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Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As emerging market international marketing alliances (E-IMAs) are becoming popular as instruments of growth for firms from the developed markets that are attempting to expand into emerging markets, there is a growing need to understand how these E-IMAs are formed, operate, and even get dissolved in the emerging markets. Extant theories on IMAs, although limited, have primarily focused on alliances that are formed and operate in developing markets. However, as the institutional context of emerging markets differs significantly from that of developing markets, these existing theories are not sufficient to explain and predict phenomena related to E-IMAs. Therefore, using data from in-depth interviews with senior executives from 106 companies involved in marketing alliances, this study develops a new theoretical model based on the awareness-motivation-capability framework that can explain and predict phenomena related to E-IMAs. Related propositions are presented for both researchers and practitioners who are interested in studying or developing E-IMAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akwanga division has been a major theater of export crop production and expropriation of other economic resources by the colonial regime, but the Economic History of the area has suffered neglect by scholars in the discipline. This work seeks to examine the evolution of cash crop economy in Akwanga division, north-central Nigeria and the changes brought about by the development. The development of groundnut as a main cash crop in central Nigeria's Akwanga division shall also be explore. The study also analyses establishment of produce marketing boards and their roles as catalyst for the distribution of export produce. The work argues that the development of cash crop economy has coopted the people of Central Nigeria into international economy as primary producers of cash crops. The system did not in any way mechanized the agriculture sector and deliberately eschewed possible avenues for the development of individual cultivators. The Historical research method is used to achieve the objectives of this research; primary and secondary data are consulted for the successful completion of the work. This research argues that the increase in demand of groundnut by European manufacturing industries for the production of soap, cooking oil, and margarine has facilitated its production Akwanga division. The work concludes that compulsory labour, taxes, and British currency were introduced as a strategy conceived by the colonial government to implement cash crop production in the study area. Above all the colonial economy did not mechanized agricultural sector and manufacturing industries were not established in Akwanga division. The development of cash crop Economy has incorporated the people of the area into international market as producers of raw materials needed by the European manufacturing companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the significance of marketing agreements in stabilizing farm income. A marketing agreement is a voluntary contract containing any terms not inconsistent with law, and binding only upon government and the signers. Aside from setting minimum prices and proscribing unfair practices, there are two major methods of statutory market control. First, demands could be shifted by changing consumer wants through advertising, research, or trade promotion. Second, if demands in alternative outlets, such as different grades, sizes, packs, packages or times-are interrelated, controlled distribution may yield an optimum demand from all outlets combined.

The article focuses on soybean disease monitoring and discusses coordinated efforts to manage soybean rust (SRB) in North America. Topics discussed include development of a committee by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food in 2003 for soybean rust prevention, conduction of meetings in conjunction with the American Soybean Association (ASA) and soybean commodity boards in the U.S. and Canada for SRB detection and predictive models for SBR.

