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The transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) to new locations is mostly facilitated by migratory birds. Türkiye's domestic ducks, geese, and chickens have already tested positive for WNV by serology. This study was conducted to identify the seroprevalence of WNV in wild bird species because wild birds in the Western Mediterranean Region are found along migration routes from Africa to Europe, they are home to a wide variety of bird species due to the abundance of lakes and wetlands, the mild Mediterranean climate, and some areas that are suitable habitat for mosquitoes due to their low altitude. Serum samples were taken from 141 wild birds in Isparta (66), Burdur (42), and Antalya (33) for this study on birds in the wild. During serological studies, there was no evidence of WNV-specific antibodies.

The samples were taken from 106 cows with various-looking lesions on their teats and ranged in age from 2 to 8 years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen (Ag) positive for the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found in 59 (55.7%) blood serum samples. PCR using FAP59/64 primers was positive for 24 (22.6%) samples. BPV-2 (40, 37.7%), BPV-6 (28, 26.4%), BPV-8 (30, 28.3%), BPV-9 (36, 34%), BPV-10 (32, 30.3%), and BPV-12 (22, 20.8%) were found in a PCR type-specific analysis of single and mixed type teat warts. The highest positivity was observed in BPV-2, BPV-9 and BPV-10 in flat and round forms, BPV-6, BPV-10, BPV-12, and mixed types in rice grain-cauliflower forms, BPV-9 and mixed types in filiform in the distribution of types based on the macroscopic appearance of teat lesions. As for the distribution of BPV types according to age, the most BPV-2 types were found in the age group of two years, the most BPV-10 types in the age group of three years, the most BPV-9 types in the age group of four years, the most BPV-8+BPV-12 types in the age group of five years, and the most mixed types between the ages of six and eight years. The existence of the virus was then checked using electron microscopy on the chosen samples (at least one investigation was conducted), and it was positively identified using BPV type-specific primers. The authors concluded that BPV detection using an ELISA (Ag) test from blood serum samples was shown to be less sensitive than BPV type-specific PCR from wart samples.

Kedilerin solunum sisteminin en yaygın patojenlerinden biri olan Felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) çoğunlukla ateş, mukopurulent nazal akıntı, konjunktivitis, iştahsızlık gibi semptomlarla seyretmekte ve özellikle yavru kedilerde alt solunum sistemi enfeksiyonları sonrasında ölümlere neden olabilmektedir. dir. Enfeksiyonun bulaşması akut ve subklinik enfekte kedilere ait üst solunum yolu sekret ve ekskretleri yoluyla olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada sağlıklı görünümlü ile solunum sistemi enfeksiyonu klinik bulguları gösteren, 6 ay-8 yaş arasında, sahipli veya sahipsiz, farklı ırklara ait 55 dişi, 57 erkek olmak üzere toplamda 112 kediden alınan EDTA’lı kan örneklerinde PCR tekniği ile FeHV-1 nükleik asit varlığı araştırılmış ve pozitif örneklerin dizin analizi gerçekleştirilerek filogenetik ağaç oluşturulmuştur. Test edilen örneklerin %33,93’ünde (38/112) FeHV-1 nükleik asidi tespit edildi. Sağlıklı görünümlü kedilerde pozitiflik oranı %20,83 (5/24) iken, klinik bulgulu kedilerde bu oran %37,50 (33/88) olarak belirlendi. Her iki grupta yer alan kedilerde pozitiflik oranlarının yakın oluşu etken saçılımında akut enfekte kedilerin yanı sıra, sağlıklı görünümlü kedilerin de önemli rol oynayabileceğini düşündürmüştür. Örneklenen kedilerde yaş ve cinsiyete göre pozitiflik oranları, enfeksiyonun her yaştaki ve cinsiyetteki kedilerde görüldüğü ancak özellikle 1 yaş altındaki kedilerde daha yaygın olabileceği ortaya konmuştur, Felid Alphaherpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1), one of the most common pathogens of cat respiratory system, mostly proceeds with symptoms such as fever, mucopurulent nasal flow, conjunctivitis and loss of appetite and might cause death especially in kittens following lower respiratory system infections. Transmission of the infection occurs via upper respiratory tract secret and excreta of acute and subclinically infected cats. In this study, FeHV-1 nucleic acid presence was searched using PCR technique in blood samples with EDTA taken from 112 cats, 55 females and 57 males, from different races, owned or stray, between 6-8 years of age, either healthy looking or showing clinical symptoms of respiratory system infection and phylogenetic tree was created by carrying out index analysis of positive samples. FeHV-1 nucleic acid was detected in 33.93% (38 / 112) of the tested samples. The positivity rate was 20.83% (5 / 24) in healthy looking cats while it was 37.50% (33 / 88) in cats with clinical symptoms. The fact that positivity rates were so close to each other for cats in both groups made us consider that healthy looking cats might play a role in factor scattering as well as acute infected ones. Positivity rates in sampled cats according to age and gender revealed that the infection could be seen in cats of all ages and gender and might be more common in cats under 1 year old.

Molecular studies on viral diseases in wildlife are limited in Turkey. Pestiviruses infect domestic animals such as pig, cattle, sheep, goats and many other wild ungulates. Cross-species transmission of pestiviruses between wildlife and domestic livestock is a subject of recent concern where wild ungulates are in close contact with domestic ruminants. The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV) has named the genus Pestivirus, which belongs to the Flaviviridae family, using the format Pestivirus A, Pestivirus B, Pestivirus C, and so on. Pestivirus A-D replaces Bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 (BVDV-2), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Border disease virus (BDV) respectively. During the 2013–2014 hunting season, a total of 40 samples were collected from wild boars (Sus scrofa ferus) in the area of Western Mediterranean Turkey. In the samples, nucleic acids were investigated for pestivirus, Aujeszky’s disease virus, Borna disease virus, coronavirus, mastadenovirus and rotavirus. RT-PCR was performed using primary sets to detect specific partial gene region specific to each virus. Sequence analysis was performed on a positive sample. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the positive sample, TR/Burdur/13/Boar3, belonged to BDV genotype 1 (Pestivirus D). The first molecular findings of BDV in wild boars in Turkey are reported in this study. This study highlights the importance of further research into diseases that might be transmitted from wild boars to ruminants in Turkey.

