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1. Faster Sensitivity Loss around Dense Scotomas than for Overall Macular Sensitivity in Stargardt Disease: ProgStar Report No. 14

Author

Etienne M. Schönbach, Rupert W. Strauss, Mohamed A. Ibrahim, Jessica L. Janes, David G. Birch, Artur V. Cideciyan, Janet S. Sunness, Beatriz Muñoz, Michael S. Ip, SriniVas R. Sadda, Hendrik P.N. Scholl, Yulia Wolfson, Millena Bittencourt, Syed Mahmood Shah, Mohamed Ahmed, Etienne Schönbach, Kaoru Fujinami, Elias Traboulsi, Justis Ehlers, Meghan Marino, Susan Crowe, Rachael Briggs, Angela Borer, Anne Pinter, Tami Fecko, Nikki Burgnoni, Carol Applegate, Leslie Russell, Michel Michaelides, Simona Degli Esposti, Anthony Moore, Andrew Webster, Sophie Connor, Jade Barnfield, Zaid Salchi, Clara Alfageme, Victoria McCudden, Maria Pefkianaki, Jonathan Aboshiha, Gerald Liew, Graham Holder, Anthony Robson, Alexa King, Daniela Ivanova Cajas Narvaez, Katy Barnard, Catherine Grigg, Hannah Dunbar, Yetunde Obadeyi, Karine Girard-Claudon, Hilary Swann, Avani Rughani, Charles Amoah, Dominic Carrington, Kanom Bibi, Emerson Ting, Mohamed Nafaz Illiyas, Hamida Begum, Andrew Carter, Anne Georgiou, Selma Lewism, Saddaf Shaheen, Harpreet Shinmar, Linda Burton, Paul Bernstein, Kimberley Wegner, Briana Lauren Sawyer, Bonnie Carlstrom, Kellian Farnsworth, Cyrie Fry, Melissa Chandler, Glen Jenkins, Donnel Creel, David Birch, Yi-Zhong Wang, Luis Rodriguez, Kirsten Locke, Martin Klein, Paulina Mejia, Samuel G. Jacobson, Sharon B. Schwartz, Rodrigo Matsui, Michaela Gruzensky, Jason Charng, Alejandro J. Roman, Eberhart Zrenner, Fadi Nasser, Gesa Astrid Hahn, Barbara Wilhelm, Tobias Peters, Benjamin Beier, Tilman Koenig, Susanne Kramer, José-Alain Sahel, Saddek Mohand-Said, Isabelle Audo, Caroline Laurent-Coriat, Ieva Sliesoraityte, Christina Zeitz, Fiona Boyard, Minh Ha Tran, Mathias Chapon, Céline Chaumette, Juliette Amaudruz, Victoria Ganem, Serge Sancho, Aurore Girmens, Robert Wojciechowski, Shazia Khan, David G. Emmert, Dennis Cain, Mark Herring, Jennifer Bassinger, Lisa Liberto, Sheila West, Ann-Margret Ervin, Beatriz Munoz, Xiangrong Kong, Kurt Dreger, Jennifer Jones, Srinivas Sadda, Anamika Jha, Alex Ho, Brendan Kramer, Ngoc Lam, Rita Tawdros, Yong Dong Zhou, Johana Carmona, Akihito Uji, Amirhossein Hariri, Amy Lock, Anthony Elshafei, Anushika Ganegoda, Christine Petrossian, Dennis Jenkins, Edward Strnad, Elmira Baghdasaryan, Eric Ito, Feliz Samson, Gloria Blanquel, Handan Akil, Jhanisus Melendez, Jianqin Lei, Jianyan Huang, Jonathan Chau, Khalil G. Falavarjani, Kristina Espino, Manfred Li, Maria Mendoza, Muneeswar Gupta Nittala, Netali Roded, Nizar Saleh, Ping Huang, Sean Pitetta, Siva Balasubramanian, Sophie Leahy, Sowmya J. Srinivas, Swetha B. Velaga, Teresa Margaryan, Tudor Tepelus, Tyler Brown, Wenying Fan, Yamileth Murillo, Yue Shi, Katherine Aguilar, Cynthia Chan, Lisa Santos, Brian Seo, Christopher Sison, Silvia Perez, Stephanie Chao, Kelly Miyasato, Julia Higgins, Zoila Luna, Anita Menchaca, Norma Gonzalez, Vicky Robledo, Karen Carig, Kirstie Baker, David Ellenbogen, Daniel Bluemel, Theo Sanford, Daisy Linares, Mei Tran, Lorane Nava, Michelle Oberoi, Mark Romero, Vivian Chiguil, Grantley Bynum-Bain, Monica Kim, Carolina Mendiguren, Xiwen Huang, Monika Smith, and Natalie Sarreal

