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Nowadays, merchant shipping is facing a new challenge in the context of COVID-19. The ships at sea may find themselves in need of immediate medical assistance relating to the crewmembers and/or passengers due to COVID-19. Besides, there is a problem with the change of ship crews in due time and their repatriation. Under international custom, coastal States keep their ports open for merchant shipping but may require the ship’s master to take appropriate action to prevent a threat of danger. In cases of failure or urgency, the coastal State can exercise its authority in taking responsive action appropriate to the threat. The article analyzes the main issue - how reasonable are the actions of states that close their ports to foreign vessels in the light of COVID-19. In this paper, the practice of foreign and Russian ports in the context of the COVID-19 is assessed.

Indonesia is called a maritime country because part of its territory is water. That way, Indonesia has the opportunity to become a maritime axis country in Asia and the world. This opportunity must be realized to its full potential, namely by maximizing activities at the port properly. Activities to facilitate shipping activities both loading and unloading, sea expeditions and so on are needed for the benefit of the agency's role. One of them is the role of the PT. Indo Dharma transportation located in Surabaya. This company has a role in the merchant ship wars in the Surabaya area. The purpose of this study is to describe the role of agency companies in the operation of commercial ships in the Surabaya area.This research is a qualitative research using observation, interview and documentation methods. Through this research, it was found that the case of PT. Indo Dharma Transport Surabaya Branch provides convenience and smooth operation of commercial vessels in the Surabaya Port area.

Archaeobotanical analyses together with historical records can provide unique information about the cargoes and histories of sunken ships, which are found as wrecks at the bottom of the seas all over the world. An interdisciplinary research project was undertaken on the Vrouw Maria (Lady Mary), a Dutch wooden two-masted merchant ship that sank on October 9th in 1771 in the Finnish Baltic Sea. She rested at a depth of 41 m and was in good condition when discovered. Based on written sources and archaeological research, the ship was carrying a valuable cargo including, for example, sugar, dyes, cloth, porcelain, wood and goods that the Russian nobility had ordered. Among them were paintings that the Russian Empress Catherine the Great (1729–1796) had bought at an auction in Amsterdam. Samples from four wooden barrels and from one wooden packing crate among the ship’s cargo were investigated. Botanical analysis revealed products such as stimulants, dyes and fruits originating from the Mediterranean, India, Africa and South America. One of the most intriguing finds from the cargo was Indigofera tinctoria L. (true indigo), a valuable dye plant. Our paper presents the botanical data analysed from the barrels and summarizes the plants mentioned in the historical records on the cargo of the Vrouw Maria.

Nanhai I is a highly valuable shipwreck of the Southern Song Dynasty for studying various topics, including the shipbuilding techniques. The sealing materials are of significant importance to ensure the ship’s reliability during the voyage across the ocean and they were rarely analyzed. Therefore, the sealing materials of this ship were analyzed by several analytical approaches. The sealing materials included two types, i.e., gap filler with jute fibers and surface coating without any oakum. The main components of both types of putty are calcite with minor Tung oil. The weight ratio of Ca(OH)2/Tung oil range from 4.3:1 to 7.9:1 for surface coating samples and the weight ratio of Ca(OH)2/organics is 3.1:1 for the gap filler sample. Additionally, we first find that the surface coating has a layered structure, where outer layers contain more Tung oil than inner layers. The innermost layer of the surface coating sample might be altered by organic acids from wood deterioration, causing its loose structure and grey color. The composite layers with different formula might be a result of balancing the costs and performances of the putty.

Nanhai I shipwreck, a fully loaded merchant ship of the Southern Song Dynasty, once heading for the Southeast Asia, represents the prosperous international ceramic trades during that time. Recent excavation provides us with the great opportunity to investigate the export porcelain on this ship. Black Porcelain and green porcelain of Cizao kiln, white porcelain of Dehua kiln, bluish white porcelain of Jingdezhen kiln, celadon of Longquan kiln, and white porcelain of Minqing Yi kiln were analyzed chemically and morphologically by polarizing microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The chemical and microstructural features of each kind of porcelain, evidently different from each other, are discussed in detail in this paper. Among them, the Dehua white porcelain and the Jingdezhen bluish white porcelain may represent the best manufacture techniques for their purest glazes and bodies. Also, anorthite crystals are common in the calcium glazes of the Longquan celadon and the Jingdezhen bluish white porcelain. The most interesting structure among the samples observed is the structure of crystals and Mg Fe rich phase separation in the black glaze of Cizao porcelain, which is also different from other black glazes studied in previous research.