Despite having a low fatality rate in monkeys, monkeypox remains an important disease because of its zoonotic potential. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical, pathological, ultrastructural and virological findings of the first monkeypox case diagnosed in a baby monkey in Turkey with unknown transmission. A monkeypox infection was detected in a 1-month-old, female, baby monkey born in Antalya Zoo and died with skin lesions. It was reported that the baby's mother did not care for and caregivers took care of the cub, and skin lesions on the hands of the caregivers and responsible veterinarian were reported. Necropsy, histopathology, electron microscopy and CAM test were performed. Typical cutaneous and pulmonary poxvirus finding in a baby monkey was described in this case. CAM results firstly reported in a monkeypox case. Because of the zoonotic potential of illness, monkey colonies, particularly in zoos, must be controlled with vigilance. This is the first monkeypox report in a baby monkey in Turkey.

Background and Study Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate of the relationships between total/segmental body composition and anaerobic performance parameters in female handball players. Material and Methods. Voluntary 16 women handball players (age= 19.6±2.6years, body height= 168.0±5.5cm, body weight= 64.7±10.7kg), trained last 3 years, were participated to the study. Twelve of them were students from Faculty of Sports Sciences. All measurement and tests were completed in the week right after Turkish Women Handball 1th League. Total and segmental body composition parameters (body fat percentage, body fat mass, lean body mass, leg fat percentage, leg fat mass, lean leg mass, torso fat percentage, torso fat mass, and lean torso mass) of each player were evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. Squat jump test for explosive power, countermovement jump test for elastic (reactive) power, and Wingate test for anaerobic power (WAnT AP) and anaerobic capacity (WAnT AC) were used. Relationships of total/segmental body composition parameters with jump and anaerobic power-capacity parameters were analysed with Pearson correlation and the probability level was set to p£0.05. Results. As a result of statistical analyses, there were negative relationships (p, Предпосылки и цель исследования. Целью этого исследования было изучение взаимосвязи между общим / сегментарным составом тела и параметрами анаэробной производительности у гандболисток.Материал и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 16 добровольцев гандболисток (возраст 19,6 ± 2,6 года, рост 168,0 ± 5,5 см, масса тела 64,7 ± 10,7 кг), тренировавшихся последние 3 года. Двенадцать из них были студентами факультета спортивных наук. Все измерения и тесты были завершены на неделе сразу после 1-й лиги турецкого женского гандбола. Общие и сегментные параметры состава тела (процентное содержание жира в организме, масса жира в организме, безжировая масса тела, процентное содержание жира в ногах, масса жира в ногах, безжировая масса ног, процентное содержание жира в туловище, масса жира в туловище и безжировая масса тела) каждого игрока оценивались с метод двухэнергетической рентгеновской абсорбциометрии. Используются тест прыжка с приседанием на взрывную мощность, тест прыжка с противодвижением на упругую (реактивную) мощность и тест Вингейта на анаэробную мощность (WAnT AP) и анаэробную способность (WAnT AC). Взаимосвязь параметров общего / сегментарного состава тела с параметрами прыжка и анаэробной мощности анализировалась с помощью корреляции Пирсона, и уровень вероятности был установлен на p, Передумови та мета дослідження. Метою цього дослідження було вивчення взаємозв'язку між загальним / сегментарним складом тіла і параметрами анаеробної продуктивності у гандболісток.Матеріал і методи. У дослідженні взяли участь 16 добровольців гандболісток (вік 19,6 ± 2,6 року, зрост 168,0 ± 5,5 см, маса тіла 64,7 ± 10,7 кг), що тренувалися останні 3 роки. Дванадцять з них були студентами факультету спортивних наук. Всі вимірювання і тести були завершені на тижні відразу після 1-ї ліги турецького жіночого гандболу. Загальні і сегментні параметри складу тіла (процентний вміст жиру в організмі, маса жиру в організмі, безжирова маса тіла, процентний вміст жиру в ногах, маса жиру в ногах, безжирова маса ніг, процентний вміст жиру в тулуб, маса жиру в тулуб і безжирова маса тіла) кожного гравця оцінювалися за методом двуенергетичної рентгенівської абсорбциометрії. Використовуються тест стрибка з присіданням на вибухову потужність, тест стрибка з протирухом на пружну (реактивну) потужність і тест Вінгейта на анаеробну потужність (WAnT AP) і анаеробну здатність (WAnT AC). Взаємозв'язок параметрів загального / сегментарного складу тіла з параметрами стрибка і анаеробної потужності аналізувалася за допомогою кореляції Пірсона, і рівень ймовірності було встановлено на p

Bu çalışmada, Burdur ilinde halk elinde bulunan saf ırk özelliği taşıyan dişi Honamlı keçilerinde Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) enfeksiyonunun varlığı araştırıldı. Bu amaçla 1 yaş üstü, dişi ve sağlıklı görünüme sahip 187 (yüz seksen yedi) adet keçiden kan örneklemesi yapıldı. Çalışmada Honamlı ırkı dişi keçilerin yerleşim yerlerine ve yaşlarına göre seroprevalanslarının ve enfeksiyona karşı hassasiyetlerinin ortaya konması amaçlandı. Örnekleme yapılan ağıl koşulları; Duvar, Çatı ve Zemin, Yemlik ve Suluk, Ortamın İlaçlanması, Ayrı Bölme (Keçi, Teke ve Oğlak), Karışık/Ortak Emzirme olarak 5 kriter altında değerlendirildi. Araştırmada, 5 yerleşim yerinden ve 10 ağıldan toplanan 187 keçi kan serumu, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testi uygulanarak CAEV antikorları yönünden kontrol edildi. Test edilen 187 adet keçi kan serumunun 3 (%1.60) adedi seropozitif olarak belirlendi. Yerleşim yerlerine göre seropozitiflik oranları %0-5 arasında tespit edildi. Yaşa göre kan numunelerinde ELISA testi ile 2 yaş grubunda 1 (%1.79), 4 ve üstü yaş grubunda 2 (%8.70) seropozitiflik tespit edildi. 4 farklı yaş grubu arasında seropozitiflik açısından yapılan karşılaştırmada istatistiki önem bulundu (p=0.025, p

