107 results on '"Lilburn, M. S."'
Search Results
2. Early intestinal development and mucin transcription in the young poult with probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide prebiotic supplementation
- Author
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Hutsko, S. L., Meizlisch, K., Wick, M., and Lilburn, M. S.
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- 2016
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- View/download PDF
3. Supplemental Magnesium in Diets for Growing Pullets and Hens: Growth, Skeletal Development, and Egg Production.
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Lilburn, M S, Pierson, E E M, Robison, C I, and Karcher, D
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AGRICULTURAL egg production , *MAGNESIUM , *HENS , *COMPACT bone , *BONE density , *MUSCLE growth - Abstract
Growing pullets and subsequently laying hens were fed practical type corn-soybean meal diets with and without 0.1% supplemental magnesium oxide (MgO) through 36 wk of age. During the pullet phase, one half the chicks were allowed access to perches beginning at a day of age (2.5 cm) and perch height was increased in 2.5 cm weekly increments through 3 wk. Access to perches had no effect on body weight or skeletal development, and there were no significant perch x MgO interactions. There was a significant increase in cortical bone density between 6 and 12 wk of age and an increase in cortical density in pullets fed supplemental MgO (P < 0.065). Pullets fed supplemental magnesium had increased body weight at 18 wk (P < 0.039) and 21 wk (P ≤ 0.077) of age. There were no subsequent effects on hen-day egg production or egg weight except during the fourth period when hens fed supplemental MgO had increased egg size (P ≤ 0.071). In conclusion, supplemental MgO had a positive effect on selected aspects of pullet skeletal development during the early phases of growth and body weight near photostimulation and the onset of egg production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Early intestinal growth and development in poultry.
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Lilburn, M. S. and Loeffler, S.
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POULTRY growth , *POULTRY feeding , *POULTRY physiology , *NITROGEN excretion , *DIGESTION , *EXFOLIATIVE cytology , *BIRDS - Abstract
While there are many accepted "facts" within the field of poultry science that are in truth still open for discussion, there is little debate with respect to the tremendous genetic progress that has been made with commercial broilers and turkeys (Havenstein et al., 2003, 2007). When one considers the changes in carcass development in poultry meat strains, these genetic "improvements" have not always been accompanied by correlated changes in other physiological systems and this can predispose some birds to developmental anomalies (i.e. ascites; Pavlidis et al., 2007; Wideman et al., 2013). Over the last decade, there has been increased interest in intestinal growth/health as poultry nutritionists have attempted to adopt new approaches to deal with the broader changes in the overall nutrition landscape. This landscape includes not only the aforementioned genetic changes but also a raft of governmental policies that have focused attention on the environment (phosphorus and nitrogen excretion), consumer pressure on the use of antibiotics, and renewable biofuels with its consequent effects on ingredient costs. Intestinal morphology has become a common research tool for assessing nutritional effects on the intestine but it is only one metric among many that can be used and histological results can often be interpreted in a variety of ways. This study will address the broader body of research on intestinal growth and development in commercial poultry and will attempt to integrate the topics of the intestinal: microbial interface and the role of the intestine as an immune tissue under the broad umbrella of intestinal physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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5. The effects of genotype on embryonic development in eggs from divergent turkey genotypes.
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Lilburn, M. S. and Antonelli, A.
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TURKEYS , *AGRICULTURAL egg production , *EMBRYOLOGY , *EGG incubation , *ANIMAL genetics - Abstract
Unique turkey genotypes and reciprocal crosses of these lines were used to study the relationship between egg size, posthatch growth potential, and selected aspects of embryonic development. A line of turkeys selected for increased egg production (E), its randombred control line (RBC1), a line selected for increased 16-wk BW (F line), and its randombred control line (RBC2) were the pure lines used in each of 2 experiments. In experiment 1, a sample of E-line hens were mated to either E line (E/E) or RBC1 toms (RBC1/E), and RBC1 hens were mated to RBC1 toms (RBC1/RBC1). Egg weight at set and at 25 d of incubation was significantly lower in the E/E and RBC1/E crosses compared with that of the RBC1/RBC1 eggs. On d 21 and 25 of incubation and at hatch, the yolk-free wet embryo weights of E/E and RBC1/E embryos were similar, and both weighed significantly less than the RBC1/RBC1 embryos (P ≤ 0.001). Similar observations were observed for the residual yolk sac weight at each of those developmental ages. In experiment 2, embryos from the F line, RBC2, RBC1, E, and 2 reciprocal crosses (RBC1/E, E/RBC1) were compared at various time points during the course of incubation. Egg weight was consistently highest in the F line and lowest in the E line and intermediate in the RBC1 and RBC2 lines. Egg weight followed the maternal genotype in the E/RBC1 and RBC1/E reciprocal crosses. On embryonic d 19, 23, and 26, the order of yolk-free weight embryo weights followed closely the pattern observed for egg weight. In summary, egg weight and embryonic development is largely controlled by the maternal genotype. This should be considered when making inference to posthatch selection effects on embryonic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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6. Effect of recycled litter on immune cells in the cecal tonsils of chickens.
- Author
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Shanmugasundaram, R., Lilburn, M. S., and Selvaraj, R. K.
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BROILER chickens , *ANTIBIOTICS in animal nutrition , *AGRICULTURAL antibiotics , *BACITRACIN , *ANIMAL nutrition , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study selected aspects of the gut immune response in broiler chicks reared on fresh or recycled litter that were fed diets with and without subtherapeutic antibiotic supplementation. All of the chicks were reared in pens that contained either fresh pine shavings (fresh litter) or litter that was recycled for 3 consecutive flocks (recycled litter). The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 4 replicate pens (n = 4) per treatment. At 10 and 35 d of age, the cecal tonsils were analyzed for intestinal immune measurements. The cecal tonsils of birds reared on recycled litter had increased IL-1 mRNA (P < 0.01) and a lower percentage of CD4+CD25+ cells at 10 and 35 d of age when compared with those of chicks reared on fresh litter. Birds fed diets supplemented with bacitracin had a reduction in CD4+ cells (P = 0.01) at 10 d of age when compared with that of chicks that were not fed the antibiotic. The combination of bacitracin supplementation and fresh litter resulted in an approximate 10-fold increase in IL-10 mRNA (P = 0.01) at 10 d of age when compared with that of the unsupplemented chicks in fresh litter. Among those chicks that were not supplemented with bacitracin, the recycled-litter treatment resulted in 25-fold (P = 0.01) and 39-fold (P = 0.02) higher IL-4 mRNA levels at 10 and 35 d of age, respectively, when compared with those of the chicks reared on fresh litter. In conclusion, the intestinal immune response of birds reared on recycled litter is skewed toward an inflammatory response, whereas the fresh litter treatment was skewed toward an anti-inflammatory response. Bacitracin supplementation did not interact with the litter type to alter IL-1 mRNA levels in cecal tonsils, suggesting the low efficiency of bacitracin in alleviating the inflammatory response induced by recycled litter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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7. Effect of Age and Method on heal Endogenous Amino Acid Flow in Turkey Poults.
- Author
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Adedokun, S. A., Lilburn, M. S., Parsons, C. M., Adeola, O., and Applegate, T. J.
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AMINO acids , *CASEINS , *LOW-protein diet , *REGRESSION analysis , *TURKEYS , *POULTRY - Abstract
Ileal endogenous amino acid (IEAA) flow in turkey poults was determined at 2 experimental locations on d 5, 15, and 21 posthatcl-i using 3 methods, namely a N-free diet (NFD), a highly digestible protein (casein), and the regression method, obtained by regressing IEAA flow against dietary casein levels. The diets were semipurified and contained 0, 50, 100, or 150 g of casein/kg of diet as the sole source of dietary protein. Each diet was fed for 5 d to 6 replicate cages of 30 (d 5), 10 (d 15), or 8 (d 21) birds per cage. There was no interaction between locations and age or locations and diet, so the data from both locations were pooled. heal endogenous amino acid flow on d 5 (NFD method) was higher (P < 0.05) than on d 15 or 21. Ileal endogenous amino acid flow estimated from the NFD and the regression methods was different on d 5 (P < 0.05), but there were no differences in JEAA flow for most of the amino acids on d 15 and 21. increasing the level of casein resulted in a linear (P < 0.05) increase in IEAA flow. The amino acids with the lowest flow were Trp and Met, whereas Glu had the greatest flow. The results obtained from this study indicate that data generated across laboratories were repeatable. The results also suggest that about twice as much amino acids of endogenous origin are found in the digesta of poults on d 5 relative to d 21. Also, as poults age, there is a decrease in IEAA flow from d 5 to 15, but flows from d 15 to 21 are not different. These observations suggest that apparent digestibility coefficients for poults on d 5 and d 15 or 21 could be significantly influenced by the level of end ogenous amino acids, more so on d 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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8. The Effect of Corticosterone-Induced Stress on Amino Acid Digestibility in Ross Broilers.
- Author
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Virden, W. S., Lilburn, M. S., Thaxton, J. P., Corzo, A., Hoehle, D., and Kidd, M. T.
