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Phosphorylation of tau at Ser 396, 404 (p-tau

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The number of COVID-19 cases is continuously increasing and no effective drugs or vaccines are currently available. Accurate and efficient diagnostic testing methods are desperately needed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and antiviral antibodies in infected individuals. Various assay techniques, including nucleic acid tests [eg, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription-PCR, real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification, and CRISPR-Cas-based detection], serological tests [eg, immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgM/G], imaging tests (eg, computed tomography and positron-emission tomography), and nanoparticle-based detections have been reported for COVID-19 diagnosis. This review aims to present the current diagnostic tools for SARS-CoV-2 and their performance characteristics to inform the appropriate selection of diagnostic and surveillance technologies at optimal testing times. We also describe the advantages of detection using combined nucleic acid and imaging tests, or serological testing and point-of-care diagnostics. Developing reliable protein biomarkers targeting the conserved proteins of SARS-CoV-2 rather than IgA, IgM, or IgG would be useful to manage SARS-CoV-2.

Background: Shigella is among the most important human pathogenic microorganisms, infecting both humans and nonhuman and causing clinically severe diarrhea. Shigella must be enriched before detection, which is time-consuming. Objectives: To develop a sensitive, rapid, and specific method for Shigella detection. Materials and Methods: Shigella was used as an antigen to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs were screened via indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot, and two mAbs were selected. The mAb A3 showed high affinity and specificity and was used to develop immune magnetic beads (IMBs) for Shigella enrichment. An immunocapture (IC)-PCR primer was designed from the ipaH gene, and IC-PCR was developed based on the IMBs and PCR. Results: This system shortened the Shigella detection time to 70 min. The sensitivity of the IC-PCR was 9 colony-forming units.mL-1 in artificial milk. The accuracy of the IC-PCR was confirmed using 46 clinical samples collected from monkeys. The IC-PCR results were consistent with the serological and biochemical assays. Conclusion: The IC-PCR described herein accurately detected Shigella from milk samples, monkeys and can thus be used to complement classical detection methods.

The anti-amyloid-β (anti-Aβ) fibrils and soluble oligomers antibody aducanumab were approved to effectively slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at higher doses in 2019, reaffirming the therapeutic effects of targeting the core pathology of AD. A timely and accurate diagnosis in the prodromal or pre-dementia stage of AD is essential for patient recruitment, stratification, and monitoring of treatment effects. AD core biomarkers amyloid-β (Aβ1−42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) have been clinically validated to reflect AD-type pathological changes through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measurement or positron-emission tomography (PET) and found to have high diagnostic performance for AD identification in the stage of mild cognitive impairment. The development of ultrasensitive immunoassay technology enables AD pathological proteins such as tau and neurofilament light (NFL) to be measured in blood samples. However, combined biomarker detection or targeting multiple biomarkers in immunoassays will increase detection sensitivity and specificity and improve diagnostic accuracy. This review summarizes and analyzes the performance of current detection methods for early diagnosis of AD, and provides a concept of detection method based on multiple biomarkers instead of a single target, which may become a potential tool for early diagnosis of AD in the future.

Background: Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a new type of flaviviruses transmitted by mosquitoes to cause severe diseases including Guillain-Barre syndrome and congenital malformations during recent outbreaks. The early diagnosis of ZIKV infection and efficient vaccines would be effective in controlling epidemics and timely treatment. However, the native nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) mainly acquired from cells infected with ZIKV, which largely limits its application. Objectives: This study aimed to express and purify the recombinant NS1 protein and prepare its antibody that efficiently reacted with the native NS1 protein secreted in the supernatant of ZIKV infected host-cells. Methods: We constructed a prokaryotic expression vector containing the full length of the NS1 gene. Thus, the recombinant NS1 protein was efficiently expressed and purified. The purified NS1 protein was used to prepare an antibody. The Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Western blot, and Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay (IFA) were used to assess the reactivity and specificity of the antibody. Results: The recombinant NS1 protein from a prokaryotic expression vector had good immunogenicity and the prepared antibody could specifically react with the native NS1 produced in Vero, BHK-21 cells infected with ZIKV. Besides, the ELISA and Western blot showed that the native ZIKV-NS1 protein was secreted extracellularly and could play the role of an early diagnostic biomarker for ZIKV infection. Conclusions: The prepared antibody against the recombinant NS1 protein is a reliable biological tool that enables the rapid and sensitive detection of secreted NS1 from host cells infected with ZIKV. The recombinant NS1 protein and its antibody can contribute to developing vaccines and antibodies targeting the NS1 protein to prevent flavivirus disease progression.