Operating costs of merchant ships, related to fuel costs, has led the naval industry to search alternatives to the current technologies of propulsion power. A possibility is to employ nuclear reactors like the Russian KLT-40S, which is a pressurized water reactor (PWR) and has experience on civilian surface vessels. However, space and weight are critical factors in a nuclear propulsion project, in addition to operational safety and costs. This work aims at comparing molten salt reactors (MSR) with PWR for merchant ship propulsion. The present study develops a qualitative analysis on weight, volume, overnight costs, fuel costs and nuclear safety. This work compares the architecture and operational conditions of these two types of reactors. The result is that MSR may produce lower amounts of high-activity nuclear tailings and, if it adopts the 233U-thorium cycle, it may have lower risks of proliferating nuclear weapons. Besides proliferation issues, this 4th generation reactor may have lower weight, occupy less space, and achieve the same levels of safety with less investment. Thus, molten salt regenerative reactors using the 233U-thorium cycle are potential candidates for use in ship propulsion.

To learn the optimal collision avoidance policy of merchant ships controlled by human experts, a finite-state Markov decision process model for ship collision avoidance is proposed based on the analysis of collision avoidance mechanism, and an inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) method based on cross entropy and projection is proposed to obtain the optimal policy from expert’s demonstrations. Collision avoidance simulations in different ship encounters are conducted and the results show that the policy obtained by the proposed IRL has a good inversion effect on two kinds of human experts, which indicate that the proposed method can effectively learn the policy of human experts for ship collision avoidance.

The Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is a Chinese merchant ship in the Southern Song Dynasty, and now it is stored in a huge enclosed glass warehouse in Maritime Silk Road Museum in Guangdong Province. At present, the hull of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is still being excavated, and a small part of the hull wood is soaked in a specific solution to desalt. Through long-term exploration, we found that the above two states of hull wood had undergone biodeterioration, so the purpose of this study is to analyze the fungal community of exposed and soaked wood from the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. We sampled 10 exposed hull wood and sea mud samples, two wood storage water samples, and air samples in the glass warehouse. We used scanning electron microscope and optical microscope to find that there were obvious fungal structures in exposed wood and wood storing water samples. High-throughput sequencing of fungi revealed that the most abundant genera in exposed and soaked wood were Fusarium sp., and Scedosporium sp., respectively. In addition, Fusarium solani and Scedosporium apiospermum were successfully isolated from the hull wood surface and wood storing water samples, and the degradation tests of lignin and cellulose, the sensitivity tests of biocides and growth curve assay were carried out. We also found that Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium sp. are the most abundant in the glass warehouse air. Our research results show that F. solani and S. apiospermum should be regarded as a major threat to the preservation of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. These results provide a reference for our protection of shipwrecks and other similar artifacts.

AimWe aimed to estimate the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks in a case study COVID-free destination country, associated with shore leave for merchant ship crews.MethodsA stochastic version of the SEIR model CovidSIM v1.1, designed specifically for COVID-19 was utilised. It was populated with parameters for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, shipping characteristics, and plausible control measures.ResultsWhen no control interventions were in place, an outbreak of COVID-19 in our case study destination country (New Zealand; NZ) was estimated to occur after a median time of 23 days (assuming a global average for source country incidence of 2.66 new infections per 1000 population per week, a crew of 20, a voyage length of 10 days, 1 day of shore leave both in NZ and abroad, and 108 port visits by international merchant ships per week). For this example the uncertainty around when outbreaks occur is wide (an outbreak occurs with 95% probability between 1 and 124 days). The combined use of a PCR test on arrival, self-reporting of symptoms with contact tracing, and mask use during shore leave, increased this median time to 1.0 year (14 days to 5.4 years). Scenario analyses found that onboard infection chains could persist for well over 4 weeks even with crews of only 5 members.ConclusionIntroduction of SARS-CoV-2 through shore leave from international shipping crews is likely, even after long voyages. The risk can be substantially mitigated by control measures such as PCR testing and mask use.