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CORTICOSTERONE , *AMINO acids , *BROILER chickens , *ANIMAL nutrition , *SOYBEAN , *INGESTION - Abstract
Two experiments (Exp.) were conducted to establish amino acid (AA) digestibility coefficients (DC) for broilers given corticosterone (CS)-induced stress using the apparent ileal digestibility assay. For Exp. 1, 192 Ross × Ross 708 male broilers were placed into 16 floor pens (12 birds/pen). For Exp. 2, 120 Ross × Ross 308 male broilers were placed into 10 floor pens (12 birds/pen). Pens contained nipple drinkers, pan feeders, and softwood shavings. Both experiments were completely randomized designs using pen as the experimental unit. In both experiments, chicks were given a common starter diet from d 1 to 20. From d 21 to 30, broilers were provided a control diet or the control + 15 mg of CS/kg of diet dissolved in soybean oil (8 and 5 replications/treatment in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). Diets were based on corn (65.07%) and soybean meal (26.36%) and contained an indigestible marker (chromic oxide 0.3%). Diets were formulated to contain 3,175 kcal of ME, 18.5% CP, 0.79% digestible TSAA, and 1.00% digestible Lys. Stress validation was accomplished by measuring BW gain, feed intake, and liver weight on d 30. Evidence that stress occurred was apparent due to the fact that broilers fed CS had lower BW gain and higher liver weight than those fed control. On d 30, the ileal contents were removed from 3 birds/pen, pooled, dried, and analyzed for AA content. Amino acid DC were calculated using the following equation: DC = 100 - (dietary marker % × ileal AA %) / (ileal marker % × dietary AA %) × 100. Amino acid digestibility did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments in either experiment. Based on this research, future research should be directed at establishing DC for other nutrients in stressed broilers or the effect of different nutrients on the stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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9. Protein Quality of Poultry By-Product Meal Manufactured from Whole Fowl Co-Extruded with Corn or Wheat.
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Aimiuwu, O. C. and Lilburn, M. S.
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PROTEINS in animal nutrition , *LOW-protein diet , *ANIMAL nutrition , *CORN , *WHEAT , *TURKEYS - Abstract
Three experiments were conducted with turkey poults to characterize the protein quality of a novel poultry by-product meal composed of aged fowl extruded with either corn (CHM) or wheat (WHM). In Experiment 1, a growth assay was conducted to determine a dietary protein response range for semipurified diets containing CHM or WHM as the sole sources of dietary protein. Diets contained 12, 15, and 18% CP, and there was a linear increase in BW with no significant differences between the 2 sources. The same dietary protein levels were used to determine the protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), and apparent amino acid digestibility of CHM and WHM in Experiments 2 and 3. In Experiment 3, WHM and CHM were also compared with soybean meal (SBM) and meat and bone meal (MBM). In Experiment 2, there were no significant differences between CHM and WHM in PER or NPR, but the variability between levels of CP did account for a significant level of CP × source interaction (P < 0.05). In Experiment 3, there were no significant protein level effects on PER or NPR, but the values for MBM were consistently lower than those for CHM, WHM, and SBM. The apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients for MBM were also consistently lower than those for CHM and WHM. In conclusion, the extruded WHM and CHM products have acceptable protein quality and were better than MBM as single sources of dietary protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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10. Preovulatory Surge Patterns of Luteinizing Hormone, Progesterone, and Estradiol-17β in Broiler Breeder Hens Fed Ad Libitum or Restricted Fed.
- Author
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Liu, H.-K., Lilburn, M. S., Koyyeri, B., Anderson, J. W., and Bacon, W. L.
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POULTRY breeding , *FEMALE livestock , *OVULATION , *AGRICULTURAL egg production , *HENS , *POULTRY feeding , *POULTRY - Abstract
Spontaneous ovulations are induced by preovulatory surges of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone (P4) during ovulatory cycles in birds, but estradiol-17β (E2 levels are relatively constant Egg production is enhanced in restricted fed (RF) in comparison with ad libitum fed (FF) broiler breeder hens, but changes in concentrations and peripheral patterns of LH, P4, and E2 during ovulatory cycles ha broiler breeder boas are poorly documented, The hypothesis of this study was that high resolution patterns of peripheral LH, P4, and E2 during preovulatory surges would not be different between FF and RF broiler breeder hens Seven FF and 6 RF broiler breeder hens were photostimulated with 16 L:8 D at 22 wk of age At 28 wk of age, the hens were cannulated for serial blood sampling and switched to a 24L:0D photoperiod to allow preovulatory surges of LH and P4 to run freely Three days after cannulation, hens were serially bled every 12 min for 36 h. The FF hens were heavier than the RF hens (5.60 ± 0.35 vs 3.60 ± 0.28 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). During the 10 d before cannulation, total egg production of the FF and RF hens (8.3 ± 1.4 and 6.8 ± 1.3 eggs, respectively; P =0.08 and normal egg production (5.6 ± 1.8 and 6.5 ± 1.8 eggs, respectively; P = 0.37) were not different. The FF hens, however, had more abnormal eggs than the RF hens (2.7 ± 1.7 and 0.3 ± 0.8 eggs, respectively; P < 0.01). None of the hormonal measurements was different between the FF and RF hens (P > 0.05) The concentrations of hormones for the FF and RF hoes, respectively, were as fallows: baseline LH (2.79 ± 0.45 vs 2.94 ± 0.60 ng/mL) and P4 (1.68 ± 0.36 vs. 1.41 ± 0.43 ng/mL), overall mean LH (3.18 ± 0.45 vs. 3.10 ± 0.46 ng/mL) and P4 (2.32 ± 0.55 vs. 2.09 ± 0.91 ng/mL), preovulatory surge amplitude of LH (5.43 ± 1.27 vs. 3.88 ± 1.24 ng/mL) and P4(6.08 ± 2.09 vs. 6.71 ± 3.91 ng/mL), preovulatory surge duration of LH (7.52 ± 1.80 vs. 5.74 ± 3.18 h) and P4 (7.52 ± l.42 vs. 8.20 ± 1.24 h),and overall mean E2(0.25 ± 0.05 vs. 0.23 ± 0.05 ng/mL). In conclusion, there were no differences in total egg production or normal egg production between FF and RF broiler breeder hens, but the FF hens laid more abnormal eggs Also, there were no differences in the concentrations or peripheral patterns of LH, P4 and E2 during preovulatory surges between the FF and RF broiler breeder hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
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11. Efecto de la infusión continua de glucagón sobre el contenido de grasa abdominal en pollos
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Brenes, Agustín, Akiba, Y., Lilburn, M. S., and Jensen, L. S.
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- 1989
12. Effect of continous infusion of glucagon on abdominal fat content in chickens
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Brenes, Agustín, Akiba, Y., Lilburn, M. S., Jensen, L. S., Brenes, Agustín, Akiba, Y., Lilburn, M. S., and Jensen, L. S.
- Published
- 1989
13. Effect of embryonic thermal manipulation on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression and subsequent immune response to post-hatch lipopolysaccharide challenge in Pekin ducklings.
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Shanmugasundaram, R, Wick, M, and Lilburn, M S
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HSP70 heat-shock proteins , *IMMUNE response , *LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES , *DUCKLINGS , *EGG incubation , *THYMOCYTES , *POULTRY - Abstract
During the course of multi-stage incubation, small locational differences in incubation temperature within a machine are not uncommon and so the goal of this study was to study the immune response of ducklings exposed to thermal manipulation during incubation. Commercial Pekin duck eggs (n = 200) were distributed among four treatment: SS-Control (37.5°C from embryonic day [ED] 1 to 25); SS-LPS (37.5°C from ED1 to 25 + LPS at D0 [hatch]); HH-LPS (38°C from ED1 to 25+ LPS at D0); SH-LPS (37.5°C from ED1 to 10 and 38°C from ED 11 to 25 + LPS at D0). At D0, ducklings received a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. At D1 and D5, the HH-LPS treatment significantly reduced body weight (P ≤ 0.05). At D1 and D3 post-LPS injection, the SH-LPS and HH-LPS treatments significantly reduced splenic and bursal heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), mRNA abundance, and macrophage nitric oxide production compared with the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). At D1, the HH-LPS and SH-LPS treatments had increased splenic IL-10 mRNA and lower MHC I mRNA compared with the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). At D1, the HH-LPS treatment increased splenic IL-6 mRNA and bursal IFNγ mRNA transcription while the SH-LPS treatment reduced splenic IL-6 mRNA compared with the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). The HH-LPS treatment reduced thymocyte proliferation efficiency, while at D1, D3, and D5, the SH-LPS treatment increased thymocyte proliferation efficiency compared with the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Ducklings in the HH-LPS treatment had a higher splenic CD8+/CD4+ ratio compared to the SS-LPS treatment at D3 post-LPS injection (P ≤ 0.05). In summary, the HH-LPS treatment compromised immunocompetence via decreased NO production and thymocyte proliferation efficiency, while the SH-LPS treatment increased body weight and thymocyte proliferation and reduced IL-6 mRNA abundance. This suggests that an embryonic temperature stress during the latter half of incubation may prime the immune system which may be beneficial during secondary post-hatch inflammatory challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The effects of varying levels of digestible lysine on growth and carcass development in commercial turkey toms from 12 to 16 and 17 to 20 weeks.
- Author
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Aimiuwu, O. C. and Lilburn, M. S.
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AMINO acids in animal nutrition - Abstract
An abstract of the article "The effects of varying levels of digestible lysine on growth and carcass development in commercial turkey toms from 12 to 16 and 17 to 20 weeks," by O.C. Aimiuwu and colleagues is presented.
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- 2008
15. Processing characteristics of commercial and heritage broilers fed standard or organic diets.
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Hopkins, K. and Lilburn, M. S.
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BROILER chickens - Abstract
An abstract of the article "Processing Characteristics of Commercial and Heritage Broilers Fed Standard or Organic Diets," by K. Hopkins and M.S. Lilburn is presented.
- Published
- 2008
16. The effect of selection for body weight along at 16 weeks on the lysine and TSAA requirement of turkeys.
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Aimiuwu, O. C. and Lilburn, M. S.
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BODY weight - Abstract
An abstract of the article "The effect of selection for body weight along at 16 weeks on the lysine and TSAA requirement of turkeys," by O.C. Aimiuwu and colleagues is presented.
- Published
- 2008
17. The Effects of Enzyme Supplementation of Corn- and Wheat-Based Diets on Nutrient Digestion and Cecal Microbial Populations in Turkeys
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Persia, M. E., Dehority, B. A., and Lilburn, M. S.