Aims: The present study aimed to Searching Bovine Herpesvirus Types 1, 4 and Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Infections in Milk of Cows with Clinical Mastitis Based in Dairy Cattle Managements. Study Design: In 35 managements around Burdur region, milk of 123 cows with clinical mastitis was searched for Bovine Herpesvirus Types 1 (BHV-1), 4 (BHV-4) and Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (BPIV-3) infections. Results: In the study, the highest seropositivity was detected against BPIV-3. The highest seropositivity on infection distribution according to age was found against every four viruses in animals within the three-year-old group. The highest seropositivity in this group and other age groups was detected against BPIV-3. Seropositivity against these viruses was found in the highest right anterior one and the lowest left posterior one out of determined udder lobes. The highest seropositivity was found in semi-outdoor managements with concrete and dirty grounds where cleaning/disinfection of teats before and after milking was performed, mastitis treatment and viral vaccination was not applied, the ground of stable was cleaned monthly, only feces was collected from the grounds, water was used for cleaning of milking machines and hands and iodised disinfectant was used. During udder inspection evaluation of animals with clinical mastitis, the highest seropositivity was detected in the ones having normal udder, teat and skin appearance. Out of udder and teat skin lesions, the highest seropositivity was found in crushed ones. In the evaluation of udder palpation in animals with clinical mastitis, the highest seropositivity was detected in the ones with teat tissue thickening and with elastic teat sinuses and lobes. In the milk of these animals, the highest seropositivity was found in the ones showing coagulation. Conclusion: It was stated that viruses took a vital part in clinical mastitis cases, the structure, practice, cleaning and disinfection of managements was really important, udder and teat skin lesions, tissue thickening, elastic teat sinuses and lobes and coagulation of milk was also crucial. Besides, the appearance of udder, teat and skin was not relevant.

In this study, Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) infection was searched serologically and pathologically in cattle (178 Holstein), sheep (160 native), goats (66 ordinary goats, 98 Honamli goats, 16 Saanen goats) with an abortion history and in unborn cattle (8), sheep (24) and goat (5) fetus. Samples were collected between July 2009 and September 2010. As a result of studying specific antibodies to RVFV by using the c-ELISA method in blood serum samples collected from cattle, sheep and goats suffering abortion, seropositivity was identified in 7 cattle (7/178; 3.93%), 4 sheep (4/160;2.50%) and 18 goats (18/180;10.0%). 18 seropositive goats were distributed according to race as 13 ordinary goats (19.70%), 2 Honamli goats (2.04%) and 3 Saanen goats (18.75%). When liver, spleen and brain samples of the unborn fetus of cattle, sheep and goats were studied histopathologically, no pathological findings on RVFV disease were obtained. Consequently, in this study, where RVFV infection in cattle, sheep and goats raised in Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey was serologically revealed, it was concluded that RVFV did not take place in the aetiology of abortion cases in relevant species.

Burdur-Merkez ve ilçelerinde halk elinde, farklı yapıdaki işletmelerde bulunan 106 adet dişi ineğin bovine papillomavirus (BPV) kaynaklı gelişen meme siğillerinden doku örnekleri toplandı. BPV tip spesifik primerleri açısından PCR testi ile 106 örneğin hepsinde BPV pozitiflik belirlendi. Çalışmada; işletme tipleri, bireysel hayvan bakım ve besleme koşulları, sağım koşulları ve ahır temizliği parametreler yönünden incelenerek değerlendirildi. Ayrıca, meme siğillerinin makroskobik görünümlerine göre (düz ve yuvarlak, pirinç tanesi, saplı-sivri) sınıflandırılmış, BPV tip spesifik primerleri açısından pozitiflik tespit edilmiş 30 örnekte iki farklı tedavi uygulama yöntemleri çalışıldı. Birinci grupta tasnif edilmiş 15 hayvana otojen aşı, ikinci grupta tasnif edilmiş 15 hayvana Newcastle disease virus (NDV) La Sota suş aşı uygulamaları yapıldı. Otojen aşı uygulamalarının yapıldığı, farklı makroskobik görünümlere sahip meme siğillerinde %100 gerileme ve iyileşme sağlandı. Newcastle disease virus La Sota aşı uygulamalarının yapıldığı farklı makroskobik görünümlere sahip meme siğillerinde %53,3 gerileme ve iyileşme sağlandı. İneklerde meme siğillerinin tedavisinde otojen aşı uygulamalarının daha etkin sonuçlar verdiği tespit edildi. Ayrıca, çalışmada meme siğillerinin oluşumunda; işletme, bakım, besleme, sağım, ahır temizliği ve diğer faktörlerin de etkili olabileceği yorumlandı.

Papillomaviruses are epitheliotropic viruses causing proliferations in skin, mucosa and various internal organs in different animal species. Especially due to lesions it causes in teats of cattle, it leads to important economical losses in milk sector. In this study, the aim was to diagnose bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) causing teat papillomas in cattle by immunohistochemical, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular methods and to detect the defect on tissues by the virus using histopathological method. In addition to this, sequence analysis of the isolated field strains were to be carried out and their genetic and phylogenetic closeness with the strains within the literature were to be detected. After confirming teat papillomatosis in the collected samples using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods, other diagnosis methods were then used. During the TEM examination of teat lesions, intranuclear virus particles were seen in epithelium cells. After carrying out PCR using degenerate primers and type specific primers, 7 samples were detected as positive for BPV and these samples were used for typing using sequence analysis/PCR with type-specific primers. Within these analysis, three out of seven BPV isolates we collected from infected teat tissues of different cattle were detected as BPV-6, two as BPV-10, one as BPV-2 and one as BPV-8. Five isolates we isolated during sequence analysis of positive samples were found in Xipapillomavirus 1 genus, one in Epsilonpapillomavirus 1 genus and another in Deltapapillomavirus genus. As a result, in molecular diagnosis of BPV that takes place in etiology of teat papillomas, using type specific primers proved to be useful following the usage of genotyping in molecular diagnosis of BPV and generate primers in characterization. Detecting BPV types and their prevalence, taking biosafety measures in animal breeding and giving importance to vaccine studies was considered essential.

Background: Foot rot is an important contagious disease that causes economic loss in dairy cattle. Even though many antibiotic treatments have been tried on foot rot, very few information about new topical treatment method or product have been reported about the disease. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate an alternative new treatment for foot root disease in dairy cattle. Methods: Forty-one swap samples were collected from cattle’s feet which were further investigated under microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Newly formulated pomade® and ceftiofur hydrochloride (Eficur®) applications were used in foot rot cases. Result: Polymerized chain reaction revealed D. nodosus in all the samples were as F. necrophorum was seen only in 22 (53.66%) samples. In this study, D. nodosus was considered as the primary agent involved in foot disease of cattle and F. necrophorum along with other bacterias were considered to be associated in the infection. The foot rot wounds formed in all cases (100%) in which D. nodosus, F. necrophorum and other bacteria were detected were healed along with tissue regeneration. As a result of treatment applications, a success rate of 93.33% was obtained in lameness resulting due to medium foot rot cases and 45.45% in severe acute lameness. The lameness recovery rate was found to be 80.48%.