Despite the concept of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) being in the limelight of research and development effort within the shipping industry, there are still some existing research gaps. These pertain not only to technical solutions to be implemented but also to the issue of the impact of new technology on maritime safety. In an attempt to identify these gaps, we perform a literature review of the operational features of remotely-controlled merchant vessels. The framework is based on a safety control structure developed in accordance with the principles of System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA). The results indicate that most scholars focus on the high-end components of the system, while some organizational and human-oriented issues remain under-explored. These results can be found relevant by scholars and industry partners active in the domain of autonomous shipping.

The forces that wind exerts on a merchant ship, especially for a container ship that carries high stacks of cargo on board, can be very large; therefore, more accurate simulations than presently av...

A lack of research has been undertaken to explore work&ndash, family conflict and its impact on the shipping industry. The objective of the present study was to empirically examine the effects of work&ndash, family conflict, job stress, and job satisfaction on seafarer performance. Data were collected from merchant ship seafarers in the Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China (n = 337). A data analysis was performed using hierarchical regression analysis. The research results revealed that work&ndash, family conflict and job stress negatively affects seafarer self-reported performance, while job satisfaction positively influences seafarer job performance. Findings also show that job satisfaction plays a moderating role in the relationships between work&ndash, family conflict, job stress and seafarer performance. Our findings demonstrate that work&ndash, family conflict, job stress and job satisfaction manifested are significant predictors for seafarer performance. Important applications and implications are provided for managers and researchers.

Bima is a region in eastern Sumbawa Island. It has been a port town docked by many merchant ship from many region for centuries. It cannot be denied that trading activity in Bima Port is dominated by merchants from Bugis-Makassar and Malay who played up their trade widely into another island such as Flores and other eastern region, because Islamization and its closely relationship between South Sulawesi and Malay merchants. Since 16th century, Bima considered as one of the most important trade town, with the result that VOC endeavour to make a monopoly trade with ruler of Bima. The number of sailors and merchants from any direction makes Bima more crowdly. The great commodity of Bima is Kayu Sapan.

All environmental hazards impact safety for polar ships, especially polar merchant ship with light ice-class. In order to provide a systematic guidance to deal with any situation during polar operation, International Maritime Organization (IMO) raised mandatory requirements of “Polar Water Operation Manual”(PWOM) in Polar Code. This paper focuses on how to determinate operational evaluation and limitation for the PWOM, which is an important measure to avoid polar ships exceeding operational capability. Features of polar navigation are summarized based on the former polar navigation experience, and typical risk model is set up to describe the process of operation evaluation. The operational limitation is analyzed to indicate the actual capability and limitation as the ship encounters unexpected incident in polar waters. In conclusion, the operation procedure is studied to give a detailed technical proposals for the whole polar operation, which is the main component of PWOM. The outcome may provide helpful to arctic shipping of merchant ships.

The Nanhai No. 1 was a wooden merchant ship of the Southern Song Dynasty, which wrecked and sank in the South China Sea, Yangjiang City, Guangdong Province, China. The Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck was salvaged as a whole in 2007 and began to be excavated in 2013. During the archaeology excavation, some of the hull wood fell off the hull. These waterlogged archaeological woods (WAW) were immersed in the buffer containing EDTA-2Na and isothiazolinone K100 for moisture stabilization, preliminary desalination, and microbial inhibition. We evaluated the properties of these WAW through testing the chemical components (including lignin, holocellulose, and ash content) of the wood, and monitoring the iron element content, anion and cation content in the buffer. At the same time, the microbial composition in the desalination buffer was also detected. The results showed that the holocellulose content in these WAW were much lower than in fresh wood. The ash content in these WAW decreased after desalination treatment. The iron element content, anion and cation content in the buffer were high and kept at a certain level after desalination treatment. At the same time, the problem of biodegradation in the buffer should be paid attention to. The comprehensive protection of WAW requires to combine wood properties and microbial problems. This study provides a reference for the protection of WAW from the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck and other similar historical wood.

