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Students with strong metacognitive skills are positioned to learn and achieve more than peers who are still developing their metacognition. Yet, many students come to college without well-developed metacognitive skills. As part of a longitudinal study on metacognitive development, we asked when, why, and how first-year life science majors use metacognitive skills of planning, monitoring, and evaluating. Guided by the metacognition framework, we collected data from 52 undergraduates at three institutions using semi-structured interviews. We found that first-year students seek study recommendations from instructors, peers, and online resources when they plan their study strategies. First-year students struggle to accurately monitor their understanding and benefit when instructors help them confront what they do not yet know. First-year students evaluate the effectiveness of their study plans at two specific points: immediately after taking an exam and/or after receiving their grade on an exam. While first-year students may be particularly open to suggestions on how to learn, they may need help debunking myths about learning. First-year students acknowledge they are still learning to monitor and welcome formative assessments that help them improve the accuracy of their monitoring. First-year students may be primed to receive guidance on their metacognition at the points when they are most likely to evaluate the effectiveness of their study strategies and plans. Based on our results, we offer suggestions for instructors who want to support first-year students to further develop their metacognition.

Students in STEM know well the stress, challenge, and effort that accompany college exams. As a widely recognizable feature of the STEM classroom experience, high-stakes assessments serve as crucial cultural gateways in shaping both preparation and motivation for careers. In this essay, we identify and discuss issues of power around STEM exams to further the understanding of exam practices that can unjustly hold students back. Through theory and practical examples, we consider the numerous ways in which power manifests both on and off the pages of the exams themselves, as well as ways in which power is consolidated away from students through logistical norms and tradeoffs. Centering the "rules of the culture of power" as delineated by Dr. Lisa Delpit, we reflect on exam practices that prioritize faculty voice and faculty convenience above student learning and student identity. We share some of what we have learned from our students as part of a call to improve STEM education by relinquishing some of our exam-related power over students, redistributing it to students so that they have more power to shape their own education.

This study uses Panadero et al.'s (2021) Deep Learning Strategies Questionnaire to discover EFL learners' strategies from a new perspective. The questionnaire is a newly designed self-report instrument with ground-breaking features constructed with validity and reliability to measure students' actual strategies in real situations. The current study is the first in an EFL context to use this innovative tool. It investigates self-regulation strategies for learning English as a foreign language (EFL) among 430 male EFL college students in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire enabled us to adopt a micro-level inspection of strategy functions based on an innovative model that can help identify possible avenues for strategy interventions. The results mostly showed a high use of deep language learning strategies in all four questionnaire categories: basic learning, visual elaboration and summarizing, deep information processing, and social learning. Consequently, all the categories had a strong, positive, and significant correlation. In addition, the most used strategies were basic learning strategies, whereas the least used were visual elaboration and summarizing. Our findings provide useful pedagogical implications for promoting EFL learning strategies and strategy instruction. Successfully replicating the Deep Learning Strategies Questionnaire scrutinizes this methodological instrument's validity and reliability and encourages other researchers to use it.

The aim of the study was determining the openness to learning tendencies and metacognitive learning strategies and analysing the predictive relationships between the related variables. The predictive research model was used in the study. Within the research, 499 education faculty students participated. For data collection, "Metacognitive Learning Strategies Scale" and "Tendency to be Open to Learning Scale" were used. The collected data were analyzed using simple linear regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Consequently, it was determined that students frequently use metacognitive learning strategies; their tendencies to be open to learning are at a high level. It was concluded that the tendency to be open to learning significantly predicted the total scores obtained from the metacognitive learning strategies scale. It was concluded that the most predicted variable by the predictive variables together was planning strategies, and the least predicted variable was evaluation strategies. These results show that openness to learning is a vital variable in activating metacognitive learning strategies.

This research determines the student's learning strategies based on their learning styles. This research applied qualitative study. The subject of this research is the students of English literature class A in Universitas Negeri Makassar, who were selected through a purposive sampling technique. Thirty-five students were chosen as the subjects of this study. The data were obtained through questionnaires and interviews and then analyzed based on producers of data analysis identification, classification, and descriptive analysis. The result showed that i) there are some learning styles that students have, such as visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning styles; and ii) students' learning strategies based on their learning style where subjects engaged in several learning activities or methodologies. Two types of learning techniques were primarily considered: individual and group strategies. The individual strategies were marked by all of the activities the subjects had done, and the group strategies described the learning actions employed by the subjects to comprehend the knowledge or the lesson by engaging friends who could help them.

