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International audience; Introduced by Moore (1993) as a way to depict a business environment in which actors both collaborate and compete to create value that individual organisations could not produce otherwise, the ecosystem concept has since then gained importance in the strategic management literature. Recently, scholars have turned their attention towards orchestrating activities, which are necessary for artificial ecosystems to develop and evolve over time (Autio, 2021; Chen et al., 2019; Yaghmaie & Vanhaverbeke, 2019). Some of these activities, performed by actors called “orchestrators”, were identified by scholars (Äyväri & Spilling, 2020; Lingens et al., 2021; Roijakkers et al., 2013). However, the capabilities necessary for orchestrators to carried out their activities remain understudied. Previous research has shown the relevance of dynamic capabilities in the context of ecosystems to stimulate value creation and ecosystem renewal (Heaton et al., 2019; Helfat & Raubitschek, 2018; Linde et al., 2021). Following this stream of research, this paper draws on the dynamic capability framework to better understand ecosystem orchestration activities and determine how the study of heterogeneous ecosystems enrich the literature on dynamic capabilities in ecosystems. A single-case study of Cowork’HIT, one of the central actors in the Handicap Innovation Territoire (HIT) innovation ecosystems in Bretagne, France, helped us understand ecosystem orchestrating activities and the associated capabilities. This research contributes to the nascent literature on dynamic capabilities in ecosystems and can help policymakers to foster the emergence of orchestrators and regulate ecosystems over time.

Les Living Labs (LLs) sont de nouvelles formes de laboratoires mettant en œuvre des approches collaboratives et experimentales centrees sur les utilisateurs. Recemment, les capacites des LLs a developper des reseaux d’innovation ouverts et collaboratifs ont ete soulignees. Mais les recherches sont encore peu nombreuses, alors meme que le phenomene ne cesse d’evoluer en pratique. En s’appuyant sur l’analyse longitudinale d’une initiative en cours, les « Concept Maturity Levels Sante », impulsee par le Forum des Living Labs en Sante et Autonomie, cet article presente une recherche abductive visant a explorer et caracteriser la maniere dont les LLs peuvent contribuer, au-dela de projets d’innovation temporaires, a structurer des ecosystemes d’innovation ouverts et collaboratifs sur le long terme. En sus de contribuer a la litterature sur les LLs, l’article ouvre de nouvelles pistes de caracterisation des ecosystemes communautaires d’innovation jusqu’ici encore peu etudies.Code JEL : M100

International audience; En quelques années, le laboratoire est devenu un véritable modèle d’organisation des pratiques d’innovations et d’expérimentations dans les domaines publics. Pour autant, certains reprochent à ces tiers-lieux un manque de méthode et de rigueur, nuisant tant à l’évaluation de leur impact qu’à la réplication de leurs résultats. Si la recherche d’approches robustes pour éclairer la décision publique paraît légitime, la méthode expérimentale peut-elle être le seul horizon de ces nouveaux « labs » ? Pour investiguer ces questions, nous nous mettrons dans les pas d’un contemporain de Claude Bernard et de Louis Pasteur, observant à la sortie de la guerre franco-allemande, la diffusion des premiers laboratoires scientifiques de physique, chimie et physiologie en France et à l’étranger. Ceci nous amènera à nous interroger sur la part de « mythe » charriée par la méthode expérimentale, puis à proposer trois pistes pour penser les nouvelles formes de laboratoires en plein champ.

International audience; What type of organizational value do information technologies such as Electronic Patient Records (EPRs) create in hospitals ? Building on results from a multi-sites empirical research, this paper explores this issue in the case of the French EPR. Considering the organizational evolutions induced by its implementation by relying on a theory of management tools, it suggests that the organizational transformation as expected by public decision makers is only starting, but that an enriched conceptualization of the notion of “organizational value” could make it possible to identify and manage some weak signals differently, indicating that on-going collective learning are likely to reconfigure practices and work processes. Departing from a dominant view which focuses on the improvement of care quality, security and efficiency, this article thus contributes to enrich the notion of “organizational value” of information technologies in hospitals.; Qu’est-ce que la valeur organisationnelle des technologies de l’information telles que les Dossiers Patient Informatisés (DPI) au sein des hôpitaux ? À partir d’une recherche empirique multi-sites, l’article explore cette question dans le cas du DPI français. Considérant les évolutions organisationnelles consécutives à son déploiement à l’aune d’une théorie des outils de gestion, il suggère que la transformation organisationnelle attendue par les tutelles n’en est encore qu’à ses prémisses, mais qu’une conceptualisation élargie de la notion de « valeur organisationnelle » permettrait de mieux repérer certains signaux faibles émergents. Des apprentissages collectifs en cours sont, en effet, susceptibles de reconfigurer les pratiques et processus de travail. S’écartant d’une acception habituelle orientée sur l’amélioration de la qualité, de la sécurité des soins et de l’efficience, l’article contribue ainsi à enrichir la notion de valeur organisationnelle des technologies de l’information à l’hôpital.