Evolution of Japanese Shipbuilding Industry within the Japanese Economic Renaissance ملخص البحث1 يتعرض هذا البحث بالدراسة والتحليل لتطور صناعة بناء السفن في اليابان خلال فترة النهضة الإقتصادية اليابانية ، ولا سيما أن هذه التجربة قد حققت نجاحا مشهودا إرتكز على تمكن ترسانات صناعة بناء السفن اليابانية من تحقيق قدرات تنافسية شديدة التميز ، مكنتها من أن تصبح لأربعة عقود متوالية وإلى الآن في صدارة الترسانات البحرية فى العالم ، إن إستراتيجيات النمو التى قامت الترسانات البحرية اليابانية بصياغتها وتنفيذها قد حققت نجاحا عززته السياسات الحكومية التى تم اتباعها فى هذا الشأن لتشجيع ومساندة صناعة بناء السفن ، فضلا عما اتبعته الترسانات نفسها من إستراتيجيات تنافسية وتكنولوجية وتسويقية استهدفت تحقيق قدرات تنافسية بمستوى عالمي ، من خلال التخصص فى تصميم وبناء السفن البحرية التجارية من مختلف النوعيات والحـمولات ، كذلك مـا اتبعتـه هـذه الصناعة من العمل على تحقيق التكامل الإنتاجى مع الصناعات الأخرى داخل الإقتصاد الياباني ، إعتبارا لأن هذه الصناعة تعد من الصناعات التجميعية الكبرى التي تعتمد على إمدادها بالعديد من المكونات ومستلزمات الإنتاج من مئات الصناعات المغذية ، وقد انعكس ذلك إيجابيا على الإقتصاد الياباني ، إذ باتت هذه الصناعة الهامة بمثابة قاطرة يتبع تحركها ويرتبط بها العديد من الصناعات التي تتبادل معها المنافع الاقتصادية ، والتى صبت جميعها فى خدمة النهضة الإقتصادية لليابان ، إن أهم النتائج التى أسفر عنها هذا البحث تتمثل في بيان أهمية صناعة بناء السفن للإقتصاد الوطنى ، وبيان عوامل تحقيق القدرة التنافسية الفاعلة لهذه الصناعة ، والسياسات الحكومية التى من شأنها مساندة ودعم تلك الصناعة ، وإختتم البحث بتقديم عدد من التوصيات التي من شأنها أن تقدم منهاجا لتنمية صناعة بناء السفن في مصر . Abstract This research discusses and analyz-es the Japanese Shipbuilding industry experience and its competitive capabili-ties which positioned Japan as the worl-d leading shipbuilding country for more than four decades, as a matter fact, this success was based on a comprehensive group of policies implemented by the Japanese governments to support that industry, on the other hand, the Japane-se shipbuilding sector charted a compe-titive, technological, marketing strategy based on building various merchant ship types and tonnages according to the world top standards. Moreover, a high level of integration with the other production and industrial sectors was achieved, due to the fact that ship building is a giant assembling industry that counts on feeding from various indust-ries which exchange economic benefits with it. The deep concern of the Japanese governments to support the national shipbuilding industry is attributed to the role of this industry as a leading econo-mic locomotive for economic develop-ment. This research concluded the sour-ces of competitive advantages for Japa-nese shipyards and government policies followed to support it, and recomme-nded the necessary steps to lead such a success in ship building industry in Egypt.

Maritime piracy and robbery can not only cause logistics chain disruption leading to economic consequences but also result in loss of lives, and short- and long-term health problems of seafarers and passengers. There is a justified need for further investigation in this area of paramount importance. This study analyses maritime piracy and robbery related incidents in terms of the major influencing factors such as ship characteristics and geographical locations. An analytical model incorporating Bayesian reasoning is proposed to estimate the likelihood of a ship being hijacked in the Western Indian or Eastern African region. The proposed model takes into account the characteristics of the ship, environment conditions and the maritime security measures in place in an integrated manner. Available data collected from the Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS) together with expert judgement is used to develop and demonstrate the proposed model. This model can be used by maritime stakeholders to make cost-effective anti-piracy decisions in their operations under uncertainties. Discussions are given on industrial response to maritime piracy in order to minimize the risk to ships exposed to attacks from pirates. Further recommendations on how maritime security and piracy may be best addressed in terms of maritime security measures are outlined.