- Abstract
Growing turkeys (hens) were fed diets comprised of wheat or corn as their primary cereal grain with or without added enzymes to study the effects of these ingredients on energy availability, starch disappearance along the intestinal tract, and cecal microflora populations. There was considerable starch disappearance (80%) occurring distal to the ileocecal junction, which was independent of enzyme supplementation and cereal source. Hens fed the wheat-based diets had improved feed utilization compared with those fed the corn-based diets and this was further improved with the addition of exogenous enzyme (Avizyme 1500). In hens fed the wheat-based diet supplemented with enzyme, there was also a significant reduction in the concentration of starch-degrading bacteria in the ceca. The data suggest that supplemental enzymes may be a tool for the dietary manipulation of intestinal microflora.
- Published
- 2002
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18. Practical Aspects of Early Nutrition for Poultry1
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Lilburn, M. S.
- Abstract
There is considerable interest in precision feeding of young poultry from the perspective of minimizing early mortality and getting the flock off to a uniform start. A wide range of factors can influence the responses of the hatchling to early nutrition independent of formulated dietary nutrient concentrations. These can include the age of the parent breeders, which can affect uniformity of egg size and hatch time, ingredient availability, and poultry management practices (e.g. temperature, litter conditions). From a system development standpoint, the intestine goes through a period of extensive development immediately before hatching and during the first days past-hatch. This observation may warrant some novel nutritional approaches as we feed a hatchling that is not yet capable of completely digesting the array of “normal” ingredients that make up typical starter diets. The objective of this report is to discuss the physiologic condition of the hatchling and some nutritional approaches that might enhance overall thriftiness during the earliest stages of growth.
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- 1998
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19. A comparison of long bone development in historical and contemporary ducks.
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Van Wyhe, R. C., Applegate, T. J., Lilburn, M. S., and Karcher, D. M.
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COMPARATIVE studies , *BONE growth , *DUCKS , *MUSCLE strength , *SKELETAL muscle , *POULTRY industry , *MEAT , *TIBIA , *BONE density , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The selection for growth and carcass traits in poultry meat species has contributed to in-creased interest in understanding and characterizing skeletal growth as the birds struggle to balance skeletal development with increased BW and muscle mass. The objective of this study was to compare the physical characteristics and mineralization of the tibia and fe-mur from commercial Pekin ducks representing circa 1993 and 2010 commercial strains. In 1993, the femur and tibia were collected from 8 ducks at 11 ages between 11 and 53 d. A similar study was done in 2010 in which the femur and tibia were collected from 8 ducks at 12 sample ages between 10 and 49 d. All bones were weighed and the length and width at 50% of length were measured. Each bone was subsequently cut into epiphyseal (top 25% of length) and diaphyseal (midregion at 50% of length) sections. Each bone segment was extracted with ether, hot weighed, and ashed. The 2010 contemporary ducks reached market weight faster than the 1993 ducks. Therefore, statistical comparisons were made at common BW as well as at common ages. The mean tibia length of the 2010 duck was 0.75 cm greater (P < 0.05) at similar ages and similar BW. The percentage ash in the diaphyseal region of the tibia was 3% greater (P < 0.05) in the 2010 versus 1993 ducks. The percentage epiphyseal ash in the femur was 10% lower (P < 0.01) at 10 d and 14 d in the 2010 ducks but there were no significant differences by 18 d of age. The lower epiphyseal ash values at both younger ages and smaller BW in the 2010 contemporary ducks suggests that it is critical to monitor those factors that influence bone mineralization in contemporary ducklings that can achieve market BW at earlier chronological ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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20. Multivariate evaluation of 1-dimensional sarcoplasmic protein profile patterns of turkey breast muscle during early post-hatch development.
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Zapata, I., Reddish, J. M., Lilburn, M. S., and Wick, M.
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PROTEIN research , *PRINCIPAL components analysis , *PLANT proteomics , *ANIMAL nutrition , *TURKEY feeding & feeds , *ANALYSIS of variance - Abstract
Proteins are the main participants in metabolic pathways. However, the analysis of protein abundance patterns associated with those pathways is complicated by the large number of proteins involved. In this study, the objective was to present the application of principal component analysis (PCA) to permit the visualization of developmental proteomic patterns of sarcoplasmic proteins found in breast muscle. Different turkey genotypes and nutritional regimens were used to potentially increase the variability within the sarcoplasmic protein profile. Sarcoplasmic protein fractions from turkey breast muscle samples were collected at 6 ages between 7 to 24 d. Breast muscle samples were collected from 2 distinctly different turkey lines. The poults within each line were either ad libitum or restrict fed. Proteomic PCA plots showed a visual developmental pattern from 7 until 17 d. Multivariate ANOVA highlighted the effect of time point and feeding regimen among profile patterns. The use of different genotypes and feeding regimens influenced variability, which was measured by mean Euclidean distances and ellipses of the PCA plots. These treatment effects, however, did not mask the developmental patterns. After 17 d, the proteomic patterns converged, suggesting that a level of biological stability was achieved regardless of the genotype or treatment. The developmental pattern obtained by the PCA methodology can aid in the planning of more efficient experimental designs so the developmental stage of individuals can be more accurately assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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21. Intestinal physiology and regulatory T cell response to immediate or delayed access to feed and water in Pekin ducklings.
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Loudon, A. H., Shanmugasundaram, R., Lilburn, M. S., and Selvaraj, R. K.
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DUCKLINGS , *T cells , *DIGESTIVE organs , *WATER , *ANIMAL feeds - Abstract
This study investigated the effects of delayed access to feed and water on early duckling growth, selected aspects of intestinal physiology, and immune responses. Ducklings were assigned to one of 2 experimental groups. In one treatment group (referred to as the fed group), feed and water were provided beginning on d 0, and in the other treatment group (referred to as the withheld group), feed and water were withheld until d 2. The ducklings in the withheld treatment had lower BW at 2 and 6 d posthatch than ducklings in the fed group. At 8 d posthatch (6 d postfeeding), the BW of the ducklings in the withheld group was comparable to the BW of the 6-d-old ducklings in the fed group. At 2 d posthatch, withheld ducklings had lower absolute and relative duodenum plus pancreas weight than fed ducklings. At 8 d posthatch (6 d postfeeding), withheld ducklings had higher absolute and relative duodenum plus pancreas weight than fed ducklings at 6 d posthatch. At 2 d posthatch, mucin 5B mRNA content was approximately 2 times lower in withheld ducklings (P = 0.09) than in fed ducklings. At 6 d posthatch, mucin 5b mRNA content was approximately 2.5-fold higher in withheld ducklings (P = 0.07) than in fed ducklings. Delayed access to feed and water increased the CD25+ cell number in the cecal tonsil at 2, 6, and 8 d posthatch. The IL-10 content of CD25+ cells was higher in the withheld ducklings than in the fed ducklings at 2 and 6 d posthatch. In conclusion, delaying access of ducklings with no experimental pathogen infection to feed and water has no long-term effects on early growth parameters, intestinal physiology, and immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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22. Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Meat and Bone Meal from Different Sources in Broiler Chicks and Turkey Poults with a Nitrogen-Free or Casein Diet.
- Author
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Adedokun, S. A., Parsons, C. M., Lilburn, M. S., Adeola, O., and Applegate, T. J.
- Subjects
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BROILER chickens , *AMINO acids , *ANIMAL nutrition , *CASEINS , *DIET , *MEAT , *BONES - Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the standardization method and age on standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of 4 meat and bone meal (MBM) samples in broiler chicks and turkey poults. The SIAAD were obtained by correcting apparent ileal digestibility (AID) values for basal ileal endogenous amino acid flow obtained from chicks and poults fed a N-free diet or a highly digestible protein diet (HDP; 100 g of casein/kg of diet). Four diets were formulated to contain 20% CP by using MBM as the only source of CP. Each diet was fed to 6 replicate cages of 30 or 8 birds/cage at 5 and 21 d, respectively, for 5 d. With the exception of all-beef MBM, chick AID values on d 21 were higher (P < 0.05) than on d 5. In poults, however, AID was not different between the 2 ages, with the exception of His, which was higher (P < 0.05) at d 21. There was no difference between methods on SIAAD on d 5 or 21 for all 4 MBM samples in either species. There was no effect of the method of standardization on SIAAD at either age for most amino acids. For chicks, however, standardization of the all-beef MBM sample with HDP resulted in higher (P < 0.05) SIAAD values for most of the amino acids (d 5). In poults at d 5, however, the SIAAD for most of the amino acids in the blended MBM were higher (P < 0.05) with HDP correction. The CV in SIAAD in chicks between the 2 methods of standardization was higher on d 5 (8.1%) relative to d 21(5.0%) for all treatments. In poults, greater variability was observed on d 21(8.2%) relative to d 5 (6.7%). Results from this study showed that at d 21, SIAAD with either the N-free or the HDP diet resulted in similar digestibility values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Endogenous Amino Acid Flow in Broiler Chicks Is Affected by the Age of Birds and Method of Estimation.
- Author
-
Adedokun, S. A., Parsons, C. M., Lilburn, M. S., Adeola, O., and Applegate, T. J.
- Subjects
- *
AMINO acids , *BROILER chickens , *CASEINS , *ANIMAL nutrition , *REGRESSION analysis , *ESTIMATION theory - Abstract
The determination of ileal endogenous amino acid (IEAA) and total amino acid (TAA) concentrations is critical to standardizing amino acid digestibility coefficients. The IEAA and TAA flow in broiler chicks was measured on d 5, 15, and 21 at 2 geographical locations. Chicks were fed a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) or graded levels of casein (50, 100, or 150 g/kg of diet), which were assumed to be highly digestible. The IEAA and TAA flow (mg/kg of DM intake) on d 5 in chicks fed the NFD was higher (P < 0.05; Met 154, Thr = 539) than values for d 15 (Met = 51, Thr = 274) and d 21 (Met = 50, Thr = 274). A comparison of the regression and NFD analyses showed higher (P < 0.05) flows on d 5 for those birds fed the NFD diet, with no differences between methods on d 15 and 21, with the exception of Lys, Met, and Glu (d 21). At all 3 ages evaluated, there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in IEAA and TAA flows with increasing level of dietary casein. There was a decrease in IEAA and TAA flows that stabilized between d 15 and 21. The result suggests that the NFD and the regression method will give similar results on d 15 and 21. These observations also suggest that the relatively low apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients for broiler chicks at a younger age may be the result of a significantly high level of endogenous amino acid flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Comparison of Heal Endogenous Amino Acid Flows in Broiler Chicks and Turkey Poults.