Copyright of Historia is the property of Historical Association of South Africa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The announcement of the Trans-Pacific Partnership in June 2012 raised speculation about dire consequences for the dairy sector and the end of supply management. We examine these claims in the context of tariff liberalization and the transmission of volatile international dairy prices into the Canadian market. The paper examines the implications for dairy farmer welfare, quota values, and the welfare of other agents in the economy. Given that the US dairy industry has interests of its own to protect, significant dairy tariff liberalization is not expected. With modest tariff reductions, the impact on quota values will be minimal. Likewise, the overall decline in producer welfare will also be small. Therefore, supply management, as a marketing institution, is likely to survive the TPP, but marketing boards may have to change their pricing policies in response to tariff reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to study the coffee and cocoa price volatility in Côte d'Ivoire and to understand the mechanism of price stabilization. Thus, this paper shows that the international prices and the farm gate prices of these two products are strongly dispersed around their respective average, from one year to another and within each year. This paper proposes a model of partial stabilization which makes it possible to highlight an alternate mechanism of the coffee and cocoa price stabilization which is relatively efficient compared to the mechanism which currently exists. It shows that a marketing board in the Ivorian coffee and cocoa sector, which constitutes a buffer stock and uses it in a strategic way, has the advantage of reducing significantly the volatility of the international price and the farm gate price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the dynamic impacts of cotton marketing reforms on farm output in rural Zambia. Following liberalization and the elimination of the Zambian cotton marketing board, the sector developed an outgrower scheme whereby cotton firms provided credit, access to inputs and output markets, and technical assistance to the farmers. There are two distinctive phases of the reforms: a failure of the outgrower contracts, due to farmers' debt renegation, firm hold up, and lack of coordination among firms and farms, and a subsequent period of success of the scheme, due to enhanced contract enforcement and commitment. We find interesting dynamics in the sector. During the phase of failure, farmers were pushed back into subsistence and cotton yields per hectare declined. With the improvement of the outgrower scheme, farmers devoted larger shares of land to cash crops, and farm output significantly increased. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The current function of the Canadian Dairy Commission (CDC) raises important public policy issues that have implications for wealth redistribution, administrative law, and civil liberty. The CDC's purported economic relevance in Canadian society serves as a facade for a short-sighted management approach that is devoid of the rudiments of a market mechanism. In order to suggest future public policy developments, an exploratory field survey was conducted and results are presented in this paper. Although the results do not infer that Canadian consumers are discontented with dairy prices in Canada, our evidence shows that consumers know very little about the processes behind marketing milk in Canada, especially with the price setting powers of the CDC. This study indicates that future policies should address this lack of consumer awareness. As global dairy markets evolve, policies designed to protect against domestic and foreign competition will most likely become less effective. Protectionist policies can be detrimental to a country's long-term prosperity as opportunities for new products, adoption of new technologies and faster responses to consumer demands are squandered. The study's limitations and implications for practice and future research are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looks at the changes in agricultural marketing policy, with reference to the influence of these changes on marketing board structures in Canada. Role of marketing boards; Reference made to the NFPMA Act, (National Farm Product Council Act), which was amended in 1993; Challenges to the legality of Canadian marketing boards; Details on the 1949 Agricultural Products Marketing Act.

Provides an overview of the development of Canadian marketing boards and assessment of their situation. Legislative specifications for marketing boards; Similarity of the development of marketing boards in Canada to that of other countries; Dual jurisdictional authority over agriculture and marketing.

An econometric model of the market for tomatoes in Israel is developed to take into account the distortions brought about by the marketing board and intermediaries. The existence of monopoly and monopsony power is hypothesized by analyzing the middlemen's optimal behavior. Being compelled by the marketing board to purchase all produce, wholesalers exert monopsony power by reducing quantities marketed to consumers by selling surpluses to the marketing board at the minimum price. The empirical results confirm the existence of strong monopsony power together with weak monopoly power in that market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the effects of a supply management marketing board on agribusiness in Canada. Impact of the Ontario Chicken Producers' Marketing Board on the integration activity in the country; Effect of marketing boards on gross margins; Major area influence of a marketing board.

Examines the impact of marketing boards on agricultural market performance in Canada. Examination on the success of marketing boards in reducing market instability; Distinguishing feature of institutional arrangements in the Canadian food system and farm and food policy; Conclusions.

This article describes the Buy British campaign, the government-sponsored advertising campaign in Great Britain launched in November 1931 to persuade British consumers to buy products made in Britain. The injunction to British consumers to buy British or Empire-made goods had, of course, been a feature of much previous commercial advertising. Patriotic symbols had been regularly used by producers and retailers to sway consumer choice, images of Britannia, John Bull, the British Lion and Bulldog being recruited to publicize particular products. The Royal Family, the Army and the Navy had performed sterling service for British commerce in advertisements and on labels, and exotic imperial locales were frequently depicted on the wrappers and posters designed by British companies for selling commodities imported from the British Empire overseas. Such attempts to ensure that patterns of public consumption were affected by more than quality and price inevitably became more frequent and strident in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when increased competition from foreign industrial and agricultural suppliers began to alarm many British producers.

Reviews some of the developments and issues in New Zealand's statutory marketing boards as of 1994. Importance of the statutory boards and the agribusiness industries on the agribusiness sector and economy of New Zealand; Nature and structure of the agribusiness marketing organizations.

