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BACKGROUND: Anaemia is a worldwide problem and iron deficiency is the most common cause. In pregnancy, anaemia increases the risk of adverse maternal, foetal and neonatal outcomes. India's anaemia rate is among the highest in the world with India's National Family Health Survey indicating over 50% of pregnant women were affected by anaemia. India's Anaemia Mukt Bharat-Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative aims to reduce the prevalence of anaemia among reproductive-age women, adolescents and children by 3% per year and facilitate the achievement of a Global World Health Assembly 2025 objective to achieve a 50% reduction of anaemia among women of reproductive age. However, preliminary results of the NFHS-5 survey completed in 2020 indicate that anaemia rates are increasing in some states and these targets are unlikely to be achieved. With oral iron being the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in pregnancy, these results are likely to be impacted by the side effects, poor adherence to tablet ingestion and low therapeutic impact of oral iron. These reports suggest a new approach to treating IDA, specifically the importance of single-dose intravenous iron infusions, may be the key to India effectively reaching its targets for anaemia reduction. METHODS: This 3-arm, randomized controlled trial is powered to report two primary outcomes. The first is to assess whether a single dose of two different intravenous formulations administered early in the second trimester of pregnancy to women with moderate IDA will result in a higher percentage of participants achieving a normal for pregnancy Hb concentration at 30-34 weeks' gestation or just prior to delivery when compared to participants taking standard doses of oral iron. The second is a clinical outcome of low birth weight (LBW) (< 2500 g), with a hypothesis that the risk of LBW delivery will be lower in the intravenous iron arms when compared to the oral iron arm. DISCUSSION: The RAPIDIRON trial will

This research has been conducted to estimate the Value at Risk of nations and volatility of returns of indices by using GARCH based models in the emerging equity markets of the world. For the study six emerging markets were taken into consideration viz. china, India, turkey, Mexico, Indonesia, Russia, and Brazil. The data these emerging stock indices of the world have been taken for the research purpose. Different GARCH (auto regressive) based models were applied to estimate the volatility in markets , further different Garch based models were compared for best fit and VaR was calculated to estimate the risk. The results of Garch (1,1) model shows that there is no serial correlation in Brazil and Mexico and for India, China, Russia and Turkey there exist positive serial correlation. E-garch which is superior model than garch reported that there is no serial correlation in Brazil, china, Mexico and Russia but for India and Turkey there exist positive serial correlation. Further a stronger garch model that is Pgarch was applied which showed that there is positive serial correlation in all the Emerging equity markets viz. India, China, Russia and Turkey. The generalized results can be of positive correlation between India, China, Russia and Turkey markets.

An integration of planet’s financial market has been the distinctive feature of the global development. The last two decades has witnessed hastening in financial globalization represented by an increase in cross-country foreign assets. The present study has focused on the co-integration aspect of American, European and Indian market. The results of the study indicate significant co-integration relationship among markets.

Hoda M Malaty,1 Seema Mehta,2,3 Bincy Abraham,1 Elizabeth A Garnett,4 George D Ferry2,31Department of Medicine, 2Department of Pediatrics, 3Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; 4University of California, San Francisco, California, USABackground: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-indeterminate is a subgroup of IBD that has features of both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD).Aims: To determine the clinical course of IBD-indeterminate in children over a 25 year period.Methods: We performed a retrospective investigation on children diagnosed with IBD. Diagnosis and disease distribution of IBD was based on clinical, radiologic, endoscopic, and histologic examinations.Results: Four hundred and twenty children diagnosed with IBD between 1986 and 2003 were identified from the IBD registry, 78 (22%) of whom were diagnosed with IBD-indeterminate. The mean age at diagnosis was 9.2 ± 4 years and the mean follow-up period was 4.1 ± 2 years. In 2003, 18 of 78 children (23%) were reclassified by the same physician based on the endoscopic and pathologic findings as follows: eight children with CD, five children with UC, and five children with non-IBD (eg, eosinophilic colitis). During 2011, 20 of the 60 patients who had maintained an IBD-indeterminate diagnosis were located and contacted, and detailed telephone interviews were conducted by the corresponding author. Two patients were reclassified as having CD (10%), one patient was reclassified as having eosinophilic colitis (5%), six patients remained with IBD-indeterminate (30%), and eleven patients (55%) reported a complete resolution of their symptoms. The follow-up period ranged from 10–18 years (mean 12.5 ± 3 years). Children who were reclassified as having CD were significantly younger than those who maintained an IBD-indeterminate diagnosis (6.4 ± 4 years versus11.2 ± 3 years, respectively

Hoda M Malaty,1,2 Bincy P Abraham,1,3 Seema Mehta,2,3 Elizabeth A Garnett,4 George D Ferry2,31Department of Medicine, 2Department of Pediatrics, 3Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; 4University of California, San Francisco, CA, USABackground: The natural history of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been poorly studied in children.Methods: We performed a retrospective study in children diagnosed with UC with a follow-up. The diagnosis of UC was based on clinical, radiologic, endoscopic, and histologic examinations. We estimated the occurrence of colectomy, proctitis, and extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) at the onset of the diagnosis and at the end of the study period.Results: We identified 115 UC patients between 1986 and 2003 with a mean age at diagnosis of 10.6 ± 5.1 years. The cumulative rate of colectomy was 4.1% at 1 year, and 16% at 10 years. EIMs were experienced by 20% of the children; 48% had arthritis, 35% had sclerosing cholangitis, and 17% had aphthous stomatitis. Proctitis was noted in 29 patients and it was not associated with an increased risk of colectomy (relative risk = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.7–4.5), and girls were twice more likely to develop proctitis. The pathologic reading for disease extensions was recorded for all children at entry and only 62 children had pathological results at maximum follow-up. At entry, 25% of the children only had ulcerative proctitis (E1) localization, 40% had left-sided UC (E2), and 35% had extensive UC (E3). Among the patients with E1 localization, 20% had progressed to E2 and 80% had progressed to E3; among the patients with E2 localization, 40% had progressed to E3. Age, gender, and EIMs at time of diagnosis were not associated with extension of disease at maximal follow-up. The Z score of body mass index (BMI) of children was significantly higher at the end of the study. At diagnosis, 85% of patients received 5-aminosalicyclic acid, 60% received steroids, an