- Author
-
Adedokun, S. A., Parsons, C. M., Lilburn, M. S., Adeola, O., and Applegate, T. J.
- Subjects
- *
AMINO acid metabolism , *ANIMAL nutrition , *BROILER chickens , *CHICKS , *TURKEYS - Abstract
Ileal endogenous amino acid (IEAA) and total amino acid (TAA) flow (mg/kg of DM intake) in turkey poults and broiler chicks at 3 ages (5, 15, and 21 d) were compared by feeding a N-free diet (NFD) or graded levels of casein (highly digestible protein, HDP). The semipurified diets contained 0 (NFD), 50, 100, or 150 g of casein/kg of diet as the only source of amino acids. Each diet was fed to 6 replicate cages containing 30 (5 d), 10 (15 d), or 8 (21 d) birds per cage for 5 d prior to the collection of ileal digesta. At d 5, IEAA and TAA flow in poults fed the NFD, 50, and 100 g of casein/kg of diet was higher (P < 0.05) than in chicks. The IEAA flows within and between both species on d 15 and 21 were not different. Similar trends were observed for the HDP diets (50, 100, or 150 g of casein/kg of diet). An interaction (P < 0.05) between species and age was observed for most of the amino acids for all treatments. The results from this study suggest that at d 5, poults have significantly higher concentration of IEAA and TAA output relative to chicks. However, by d 15 and 21, there were no species differences in IEAA or TAA flow. These results also showed that IEAA flow is species and age dependent. The increased IEAA flow observed at d 5 should be taken into consideration when formulating starter diets on a digestible amino acid basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Influence of plastic slatted floors compared with pine shaving litter on Pekin Duck condition during the summer months.
- Author
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Fraley, S. M., Fraley, G. S., Karcher, D. M., Makagon, M. M., and Lilburn, M. S.
- Subjects
- *
DUCKS , *PLASTIC flooring , *WELL-being , *COMPARATIVE studies , *ANIMAL litters , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The management and well-being of com-mercial Pekin ducks has been studied in the European Union where straw is the predominant litter source. In the United States, however, the most prevalent lit-ter is wood shavings, with a recent trend toward using plastic slatted flooring. A previous study in the United States evaluated the relationship between flooring type (litter, slats) and duck condition during winter months and found very few differences between the 2 in terms of overall duck condition. The purpose of the current study was to reevaluate the 2 flooring systems during the summer months to determine if seasonal differences would interact with flooring type to have an impact on duck condition. Eighteen commercial barns that pro-duce Pekin ducks for Maple Leaf Farms Inc. (Leesburg, IN), located in northern Indiana and southern Wiscon-sin (n = 9 litter; n = 9 raised slatted floor), were used for this study. Twenty ducks were randomly selected from 5 predetermined areas within each house (n = 100 total) and scored for eye condition, nostril and feather cleanliness, and feather and foot pad quality at 7, 21, and 32 d of age. Environmental data, including carbon monoxide, ammonia, RH, and temperature, were also obtained at each collection day. The only statistical dif-ferences in body condition occurred at 7 d; there were more ducks with clear eyes and eye rings on the litter flooring, whereas average nostril scores were better on the plastic slatted floors. Live weight, weight gain per day, flock mortality, and condemnations at the plant were collected, and the only statistical difference was a higher gain per day for ducks reared on slatted floors compared with litter (P < 0.05). There were no differ-ences between flooring systems in the environmental parameters measured within the barns. In summary, there were very few differences between the litter and slatted flooring systems, indicating that there may not be clear advantages for one particular flooring system over the other from the point of view of duck well-being and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Influence of raised plastic floors compared with pine shaving litter on environment and Pekin duck condition.
- Author
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Karcher, D. M., Makagon, M. M., Fraley, G. S., Fraley, S. M., and Lilburn, M. S.
- Subjects
- *
POULTRY industry , *FOOD safety , *ANIMAL welfare , *STATISTICAL sampling , *DUCKS , *FEATHERS - Abstract
Commercial poultry production management practices have been under increased public scrutiny driven by concerns for food safety and animal welfare. Within the United States, wood shavings and raised plastic floors are common flooring systems used in duck production. It is intuitive that each flooring type would present different management challenges influencing physical characteristics of growing ducks. This study evaluated the relationship between flooring type and duck condition during the winter. Random samples of 20 ducks from 5 predetermined areas (n = 100) were examined in commercial duck houses (n = 9, litter; n = 11, raised plastic slats). Ducks were assessed at 7, 21, and 32 d of age for eye, nostril, and feather cleanliness, feather and foot pad quality, and gait. The data were analyzed to determine the proportion of ducks with a given score. In both housing types, the proportion of 0 scores for foot pad quality improved during the production cycle (P<0.0001). Feather hygiene declined with age in ducks reared on litter flooring, whereas ducks reared on slatted flooring had cleaner feathers at d 32 (P<0.011). With the exception of foot pad scores, the majority of ducks had no detectable problems for any single trait. The only main effect due to flooring pertained to feather quality with the proportion of ducks having a 0 or 1 score greater in litter flooring systems than slats (P<0.05). Overall, the condition of ducks reared, regardless of flooring system, was considered to be good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Feed restriction delays developmental fast skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms in turkey poults selected for differential growth.
- Author
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Huffman, K., Zapata, I., Reddish, J. M., Lilburn, M. S., and Wick, M.
- Subjects
- *
TURKEY feeding & feeds , *SKELETAL muscle , *MYOSIN , *TURKEY physiology , *MONOCLONAL antibodies , *GROWTH factors ,BREAST physiology - Abstract
Genetic selection has been very successful at significantly increasing BW and breast muscle pro-portion in commercial broiler and turkey strains. The mechanisms of breast muscle growth in poultry and the interactive effects of nutritional status and selection are not fully understood. The hypothesis underlying the current study is that feed restriction, simply as a vehicle for controlling early growth, would delay the temporal expression pattern of neonatal (nMyHC) and adult (aMyHC) fast skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms in the pectoralis major muscle of tur-key poults. The poultry growth model used to evalu-ate this hypothesis consisted of a randombred control turkey line (RBC2) that represents commercial turkeys of the 1960s and a line developed from the RBC2 by selection for BW at 16 wk of age (F line). The F line has significantly heavier breast muscles than the RBC2 concomitant with increased BW, but the proportion of breast muscle relative to BW is similar. A quantita-tive indirect ELISA using fast skeletal MyHC isoform specific monoclonal antibodies revealed no significant line differences in the temporal expression of posthatch fast skeletal muscle MyHC in ad libitum fed poults. Feed restriction, however, altered the temporal expres-sion patterns of nMyHC and aMyHC in both F line and RBC2 poults compared with the poults fed ad libitum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The morphological, material-level, and ash properties of turkey femurs from 3 different genetic strains during production.
- Author
-
Zhong, Z., Muckley, M., Agcaoglu, S., Grisham, M. E., Zhao, H., Orth, M., Lilburn, M. S., Akkus, O., and Karcher, D. M.
- Subjects
- *
FEMUR injuries , *BONE fractures , *ANIMAL morphology , *ANALYSIS of variance , *GENETICS , *BONE mechanics , *BIOMATERIALS - Abstract
Femoral fractures are observed in selective-bred commercial turkeys; however, the etiology of such fractures is unknown. The current study investigated the whole bone morphological, material-level mechani-cal, and bone ash properties to determine the effect of selective breeding on bone strength. Femora from 3 divergent strains of turkeys, a commercial line, a dif-ferent selectively bred heavy line (F-line), and a lighter age or weight matched random-bred line (RBC2/R-EQ, respectively), were compared. Bone geometric proper-ties were measured with micro-CT and bone mechani-cal properties were measured using 3-point bending tests. Whole bone ash quantities were also recorded. Statistics were run using a general linear model multi-variate ANOVA (GLM ANOVA). Results showed that at similar ages, the faster growing birds (commercial and F-line) had femurs twice the size of the RBC2 line as measured by cross-sectional area as early as 8 wk into the study. The femurs of the commercial and F-lines also exhibited as much as 20% greater mechanical strength than femurs from the RBC2 line at 16 and 20 wk of age as measured by properties such as elas-tic modulus and ultimate tensile strength. However, at similar BW, the slower growing R-EQ line had higher mechanical properties than the other lines, with the elastic modulus being 40% greater and the ultimate tensile strength being 37% greater at weights equiva-lent to those of the commercial and F-lines at 12 wk of age. Moreover, it was observed that the morpho-logical properties (i.e., cross-sectional area, moments of inertia) are largely governed by BW, as there is little difference in the amount gained per week of age across the different lines. Conversely, the mechanical proper-ties, as well as the related ash content, appear to be governed at least in part by time. Therefore, whereas modulation of bone geometry is the key responder for changes in BW, sufficient time for matrix mineraliza-tion or maturation or both to occur is also essential for mechanical competence of bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development of White Pekin ducks.
- Author
-
Bowers, J., Kohl, H., and Lilburn, M. S.
- Subjects
- *
EMBRYONIC physiology , *EGG incubation , *DUCKS - Abstract
An abstract of the article "The Effect of Incubation Temperature on Embryonic Development of White Pekin Ducks," by J. Bowers and colleagues is presented.
- Published
- 2008
30. Comparative proteomic characterization of the sarcoplasmic proteins in the pectoralis major and supracoracoideus breast muscles in 2 chicken genotypes.
- Author
-
Zapata, I., Reddish, J. M., Miller, M. A., Lilburn, M. S., and Wick, M.