The market is one of the most potent forces in agricultural production and some control over the marketing of agricultural goods is necessary, as an imbalance often exists between supply and demand. Demand for food remains relatively inelastic whilst supply is highly variable, a situation aggravated by weather conditions and the long-term production cycle in agriculture. Marketing Boards in Great Britain represent one of various possible forms of government intervention, the bases of which were laid down in the Agricultural Marketing Acts of 1931 and 1933. The Hops Marketing Board (HMB) represents a classic example of this inward-looking policy, which has had to change its structure in the light of EEC regulations. Consequently, the objectives of this article are twofold: first, to outline the HMB's marketing arrangements prior to, and since, entry into the EEC, as a case study of changing marketing techniques, and secondly, to examine the views and attitudes of hop growers in the West Midlands towards these changing structures.

This article discusses objectives and performance evaluation of marketing boards. Institutions which are called marketing boards are responsible for directing and guiding major branches of agriculture in many countries. The impact of marketing boards on the feeding of millions of people throughout the world makes them powerful bodies in domestic and foreign trade and important instruments for economic development. Marketing boards have proved to be flexible institutions. They have been used for a wide range of farm products, they can operate under different conditions, and they can serve different functions. Some marketing boards are no more than regulatory agencies. Other boards have authority and structure, which give them a dominant position in a branch. Marketing boards do not fall into a simple classification of private enterprises or government agencies; they comprise a mixture of both. The combination of government authority with private interests and public representatives is creating a new and important form of organization in domestic and world business. In many developing countries monopoly export marketing boards have replaced firms, which were formerly engaged in export trade.

Deals with the economics of production control in Canada. Description on provincial marketing boards and programs of production control; Discussion on the production control of Ontario flue-cured tobacco; Effect of production control on the combination of resources used in production.

The article presents some abstracts of published materials concerning agricultural economics, economic geography and housing. The first paper entitled "Agricultural Marketing Boards in the Developing Countries," by J.C. Abbott focuses on marketing boards which are set up by government action, with broad responsibilities and powers of compulsion over producers and handlers of defined commodities, which play an increasingly important role in the developing countries. The abstract entitled "An Agricultural Employment Program for Ecuador," by A. Bottomley sets forth the proposition that the optimum use of a country's labor force is, first, where the MRPs of the various lands of labor are at a maximum, given the availability of the other factors of production, second, where the MRP of workers having a particular level of skill is equal everywhere and third, where employment is maintained at a level where the MRP of labor equals its wage. The article entitled "Representation of Farmers' Behavior Under Uncertainty with a Focus-Loss Constraint," by J.M. Boussard and M. Pett presents a method for taking uncertainty into account when representing farmers' production decisions.

The "conventional wisdom" on the subject of marketing boards in primary-exporting economies has long been that their principal function is that of domestic stabilization. It has been argued elsewhere that the performance of Nigerian marketing boards should be evaluated instead on the basis of their roles as revenue earners (through the earning of trading surpluses) for the development effort. It is worth considering, nevertheless, what exactly has taken place with respect to domestic stabilization through marketing board action in Nigeria. It will be helpful, for the purpose of evaluating the success of interseason stabilization efforts, to have summary measures of the degree of instability of producer prices, producer incomes, world prices, and export receipts potentially distributable to the producer (potential producer income). With these, one can begin to compare actual experience with that which would have been obtained in the absence of the marketing boards. There are basically three types of domestic stabilization which have, at one time or another, been acknowledged by the Nigerian marketing boards as targets, and which will be discussed here. These are firstly, stability of export producer prices, which may be subdivided into intra- and inter-season stability, secondly, stability of export producer incomes, and thirdly, stability of the overall regional economy.

Comments on an article on the impact of marketing boards on the agricultural market stability in Canada. Some of the questions raised on the feasible alternatives to marketing boards; Analysis of what might happen if the Canadian boards were to follow a pattern similar to the State of California marketing orders; Structure of the Canadian food system.