Chiroptical methods have been proven to be superior compared to their achiral counterparts for the structural elucidation of many compounds. To expand the use of chiroptical systems to everyday applications, the development of functional materials exhibiting intense chiroptical responses is essential. Particularly, tailored and robust interfaces compatible with standard device operation conditions are required. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of chiral allenes and their use for the functionalization of gold surfaces. The self-assembly results in a monolayer-thin room-temperature-stable upstanding chiral architecture as ascertained by ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure. Moreover, these nanostructures anchored to device-compatible substrates feature intense chiroptical second harmonic generation. Both straightforward preparation of the device-compatible interfaces along with their chiroptical nature provide major prospects for everyday applications.

Salmonella, a common foodborne pathogen, causes many cases of foodborne illness and poses a threat to public health worldwide. Immunological detection systems can be combined with nanoparticles to develop sensitive and portable detection technologies for timely screening of Salmonella infections. Here, we developed an antibody-probe-based immuno-N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) bead (AIB) system to detect Salmonella. After adding the antibody probe, Salmonella accumulated in the samples on the surfaces of the immuno-NHS beads (INBs), forming a sandwich structure (INB&ndash, Salmonella&ndash, probes). We demonstrated the utility of our AIB diagnostic system for detecting Salmonella in water, milk, and eggs, with a sensitivity of 9 CFU mL&minus, 1 in less than 50 min. The AIB diagnostic system exhibits highly specific detection and no cross-reaction with other similar microbial strains. With no specialized equipment or technical requirements, the AIB diagnostic method can be used for visual, rapid, and point-of-care detection of Salmonella.

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important human pathogen that causes severe diseases including urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and bacteremia. However, a rapid and sensitive detection method remains to be developed. Objectives: This study aimed to develop a rapid, real-time, and visual detection method for K. pneumoniae. This is a primary screening method to improve the diagnosis of K. pneumoniae infection and save much precious time for clinical practice. Methods: Klebsiella pneumoniae was used as an antigen to produce a monoclonal antibodies (mAb). The mAb 1E6 recognizing outer membrane protein C on the surface of K. pneumoniae was screened by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western Blot, and mass spectrometry assay, and then conjugated with the protein A/G coated magnetic beads to generate the immune magnetic beads (IMBs). Thereafter, the IMBs were used to capture K. pneumoniae, and the complex (beads-mAb-K. pneumoniae) was used for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. Results: We developed a rapid, real-time, and visual detection method employing an immunocapture loop-mediated isothermal amplification (IC-LAMP). The sensitivity of the IC-LAMP was 4 CFU mL-1. The process of K. pneumoniae detection lasted ~ 60 minutes and had no cross-reaction to other microbial strains. Besides, the accuracy of IC-LAMP was further verified by examining 39 clinical isolates. Conclusions: Without the need for enrichment of bacteria and extraction of its genome, the IC-LAMP developed here could be used as a primary screening method supplementary to traditional detection methods to improve the diagnosis of K. pneumoniae infection for clinical practice.

Background: The outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) in many countries caused alarming numbers of babies born with microcephalus and severe neurologic disorders, however, the methods for the detection of the ZIKV are limited at present. Objectives: The aim of this study was to produce polyclonal antibody against full length envelop protein of ZIKV (ZIKV-E protein) in prokaryotic system and to evaluate its efficacy to capture ZIKV virion. Methods: The recombinant full length ZIKV-E protein was purified and then used as an immunogen to vaccinate BALB/c mice to produce polyclonal antibody. Protein A/G coated magnetic beads were coated with the polyclonal antibody to capture the ZIKV virion in the culture medium of Vero cells infected with ZIKV. The products of immunoprecipitation were further used for Western Blot, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and PCR assay. Results: Western Blot and indirect immunofluorescence analysis showed that the mouse polyclonal antibody could react specifically with the native E protein in Vero cells infected with ZIKV. The results of Western Blot, Immunocaptured-LAMP (IC-LAMP), and Immunocaptured-PCR (IC-PCR) showed that polyclonal antibody of ZIKV-E recombinant protein can capture ZIKV virion specifically, however, the polyclonal antibody against the ZIKV-NS1, Shigella, and Salmonella without such a function. Conclusions: These findings may provide the basis for the development of the rapid diagnostic kits such as, IC-PCR, IC-LAMP, and sandwich ELISA. The serum virion capture activity elicited by prokaryotic expressed recombinant ZIKV-E protein may also provide a basis for further preparation of neutralizing antibody and protein subunit vaccine candidate against ZIKV.