In this study, swab and stool samples were obtained from employees (n=47) working in five dairy processing plants located in Burdur province (Turkey) and the district of Bucak to determine the prevalence of norovirus (NoV), rotavirus (RoV) and astrovirus (AsV) antigens by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Swab samples were obtained from both hands (palm, upper part, sides of fingers and fingernail tips) of employees. In a questionnaire, participants were asked to provide information regarding their gender, age, education level, smoking status, hygiene education status, habits of glove use during working as well as whether they had had digestive problems such as diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain in the period of study. Results of the stool analyses indicated that NoV antigen was present in an employee of a dairy processing plant, which was not participated in any hygiene education. AsV and RoV antigens were absent in swap and stool samples of employees. According to results of the questionnaire, 42 of the 47 employees frequently used gloves while 4 employees used gloves rarely. It was determined that 7 of 47 staff was not in participated any hygiene education, and one of those 7 staff did not use gloves during working. It can be concluded that hygiene in the working environment and personnel in these dairy processing plants were sufficient and appropriate from viral perspective. However, detection of NoV antigen in stool sample of a staff of a dairy processing plant shows that there is high viral contamination potential for employees of dairy processing plants. Thus, hygiene education in food processing plants including dairy plants to prevent possible viral infections and outbreaks and prevent to loss of workforce is extremely important., Bu çalışmada Burdur il merkezi ve Bucak ilçesindeki 5 farklı süt ve süt ürünleri işletmesinin üretim bölümünde çalışan 47 personelin ellerinden (el ayası, el üstü, el parmak araları ve el tırnak uçları) alınan swap örneklerinde ve gaitalarında norovirüs (NoV), rotavirüs (RoV) ve astrovirüs (AsV), antijenlerinin varlığının enzim bağlı immünosorbent analizi (ELISA) ile belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmaya katılan personelin yaş, eğitim düzeyi, sigara içme durumu, hijyen eğitimi alıp almadıkları ve eldiven kullanımı ile ilgili bilgiler ile çalışmanın yapıldığı dönemde ishal, kusma ve karın ağrısı gibi sindirim sistemi semptomları olup olmadığı anket ile belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda 1 personelin gaitasında NoV antijeni tespit edilirken incelenen diğer el swap örnekleri ile gaita örneklerinde AsV, NoV ve RoV virüs antijenlerine rastlanmamıştır. Yapılan anket çalışmasında çalışan 47 personelden 42’sinin sıklıkla, 4’ünün de nadiren eldiven kullandığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan 47 personelden 7’sinin hijyen eğitimi almadığı, hijyen eğitimi almayanlardan 1 kişinin de eldiven kullanmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Yine gaitasında NoV antijeni tespit edilen personelin hijyen eğitimi almadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, çalışma kapsamında olan gıda işletmelerinde çalışan personel ile çalışma ortamlarının virolojik açıdan hijyenik koşullar bakımından uygun ve yeterli olduğu söylenebilir. Ancak bir işletme çalışanının gaitasında NoV antijenin tespit edilmesi işletme personeline ve personelin üretim zincirinde özellikle ambalajlama sırasında temas ettiği gıda maddelerine viral bulaşma potansiyelinin yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle gıda işletmelerinde hijyen eğitimi muhtemel enfeksiyon ve salgınların önlenmesi ve iş gücü kayıplarının engellemesi açısından son derece önemlidir.

Purpose: Electromyostimulation is a popular training to increase muscle strength during the last years. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of electromyostimulation training on jumping and muscle strength in football players. Material: Volunteered 23 football players between the ages of 18 to 24 were divided into experimental and control groups with simple random sampling. Both groups continued to regular training. Experimental group had additional electromyostimulation training for 6-week, 3-time a week, and 20min a day. Pre- and post-training squat and countermovement jumps, peak torques of dominant and non-dominant knee extensor and flexor muscles were tested. Angular velocities of isokinetic dynamometer were 60, 180, and 300ºs-1. Pre- and post-test comparisons within the groups were analyzed. Results: There were no significant differences between pre- and post-test for isokinetic knee strength parameters at all angular velocities of EG. However, control group had significant pre- and post-test differences in dominant and non-dominant knee extension and flexion peak torque values. Conclusions: EMS and regular training in-season had no effect on the isokinetic strength parameters. On the other hand, the regular training in-season has increased isokinetic strength. Electromyostimulation training additional to regular training may have detrimental effects on outcomes of concurrent training in football players.

Bu calismanin amaci baskin olmayan bacaga (BOB) titresim uygulanirken yapilan dinamik lunge hareketinin sprint, denge ve sicramaya akut etkilerini incelemektir. Spor Bilimleri Fakultesinden fiziksel olarak aktif (haftanin ardisik 3 gunu 1-2 saat), sag baskin bacakli, 38 erkek ogrenci calismaya gonullu katilmistir. Katilimcilar deney grubu [(DG)(n= 18)] ve kontrol grubu [(KG) (n= 20)]’na rastgele ayrilmistir. DG’ye 4 mm genlik, 50 Hz ve 60 sn dinamik lunge hareketinde BOB’ye yapilan titresim uygulamasi, KG’ye ayni hareketi titresimsiz sekilde tanima ve alistirma uygulamasindan sonraki 7 gun icinde on-testler ve uygulamalarin ardindan son-testler yapilmistir. Uygulamalar sonrasi katilimcilar 3 dk pasif dinlenmenin ardindan 3dk dinlenme araliklariyla 2 tekrarli 30 m sprint testine alinmistir. Test bitiminde 90 sn dinlenmenin ardindan 30 sn dinlenme araliklariyla 2 tekrarli 30 sn statik denge ve 90 sn dinlenmenin ardindan 30 sn dinlenme araliklariyla 2’ser tekrarli skuat sicrama (SS) ve aktif sicrama (AS) testleri yapilmistir. On-test ve son-testlerin grup ici karsilastirmalarinda Wilcoxon eslestirilmis iki ornek testi, gruplar arasi karsilastirmalarinda Mann Whitney U testi kullanilmistir. Anlamlilik duzeyi olarak p ≤0.05 alinmistir. Gruplar arasi on-test karsilastirmasinda iki bacak ortalamasini iceren 30m sprint zamani (t) ve sprint hizi (V) parametrelerinde, son-test karsilastirmasinda Guc parametresinde istatistiksel anlamli fark bulunmustur (sirasiyla Z= -2.08, -1.31 ve 2.22; p