- Subjects
- *
PECTORALIS muscle , *GLYCOGEN , *PHOSPHORYLASES , *ENOLASE , *CREATINE kinase , *GLYCERALDEHYDEPHOSPHATE dehydrogenase - Abstract
The selection processes that have resulted in broiler (meat) and leghorn (eggs) chickens have had very different effects on the pectoralis major and supracoracoideus muscles. The objective of this study, therefore, was to analyze the one-dimensional proteomic profiles of sarcoplasmic protein fractions isolated from the p. major and supracoracoideus muscles collected from 10 chicks from each genotype to compare developmental differences. The sarcoplasmic protein fraction was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The mean band percentages were analyzed using a mixed model, with strain and muscle type as main effects. Six bands were found to be significantly different across the 2 strains. Strain differences in glycogen Phosphorylase, enolase, elongation factor 1, creatine kinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate-dehydrogenase suggest a genotype-specific shift in energy metabolism during breast muscle growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Factors affecting endogenous amino acid flow in chickens and the need for consistency in methodology.
- Author
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Adedokun, S. A., Adeola, O., Parsons, C. M., Lilburn, M. S., and Applegate, T. J.
- Subjects
- *
AMINO acids , *CHICKENS , *METHODOLOGY , *PROTEIN metabolism , *BIRDS - Abstract
Accurate estimation of ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) losses is important when formulating diets on a standardized ileal digestible amino acid basis. In addition to the undigested and unabsorbed amino acids of dietary origin, amino acids of endogenous origin, which can be basal or diet specific, are found in digesta. The improvement in the techniques used in amino acid analysis as well as a shift from sampling excreta to ileal digesta has resulted in more accurate amino acid digestibility coefficients. Despite this, however, it is important to determine the amino acids in the digesta that are of endogenous origin. Although the need for standardization and its associated advantages is still subject to debate, it is important to evaluate how values from various methodologies compare. Several methods have been used to estimate ileal EAA flow. The classical methods, including the regression method, the use of nitrogen-free diet (NFD), and the fasted cecectomized rooster method, are the most widely used. The criticisms with the last 2 methods are that birds are not in a normal physiological state and the ileal EAA flow is, therefore, underestimated. Different methods have resulted in different endogenous flow estimates, with the NFD method having the lowest values when compared with flows from the regression and highly digestible protein methods. In addition to the influence of methods on ileal EAA flows, the influence of the age of the birds on flow is important. Data on EAA losses are copious in the literature; however, variation in data across and within laboratories calls for investigation of factors contributing to the variation. This review compares results from different methods and examines the issue of repeatability and consistency of EAA losses data from different laboratories. Finally, composition of an NFD for estimating EAA losses is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Plant Feedstuffs in Broiler Chickens and Turkey Poults Using a Nitrogen-Free or Casein Diet.
- Author
-
Adedokun, S. A., Adeola, O., Parsons, C. M., Lilburn, M. S., and Applegate, T. J.
- Subjects
- *
ANIMAL feeding , *CHICKS , *CASEIN-free diet , *AMINO acids , *TURKEYS - Abstract
The standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of 5 plant-based ingredients was determined in 5- and 21-d-old broiler chicks and turkey poults. Two diets (N-free diet, NFD, and a highly digestible protein diet 10% casein, HDP) were fed to determine ileal endogenous amino acid flow, and each was used for endogenous amino acid correction for the plant-based ingredients. The plant-based ingredients evaluated were 2 samples of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (light and dark DDGS), canola meal, corn, and soybean meal. Each diet was fed for 5 d to 6 replicate cages containing 30 or 8 birds, which were sampled on d 5 or 21, respectively. For chicks, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility increased with age for all the feed ingredients. After standardization, SIAAD increased with age when chicks were fed DDGS and corn, but not soybean meal or canola meal. For all the feed ingredients evaluated, SIAAD values for both methods of standardization were not different at d 5. However, the HDP method resulted in greater SIAAD values for most of the amino acids in light DDGS, canola meal, and corn (d 21). In poults, the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility values increased with age for all the feed ingredients except the dark DDGS and canola meal. After standardization, there was no effect of age on amino acid digestibility in all the feed ingredients evaluated, with the exception of corn. Within a particular age (d 5 or 21), both methods of standardization resulted in similar amino acid digestibility values except for corn, for which the SIAAD values were greater (NFD method) in 11 amino acids. Results from this study showed that age-appropriate endogenous amino acid standardization is necessary and, in some cases, results in no age-associated differences in amino acid digestibility. With the exception of corn, standardization of amino acid digestibility with ileal endogenous amino acid flow from birds fed an NFD or HDP did not differ for most plant feedstuffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Analysis of Myosin Isoform Transitions During Growth and Development in Diverse Chicken Genotypes.
- Author
-
Reddish, J.M., Wick, M., St-Pierre, N. R., and Lilburn, M. S.
- Subjects
- *
CHICKENS , *MYOSIN , *ANIMAL carcasses , *MUSCLES , *ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay - Abstract
The temporal expression of chicken skeletal fast myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms in pectoralis major muscle was characterized in 3 commercial broiler lines at embryonic d 19 and at 7, 14, and 21 d posthatch. Lines A and B have been selected for breast yield, and line C is a fast growing commercial line with limited selection for carcass traits. The isoform transitions in breast muscle samples were compared with samples from Single Comb White Leghorns (line D) using a semiquantitative immunoassay. The hypothesis was that selection for growth and carcass development in broilers would be accompanied by changes in the temporal expression of one or more of the chicken fast MyHC isoforms. Embryos from all lines were sampled at 19 d of incubation, and chicks were randomly sampled at 7, 14, and 21 d post-hatch. Myosin was extracted from pectoralis major muscle and assayed for purity and total protein concentration by SDS-PAGE and bincinchoninic acid protein analyses, respectively. The relative concentration of MyHC isoforms was evaluated by semiquantitative ELISA with 3 monoclonal antibodies specific for chicken skeletal fast embryonic and adult (eMyHC, aMyHC; EB16S), neonatal (nMyHC; 2E9), and adult (aMyHC; AB8) myosin, respectively. The overall temporal expression of the myosin isoforms, eMyHC, nMyHC, and aMyHC, was similar in all lines. With eMyHC, at 19 d of incubation, line B had lower expression than lines A, C, and D. Expression of nMyHC, in lines C and D was similar with expression being highest at 7 d and lower at 14 d and 21 d. In lines A and B, however, nMyHC expression was higher at hatch than lines C and D. In line D, aMyHC was expressed at 14 d and increased through 21 d, whereas in lines A, B, and C, aMyHC isoform was expressed and was higher at 7 d and increased through 21 d. The results of this experiment support our hypothesis that commercial broilers have different temporal expression patterns of the developmental chicken fast MyHC isoforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Effect of dietary synbiotic supplementation on performance parameters in turkey poults administered a mixed Eimeria species inoculation I.
- Author
-
Duff AF, Briggs WN, Chasser KM, Lilburn MS, Syed B, Ramirez S, Murugesan R, Pender C, and Bielke LR
- Subjects
- Animals, Body Weight, Feces parasitology, Coccidiosis prevention & control, Coccidiosis veterinary, Dietary Supplements, Eimeria, Poultry Diseases parasitology, Poultry Diseases prevention & control, Synbiotics, Turkeys
- Abstract
This study examined the effects a synbiotic feed additive (PoultryStar me
US ) on performance and intestinal health parameters in turkey poults administered a mixed Eimeria inoculation. The synbiotic feed additive consisted of Lactobacillus reuteri, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium animalis, Pediococcus acidilactici and a fructo-oligosaccharide prebiotic. Dietary treatments began on day of hatch, and poults were placed on a normal starter, starter containing Clinacox, or starter containing PoultryStar until the conclusion of the experiment on day 42. In addition, on day of hatch, all poults, with exception of the negative control, were orally inoculated with Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. On day 16, poults in inoculated treatment groups received an oral dose of Eimeria adenoides and Eimeria meleagrimitis oocysts resulting in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. BW were measured at weekly intervals after challenge, and fecal samples were collected from all pens during day 21 to day 33 to monitor fecal shedding and calculate oocyst per gram of feces. Five day after Eimeria inoculation, inoculated PoultryStar-fed (I-PS) and inoculated Clinacox-fed (I-CL) poults, on average, weighed and gained significantly more weight (P < 0.05) than inoculated controls (I-CON) and were similar to uninoculated treatments. Between day 21 and day 28, I-PS and I-CL poults showed a 23% improvement (P < 0.001) in percent change in BW gained relative to I-CON, and overall weight gain as a percentage was similar to the uninoculated control. Overall incidence of macroscopic intestinal lesions on day 21 and day 28 was low, but I-PS and I-CL poults were generally less positive than I-CON, and no oocysts were detected in the feces of any group except I-CON which cycled as expected. From this study, it can be concluded that incorporating PoultryStar into the diet of poults reared to 6 wk ameliorates and prevents aspects of performance loss and negative impacts on gut health seen with mixed Eimeria inoculation., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Effect of a post-hatch lipopolysaccharide challenge in Turkey poults and ducklings after a primary embryonic heat stress.