Shigella is an important human food-borne zoonosis bacterial pathogen, and can cause clinically severe diarrhea. There is an urgent need to develop a specific, sensitive, and rapid methodology for detection of this pathogen. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) combined with magnetic immunocapture assay (IC-LAMP) was first developed for the detection of Shigella in pure culture, artificial milk, and clinical stool samples. This method exhibited a detection limit of 8.7 CFU/mL. Compared with polymerase chain reaction, IC-LAMP is sensitive, specific, and reliable for monitoring Shigella. Additionally, IC-LAMP is more convenient, efficient, and rapid than ordinary LAMP, as it is more efficiently enriches pathogen cells without extraction of genomic DNA. Under isothermal conditions, the amplification curves and the green fluorescence were detected within 30 min in the presence of genomic DNA template. The overall analysis time was approximately 1 h, including the enrichment and lysis of the bacterial cells, a significantly short detection time. Therefore, the IC-LAMP methodology described here is potentially useful for the efficient detection of Shigella in various samples.

Shigella is an important human food-borne zoonosis bacterial pathogen, and can cause clinically severe diarrhea. There is an urgent need to develop a specific, sensitive, and rapid methodology for detection of this pathogen. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) combined with magnetic immunocapture assay (IC-LAMP) was first developed for the detection of Shigella in pure culture, artificial milk, and clinical stool samples. This method exhibited a detection limit of 8.7 CFU/mL. Compared with polymerase chain reaction, IC-LAMP is sensitive, specific, and reliable for monitoring Shigella. Additionally, IC-LAMP is more convenient, efficient, and rapid than ordinary LAMP, as it is more efficiently enriches pathogen cells without extraction of genomic DNA. Under isothermal conditions, the amplification curves and the green fluorescence were detected within 30 min in the presence of genomic DNA template. The overall analysis time was approximately 1 h, including the enrichment and lysis of the bacterial cells, a significantly short detection time. Therefore, the IC-LAMP methodology described here is potentially useful for the efficient detection of Shigella in various samples.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that can cause severe disease, including congenital birth defect and Guillain&minus, Barr&eacute, syndrome during pregnancy. Although, several molecular diagnostic methods have been developed to detect the ZIKV, these methods pose challenges as they cannot detect early viral infection. Furthermore, these methods require the extraction of RNA, which is easy to contaminate. Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is an important biomarker for early diagnosis of the virus, and the detection methods associated with the NS1 protein have recently been reported. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive detection method for the detection of the ZIKV based on the NS1 protein. The sensitivity of this method is 120 ng mL&minus, 1 and it detected the ZIKV in the supernatant and lysates of Vero and BHK cells, as well as the sera of tree shrews infected with the ZIKV. Without the isolation of the virus and the extraction of the RNA, our method can be used as a primary screening test as opposed to other diagnosis methods that detect the ZIKV.

International audience; We present the data processing pipeline to generate calibrated data products from the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer. The pipeline processes telemetry from SPIRE point source, jiggle- and raster-map observations, producing calibrated spectra in low-, medium-, high-, and mixed low- and highresolution modes. The spectrometer pipeline shares some elements with the SPIRE photometer pipeline, including the conversion of telemetry packets into data timelines and the calculation of bolometer voltages from the raw telemetry. We present the following fundamental processing steps unique to the spectrometer: temporal and spatial interpolation of the stage mechanism and detector data to create interferograms; apodization; Fourier transform, and creation of a hyperspectral data cube. We also describe the corrections for various instrumental effects including first- and secondlevel glitch identification and removal, correction of the effects due to the Herschel primary mirror and the spectrometer calibrator, interferogram baseline correction, channel fringe correction, temporal and spatial phase correction, non-linear response of the bolometers, variation of instrument performance across the focal plane arrays, and variation of spectral efficiency. Astronomical calibration is based on combinations of observations of standard astronomical sources and regions of space known to contain minimal emission.

Organometallic nanostructures are promising candidates for applications in optoelectronics, magnetism and catalysis. Our bottom-up approach employs a cyano-functionalized terminal alkyne species (CN-DETP) on the Ag(110) surface to fabricate 2D domains of regularly stacked Ag-acetylide nanowires. We unravel their adsorption properties and give evidence to their organometallic character with the aid of complementary surface-sensitive techniques, i.e. scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. Guided by the anisotropic (110) surface, highly oriented nanowires form in two enantiomorphic domains of regularly stacked trans isomers, whereby the bifunctional design of CN-DETP gives rise to orthogonal bonding motifs. Based on STM imaging, we find high thermal stability of the Ag-bis-acetylide wires, without conversion into graphdiyne chains. Our approach based on orthogonal bifunctionalization and selective functional group recognition extends the toolbox of creating alkyne-based nanostructures at interfaces.