The paper analyses the results of performed measurements regarding the density of electromagnetic power at various points on board a ship, the noise level determined by the operation of certain broadcasting stations and the intensity of the radiated electric field by a station of 250 MHz. We have presented thereby the sources triggering natural and artificial electromagnetic disturbances with their pertaining components.

Global shipping accounts for nearly one million tonnes of CO2 emissions annually during 2013 – 2015 period, and could grow 50%-250% by 2050 if the condition is unchanged. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) as the specialized agency responded to this issue written in MEPC.304(72) about strategy of reducing green house gas (GHG) emissions from ships. Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) is a monitoring tool based on CO2 emissions proposed by IMO written in MEPC.282(70). The purpose of this research is to evaluate factors influencing the results of EEOI. Estimation of fuel oil consumption using proposed methods by Bialystocki and Konovessis and Moreno-Gutiérrez, et al. are compared with actual fuel oil consumption resulted in average error of 20.44% and 15.45%. The EEOI results is 0.000905 ton CO2/TEU-nm for MV Meratus Benoa and 0.000509 ton CO2/TEU-nm for MV Meratus Bontang. Benchmarking process using the same voyage route revealed that MV Meratus Benoa is less efficient than MV Meratus Bontang. MV Meratus Benoa carried less average cargo than MV Meratus Bontang, while having more average fuel oil consumption. Proposed improvement for better EEOI results is improving the cargo management especially for MV Meratus Benoa and evaluation in ship’s operational setting for any specific sea conditions.

Bu çalışma kapsamında ilk olarak okuyucuya genel bir bilgi sunmak için gemiye ve gemi siciline ilişkin genel hususlar anlatılmıştır. Çalışmanın asıl amacı ise gemi satış sözleşmesine ilişkin teori ve uygulamaya ilişkin bilgi vermektir. Bu bağlamda gemi satış sözleşmesinin tanımı, unsurları, hukuki niteliği, tarafların borçları ve bu hukuki işlemden kaynaklı ortaya çıkabilecek uyuşmazlıklar ve bu uyuşmazlıklara ilişkin çözüm önerilerini içermektedir., Within the scope of this study, the general issues related to the ship and the ship registry are explained to provide a general information to the reader. The main purpose of this study is to give information about theory and practice of ship sales contract. In this context, the definition of the ship sales contract, its elements, its legal nature, the debts of the parties and the disputes that may arise due to this legal transaction and the solutions to these disputes.

All along the Spanish texts of the late Middle Ages, one can notice the coexistence of the words nave and nao, denotating both of them a big merchant ship. But this apparent synonymy hides in fact a lexical substitu­tion: since the second half of the 14th century the traditional word nave began to be dislodged by nao, a technicism used by the sailors of the Bay of Biscay. The fortune of this neologism can be undoubtly explained by the spreading of new techniques of shipbuilding developped in the Atlantic area which penetrated as well in the Mediterranean. Extremely striking is the fact that the word nao first appeared in documents closely related to navi­gation; but in the 15th century it often turned up in all types of texts, while nave became rapidly obsolete and it remained only as a historical term. Pendant les derniers siècles du Moyen Âge, on remarque dans les textes espagnols la coexistence des termes nave et nao désignant tous les deux un gros navire de commerce. Mais cette synonymie apparente recèle en réalité une substitution lexicale: le traditionnel nave se voit concurrencé dès la seconde moitié du XIVº siècle par nao, un terme technique des ma­rins du Golfe de Biscaye. La fortune de ce néologisme s'explique sans dou­te par la diffusion des nouvelles techniques de construction naval e dévelop­pées par les riverains de l'Atlantique, techniques qui pénètrent également dans la Méditerranée. Il est intéressant de voir que le mot nao apparaît d'abord dans des écrits gardant un lien étroit avec la navigation; mais an XVe siècle il se trouve de plus en plus dans toute sorte de textes, alors que nave vieillit rapidement et ne s'emploie plus guère que comme terme d'his­toire.