WOS: 000465580900004, Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate of the acute effects of isoinertial resistance application on sprint, vertical and horizontal jump performance. Material: Volunteered 32 male students were divided into randomized experimental group and control group. Before and after 4-repetition maximal back squat with (for experimental group) or without isoinertial resistance application (for control group), 30 m sprint, vertical squat and countermovement jump tests with both legs, dominant leg, and non-dominant leg, standing broad jump and standing broad countermovement jump tests with both legs were assessed. Wilcoxon t test for pre- and post-test differences within the group, and Mann Whitney U test for pre- and post-test differences between the groups were used. Results: There were no significant differences within the group and between the groups for 30m both legs sprint parameters except pre-test mean stride length between the groups (Z=-2.27; p, Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects [1706S376], This study was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects by Project 1706S376.

Sportif performans artisi saglamanin yaninda rehabilitasyon amacli yaygin olarak kullanilan elektriksel kas uyarim yontemi ya da diger adiyla elektromyostimulasyon (EMS) deri uzerinden kas ya da sinir bolgelerine elektrotlar araciligiyla uygulanan elektriksel akimlarla kas kontraksiyonu elde etme ve bu yolla hizli motor unitelerin yavas motor unitelerle beraber senkronize katilimiyla antrene edilerek, fiziksel performansta fonksiyonel artislar elde etme amacli kullanilan konvansiyonel olmayan bir egzersiz metodudur. Bu sekilde EMS’nin hem sinir dallari hem de kas liflerinde iyon hareketini tetikleyerek aksiyon potansiyeli olusturmasi, motor ve duyusal noral girdilerle spinal ve supraspinal merkezleri aktive etmesi ve ayrica antrenman sureci sonrasi hipertrofisiz kuvvet kazanimlari ile unilateral EMS sonucu kontrolateral kasta da kuvvet kazanimlarinin ortaya cikmasi EMS’nin noromuskuler sisteme biyokimyasal, fizyolojik ve noral etkileri oldugu dusuncesini desteklemektedir. Bu nedenle EMS’nin insan vucuduna etkileri altinda yatan biyokimyasal, fizyolojik ve noral mekanizmalarini incelemeye odaklanmis olan bu derlemede ilk olarak EMS’nin tarihsel gelisimine deginilmis sonraki kisimda ise EMS’nin biyokimyasal, fizyolojik ve noral mekanizmalari incelenmistir. Bu calismanin amaci EMS’nin insan vucuduna etkileri altinda yatan mekanizmalarin ortaya konarak bu yolla sportif performans ve rehabilitasyon amacli kullanimini daha net ve daha bilimsel temellere dayanarak daha EMS uygulamalarinin etkin kullanimina katkida bulunmaktadir.

NoVs, previously known as Norwalk-like viruses from the Caliciviridae family, are non-enveloped,positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with icosahedral capsid symmetry.NoV infection causes both secretory and osmotic diarrhea. A few NoV particlesare sufficient to produce infection. NoV is mainly spread by contaminated foodand water. Direct person-to-person contact or contact with contaminatedsurfaces and fomites are also responsible for spreading the virus. In general,epidemic and pandemic outbreaks occur due to NoVs. Sporadic cases have alsobeen reported. Outbreaks and sporadic infections have been reported to beresulting from consumption of NoV contaminated shellfish (e.g. mussel, oyster,and crab), soft red fruits (strawberry and raspberry), vegetables (lettuce,tomatoes and parsley), bakery products, delicatessen meats, salads, sandwiches,water and ice. NoV is responsible for more than half of nonbacterial diarrhealdiseases around the world. Outbreaks of NoV originating from shellfish such asmussels and oysters are common in the world. It has been reported thatshellfish grown in virus contaminated waters and seafood products prepared forconsumption by infected individuals may play a role for outbreaks. Bivalvemolluscan shellfish, such as mussels and oysters, can filter out largequantities of water as part of their feeding activities and, accumulate and concentrate viruses fromshallow, coastal and river waters frequently contaminated with sewage. Depth,water temperature, precipitation, wind and salinity of the water in the musseland oyster growing area are important factors for the prediction of outbreakrisks. Shellfish has been reported to be important in the spread of foodbornediseases in developed and developing countries. In Turkey, 78 tons of blackmussels per year are collected from sea for consumption. The presence of NoV inmussels indicates that this shellfish could also be an important contaminantfor foodborne viral infections and outbreaks in Turkey. Monitoring theprevalence of NoV in shellfish collected from Turkey can be used to preventoutbreaks in touristic locations and to monitor the potential of Turkish seasfor viral contaminations. In this study, the role of shellfish in viralgastroenteritis outbreaks associated with NoV and strategies for preventing virustransmission via shellfish are reviewed., Daha önceleri Caliciviridaefamilyasından Norwalk benzeri virüsler olarak bilinen norovirüler (NoV),ikosahedral kapsid simetrisine sahip, zarfsız, pozitif (+) polariteli, tekiplikli RNA virüsleridir. NoV enfeksiyonu hem sekretuar hem de osmotik ishaleneden olmaktadır. Enfeksiyonun meydana gelmesi için birkaç NoV partikülüyeterli olmaktadır. NoV, esas olarak kontamine gıdalar ve su ile yayılmaktadır.Virüsün yayılmasından kişiden kişiye doğrudan temas veya kontamine yüzeyler vekusmuk ile temas da sorumludur. Genel olarak, NoV kaynaklı epidemik ve pandemiksalgınlar görülmekte olup sporadik vakalar da bildirilmiştir. Salgınlar vesporadik enfeksiyonlar, NoV ile kontamine olmuş kabuklu deniz ürünleri (örneğinmidye, istiridye ve yengeç), yumuşak kırmızı meyveler (çilek ve ahududu), sebzeler(marul, domates ve maydanoz), unlu mamuller, şarküteri ürünleri, salatalar,sandviçler, su ve buzun tüketimi sonucunda meydana gelmektedir. NoV, dünyaçapında bakteriyel olmayan ishal vakalarının yarısından fazlasından sorumludur.Midye ve istiridye gibi kabuklu deniz ürünlerinden kaynaklanan NoV salgınlarıdünyada yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Virüs bulaşmış sularda yetiştirilenkabuklu deniz ürünlerinin ve enfekte bireyler tarafından hazırlanan deniz ürünlerininsalgınlarda rol oynayabileceği bildirilmektedir. Midye ve istiridye gibi çiftkabuklu/çenetli deniz ürünleri, beslenme faaliyetlerinin bir parçası olarakbüyük miktarlarda suyu filtreleyebilmekte ve bu nedenle sıklıkla kanalizasyonlakontamine olmuş sığ, kıyı ve nehir sularındaki virüsleri biriktiripyoğunlaştırabilmektedir. Derinlik, su sıcaklığı, yağış ve rüzgâr ile midye veistiridye yetiştirme alanlarındaki suyun tuzluluğu salgın risklerinin tahminiiçin önemli faktörlerdir. Kabuklu deniz ürünlerinin gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olanülkelerde gıda kaynaklı hastalıkların yayılmasında önemli olduğu bildirilmektedir.Türkiye'de tüketim için denizden yılda 78 ton kara midye avlanmaktadır. Toplananmidyelerde NoV varlığı, bu kabuklu deniz ürününün Türkiye'de gıda kaynaklıviral enfeksiyonlar ve salgınlar için önemli bir kontaminasyon kaynağıolabileceğini göstermektedir. Ülkemizde avlanan kabuklu deniz ürünlerinde NoVvarlığının izlenmesi, turistik bölgelerdeki salgınların önlemesi ve Türkdenizlerinin viral kontaminasyon potansiyelinin izlemesi için kullanılabilir.Bu çalışmada, NoV kaynaklı gastroenterit salgınlarında kabuklu denizürünlerinin rolü ve kabuklu deniz ürünleri kaynaklı bulaşmaların önlemesindekullanılabilecek başlıca stratejiler derlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ikili (Bovine viral diarrhea virus / Bovine herpesvirus -1) ve tek enfeksiyonlu (Bovine viral diarrhea virus veya Bovine herpesvirus -1) hayvanlarda ve ayrıca sağlıklı sığırlarda serum amiloid A, haptoglobin ve özellikle hepcidin konsantrasyonlarını belirlemekti. Daha önce sadece hepcidin geni üzerinde çalışmalar yapılmış olup ancak sığır hastalıklarında hepcidin değerleri araştırılmamıştır. Bu çalışmada toplam 56 sığır kullanılmıştır. Onlardan 17'inde Bovine herpesvirus-1, 13 tanesinde Bovine viral diarrhea virüsü, bunların 4'ünde ise hem Bovine herpesvirus-1 hem Bovine viral diarrhea virüsü tespit edildi. Kontrol grubu ise 22 sağlıklı sığırdan oluşturuldu. Bulgulara göre, çift infeksiyonlu hayvanlar ile tek enfeksiyonlu hayvanlar arasında akut faz proteinlerinin seviyelerinde belirgin farklılık saptanmamıştır. Serum hepcidin değerleri, 3 çalışma grubu arasında farklılık göstermedi. Fakat üç deneme grubunda kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı farklılıklar vardı (p