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, Adolescent, genetic structures, Visual Acuity, ABCA4, Sensitivity and Specificity, Retina, Young Adult, Ophthalmology, Humans, Stargardt Disease, Medicine, Prospective Studies, Fluorescein Angiography, Scotoma, Prospective cohort study, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, business.industry, Blind spot, Middle Aged, Fluorescein angiography, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Clinical trial, Stargardt disease, biology.protein, Visual Field Tests, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, Female, Visual Fields, medicine.symptom, business, Microperimetry, Tomography, Optical Coherence
Abstract

Mean sensitivity (MS) derived from a standard test grid using microperimetry is a sensitive outcome measure in clinical trials investigating new treatments for degenerative retinal diseases. This study hypothesizes that the functional decline is faster at the edge of the dense scotoma (eMS) than by using the overall MS.Multicenter, international, prospective cohort study: ProgStar Study.Stargardt disease type 1 patients (carrying at least 1 mutation in the ABCA4 gene) were followed over 12 months using microperimetry with a Humphrey 10-2 test grid. Customized software was developed to automatically define and selectively follow the test points directly adjacent to the dense scotoma points and to calculate their mean sensitivity (eMS).Among 361 eyes (185 patients), the mean age was 32.9 ± 15.1 years old. At baseline, MS was 10.4 ± 5.2 dB (n = 361), and the eMS was 9.3 ± 3.3 dB (n = 335). The yearly progression rate of MS (1.5 ± 2.1 dB/year) was significantly lower (β = -1.33; P.001) than that for eMS (2.9 ± 2.9 dB/year). There were no differences between progression rates using automated grading and those using manual grading (β = .09; P = .461).In Stargardt disease type 1, macular sensitivity declines significantly faster at the edge of the dense scotoma than in the overall test grid. An automated, time-efficient approach for extracting and grading eMS is possible and appears valid. Thus, eMS offers a valuable tool and sensitive outcome parameter with which to follow Stargardt patients in clinical trials, allowing clinical trial designs with shorter duration and/or smaller cohorts.