La navegación ultramarina ha sido el mecanismo que permitió la conformación de un mercado mundial ecuménico. Desde las flotas de galeones del período colonial en las américas, hasta la difusión del vapor y la hegemonía del motor a explosión luego, ningún sistema de transporte ha logrado desplazar a la navegación de su posición dominante. La navegación se ha perfeccionado hasta niveles increíbles e incrementado hasta superar la cifra de 100.000buque mercantes inmensos circunnavegando el mundo. En el presente trabajo analizamos las dos transiciones más recientes en los modos de propulsión, es decir de la vela al vapor y de éste al motor a explosión, a partir de la presencia de buques en los puertos de Argentina; país que ha sido históricamente dependiente de la navegación en su comercio exterior. Las fuentes de información utilizadas se integran con textos especializados, estadísticas nacionalespublicadas y una serie construida para Puerto Quequén, un importante puerto cerealero de Argentina. Se han podido verificar tanto los inicios como el final de las transiciones, más lentas que lo supuesto, y los períodos de convivencia de diferentes sistemas de propulsión. Fil: Mateo, Jose Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos; Argentina

This paper reports the case of collective acute phosphide (PHsub3/sub) intoxication among the crew aboard a merchant ship. All the intoxicated individuals were hospitalized 3 months after the accident. The aim of examinations was to identify late health effects of the accident. Laboratory tests and consultations were performed during their stay in the hospital. There were 5 cases of toxic liver damage. other 5 patients were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder and adjustment disorders. The results of the study suggest that in cases of acute phosphide intoxication, the assessment of patients' psychological functioning should be an indispensable part of diagnostic procedure. Med Pr 2018;69(3):337-344.W artykule przedstawiono przypadek zbiorowego ostrego zatrucia fosfanem (PHsub3/sub) wśród załogi statku handlowego. Badaniu poddano wszystkie osoby w 3 miesiące po zdarzeniu w celu oceny późnych zdrowotnych następstw wypadku. W trakcie hospitalizacji wykonano konsultacje specjalistyczne i badania laboratoryjne, na których podstawie u 5 osób stwierdzono toksyczne uszkodzenie wątroby. Natomiast u 5 innych pacjentów rozpoznano zaburzenia stanu psychicznego w postaci zaburzeń adaptacyjnych i zespołu stresu pourazowego. Wyniki badań wskazują, że w podobnych przypadkach ocena funkcjonowania psychicznego pacjentów powinna być nieodzownym elementem procedury diagnostyczno-terapeutycznej. Med. Pr. 2018;69(3):337–344.

The MUNIN project is doing a feasibility study on an unmanned bulk carrier on an intercontinental voyage. To develop the technical and operational concepts, MUNIN has used a risk-based design method, based on the Formal Safety Analysis method which is also recommended by the International Mari-time Organization. Scenario analysis has been used to identify risks and to simplify operational scope. Systematic hazard identification has been used to find critical safety and security risks and how to address these. Technology and operational concept testing is using a hypothesis-based test method, where the hypotheses have been created as a result of the risk assessment. Finally, the cost-benefit assessment will also use results from the risk assessment. This paper describes the risk assessment method, some of the most important results and also describes how the results have been or will be used in the different parts of the project.

In the article it is told about one of the episodes World War II (1939 – 1945) – the loss of Australian cruiser HMAS «Sydney» in combat with the German raider HSK-8 «Kormoran», the picture of battle is restored, the effective forces and loss of sides are analyzed, is in detail described the raid «Kormoran» for the disturbance of British navigation, speaks out the version of the reason for sinking powerful warship, by the auxiliary cruiser, which was in the essence the armed merchant ship.