In this study, we searched the existence of human norovirus (NoV) GI, GII and GIV in the stool of 128 pet dogs with diarrhea, of different sex, age and breed, in Burdur, Turkey, using Real-Time PCR method. Human NoV GII was found in only 5 of the 128 dog stool samples (3.91%). It was discovered that human NoV existed most in crossbreed, female and aged 24 months or over dogs. These dogs found with human NoV GII were either bought from pet shops, stray dogs or taken as puppy of another pet dog. The sheltering conditions of these dogs were moderate and they were fed with home food residue and dry food. It was also found that most of them were vaccinated and had certain walking sites. The owners of the animals detected with infection generally did not have the habit of washing their hands or changing their clothes before or after caring their pets. We strongly advice that dog owners’ personal hygiene, the necessity of changing their clothes during their contact with animals, the environment provided for the dog, the sensitivity in caring, use of strong and effective disinfectant, keeping the dogs away from toilets and sewerage systems, as well as not feeding them with food residues are crucial issues in dogs’ care. Owners of the dogs with NoV GII were middle aged or elderly people, male, and there were no children in their houses. As these dogs are treated like the owner’s child, it is assumed that they could be transmitted with NoV GII as a result of close interaction with their owner. RESUMO: Neste estudo pesquisamos a existência de norovírus humano (NoV) GI, GII e GIV nas fezes de 128 cães com diarréia, de diferentes sexos, idades e raças, em Burdur, Turquia, utilizando o método de PCR em tempo real. NoV GII humano foi encontrado em apenas 5 das 128 amostras de fezes de cães (3,91%). Foi descoberta NoV humana, principalmente em cruzamentos, fêmeas e cães com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses. Os cães encontrados com NoV GII humano foram comprados de lojas de animais, eram vira-latas ou foram tomados como filhotes de outro cão de estimação. As condições de abrigo desses cães eram moderadas. Os cães foram alimentados com restos de comida caseira e comida seca. Verificou-se também que a maioria dos animais foi vacinada e tinham locais adequados para caminhada. Os donos dos animais detectados com infecção geralmente não tinham o hábito de lavar as mãos ou trocar de roupa antes ou depois de cuidar de seus animais de estimação. Aconselhamos que a higiene pessoal dos donos, a necessidade de trocar de roupa durante o contato com animais, o ambiente fornecido para o cão, a sensibilidade no cuidado, o uso de desinfetantes eficazes, manter os cães longe de banheiros e esgotos, assim como evitar alimentá-los com resíduos alimentares, são questões cruciais no cuidado dos cães. Os proprietários dos cães com NoV GII são de meia-idade ou idosos, a maioria do sexo masculino, e não havia crianças em suas casas. Como esses cães são tratados como um filho, presume-se que eles foram infectados com o NoV GII como resultado de uma interação próxima com o proprietário.