Published
2020

2. Longitudinal Changes of Fixation Location and Stability Within 12 Months in Stargardt Disease: ProgStar Report No. 12

Author

Etienne M. Schönbach, Rupert W. Strauss, Xiangrong Kong, Beatriz Muñoz, Mohamed A. Ibrahim, Janet S. Sunness, David G. Birch, Gesa-Astrid Hahn, Fadi Nasser, Eberhart Zrenner, SriniVas R. Sadda, Sheila K. West, Hendrik P.N. Scholl, Yulia Wolfson, Millena Bittencourt, Syed Mahmood Shah, Mohamed Ahmed, Etienne Schönbach, Kaoru Fujinami, Elias Traboulsi, Justis Ehlers, Meghan Marino, Susan Crowe, Rachael Briggs, Angela Borer, Anne Pinter, Tami Fecko, Nikki Burgnoni, Carol Applegate, Leslie Russell, Michel Michaelides, Simona Degli Esposti, Anthony Moore, Andrew Webster, Sophie Connor, Jade Barnfield, Zaid Salchi, Clara Alfageme, Victoria McCudden, Maria Pefkianaki, Jonathan Aboshiha, Gerald Liew, Graham Holder, Anthony Robson, Alexa King, Daniela Ivanova Cajas Narvaez, Katy Barnard, Catherine Grigg, Hannah Dunbar, Yetunde Obadeyi, Karine Girard-Claudon, Hilary Swann, Avani Rughani, Charles Amoah, Dominic Carrington, Kanom Bibi, Emerson Ting Co, Mohamed Nafaz Illiyas, Hamida Begum, Andrew Carter, Anne Georgiou, Selma Lewism, Saddaf Shaheen, Harpreet Shinmar, Linda Burton, Paul Bernstein, Kimberley Wegner, Briana Lauren Sawyer, Bonnie Carlstrom, Kellian Farnsworth, Cyrie Fry, Melissa Chandler, Glen Jenkins, Donnel Creel, David Birch, Yi-Zhong Wang, Luis Rodriguez, Kirsten Locke, Martin Klein, Paulina Mejia, Artur V. Cideciyan, Samuel G. Jacobson, Sharon B. Schwartz, Rodrigo Matsui, Michaela Gruzensky, Jason Charng, Alejandro J. Roman, Gesa Astrid Hahn, Barbara Wilhelm, Tobias Peters, Benjamin Beier, Tilman Koenig, Susanne Kramer, José-Alain Sahel, Saddek Mohand-Said, Isabelle Audo, Caroline Laurent-Coriat, Ieva Sliesoraityte, Christina Zeitz, Fiona Boyard, Minh Ha Tran, Mathias Chapon, Céline Chaumette, Juliette Amaudruz, Victoria Ganem, Serge Sancho, Aurore Girmens, Robert Wojciechowski, Shazia Khan, David G. Emmert, Dennis Cain, Mark Herring, Jennifer Bassinger, Lisa Liberto, Sheila West, Ann-Margret Ervin, Beatriz Munoz, Kurt Dreger, Jennifer Jones, Srinivas Sadda, Michael S. Ip, Anamika Jha, Alex Ho, Brendan Kramer, Ngoc Lam, Rita Tawdros, Yong Dong Zhou, Johana Carmona, Akihito Uji, Amirhossein Hariri, Amy Lock, Anthony Elshafei, Anushika Ganegoda, Christine Petrossian, Dennis Jenkins, Edward Strnad, Elmira Baghdasaryan, Eric Ito, Feliz Samson, Gloria Blanquel, Handan Akil, Jhanisus Melendez, Jianqin Lei, Jianyan Huang, Jonathan Chau, Khalil G. Falavarjani, Kristina Espino, Manfred Li, Maria Mendoza, Muneeswar Gupta Nittala, Netali Roded, Nizar Saleh, Ping Huang, Sean Pitetta, Siva Balasubramanian, Sophie Leahy, Sowmya J. Srinivas, Swetha B. Velaga, Teresa Margaryan, Tudor Tepelus, Tyler Brown, Wenying Fan, Yamileth Murillo, Yue Shi, Katherine Aguilar, Cynthia Chan, Lisa Santos, Brian Seo, Christopher Sison, Silvia Perez, Stephanie Chao, Kelly Miyasato, Julia Higgins, Zoila Luna, Anita Menchaca, Norma Gonzalez, Vicky Robledo, Karen Carig, Kirstie Baker, David Ellenbogen, Daniel Bluemel, Theo Sanford, Daisy Linares, Mei Tran, Lorane Nava, Michelle Oberoi, Mark Romero, Vivian Chiguil, Grantley Bynum-Bain, Monica Kim, Carolina Mendiguren, Xiwen Huang, Monika Smith, and Natalie Sarreal

Subjects
Adult, Male, Fixation stability, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Visual Acuity, Fixation, Ocular, Retina, Article, Standard deviation, Macular Degeneration, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Ophthalmology, medicine, Humans, Stargardt Disease, Prospective Studies, Young adult, Child, Prospective cohort study, Aged, business.industry, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Stargardt disease, Fixation (visual), 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Visual Field Tests, Female, Visual Fields, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Natural history study, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