- Author
-
Shanmugasundaram R, Wick M, and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Animals, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Lipopolysaccharides immunology, Lipopolysaccharides toxicity, Ducks immunology, Heat-Shock Response immunology, Turkeys immunology
- Abstract
The effect of embryonic thermal manipulation on the post-hatch immune response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was studied in Pekin ducklings and turkey poults. Commercial duck and turkey eggs were distributed among four treatments: SS-Control (37.5 °C from embryonic day [ED] 1 to 25); SS-LPS (37.5 °C from ED1 to 25 + LPS at D0 [hatch]); HH-LPS (38 °C from ED1 to 25 + LPS at D0; SH-LPS (37.5 °C from ED1 to 10 and 38 °C from ED 11 to 25 + LPS at D0). At ED16 and ED24, the egg shell temperature of the duck and turkey eggs in the HH and SH treatments were higher (P ≤ 0.01) than the SS treatment. Ducklings and poults in the HH treatment had the lowest yolk free body weight at hatch (P ≤ 0.05). At 24, 48, and 72 h post-LPS injection, ducklings and poults in the HH-LPS treatment had significantly reduced BW compared with the SS-Con treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS and HH-LPS treatments had increased plasma heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and lower splenic HSP70 mRNA amounts than the SS-LPS treatments at 24, and 48 h post-challenge (P ≤ 0.05). At 48 and 72 h, macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production in ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS and HH-LPS treatments was lower than in the SS-LPS treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS treatment had increased thymocyte proliferation compared to the SS-LPS treatment at 24, 48 and 72 h (P ≤ 0.05). At 24 h, ducklings in the SH-LPS treatment had increased splenic IL-10 and reduced IFNγ and IL-6 mRNA abundance. However, both ducklings and poults in the HH-LPS treatment had increased IFNγ, and IL-10 mRNA abundance compared to the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). At 48 h, SH-LPS ducklings and poults had lower splenic IL-10 mRNA abundance (P ≤ 0.05) while the HH-LPS treatment resulted in comparable splenic IL-10 mRNA compared to the SS-LPS treatment (P ≥ 0.05). Ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS treatment had increased thymic and splenic CD8
+ /CD4+ ratios at 24 h versus the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, embryonic thermal manipulation from ED11-25 increased extracellular HSP70 release, thymocyte proliferation and IL-10 but decreased splenic HSP70 and IFNγ mRNA amounts at 24 h post-LPS injection. This suggests that mild heat stress during the later stages of incubation could potentially prime the embryonic immune system thereby enhances the immune response as earlier than 24 h to eliminate the inflammatory response without affecting the growth performance by increase the extracellular release of HSP70 in both ducklings and poults. Continuous exposure to the small increase in temperature from ED 1-25 (HH) caused an imbalance between pro (IFNγ)- and anti-inflammatory cytokines(IL-10) which affects hatchling responses to an inflammatory challenge and increased mortality. The amount of extracellular HSP70 could potentially play an important role in modulating the immune response against inflammatory challenges., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. From muscle to food: oxidative challenges and developmental anomalies in poultry breast muscle.
- Author
-
Lilburn MS, Griffin JR, and Wick M
- Subjects
- Animals, Muscular Diseases pathology, Muscular Diseases physiopathology, Pectoralis Muscles physiopathology, Poultry Diseases physiopathology, Chickens, Muscular Diseases veterinary, Oxidative Stress, Pectoralis Muscles pathology, Poultry Diseases pathology
- Abstract
The glycolytic capacity in the "white muscle fibers" found predominantly in broiler and turkey breast muscle have long been recognized as being key components contributing to optimal pH changes post-harvest and the quality of breast muscle products. The pectoralis major (PMAJ) is the predominant breast muscle and is almost exclusively comprised of fast-twitch glycolytic (anaerobic) type IIb muscle fibers (white). In nature, the pectoralis muscles are designed to meet the intense, periodic energy demands of flight in contrast to the continual, oxidative metabolism (aerobic) inherent to the type I slow twitch fibers (red) in the thigh and drum. Within the past decade, it has been recognized that increased breast muscle yield in modern broiler strains may have contributed to muscle myopathies characterized by visible white striations (white striping; WS) often accompanied by surface hemorrhages and areas of extreme firmness (woody breast; WB). The research to date has primarily addressed differences in muscle physiology and processing characteristics in "normal" and "abnormal" muscle samples from older broilers. One hypothesis is that the extensive accretion of protein in a poorly vascularized breast muscle overwhelms the capacity for coping with excessive production of reactive oxygen species and the term "oxidative stress" has been used to describe this condition. There are few recent reports in poultry, however, which have addressed the potential negative physiological effects imposed by multiple layers of fascia surrounding individual muscle fibers, fiber bundles, and intact muscles on circulation and oxidative stability. The objective of this review is to support our hypothesis that the extensive accretion of breast muscle in a poorly vascularized and tightly bound PMAJ could be creating a "compartment syndrome" like condition leading to the development of the WS and WB anomalies in heavy, high yielding birds. Recent gene expression data support this hypothesis., (© 2018 Poultry Science Association Inc.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Transcriptional comparison of myogenesis in leghorn and low score normal embryos.
- Author
-
Griffin J, St-Pierre N, Lilburn MS, and Wick M
- Subjects
- Animals, Chickens classification, Chickens genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental physiology, Muscle, Skeletal embryology, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Myosin Heavy Chains genetics, Protein Isoforms, Chick Embryo, Chickens metabolism, Muscle Development genetics, Myosin Heavy Chains metabolism
- Abstract
In a previous study, we reported on a quantitative transcriptomic method which confirmed the temporal transcription of developmental fast skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (fsMyHC) embryonic isoforms in the embryonic Pectoralis major (PM) of the Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL). The objective of the current study was to further investigate the transcriptional events underlying embryonic PM growth in the SCWL and a genotype exhibiting partial muscular dystrophy, the Low Score Normal (LSN). We hypothesized that within the SCWL and LSN embryos, there would be differences in the temporal transcription of the fsMyHC isoforms and other myogenic regulatory genes. Samples of PM tissues were collected daily from embryonic day (ED) 6 through ED19. Total RNA was isolated from each PM tissue sample and mRNA transcripts from 28 target genes were simultaneously quantified using a probe hybridization method. Raw data counts were normalized against the geometric mean of 5 housekeeping genes and analyzed using Local Regression (LOESS) smoothing methods. Predicted estimates based on LOESS smoothing were plotted with 95% upper and lower confidence intervals, allowing for line comparisons between the SCWL and LSN. Differences (P < 0.05) were determined by non-overlapping confidence intervals between the SCWL and LSN. Among genes exhibiting line differences (P < 0.05), were the developmental fsMyHC isoforms, transcription factors, growth factors, and proteoglycans. The current study is the first to report transcription of the chicken fast skeletal adult myosin isoform (Cad) during PM myogenesis. Samples were submitted for capillary-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis which confirmed the translation of all the developmental fsMyHC isoforms including Cad in both lines. The LSN exhibited altered transcription patterns of early myogenic markers (MYOD, MRF4, Cemb1, six4, and pax3) during late embryogenesis, continued transcription of Cvent, and delayed transcription of Cneo., (© 2017 Poultry Science Association Inc.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Comparative development of the small intestine in the turkey poult and Pekin duckling.
- Author
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Applegate TJ, Karcher DM, and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Aging, Animals, Body Weight, Ducks embryology, Embryo, Nonmammalian anatomy & histology, Ileum anatomy & histology, Ileum growth & development, Jejunum anatomy & histology, Jejunum growth & development, Male, Organ Size, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Turkeys embryology, Weight Gain, Yolk Sac anatomy & histology, Ducks growth & development, Intestine, Small growth & development, Turkeys growth & development
- Abstract
Turkey poults and Pekin ducklings hatch from eggs of similar weights and have the same incubation periods and body weights at hatch. The male Pekin duckling, however, can attain a market weight of 3.2 kg in approximately 6 wk, whereas at the same age, male turkeys only weigh approximately 2.1 kg. For this study, fertile turkey eggs (n = 400, mean weight: 87.2 g, range: 85 to 89.9 g) and Pekin duck eggs (n = 565, mean weight: 88.6 g, range: 85 to 92.0 g) were weighed and incubated. Embryos and hatchlings were sampled during the last week of incubation, at hatch, and through 7 d of age. Yolk-free BW of poults were 2.7 g heavier than ducklings at hatch. Yolk-free BW of ducklings, however, were greater than poults at 1 d of age (P > or = 0.06), and by 7 d of age ducklings were 140 g heavier (P < or = 0.01). Yolk sac weight was similar at 21 and 25 d of incubation, yet was significantly lower in ducks at hatch, 1, and 2 d of age (P < or = 0.05). In the duckling, jejunum and ileum weights (3.7x heavier), length (1.6x longer), and density (g/cm; 2.3x more dense) were consistently heavier than in the turkey from hatch through 7 d (P < or = 0.01). Histological sections of the distal jejunum revealed more rapid villus growth in the duck from 0 to 3 d of age. The combination of increased intestinal growth (weight and length) and maturation (villus length) allowed ducks to achieve an additional 143 g of BW gain during the critical hatch through 7 d of growth.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. A comparison of growth and development patterns in diverse genotypes of broilers. 1. Male broiler growth.
- Author
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Reddish JM and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Animals, Body Weight genetics, Male, Organ Size genetics, Pectoralis Muscles growth & development, Chickens genetics, Chickens growth & development, Genotype
- Abstract
Selection for breast muscle yield and BW in commercial broilers has resulted in genotypes far different from broilers processed in the past. When comparative studies with commercial lines are conducted, it is often difficult to differentiate between carcass effects resulting from direct genetic selection vs. correlated effects that partially reflect genetic changes in BW. The objective of the present experiment was to compare growth and development characteristics of male broilers from commercial lines exhibiting similar rates of BW gain based on a percentage of 8-wk BW but exhibiting different carcass traits. Male broilers from 2 commercial genotypes exhibiting increased breast muscle yield (A and B) were compared with broilers from a commercial line that was "unimproved" with respect to conformation (C). All birds were fed a commercial-type broiler starter diet throughout the study and were processed at 8 wk of age for carcass comparisons. No differences were observed among lines for breast-free BW or weight of the abdominal fat pad. The absolute and relative weights of pectoralis major and pectoralis minor breast muscles were heavier in lines A and B than C (P < 0.001). Length (C > A > B; P < 0.001), width (B > C >A; P < 0.001), and depth (A = B > C; P < 0.001) of the pectoralis major were different between lines. Drum and thigh weights were heavier in lines A and B than C (P < 0.001). There were genotype differences in tibia length (C > A = B, P < 0.001) and femur length (C > A = B, P < 0.001). The comparison of line C with selected lines A and B, suggested that line C may provide a useful model for studying carcass development between commercial genotypes with similar growth patterns.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. A comparison of growth and development patterns in diverse genotypes of broilers. 2. Pullet growth.