WOS: 000464902900003, PubMed ID: 30467815, Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) is the cause of economically significant viral infections in cattle. Respiratory symptoms associated with the infection are known as Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Sheep and goats are less sensitive to the infection although their role in inter-species viral transmission under field conditions is subject to controversy. The objective of this study was to investigate seroprevalence of BoHV1 infections in cattle, sheep, and goats raised together for at least a year. Blood serum samples were taken from 226 cattle, 1.053 sheep, and 277 goats from 17 small- to medium-scale farms. BoHV1-specific antibody presence and titers were determined using virus neutralization test. In total, 73 of the 226 cattle (32.3%) were seropositive. The infection was detected in 13 of the 17 farms. Infection rates ranged from 5.8 to 88.8%. Only one of the 1053 sheep (0.09%) was seropositive. However, 58 of the 277 (20.9%) goats were seropositive. Goat samples taken from 8 of the 17 farms were seropositive with infection rates ranging from 17 to 38.9%. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation in infection rates between cattle and goats but not sheep. These results suggest that goats may be more sensitive to the BHV1 infection than sheep and the role of goats as possible reservoirs for BoHV1 in the control and eradication of BHV1 in cattle should be considered in future studies., Afyon Kocatepe University, Scientific Research Commission [09], This study received financial support from the Afyon Kocatepe University, Scientific Research Commission (Approval No. 09.VF.05/2017).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of additional short and long running stride workouts on acceleration kinematics and jumping performances with respect to the competition phase. Thirteen voluntary male sprinters participated in this study (100 m PB: 10.45-11.30s). The sprinters were separated into three groups [control group (CG), short stride group (SSG), long stride group (LSG)] in a randomised order. Sprinters continued their competition phase training over a two-week period; however, the SSG and LSG run an additional 6 × 40 m three times per week. The pre- and post-training results regarding, acceleration kinematics and jumping performances were compared using the Kruskal Wallis test for several independent samples of intergroup and the Wilcoxon Two Related Samples Test for intragroup differences. If there were intergroup differences, the Mann Whitney U test was used for two related comparisons of the groups. The probability level for statistical significance was set to p≤0.05. Only the LSG showed significant pre- and post-training differences with respect to certain acceleration kinematics (sprint time, sprint velocity, stride length) (Z= −2.023, 2.032, 2.060, respectively; p

Bluetongue (BT) sokucu sinekler araciligiyla bulasan, ruminantlarin viral bir hastaligidir. Bluetongue virus (BTV) enfeksiyonunun daha cok tropik ve sub-tropik iklim kusaklarinda ortaya ciktigi rapor edilmistir. Son zamanlarda yapilan calismalarda, kuresel isinma ve degisen iklim kosullariyla birlikte Amerika ve Kuzey Avrupa’da da BTV enfeksiyonunun goruldugu bildirilmistir. BTV’nin konakci spektrumunda sigir, deve, koyun ve keci gibi evcil ruminantlarin yani sira antilop, ceylan, geyik gibi yabani ruminantlar ve fil yer almaktadir. BTV hastaligi, koyunlarda yuksek morbidite ve mortaliteli akut bir enfeksiyona neden olmaktadir. Genellikle enfekte hayvanlarda ates, asiri salivasyon, yuzde ve dilde siskinlik ve siyanotik dil lezyonlari gorulmektedir. Bazi durumlarda topalliga neden olan ayak lezyonlari gelismektedir. Bahsedilen semptomlara neden olan ve filtrelerden dahi gecebilen bir patojenin varligi ilk defa 1905’te kesfedilmistir. Bugun de Dunya’da ihbari mecbur hastaliklar listesinde yer almaktadir. BTV Uluslararasi Virus Taksonomi Komitesi (ICTV)’ne gore, Orbivirus genusu Reoviridae ailesinde yer almaktadir. BTV, Afrika at vebasi (AHS) virus’u ve Epizootik hemorajik hastalik (EHD) virus’u ekonomik olarak en onemli uc orbivirus uyesi olup Cluicoides turu sokucu sinekler araciligiyla bulasmaktadir. Ustelik bu uc virus antijenik yonden yakin iliskilidir.

Background: Respiratory tract diseases are commonly seen in beef cattle. Young calves are affected with many respiratory pathogens. Viral pathogens are particularly seen. There are many causative factors, e.g. environmental conditions, immune system of calves. Therefore, alternative treatments are needed for viral respiratory infections. The purpose of the current study was to investigate effectiveness of Umckaloabo/EPs®7630 liquid extract in some bovine viral pathogens of young beef calves.Materials, Methods & Results: Antibody presence in terms of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV-3) was searched in blood serum samples of 40 Holstein calves aged 6 months and over showing respiratory tract infection symptoms. All animals were found seronegative in terms of other factors except BRSV. Out of 20 BRSV seropositive calves, 10 of them were classified as control group and the other ten as testing group. BRSV antibody titers were also detected in blood samples of both groups on day 0. Umckaloabo/EPs®7630 liquid extract was given through oral route to animals in testing group according to their weights for 14 days morning, noon and night. No application was performed on animals in control group. BRSV antibody titers were detected in blood samples of animals in both groups taken on days 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th and 14th. At the end of day 14th, BRSV antibody titer increased in 9 out of 10 animals (90%) in testing group that were given Umckaloabo/EPs® 7630 liquid extract while one of them (10%) showed no variability. BRSV antibody titer increased in 6 out of 10 animals (60%) in control group while it decreased in one of them (10%) and 3 of them (30%) showed no variability. In testing group, BRSV antibody titer started to increase on day 3rd in 6 out of 10 animals (60%), on day 5th in one (10%), on day 10th in one (10%) and on day 14th in another (10%). In control group, BRSV antibody titer started to increase on day 3rd in 3 out of 10 animals (30%) and on day 5th in 3 of them (30%). When haematologic values of blood samples taken from animals in testing and control groups on day 14th were studied comparatively, no statistical importance (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) and difference was detected. As a result, in stock calves showing respiratory tract infection symptoms, applying Umckaloabo/EPs® 7630 liquid extract helped BRSV antibody titer to increase and symptoms decreased. The increase in antibody titers started from day 3rd especially after applying Umckaloabo/EPs® 7630 liquid extract.Discussion: Respiratory system infections are contagious and fatal in calves. Respiratory tract bacterial and viral vaccinations are applied in order to prevent losses of calves due to these problems. However, these vaccinations are not sufficient most of the time and antibiotics+supportive treatment applications follow afterwards. Therefore, we advise to use a herbal product, Umckaloabo/ EPs®7630 liquid extract, that has both an antiviral efficiency and a feature of supporting immune system in order to prevent mortalities in stock calves, to stop the infection from spreading on all the herd and to decrease the symptoms of respiratory system. We believe that the obtained data should be supported with more examples and more wide-ranging studies.

