therefore, the application of MpAE and B. bassiana propose a valuable alternative to integrate into pest management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American beekeeping industry continually experiences colony mortality with annual losses as high as 43%. A leading cause of this is the exotic, ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae). Integrated Pest Management (IPM) options are used to keep mite populations from reaching lethal levels, however, due to resistance and/or the lack of suitable treatment options, novel controls for reducing mites are warranted. Oxalic acid for controlling V. destructor has become a popular treatment regimen among commercial and backyard beekeepers. Applying vaporized oxalic acid inside a honey bee hive is a legal application method in the U.S. and results in the death of exposed mites. However, if mites are in the reproductive stage and therefore under the protective wax capping, oxalic acid is ineffective. One popular method of applying oxalic is vaporizing multiple times over several weeks to try and circumvent the problem of mites hiding in brood cells. By comparing against control colonies, we tested oxalic acid vaporization in colonies treated with seven applications separated by 5 d (35 d total). We tested in apiaries in Georgia and Alabama during 2019 and 2020, totaling 99 colonies. We found that adult honey bees Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), and developing brood experienced no adverse impacts from the oxalic vaporization regime. However, we did not find evidence that frequent periodic application of oxalic during brood-rearing periods is capable of bringing V. destructor populations below treatment thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the efficacy of single and combined usage of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (NC) (McGregor) and Terpenoid Blend QRD-460 (TBQ) for the control of spider mites in apple orchards were determined. The study was carried out in two different apple orchards in Şarkikaraağaç district of Isparta Province. The study was planned according to the randomized plot design with 3 replications and 4 characters as control, TBQ, 50NC/tree and TBQ+50NC. In the apple orchard in Çavundur village, on the 63rd day, in the plots where control, 50NC/tree, TBQ+50NC/tree and TBQ treatments were applied, a mean number of 8.18, 0.76, 0.84 and 8.22 eggs/leaf and 10.26, 2.09, 1.07 and 9.24 hd (motile period: larva+ nymph+adult)/leaf were found, respectively. In the apple orchard in Alciklar neighborhood, on the 63rd day, in the plots where control, 50NC/tree, TBQ+50NC/tree and TBQ applications were applied, a mean number of 3.36, 0.49, 0.71 and 3.38 eggs/leaf and 5.02 0.71, 0.93 and 4.62 hd/leaf were found, respectively. As a result, 50NC/tree and TBQ+50NC/tree treatments suppressed red spider populations at different times and were successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Selection of suitable predators for the control of the spider mite, Panonychus citri is always a challenge due to the lack of their reliable predicted efficacy. In this laboratory study, biological control potential of Neoseiulus californicus, N. cucumeris and Scapulaseius newsami, against P. citri using the "Relative Control Potential" (RCP) metric to compare their efficacies was evaluated. The functional response type was determined at different prey densities (after 24 h). Results: The type II functional responses were observed from all the tested predators feeding on 3 different life stages of P. citri, except N. cucumeris, which was fed only on eggs. All predatory mites preferred eggs of P. citri with a higher attack rate (1.397) in N. cucumeris, followed by N. californicus (1.238) and S. newsami (0.975). Handling time was also lower in N. cucumeris than other mites, with a trend as: for N. cucumeris, eggs > adults > immature stages; for N. californicus, immature stages > eggs > adults, while for S. newsami, eggs > immature stages > adults. The integration of greenhouse abundance and fecundity (%) data resulted in a higher RCP for N. cucumeris than other predators. Conclusion: Neoseiulus cucumeris was selected as the most suitable predatory mite for the control of P. citri with a higher RCP and potential to maximum reproduction. S. newsami, which was used for the first time, gave almost similar results compared to N. californicus but with lower efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varroa mite is one of the most dangerous bee parasites and causes a lot of damage to the beekeeping industry. Several chemical and herbal medicines have been used to control this mite so far. In this study, the effects of Artemisia absinthium and Hypericum perforatum prescription to control Varroa mite were investigated. To this end, a total of 380 bee colonies in 5 areas in Kazakhstan were considered. The bitter wormwood herbs and Hypericum extracts were mixed in a ratio of 1:1, and then, prepared in a ratio of 1:10 with sugar syrup (100 ml infusion per 1 liter of sugar syrup). An amount of 200 ml of the prepared solution was used for 5-7 days per colony after medical collection and honey pumping. The percentage of mite infestation at the beginning and end of the experimental period, which was spring, summer, and autumn, and the number of worker mites and worker bees were determined daily. At the beginning of the experiment, the percentage of mite infestation in the experimental hives was not significantly different; however, at the end of the experiment, there was a significant difference between the experimental treatments. The use of a mixture of A. absinthium and H. perforatum extract significantly reduced the abundance index of Varroa mite to 0. Due to the adverse effects of chemical drugs and their high cost, it is recommended to use this extract to control Varroa mite contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) whose control is largely based on the use of acaricides, is a key citrus pest in the world. The lethal and sublethal values of cyflumetofen and spirodiclofen were estimated on citrus red mite. LC20 and LC50 values of cyflumetofen and spirodiclofen were 2.79 and 10.23 ppm, and 2.30 and 7.28 ppm, respectively. LC20 concentration effects of cyflumetofen and spirodiclofen were studied on life table parameters of P. citri females. These two acaricides had significant effects on P. citri biological parameters including developmental time, survival rate, and fecundity. Also, the exposure of females to LC20 considerably reduced net reproductive rate (R0), finite rate of increase (λ) and intrinsic rate of increase (r). The intrinsic rate of increase in females treated with cyflumetofen and spirodiclofen was 0.156 and 0.153 day-1, respectively, and it was 0.183 day-1 for untreated females. The sublethal concentrations affected the citrus red mite life table parameters and consequently may influence the population growth of its future generations. These results provide a baseline for the response of P. citri to cyflumetofen and spirodiclofen pesticides that will aid mite control management in citrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]