In order to improve the employment rate of graduates in maritime and fisheries high schools, we investigated the employment situations of the those graduates for the last 8 years. The results were as follows, The ratio of graduates in maritime and fisheries high schools to total graduates of on-board departments are 69.1% and 30.9% respectively. The on-board employment rate of maritime high schools and fisheries high schools graduates are 63.2% and 26.7% respectively. Nearly all of the maritime high schools students were employed to merchant ship and fisheries high schools students were employed to merchant ship 77.2% and only 22.8% of them got a job on fisheries ship. The ratio of getting a job in maritime high schools to ocean-going ship was 76.7%, that was the highest ratio and the ratio of fisheries high schools got a job to ocean-going ship was 55.1%. The on-board career of maritime high schools graduates was 1~5 years, which took 86.4% of all careers and that of fisheries high schools was less than 1 year, which took 60.0% of all careers. We should make the various efforts to improve the employment rate of getting job to fisheries ship in the fisheries high school graduates.

One of the major contributors to the survivability of a surface combatant is her reduced vulnerability to weapon effects and as such the ship׳s damage stability characteristics determine a ship׳s ability to resist the consequences of possible flooding, namely to not capsize and/or sink. There are serious concerns about the limitations of the current semi-empirical deterministic criteria in which a combatant׳s damage stability is assessed upon. This paper details a comparison between the current approach and a newly presented probabilistic approach with the aim of determining which will result in a more accurate way of estimating the level of survivability of a particular design. A study is also presented in which the maximum damage length used in the naval ship assessment is increased to merchant ship standards of 0.24Lbp.

In December 2008 the remains of a wooden ship was discovered in Puerto Madero , down town in Buenos Aires. At preliminary observations, it would be a Spanish merchant ship from XVIII century. During the dig, remains from ship and loading were found. Among different kind of things, a sternpost gudgeon was found separated from the rest. This element has an important structural function in the ship associated with the support and guide of the rudder. The objective of the present paper is to analyze the geometric, structural and metallurgic characteristics from the mentioned artifact obtained at the archaeological site Zencity, to get a best understanding about the technology used to manufacture it, and a best knowledge of the complete finding. To this purpose, several analytical techniques were performed. First of all a visual and dimensional analysis was done on the piece. Then material was characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy and chemical composition was determined by energy dispersive X ray spectrometry (EDS). Also microhardness was measured and non metallic inclusions were analyzed. According to results the piece would have been made of forged ferrous alloy with a significant complexity in its manufacturing. It presents forge welded areas with large slag inclusions. Ferritic-pearlitic structures differentiated according to the area were detected with different grain sizes, which would indicate heterogeneous temperature of hot working. Some Adjacent areas that show different contents of carbon were identified indicating the use of different materials, especially to form parts of larger thickness.

In general, seafarer`s human error is considered to be the preponderant muse for the majority of maritime transportation accidents in a merchant ship. The implementation techniques for Human Error Model (HEM) to assess possible accident risk by deck officers including captain, chief officer, second mate and third mate are described in this study. The scope of this work is focused to 642 deck officers in the ship management company with 130 vessels. At first, HEM can be constructed through the statistical analysis and expert`s brainstorming process with human data to 642 deck officers. Then the variables for the human factors, the evaluation level EP() for , the weight of , and the title weight of each deck officers can be decided. In addition, through the analysis of ship`s accident history, the accident causation ratios by human error and by external error can be found as 0.517(51.7%) and 0.483(48.3%), respectively. The correlation coefficients to are also shown significant for a 95% confidence interval (p

This paper describes empirical approach methodology for the quantitative risk assessment of maritime transportation accident (MTA) of a merchant ship. The principal aim of this project is to estimate the risk of MTA that could degrade the ship safety by analyzing the underlying factors contributing to MTA based on the IMO`s Formal Safety Assessment techniques and, by assessing the probabilistic risk level of MTA based on the quantitative risk assessment methodology. The probabilistic risk level of MTA to Risk Index (RI) composed with Probability Index (PI) and Severity Index (SI) can be estimated from proposed Maritime Transportation Accident Model (MTAM) based on Bayesian Network with Bayesian theorem Then the applicability of the proposed MTAM can be evaluated using the scenario group with 355 core damaged accident history. As evaluation results, the correction rate of estimated PI, is shown as 82.8%, the over ranged rate of PI variable sensitivity with and is shown within 10%, the averaged error of estimated SI, is shown as 0.0195 and, the correction rate of estimated RI, (%), is shown as 91.8%. These results clearly shown that the proposed accident model and methodology can be use in the practical maritime transportation field.