- Author
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Reddish JM and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Abdomen, Adipose Tissue anatomy & histology, Animals, Body Weight genetics, Female, Femur anatomy & histology, Organ Size genetics, Pectoralis Muscles growth & development, Reproduction genetics, Chickens genetics, Genotype
- Abstract
Genetic selection within commercial broiler lines continues to generate improvements in BW, feed conversion, and breast meat yield. The objective of the current experiment was to compare carcass and reproductive characteristics of broiler breeder pullets from 2 dam lines that produce heavy broilers with increased breast yield (A and B) with pullets from a commercial line that does not have the extremes in breast yield (C). Restricted-fed BW were similar at all ages of the experiment in the 3 genotypes. All pullets were photostimulated at 23 wk of age, and carcass and reproductive tract measurements were made at 27 wk of age. There were no differences in BW among the lines at 27 wk of age, but the weights of the pectoralis major and minor breast muscles were heavier in lines A and B compared with line C (P < 0.001). The weight of the abdominal fad pad, however, was heavier in line C (P < 0.04). There was no difference in total drum weight or total thigh weight among lines A, B, or C. Tibia length and tibia width were similar in lines A and C, and the measurements were larger in these lines than in line B (P < 0.02). Femur length was longer (P < 0.001) in line C than in lines A and B, whereas femur width was greater in line C than in line A (P < 0.001) but similar to line B (P < 0.001). Oviduct weight was greater in line C compared with lines A and B (P < 0.004), but there were no differences in total ovarian weight, follicle number, or follicle weight. The information gathered in the present experiment suggested that line C may prove to be useful for reproductive comparisons with commercial lines exhibiting significant differences in carcass traits.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Biochemical analyses of muscles from poultry bred for rapid growth.
- Author
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Wick M, Reddish JM, St Pierre NR, and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Aging, Animals, Chickens genetics, Female, Genotype, Male, Myosin Heavy Chains analysis, Protein Isoforms analysis, Time Factors, Breeding, Chickens growth & development, Muscle, Skeletal chemistry, Muscle, Skeletal growth & development
- Abstract
In the current study, commercial broiler breeder hens were mated with either commercial broiler breeder males (B/B) or artificially inseminated with semen from Leghorn cockerels (B/L). Embryos and chicks from each mating were used to study the effects of paternal genotype on breast muscle myosin expression without the confounding effects of differences in egg size and embryo development due to maternal genotype. Specifically, the temporal transitions of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms within the pectoralis (P.) major and P. minor were measured. The relative concentration of the embryonic MyHC isoform increased from d 17 through 21 in ovo in both genotypes and was higher in B/B embryos than in B/L embryos (P < or = 0.01). At 21 d posthatch, there was an increased proportion of the adult MyHC isoform within the P. major and P. minor in B/B compared with B/L chicks (P < or = 0.01). This result suggests that the B/B chicks were making the transition to mature skeletal muscle more rapidly than the B/L chicks. Although samples taken from the P. minor of B/B and B/ L chicks exhibited an increased proportion of the adult MyHC isoform and lower proportion of the neonatal MyHC isoform at 21 d, the genetic differences were far more pronounced in the larger P. major (P < or = 0.01). In summary, the P. major from the faster growing B/B chicks exhibited earlier temporal transitions of developmental fast MyHC, and these differences were evident as early as 17 d in ovo.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Effect of selection for growth on onset of sexual maturity in randombred and growth-selected lines of Japanese quail.
- Author
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Reddish JM, Nestor KE, and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Aging, Animals, Body Weight genetics, Breeding, Female, Ovarian Follicle anatomy & histology, Oviposition genetics, Coturnix genetics, Coturnix growth & development, Selection, Genetic, Sexual Maturation genetics
- Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of selection for growth (BW) on the onset of reproduction (first egg) in Japanese quail hens from growth-selected (HW) and randombred (R1) lines. The HW line had undergone over 40 generations of selection for increased 4-wk BW and was originally developed from the R1 line. Data were collected over two consecutive hatches and summarized by hatch and within lines. Body weight at 35 d of age was positively correlated with BW at sexual maturity (first egg) in both the R1 and HW lines, but these correlations were not significant in both hatches for either line (Hatch 1-R1; Hatch 2-HW; P < or = 0.05). There was a negative correlation between age at sexual maturity (days to first egg) and 35 d BW in both lines with the exception of the HW hens in Hatch 2. Age at sexual maturity and BW at sexual maturity was positively correlated (P < or = 0.001) in the R1 line but did not show the same relationship in the HW line. Age at sexual maturity and weight of the abdominal fat pad were positively correlated in the R1 line (Hatch 1, P < or = 0.01; Hatch 2, P < or = 0.001), but this relationship was not significant in the HW line. Age at sexual maturity and follicle number was negatively correlated in both lines but was not significant in Hatch 2 of the HW line. Follicle size, however, was positively correlated with days to first egg in only Hatch 2 (P < or = 0.001) of the HW line. The data suggest that the relationships between the onset of sexual maturity and both reproductive parameters and carcass traits in hens from consecutive hatches of HW quail are less clear than in the R1 line.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Growth of the femur and tibia of a commercial broiler line.
- Author
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Applegate TJ and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Aging, Animals, Chickens, Female, Femur anatomy & histology, Male, Organ Size, Sex Characteristics, Tibia anatomy & histology, Body Weight physiology, Bone Development physiology, Femur growth & development, Tibia growth & development
- Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to characterize the relationship between growth and skeletal development in commercial broilers as a function of both age and BW. From hatch through 43 d, birds were randomly selected weekly from the same commercial flock for measuring BW, tibia, and femur characteristics. Final BW was 1.8 kg for females and 2.1 kg for males. The fat-extracted weight of the tibia and femur increased proportionately with BW through 43 d of age. Length and width measures as a proportion of their final values at 43 d increased more rapidly than relative changes in BW. The length of the femur as a function of BW reached a plateau at 1.5 kg (35 d of age), whereas the length of the tibia did not plateau through 43 d of age. Differences in width measures between the two long bones were not apparent as BW increased through 43 d of age. The ash percentage of the diaphyseal region (mid-10% of bone) was consistently greater in the tibia than the femur from 15 to 43 d (P < or = 0.05). Differences in mineralization rates and growth characteristics suggest that the functionality and integrity of the femur should not be assumed solely from tibia measurements.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The development of an immunoblotting assay for the quantification of liver fatty acid-binding protein during embryonic and early posthatch development of turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo).
- Author
-
Ding ST, Bacon WL, and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Animals, Body Weight, Carbon Radioisotopes, Chromatography, Gel, Cytosol chemistry, Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Liver embryology, Liver growth & development, Oleic Acid metabolism, Organ Size, Carrier Proteins analysis, Immunoblotting methods, Liver chemistry, Neoplasm Proteins, Turkeys embryology, Turkeys growth & development
- Abstract
Turkey (Meleagridis gallopavo) liver cytosolic fatty acid binding protein (FABP) was purified and used as a standard for quantification. An immunoblotting procedure was developed to study the ontogeny of liver cytosolic FABP during embryonic and early posthatch development in turkey poults. Liver FABP activity was also determined indirectly through the use of gel filtration chromatography followed by a ligand-binding assay. The specific activity of liver FABP (ng/mg of cytosolic protein) increased with length of incubation, peaking initially at Day 22, declining between Days 22 and 25, and increasing again from hatch (Day 28) to 6 d posthatch. The specific activity of liver FABP increased 12-fold between Day 13 of incubation and 6 d posthatch compared with total activity, which increased from 946 to 1.01 x 10(6) ng/liver during the same period, a 1,067-fold increase. The results from both analytical procedures were similar, suggesting that the immunoblot method could be used to quantify liver FABP concentrations. The observed increases in FABP activity throughout the embryonic period and first days after hatching paralleled increases in liver lipid concentration. Therefore, liver FABP may be associated with hepatocyte fatty acid transport and metabolism during the latter stages of incubation and early posthatch period.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. The ontogeny of fatty acid-binding protein in turkey (Meleagridis gallopavo) intestine and yolk sac membrane during embryonic and early posthatch development.
- Author
-
Ding ST and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Aging, Animals, Carbon Radioisotopes, Carrier Proteins metabolism, Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Immunoblotting, Intestines embryology, Intestines growth & development, Oleic Acid metabolism, Organ Size, Yolk Sac embryology, Yolk Sac growth & development, Carrier Proteins analysis, Intestines chemistry, Neoplasm Proteins, Turkeys embryology, Turkeys growth & development, Yolk Sac chemistry
- Abstract
Experiments were conducted to confirm the existence and ontogeny of fatty acid binding protein (FABP) in the intestine and yolk sac membrane of turkey poults (Meleagridis gallopavo) during embryonic and early posthatch development. Intestinal (I-) FABP was measured using an immunoblot procedure incorporating anti-chick liver (L-)FABP antisera. FABP activity in both tissues was also confirmed with a ligand-binding assay incorporating 14C-oleic acid. I-FABP did not cross-react with chick L-FABP antisera until hatch, embryonic day 28 (ED 28), after which there was a 39% increase in I-FABP concentration through the first 3 d posthatch (PD 3). FABP concentration calculated on a total intestinal basis (ng/intestine), however, increased 10-fold through PD 6. Specific activity [disintegrations per minute (dpm)/ mg cytosolic protein] was greatest at hatch and decreased slightly thereafter, whereas specific activity of FABP in the yolk sac membrane peaked between ED 16 and ED 19 and then declined. Total yolk sac activity (dpm/yolk sac membrane), however, plateaued at ED 22 before declining to low levels by PD 3, coincident with the period of maximal lipid transfer out of the yolk.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The effect of enzyme predigestion on the nutritional quality of prepressed turkey feather meal.
