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Despite voluminous research indicating that women and minorities have limited access to or are excluded from organizational networks, two central questions remain unanswered: (a) In what specific ways, if any, do the interaction networks of men and women and whites and racial minorities differ? and (b) What mechanisms produce those differences? The central thesis of the article is that the organizational context in which interaction networks are embedded produces unique constraints on women and racial minorities, causing their networks to differ from those of their white male counterparts in composition and characteristics of their relationships with network members. Organizational context is hypothesized to affect personal networks directly, as well as through its impact on individuals' strategies for managing constraints. A theoretical perspective that views women and minorities as active agents who make strategic choices among structurally limited alternatives is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses sexual practices and relationships among the Indian peoples Macuna and Nünak from the Colombian Amazon, focusing on gender differences in attitudes toward sex. The author offers an analysis of the similarities and differences of the practices between both groups. Subjects discussed include the concept of person and human body in the Amazonian cosmologies, social aspects of patrilineality, and the social role of shamanism.

An essay is presented which discusses the social aspects of women's health, with a particular focus on the health of the female genitalia. The role that vulva pain putatively plays in representing the refusal of heterosexual penile-vaginal intercourse, including the opportunity it allegedly gives women to evaluate the sexual desires of their male partner, is discussed.

This article analyses the gender relationship of men and women in Taiwan. Firstly, it employs power relation to explore what the gender relationship is and how this gender relationship has produced. Secondly, it describes how this gender relationship has influenced Taiwanese society. It also explains the gender inequality of both sexes in Taiwan and Taiwanese women's resistance to traditional and Western culture. Thirdly, it analyses how this gender relationship has reflected on Taiwanese women's leisure. The analysis is designed to indicate the roles held by women and men in Taiwanese society in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an examination of the social impact that 1970s singer-songwriters had on the development of American attitudes towards love, romantic relationships and marriage. It discusses the social change brought about during the 1960s in the U.S., noting that members of the baby boomer generation witnessed challenges to traditional forms of authority. Additionally, the author argues that it was not until the 1970s that a dramatic shift occurred in the way American youth viewed the traditional societal markers of adulthood, such as family and career.

Objectives. This article provides an examination of how men and women spend their recreational attendance time and how their behavior differs when they are single and married. The battle of the sexes model and the theory of artistic human capital acquisition from one's spouse both suggest that married individuals will have different patterns of attendance than singles. Methods. Using data from the Performing Arts Research Coalition, we estimate a number of models to examine the differences between male and female attendance at art, professional sports, and popular culture events for those single and married. Results. We find that single males prefer sports, while single females prefer the arts. As predicted by the battle of the sexes model, men are more likely and women less likely to attend art events after marriage. This increase in male attendance is also predicted by human capital models of attendance that argue that the choice of art events is based on acquired tastes that can be influenced by the human capital of one's spouse. The battle of the sexes model, however, also predicts a decline in male and an increase in female attendance at professional sports. We find a small increase in female, but also an increase in male, attendance. Conclusions. The behavior of married and single males and females tends to correspond to the predictions made by the battle of the sexes and human capital models of attendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the perceptions and practices of the societies of Nepal towards women, giving particular focus on the issues of gender relations and the status of widow women. It defines the concept of both women, which are pointed out to be inferior to men, and single women, which are referred as those who deserted their husbands, divorced, widowed, and unmarried until the age of 35. The concept of marriage, husband, and being a widow are also analyzed, arriving at several implications and tough circumstances of widowhood. Also taken into consideration are the code of conducts prescribed for women including the dress and color code and the behavior code. It is concluded that perceptions and practices in Nepal societies towards women blocks women's happiness and existence.

Using cohort data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper tracks the experiences of serial cohabitors . Results indicate that only a minority of cohabiting women (about 15% – 20%) were involved in multiple cohabitations. Serial cohabitations were overrepresented among economically disadvantaged groups, especially those with low income and education. They also were less likely than single-instance cohabiting unions to end in marriage rather than dissolve. If serial cohabitors married, divorce rates were very high — more than twice as high as for women who cohabited only with their eventual husbands. The results suggest the need to balance the government’s current preoccupation with marriage promotion with greater support of “at risk” unions that marriage promotion initiatives have helped create. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cohabitation has become part of the pathway toward marriage. Prior work focuses on expectations to marry and has ignored cohabitation. Although most young adults are not replacing marriage with cohabitation, but instead cohabit and then marry, it is important to study adolescents’ joint expectations to cohabit as well as marry. Our analyses draw on recently collected data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (N = 1,293). We find that adolescents are less certain about their cohabitation than marriage expectations. Dating and sexual experience, traditional values, prosocial activities, and parents influence adolescents’ union formation expectations. The findings from this work suggest that adolescents are including cohabitation as part of their future life trajectories but rarely envision cohabitation as substituting for marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For women in Nigeria, as in many settings, simply being married can contribute to the risk of contracting HIV. I studied men's extramarital sexual behavior in the context of modern marriage in southeastern Nigeria. The results indicate that the social organization of infidelity is shaped by economic inequality, aspirations for modern lifestyles, gender disparities, and contradictory moralities. It is men's anxieties and ambivalence about masculinity, sexual morality, and social reputation in the context of seeking modern lifestyles— rather than immoral sexual behavior and traditional culture—that exacerbate the risks of HIV/AIDS. (Am J Public Health. 2007;97:997-1005. doi:10.2105/AJPH. 2006.088583) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Married women in rural Papua New Guinea are at risk for HIV primarily because of their husbands' extramarital relationships. Labor migration puts these men in social contexts that encourage infidelity. Moreover, many men do not view sexual fidelity as necessary for achieving a happy marriage, but they view drinking and "looking for women" as important for male friendships. Although fear of HIV infection is increasing, the concern that men most often articulated about the consequences of extramarital infidelity was possible violent retaliation for "stealing" another man's wife. Therefore, divorced or separated women who exchange sex for money are considered to be "safe" partners. Interventions that promote fidelity will fail in the absence of a social and economic infrastructure that supports fidelity. (Am J Public Health. 2007,97:1006-1014. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088559) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Madagascar, the cultural and economic changes that have accompanied economic liberalization have also seen the emergence of the jaombilo, a young man supported by the money that a woman earns from sex work. In this article, I explore the structural forces that have contributed to the emergence of the jaombilo as well as the more subjective process through which young men become jaombilo. I argue that the category of the jaombilo emerged because of the particular ways in which global economic change articulates with local conceptions of youth, gender and economy. I further suggest that the case of the jaombilo challenges the assumption that youth is a normative phase on the way to adulthood. Instead, I argue that for young men in Madagascar, youth is a phase that they cannot escape. Much as savages were figured as "children" in the 19th century evolutionary discourse, many contemporary Malagasy young men have become perpetual youth, and perpetually poor, thereby challenging normative models of human development that emerged in the context of modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between feminism and history by focusing on the film "Liberators Take Liberties: Wars, Rapes, Children," by Helke Sander. The film focuses on the issues of the strategic mass rapes of German women in 1945 after the Battle of Berlin. According to the author, Sander's film addresses mass rapes as one of the urgent European problems particularly the imperative relations between the sexes during the World War II. He discusses several discourses regarding feminism that paved way to concrete social changes that should not be neglected.