Purpose To investigate the natural history of Stargardt disease (STGD1) using fixation location and fixation stability. Design Multicenter, international, prospective cohort study. Methods Fixation testing was performed using the Nidek MP-1 microperimeter as part of the prospective, multicenter, natural history study on the Prog ression of Star gardt disease (ProgStar). A total of 238 patients with ABCA4-related STGD1 were enrolled at baseline (bilateral enrollment in 86.6%) and underwent repeat testing at months 6 and 12. Results Outcome measures included the distance of the preferred retinal locus from the fovea (PRL) and the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA). After 12 months of follow-up, the change in the eccentricity of the PRL from the anatomic fovea was −0.0014 degrees (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.27 degrees, 0.27 degrees; P = .99). The deterioration in the stability of fixation as expressed by a larger BCEA encompassing 1 standard deviation of all fixation points was 1.21 degrees squared (deg2) (95% CI, −1.23 deg2, 3.65 deg2; P = .33). Eyes with increases and decreases in PRL eccentricity and/or BCEA values were observed. Conclusions Our observations point to the complexity of fixation parameters. The association of increasingly eccentric and unstable fixation with longer disease duration that is typically found in cross-sectional studies may be countered within individual patients by poorly understood processes like neuronal adaptation. Nevertheless, fixation parameters may serve as useful secondary outcome parameters in selected cases and for counseling patients to explain changes to their visual functionality.

Published
2018

3. Visual Acuity Loss and Associated Risk Factors in the Retrospective Progression of Stargardt Disease Study (ProgStar Report No. 2)

Author

Xiangrong Kong, Rupert W. Strauss, Michel Michaelides, Artur V. Cideciyan, José-Alain Sahel, Beatriz Muñoz, Sheila West, Hendrik P.N. Scholl, Yulia Wolfson, Millena Bittencourt, Syed Mahmood Shah, Mohammed Ahmed, Etienne Schonbach, Kaoru Fujinami, Elias Traboulsi, Justis Ehlers, Meghan Marino, Susan Crowe, Rachael Briggs, Angela Borer, Anne Pinter, Tami Fecko, Nikki Brugnoni, Janet S. Sunness, Carol Applegate, Leslie Russell, Anthony Moore, Andrew Webster, Sophie Connor, Victoria McCudden, Maria Pefkianaki, Jonathan Aboshiha, Gerald Liew, Graham Holder, Anthony Robson, Alexa King, Daniela Ivanova Cajas Narvaez, Katy Barnard, Catherine Grigg, Hannah Dunbar, Yetunde Obadeyi, Karine Girard-Claudon, Hilary Swann, Avani Rughani, Charles Amoah, Dominic Carrington, Kanom Bibi, Emerson Ting Co, Andrew Carter, Anne Georgiou, Selma Lewis, Saddaf Shaheen, Harpreet Shinmar, Linda Burton, Paul Bernstein, Kimberley Wegner, Briana Lauren Sawyer, Bonnie Carlstrom, Kellian Farnsworth, Cyrie Fry, Melissa Chandler, Glen Jenkins, Donnel Creel, David Birch, Yi-Zhong Wang, Luis Rodriguez, Kirsten Locke, Martin Klein, Paulina Mejia, Samuel G. Jacobson, Sharon B. Schwartz, Rodrigo Matsui, Michaela Gruzensky, Alejandro J. Roman, Eberhart Zrenner, Fadi Nasser, Gesa Astrid Hahn, Barbara Wilhelm, Tobias Peters, Benjamin Beier, Tilman Koenig, Susanne Kramer, Saddek Mohand-Said, Isabelle Audo, Caroline Laurent-Coriat, Ieva Sliesoraityte, Christina Zeitz, Fiona Boyard, Minh Ha Tran, Mathias Chapon, Céline Chaumette, Juliette Amaudruz, Victoria Ganem, Serge Sancho, Aurore Girmens, Robert Wojciechowski, Shazia Khan, David G. Emmert, Dennis Cain, Mark Herring, Jennifer Bassinger, Lisa Liberto, Ann-Margret Ervin, Beatriz Munoz, Kurt Dreger, Jennifer Jones, Srinivas Sadda, Anamika Jha, Alex Ho, Brendan Kramer, Amirhossein Hariri, Gloria Rebecca Blanquel, Ngoc Lam, Sean Pitetta, Yue Shi, Rita Tawdros, Christine Petrossian, Dennis Jenkins, Muneeswar Gupta, Yong Dong Zhou, Katherine Aguilar, Cynthia Chan, Lisa Santos, Brian Seo, Christopher Sison, Silvia Perez, Stephanie Chao, Kelly Miyasato, Julia Higgins, Zoila Luna, Anita Menchaca, Norma Gonzalez, Vicky Robledo, Karen Carig, Kirstie Baker, David Ellenbogen, James Russell, Daniel Bluemel, Alex Moreno, Royal Pham, Theo Sanford, Daisy Linares, and Mei Tran