Au niveau international, l’informatisation de la production des soins hospitaliers ne se développe que lentement. Un terme souvent utilisé dans la littérature pour expliquer ce phénomène est celui des "facteurs organisationnels", mais sans, la plupart du temps, que ce terme soit précisé. L’article, à partir d’une recherche observationnelle multi-sites, analyse sur le cas français les évolutions organisationnelles des unités cliniques consécutives à l’implantation d’un Dossier Patient Informatisé (DPI). Il montre que le système en place n’a subi que peu de transformations, au prix d’accommodements avec l’outil informatique. Une telle situation peut paraitre satisfaisante aux yeux des tutelles qui promeuvent l’innovation technologique, mais pose la question de la création de valeur organisationnelle, c’est-à-dire la possibilité pour les professionnels de soins de se saisir de l’outil dans une optique de transformation et d’amélioration à terme des différentes composantes de la performance., At the international level, the computerization of hospital care production develops only slowly. Past research has often used the term "organizational factors" to explain this phenomenon, but without specification so far. This article builds on results from an empirical research led in multiple French hospitals to investigate the organizational evolutions of clinical units due to the implementation of an Electronic Patient Record. It shows that the extant organizational system underwent only few transformations, thanks to local adjustments with the IT tool. Such a situation may be satisfactory for the eyes of the supervising structures which promote the technological innovation, but raises the issue of true organizational value creation.

International audience; This paper discusses the problematic use of the " pragmatic credo " – defined as a minimal set of basic pragmatist propositions – in practice, especially when facing creation. To do so, we analyze how managers deal with " art-based firms " and provide results from an in-depth case study of a small firm operating in garden art and design (Béjean 2015; Béjean 2008). The findings are interpreted in light of previous theoretical developments in management theory (Hatchuel 2005), as well as symbol theory (Goodman 1968; Goodman 1978). They suggest that, while appearing wise and reasonable, the pragmatic credo as embodied in practical management doctrines rather inhibits collective action and masks the necessary revision of symbolic " orders of action " , defined as the way action is itself pre-categorized by a special class of symbols. The paper concludes by providing further insights of how an " epistemology of action " could contribute to enriching both pragmatism and management, especially when action is no longer the solution to resort to but rather the enigma to unfold.

International audience; Domain-independent design theories grounded on formal frameworks are of interest for a wide spectrum of professional and academic fields, including design education, design management and innovation strategy. While much attention has been paid to the modeling of the specification process of an artifact, less attention has been paid to the modeling of the creative social interactions involved in the process of designing. There is still a need for conceptual approaches that could further integrate the creative, collective, cognitive and emotional aspects of design. This paper aims to develop such an integrative view by relying on the Memory Evolutive Systems (MES) (A. C. Ehresmann and Vanbremeersch 2007). Based on a conceptual mathematical domain named “Category Theory,” MES provide a relational approach for studying evolutionary, multi-scale, multi-temporality and self-organized systems. Using the MES approach, we develop a conceptual framework which encompasses the various phases of a design process and considers how it is directed by the multiple mental and social interactions between different actors. Our approach, named D-MES, extends prior research by providing a formal account of how various entities can operate in parallel to develop creative combinations of new shared objects and processes of different levels of complexity throughout the design process. An illustration is provided in the case of garden design.

International audience; In several industries, competitive and societal factors have highlighted the need for incubating dedicated radical innovation (RI) capabilities. Traditional approaches to RI strategies have often emphasised either organisational or cognitive aspects, but tend to overlook how these dimensions interact within the organisation. This paper tackles the issue of these interplays by investigating the effects of a creativity-based collaborative method, the KCP Workshops, on the RI capability of a firm. We present an in-depth case study of a leading aeronautics firm that adopted the method to face its RI challenges. While being consistent with prior research and underscoring the impact of organisational settings on creative cognitive processes, our analysis empirically demonstrates a triple capability developed through the KCP Workshops: (1) collectively building a conceivable RI strategy, (2) deploying a monitoring process adapted to the exploration of cognitive breakthroughs, (3) collectively building “emerging creative organisations” at the ecosystem level to support the development of RI strategy. Beyond the performance of the RI capability for commercial applications, these findings underline how the collective design of an RI strategy also involves players in the exploration and establishment of organisational innovations.