Foreign maritime officers were employed in Korean flag ocean-going merchant ships since the year of 2005. And the number of foreign maritime officers in Korean ship has been rapidly increased, and it approaches 700 recently. The shortage of Korean maritime officers was mainly claimed the reason of employing foreign maritime officers in Korean flag ship. In this paper, we surveyed the number of newly supplied officers from every Korean training institution, the number of officers on-board, on-leave, on-job hunting, and the number of officers leaving their job every year. And then we analysed supply-demand situation of Korean maritime officers for Korean flag ocean-going ships for reasonable decision-making in relation with employing foreign maritime officers.

Thirty-six shells of terrestrial gastropods were discovered in underwater archaeological excavations of a Late Bronze Age (3,300 years BP) shipwreck at Uluburun, southern Turkey. Four shells were not related to the wreck and belonged to local species from the nearby coast. The other 32 specimens were accidentally transported with the merchant ship, which had sunk when sailing in a counterclockwise route from the Syro-Palestinian coast via Cyprus to the Aegean and then to Egypt. The Near Eastern endemic Xerocrassa langloisiana and the common eastern Mediterranean synanthrope Xeropicta krynickii were found in amphoras originally containing terebinth resin, destined for Egypt. The combined ranges of the two species and the morphological record point to a narrow area near the Dead Sea, more than 50 km distant from the Mediterranean coast, as the harvesting locality of the resin. A second group of land snails, partly determined as Xp. krynickii, must have been on board the vessel under different circumstances, attached to spiny bushes used to cushion the heavy freight and to prevent the planks from being damaged. The finds provide direct evidence that land snails have been carried on ships for more than 3,000 years, and underline assumptions that human-based oversea dispersal of anthropochorous species in the Mediterranean has occurred since antiquity. The results also show how much can be done if we possess a detailed faunistic knowledge of species distributions and shell morphology.

The work presented in this article is the result of collaboration between historians and computer scientists whose goal was the digital reconstitution of Le Boullongne, an 18th-century merchant ship of La Compagnie des Indes orientales.1 This ship has now disappeared and its reconstitution aims at understanding onboard living conditions. Three distinct research laboratories have participated in this project so far. The first, a department of naval history, worked on historical documents, especially the logbooks describing all traveling events of the ship. The second, a research laboratory in archaeology, archaeoscience, and history, proposed a 3D model of the ship based on the original naval architectural plans. The third, a computer science research laboratory, implemented a simulation of the ship sailing in virtual reality.

Research that has been done resulting hull of Series 60 is one model of ship hulls. Series 60 hull is used for the a merchant ship to block coefficient range from 0.65 - 080. Research Series 60 hull has great success, the American Towing Tank Conference (ATTC) and the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) agreed to fund further research for the Series 60 hull. The results of further research, published by the Society of Naval Architects and Marine enginners (SNAME). hull form series 60 is still widely used for type of commercial ships due to have a midship U is almost square so that traffic carried quite a lot of it is important for commercial ships, in addition to stability is also good. The bow of a ship is part of the greatest pressure and voltages, as the brunt of the water and the ship blows waves. Modeled and analyzed Series 60 Hull with a sloping shape of the bow, the bulbows and X-Bow with the main dimension of the vessel : Lpp = 30.97m, B = 4.34m, T = 1.7m. To further analyze the effect of the three forms of the bow ship for resistance and speed. Analyzed to three forms of the hull at speeds of 0 to 8.25 knots have resistance almost flat at around 7000 Newton, meaning the ship relatively similar obstacles. At speeds above the 8.25 knots have resistance vessel with a hull tilted began to increase with increasing vessel speed has become increasingly apparent obstacles ships is increasing drastic, especially at a speed of 30 knots have resistance of ship 257733 Newton when compared with resistance vessel for bulbows form who is resistance 230059 Newton or X-bow have resistance 228943 Newton.