- Author
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Barbour GW, Werling M, Yersin AG, and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Amylases metabolism, Animals, Biological Availability, Diet, Digestion, Endopeptidases metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Food Handling, Lipase metabolism, Pepsin A metabolism, RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl, Glycine max, Turkeys growth & development, Weight Gain, Zea mays, Animal Feed, Enzymes metabolism, Feathers, Nutritive Value, Turkeys physiology
- Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the protein efficiency ratio (PER), pepsin digestibility, TMEn, and true amino acid availability (TAAA) of prepressed turkey feather meal (PFM), enzyme-digested PFM (EPFM), and commercial feather meal (CFM). Turkey feathers from a commercial processing plant were mechanically pressed alone or mechanically pressed, followed by treatment with a mixture of protease, lipase, and amylase prior to autoclaving. In the first study, feather meal diets containing 16,20, or 24% CP from PFM, EPFM, or CFM were fed to starter poults for 10 d. All diets resulted in negative or negligible growth. In a second study, PFM, EPFM, and CFM were again the primary sources of CP, but dietary protein levels were increased to 20, 24, and 28% CP, and all diets contained 20% corn and 10% soybean meal (PFMCS, EPFMCS, CFMCS), respectively, to allow for a basal level of growth. Performance and PER of the poults fed the diets with PFMCS, EPFMCS, and CFMCS were similar. The efficiency of use of the PFMCS diet was numerically lower (P < or = 0.1) when compared with the EPFMCS and CFMCS diets. Similarly, pepsin digestibilities of EPFM and CFM were higher than PFM. The TAAA of PFM (82.1%) and EPFM (80.6%) were not significantly higher than that of CFM (71.4%); however, the availabilities of lysine, threonine, aspartate, glutamate, proline, and histidine were significantly higher. Digestion of pressed turkey feathers with an enzyme mixture prior to autoclaving could have a positive impact on its protein and amino acid nutritional values.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. The developmental expression of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase in the yolk sac membrane, liver, and intestine of developing embryos and posthatch turkeys.
- Author
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Ding ST and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Aging, Animals, Cholesterol metabolism, Intestines embryology, Intestines growth & development, Liver embryology, Liver growth & development, Microsomes, Liver metabolism, Time Factors, Turkeys metabolism, Intestines enzymology, Liver enzymology, Sterol O-Acyltransferase metabolism, Turkeys embryology, Turkeys growth & development, Yolk Sac enzymology
- Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters (CE) from free cholesterol and fatty acyl-coenzyme A. This experiment was conducted to study the ontogeny of ACAT activity in the yolk sac membrane, liver, and intestine during embryonic development and early posthatch growth of turkeys. The ACAT activity was measured on tissue samples collected at 3-d intervals from embryonic Day (ED 13) 13 through 6 d posthatch (PD 6). The ACAT activity (pmol/mg microsomal protein per min) in the yolk sac membrane increased form 840 pmol at ED 13 to 2,497 pmol at ED 22, and subsequently declined to a very low level by PD 3. The high level of enzyme activity at ED 22 is concomitant with the large quantity of CE formed within the yolk sac membrane at this developmental age. Liver ACAT activity increased from 60 pmol at ED 13 to 242 to 243 pmol at ED 25 and PD 3, followed by a decline to 130 pmol by PD 6, mirroring the peak in hepatic CE concentration. This suggests that even during incubation, the liver plays a significant role in lipid metabolism. Intestinal ACAT specific activity increased from 14 pmol (ED 16) to 44 pmol (ED 25), and then declined to 23 pmol by hatch (ED 28), with no further decline through PD 6. Total intestinal ACAT activity (pmol per intestine/min) increased, however, from ED 16 through PD 6. This increase in activity suggests that the total capacity for cholesterol esterification increases during the course of incubation and shortly after hatching.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Effects of feeding high carbohydrate or fat diets. 2. Apparent digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy of the posthatch poult.
- Author
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Turner KA, Applegate TJ, and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Aging, Animals, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated metabolism, Female, Triglycerides administration & dosage, Turkeys growth & development, Zea mays, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Dietary Carbohydrates administration & dosage, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Digestion, Energy Metabolism, Turkeys physiology
- Abstract
An experiment was conducted with turkey poults to determine the apparent digestibility and derivation of ME from diets containing a high proportion of carbohydrate from corn (CHO; 60% of diet) or 10%) supplemental fat from an animal-vegetable blended fat (FAT) or a synthetic medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). Poults fed the FAT diet consumed more feed from 6 to 8 and 9 to 11 d of age than poults fed the CHO diet, intake of the MCT diet was intermediate. From 3 to 11 d of age, the percentage apparent digestibility of nonlipid DM by poults fed the CHO diet was greater than that observed for either the FAT or MCT diets (P < or = 0.05). The percentage apparent digestibility of lipid was consistently greater for poults fed the MCT diet (> or = 90%) and could be attributed to the high apparent digestibility of C8:0 (>95%), which accounted for 76% of total MCT dietary fatty acids. Over the course of the experiment, the mean percentage apparent digestibility of lipid in the CHO and FAT diets was 76.4 and 70.8%, respectively, and did not change with increasing age. The lower percentage apparent digestibility of lipid in the CHO and FAT diets was attributed to the low apparent digestibility of C16:0 (70.4, 52.7%) and C18:0 (58.4, 26.8%), respectively. The apparent digestibility of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, C18:2 (n-6) and C18:3 (n-3), was consistently high and ranged from 72 to 85% and 81 to 88%, respectively. The CHO diet resulted in an approximate 6% increase in determined AMEn compared with either the FAT or MCT diets. The results of this study showed that commercial feed-grade fats are poorly digested by very young poults. The digestibility of polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, was shown to be quite high, and the data suggest that vegetable oils containing high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids or alternative fat sources containing high proportions of medium-chain fatty acids could be well utilized by the very young poult.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Effects of feeding high carbohydrate or high fat diets. 1. Growth and metabolic status of the posthatch poult following immediate or delayed access to feed.
- Author
-
Turner KA, Applegate TJ, and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Animals, Blood Glucose metabolism, Body Weight, Female, Glycogen metabolism, Liver metabolism, Male, Time Factors, Animal Feed, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Dietary Carbohydrates administration & dosage, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Turkeys growth & development, Turkeys metabolism
- Abstract
Three experiments were conducted with turkey poults to determine the effects of diet and delayed placement on growth and selected aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. Immediately after hatch, poults were placed in batteries and allowed either immediate access to feed and water (FED) or feed and water withdrawal for 48 h (WH). In the first two experiments, diets contained a high proportion of carbohydrate from corn (CHO; 60% of diet) or a lower proportion of corn (26%) and 10% supplemental animal-vegetable fat (FAT). The WH poults weighed less than FED poults at 5 d postfeeding (DPF; P < or = 0.05) but not at 13 DPF. Similarly, poults fed the CHO diet were heavier 5 DPF, whereas poults fed the FAT diet were heavier at 13 DPF (P < or = 0.05). Regardless of feeding regimen (WH vs FED), all poults were nearly depleted of hepatic glycogen prior to feeding. At 2 DPF, poults fed the CHO diet had more hepatic glycogen concentrations compared with those fed the FAT diet (P < or = 0.002). In addition, one-half of the WH poults fed the CHO diet had plasma glucose concentrations in excess of 500 mg/dL at 2 DPF. In Experiment 3, similar feeding regimens and diets were used with the addition of a third diet containing a synthetic medium-chain triglyceride emulsion (MCT) as the supplemental fat source. Poults fed the FAT and MCT diets were 41 g heavier than poults fed the CHO diet at 13 DPF (P < or = 0.05). Similar to the results of Experiment 2, poults fed the CHO diet had increased hepatic glycogen concentrations at 2 DPF, and within the WH treatment at 2 DPF, 30% of the poults had plasma glucose concentrations in excess of 500 mg/dL. Metabolic consequences of delayed placement were also found. At both 4 and 7 DPF, WH poults had a reduced capacity for glucose clearance 60 min after a glucose load (250 mg; P < or = 0.05). The current experiments demonstrate that supplemental fat may ease the metabolic shift toward glycolysis after hatching, thereby improving growth through 2 wk of age.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Effect of hen age on intestinal development and glucose tolerance of the Pekin duckling.
- Author
-
Applegate TJ, Ladwig E, Weissert L, and Lilburn MS
- Subjects
- Animals, Body Weight, Ducks embryology, Ducks physiology, Duodenum growth & development, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Intestine, Small growth & development, Time Factors, Aging, Blood Glucose metabolism, Ducks growth & development, Intestines growth & development
- Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine whether hen age affects intestinal development and glucose clearance in Pekin ducklings after hatching. In Experiment 1, 85- to 92-g eggs were collected from 32- and 44-wk-old hens. The eggs from older hens contained proportionately more yolk, which resulted in a greater mass transfer of yolk sac DM and lipid from 21 to 25 d of incubation, and ducklings from older hens were heavier at hatching (P < or = 0.0001). Although the ducklings from the older hens were heavier at hatch, BW, feed consumption, and feed efficiency were not significantly different from 7 to 35 d of age. During the first wk after hatching, the age of the hen had no consistent effect on duodenum or lower small intestinal measurements (weight, length, or density). Hen age did not significantly affect plasma glucose concentrations at 0, 30, or 60 min post-injection of glucose (2.5 mg per g BW) in 3- or 6-d-old feed-deprived ducklings. In a second experiment, 85- to 90-g eggs were collected from 33- and 48-wk-old hens to determine whether differences in hen age caused a differential response to a challenge with a higher glucose dosage at 3 d of age. No differences between hen ages were apparent in plasma glucose concentrations at 0 or 30 min postinjection (3.75 mg glucose/g BW). At 60 min postinjection, however, the ducklings from the younger hens had 100.6 mg/dL greater plasma glucose concentrations than the ducklings from the older hens (P < or = 0.02). The glucose tolerance results suggest that differences in metabolism exist between ducklings from the younger hens, even though measurable BW differences did not exist.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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