WOS: 000392216500011, West Nile Virus (WNV) antibody presence was studied in domestic horse (Equus caballus) and donkeys (Equus asinus) of various age and types owned by public in different regions of Turkey. In the study, serum samples were collected from 650 domestic horses and 234 domestic donkeys seeming to be in good health. In order to detect WNV antibody presence in these samples, commercial c-ELISA (Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) kit (ID Screen (R) West Nile Competition-IgG-ELISA kit, Montpellier, France) was used. At the end of the test, WNV seropositivity was detected at a level of 4.15% (27/650) for horse serum samples and 1.28% (3/234) for donkey serum samples. Seropositivity was found for horses in Aegean and Central Anatolia and for donkeys in Eastern Anatolia regions. WNV seropositivity was detected only for Native Anatolia type horse races. It was concluded that WNV presence continued its existence among equidae in our country. (C) 2016 PVJ. All rights reserved, IDvet, This study was supported by IDvet. We thank all of the ID-Vet Authorities. This article was presented (poster presentation) as abstract at the 16th International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians in Berlin, Germany (2013).

In this research, dairy cattle with respiratory system problems that were brought to a private slaughterhouse in Burdur province were investigated for viral and bacterial infections present in the summer season. The blood samples were collected from 56 animals. The samples were tested for antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3) and bovine adenovirus 3 (BAV-3) by ELISA. Bacteriological cultivation was carried out from lung samples taken after cutting the same animals. The seropositivity rates which were determined for 5 viruses in cattle (BoHV- 1, BVDV, BRSV, BPIV-3 and BAV-3) were 7.14%, 50%, 94.64%, 94.64% and 82.14% respectively. The presence of antibodies against the viruses was as follows; 5.36% of cattle had antibodies against only one virus, 14.29% against two, 30.36% against three, 44.64% against four and 5.36% against five viruses. A total of 36 bacterial agents were isolated from 30 out of 56 lung samples. From the lung samples, only one bacterium was isolated from 39.3% (22/56) samples, and more than one bacterium from 14.3% (8/56). Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. were detected as the most often isolated agents. Compared to bacteria, the rates of viral infections associated with Escherichia coli (BRSV+BPIV-3+BAV- 3+Escherichia coli; 8.92% and BRSV+BPIV-3+Escherichia coli; 5.35%) were higher. As a consequence, it was thought that primary agents which were the viruses and bacteria may have attended as secondary factors in respiratory tract infections of dairy cattle.

Background: Bovine coronavirus (BoCV) is common with high seroprevalence in dairy cattle. It is reported in many countries. Also, BoCV causes diarrhea in dairy calves. The transmission of BoCV is the fecal-oral/aerosol-nasal routes. Feces from clinical cases or clinically normal dairy cattle are source of infection, also contamination of feed and water. The purpose of the current study was to investigate BoCV infection in diarrheic calves (age and sex) and their dams (age). For this reason, the serological and virological methods were used. Haematological parameters of the calves and their dams were compared using the statistical methods.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, following clinical examination of 3500 cattle and their calves from 25 number of dairy farms 184 calves with diarrhoea and their dams (183) (≥2 - ≤6 age) were sampled for BoCV presence by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, all blood samples were examined by hematological methods. 172 (93.99%) cows and 172 (93.99%) calves were found antibodies (Ab) positive (+). The high levels of Ab for BoCV were detected as 36.05 % in dams 6 years and older ages. In the calves, Ab to BoCV were found at the highest level (25.26%) in the female calves ≥5 - ≤6 months ages. BoCV antigen (Ag) was detected in only faecal sample of a (0.54%) calf. When the haematological parameters were compared between BoCV Ab (+) and BoCV Ab negative (-) dams, only white blood cell (WBC) values were found statistically significant (P < 0.05). When the haematological parameters were compared between BoCV Ab (+)/Ag (-) and BoCV Ab (-)/Ag (-) calves, WBC (P < 0.05), lymphocyte (P < 0.01) and granulocyte (P < 0.01) values were found statistically important. When the haematological parameters were compared between BoCV Ab (+)/Ag (+) and BoCV Ab (-)/Ag (-) calves, both lymphocyte and granulocyte values were statistically important (P < 0.01).Discussion: BoCV infection has found worldwide among cattle of all ages. The disease results in major economic losses in dairy herds that result from treatment costs and calf deaths. One hundred seventy two out of 183 mothers whose blood sampling was done were detected as seropositive. Many researchers found similar results in dairy cattle. It was detected the highest seropositivity in cattle more than six years old. One hundred seventy two blood samples out of 184 calves were detected seropositive. Also, the highest seropositivity was detected among of > 5 and < 6 months of age. BoCV Ag (+) presence was detected in only one faecal sample of one calf out of 184. Researchers were found same or higher BoCV Ag(+) rates in faeces of diarrheic calves. In the study lymphocyte counts of seropositive cows and in Ab(+)/Ag(+) calves determined decrease. However, the counts in seropositive calves were increased. Leukocytes levels were also high in seropositive calves. Haematocrit values were decreased in seropositive cows, calves and in Ab(+)/Ag(-) calves. BoCV infections were detected at low level in diarrheic calves. But, BoCV seropositive mature and diarrheic calves were found at high levels. Haematological application methods could be used to be supportive with the serological and virological methods. All farm managements should be maintained with strict hygiene practices. Milking bottle, calf pens or hutches need to be sanitized. The calves must be prevent contamination from faeces and urine of other calves. The protective vaccination must be applied all animals.

WOS: 000289387100008, PubMed: 21060245, In this study, blood scrum and leukocyte samples were collected from 400 Holstein heifers, all of which appeared to be healthy. Antibodies (Ab) against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were detected in 57 serum samples, and BVDV antigen (Ag) was detected in 38 leukocyte samples. There were statistically important differences between the average first insemination ages (FIT) of the BVDV (Ag-/Ab+) heifers (p, Scientific Research Projects Commission of Mehmet Akif Ersoy UniversityMehmet Akif Ersoy University [0005-NAP-07], This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University (Project number: 0005-NAP-07).

In this study, blood serum was collected from 162 repeat breeder (RB) dairy cows and tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of these samples, 87 were bovine herpesvirus type-4 (BHV-4) seropositive and 75 were BHV-4 seronegative. The prevalence of BHV-4 was determined as 53.70% amongst RB dairy cows. In the current study the seroprevalence was high. The average days open (DO) of pregnant BHV-4 seropositive RB cows was significantly longer (p