International audience; The construction sector is often characterized as a reactive sector, as lagging behind other sectors of the economy, notably industry, when it comes to innovation; as mechanically responding to external (client) needs and implementing innovations that originate elsewhere (Winch 1998, Harty 2008). The sector is often presented as un-dynamic and un-innovative and as precluding novel design practices and tools, an orientation that seems to flow from its rigid routines, professional boundaries, division of labor, national legislation, established performance measures, and fixed ideas about best practices. Accordingly, building projects in the construction sector tend to reflect objectives and institutionalized practices other than those related to innovation and sustainability.

International audience; Lately, "conventional" firms have been roughly criticized for both the legitimacy of shareholder value and the production of negative externalities that affect society. In the crisis context, "alternative" firms are often presented as candidates to design renewed organizations. However, there is a high risk of arousing as much initial enthusiasm as following disillusion. In this paper, we address the issue of the organizational dynamics of such corporate projects over time. After a (brief) historical overview of alternative firms, we discuss the limitations of dominant approach which sustains the "degeneration thesis." We then elaborate a new analytical framework that raises the issues of alternative firms in another fashion to go beyond traditional tradeoffs between democratic functioning and financial performance. The framework is then used to longitudinally analyze the story of Garden Concept, an alternative firm operating in artistic gardening, over seven years. Our findings show how the building of dynamic relations between members, common purpose and organizational devices are at the heart of the alternative firm's project. So doing, we explore a larger redefinition of these three elements and depart from a close association of "alternative" project to strict democracy. Contributions to "alternative firms" as well as research perspectives on professional and artistic organizations are eventually considered.

International audience; Innovation ecosystems have been increasingly studied in the past few years. Previous research focused on the orchestration of innovation ecosystems and the diverse activities needed to maintain an ecosystem over time. However, few scholars studied the capabilities required to carry out orchestration activities. Drawing on the dynamic capabilities framework, we seek to understand how dynamic capabilities support orchestration activities in innovation ecosystems. Our single case study of an innovation ecosystem in the Medtech industry reveals that orchestration activities can be shared among several ecosystem actors and can be associated with sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring dynamic capabilities. By doing so, we contribute to the literature on innovation ecosystem orchestration. Our findings also point out the importance of historical and subjective time when studying dynamic phenomena. This complements recent research that views collective memory and history as valuable dynamic capabilities. We conclude by suggesting a rethinking of the dynamic capabilities framework to embrace the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of innovation ecosystems.

Cet article s’intéresse à l’apport de la théorie mathématique des catégories pour appréhender les processus d’invention collective. En particulier, il s’agit de présenter et de discuter une approche « catégorielle » fondée sur les systèmes évolutifs à mémoire (MES). Les MES ont été introduits dans les années quatre-vingt dix (Ehresmann et Vanbremeersch, 1991) dans le but d’analyser des systèmes complexes évolutifs intégrant une hétérogénéité de composants, d’échelles et de temporalités (Ehresmann and Vanbremeersch 2007). Conçus pour synthétiser les caractéristiques communes à des systèmes biologiques, cognitifs ou sociaux, ils ont eu des applications variées en biologie ou en traitement de l'information, mais leur principale application a été l'étude du développement des processus cognitifs d'ordre supérieur, incluant les processus de créativité et d’anticipation (modèle « MENS »). Cet article approfondit la construction d’un MES particulier, nommé D-MES (Béjean et Ehresmann, 2015), pour appréhender les processus d’invention collective.

International audience; Current debates in design question the effects of " fixation. " On the one hand, to be creative, designers should avoid fixing the meaning of objects or proposals, On the other hand, positive effects of fixation have also been observed in various design practices. For instance, " early fixation " or " early crystallization " have been conceptualized as ways that significantly help starting the design work without limiting its creative potential. To understand these contrasting positions, we take a semiotic perspective on the phenomenon of fixation. Peirce's triadic model of sign (representamen, object, interpretant), defines meaning making as an infinite process through the " interpretant " based on personal and social experience. Fixation is therefore a basic semiotic condition through which human beings make sense of the world. As pointed by Peirce, the " final " interpretant is the way by which we can actually communicate meaning to further expand it. Following on this model and the Peircean categories (firstness, secondness, thirdness) we identify three different ways in design that structure how meaning making can be stabilized, e.g.: the feeling of some potential (firstness); the combination of events or things (secondness); the establishment of a belief, habit or law (thirdness).