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, Adolescent, Cross-sectional study, Vision Disorders, Visual Acuity, 03 medical and health sciences, Macular Degeneration, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, medicine, Humans, Stargardt Disease, Age of Onset, Prospective cohort study, Child, Generalized estimating equation, Aged, Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Retrospective cohort study, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, United States, Stargardt disease, Europe, Ophthalmology, 030104 developmental biology, Cross-Sectional Studies, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Physical therapy, Disease Progression, Linear Models, Age of onset, medicine.symptom, business, Cohort study
Abstract

To examine the association between characteristics of Stargardt disease and visual acuity (VA), to estimate the longitudinal rate of VA loss, and to identify risk factors for VA loss.Retrospective, multicenter cohort study.A total of 176 patients (332 eyes) with molecularly and clinically confirmed Stargardt disease enrolled from the United States and Europe.Standardized data report forms were used to collect retrospective data on participants' characteristics and best-corrected or presenting VA from medical charts. Linear models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the cross-sectional associations, and linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the longitudinal VA loss.Yearly change in VA.The median duration of observation was 3.6 years. At baseline, older age of symptom onset was associated with better VA, and a longer duration of symptoms was associated with worse VA. Longitudinal analysis estimated an average of 0.3 lines loss (P0.0001) per year overall, but the rate varied according to baseline VA: (1) eyes with baseline VA ≥20/25 (N = 53) declined at a rate of approximately 1.0 line per year; (2) eyes with VA between 20/25 and 20/70 (N = 65) declined at a rate of approximately 0.9 lines per year; (3) eyes with VA between 20/70 and 20/200 (N = 163) declined at a rate of 0.2 lines per year; and (4) eyes with VA worse than 20/200 (n = 49) improved at a rate of 0.5 lines per year. Older age of onset was associated with slower VA loss: Patients with onset age30 years showed 0.4 lines slower change of VA per year (P = 0.01) compared with patients with onset age ≤14 years.Given the overall slow rate of VA loss, VA is unlikely to be a sensitive outcome measure for treatment trials of Stargardt disease. However, given the faster decline in younger patients and those with no or mild visual impairment, VA may be a potential outcome measure for trials targeting such subgroups of patients. These observations will need to be assessed in a prospective study bearing in mind the inherent limitations of retrospective datasets.

Published
2016

4. The Call for Senate Reform: An Implausible Demand

Author

Melissa Chandler

Subjects
Government, education.field_of_study, Constitution, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Alienation, Upper house, Power (social and political), Negotiation, Feeling, Political science, Law, education, media_common
Abstract

From shortly before Confederation in 1871, to the present day, the western population of Canada has felt isolated. The western Canadians feel as though the power holders in Ottawa have too much control. A phenomenon which has led to this feeling of alienation is an Upper House staffed with federal government appointees. When constitutional negotiations were occurring in 1980, the premiers and Prime Minister were discussing what kind of changes should be made to the Constitution. At the time, the premier of Alberta brought up what is now one of, if not the, major issue in the West: Senate reform. This issue has led the West to view Ottawa as having too much power. Furthermore, it has led to the feeling of alienation. This paper will discuss why Senate reform is desirable, but not possible.[...]

Published
1969

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