Language learning strategies may have a key role in foreign language learning because they may foster learner autonomy and motivation. Keeping the learner-centred nature of language learning strategies in mind, this study set out to understand the impact of overt listening and reading strategy instruction on learners' listening and reading achievement. The study employed an explanatory mixed-method research design. Research instruments were reading and listening achievement tests and semi-structured interviews. The treatment involved overt listening and reading strategy instruction that lasted for four weeks. The findings revealed that overt listening and reading strategy instruction fostered learners' reading and listening achievement. Similarly, semi-structured interviews revealed that learners were willing to transfer the strategies they learned to new learning situations and keep using these strategies in future learning situations.

During their first year of study at university, many students encounter challenges in developing learning strategies that align with success in the courses in which they are enrolled. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic heightened the challenges as universities were compelled to transition to online learning. Therefore, this study investigated the self-reported use of learning strategies in a first-year chemistry course delivered online due to the COVID-19 pandemic to identify learning strategies associated with success. Grounded in self-regulated learning (SRL) theory, a case study approach with an explanatory mixed methods design was adopted. Quantitative data were collected using a hybrid of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire and the Online Self-regulated Learning Questionnaire. Follow-up open-ended questions were emailed to the students for the qualitative part of the study. Statistical analysis of the quantitative data was performed using SPSS and RUMM2030, while thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data. Students reported more frequent use of SRL strategies of environment structuring, effort regulation, and elaboration. Conversely, critical thinking, task strategies, help-seeking, and peer learning were reportedly used less often. SRL strategies linked with success in the course were identified as effort regulation, goal setting, and time management. The findings from the qualitative data revealed an impact of online learning due to the pandemic on the use of peer learning and help-seeking strategies. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for educational practices, particularly in the context of hybrid learning in the post-pandemic era.

General chemistry is often the first course taken by students interested in careers in STEM and health fields, and therefore, is considered an essential course for the success and retention of students in these fields. Prior studies have shown study habits and skills to be related to student performance in college-level courses, including STEM courses. Previous chemistry studies have focused on deep "versus" surface approaches to studying, how affective variables (e.g., self-efficacy) affect study habits, and how students study week to week. Literature has also shown that students' management of their general study time can impact their performance, with distraction while studying becoming an increasing challenge for students. This study examined first-semester general-chemistry students' study behaviors (both their explicit learning strategies and study-time management practices) focusing on their exam preparation and that relationship to exam performance when controlling for prior knowledge and class attendance. Key findings include: (1) students, on average, employed two active strategies for exam preparation, dedicated half of their study time to active strategies, and were distracted 26% of the time. (2) While active strategies positively influenced exam performance and passive strategies had a negative impact, not all active strategies were equally effective. (3) The percentage of study time spent on active strategies correlated positively with performance, whereas higher distraction levels during exam preparation negatively affected outcomes. Understanding student exam-study behaviors and their effects on exam performance can help instructors support students more effectively by teaching them study strategies effective for their courses.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the disruption of classroom activities and adoption of online teaching-learning in almost all parts of the globe, including India. The sudden switch from classroom blackboards to laptop screens may have influenced students' study approaches, especially with challenges related to technology access and readiness for online learning among Indian students. Since different social and economic factors bring about differences in students' learning, an online survey was conducted with 296 randomly selected undergraduate distance learning (DL) students at Indira Gandhi National Open University to examine how technology access during the pandemic influenced the study approaches of Indian DL students from various marginalized and non-marginalized groups. The research results showed that marginalized students had lower access to technology than did their non-marginalized counterparts, although no gender differences were found in access to technology in both the groups. Lower access to technology was associated with a surface approach to study among the DL students in general and the marginalized students in particular. Females in the marginalized group were found to be at risk in terms of both access to technology and study approaches. The findings were intended to enrich our understanding of the role of technology vis-à-vis distance learners' study approaches during the pandemic and formulate appropriate teaching-learning strategies for the future.

Incorporating ethnoscience into lessons through the ethnoscience-students' worksheet (ESW) is one method to improve student interest in science learning while introducing them to the local culture. However, no research was reported the effects of ESW on students' responses and the factors that influence ESW implementation in science learning. In order to better understand how students learn through ESW, this study investigated the relationship between ethnoscience context, science learning, and the implementation of students' worksheets. Seventy-two students participated in the survey after they studied ethnoscience learning through ESW. Students' responses are more influenced by science learning. In addition, the ethnoscience-integrated students' worksheets (SW) variable indirectly affects students' responses. Additionally, ESW affects students' responses more significantly than science learning and ethnoscience. This research provides insightful implications for educators on planning, designing, and practicing ESW to enhance students' problem-solving motivation and academic achievement. Furthermore, to contribute significantly to future researchers, further research employed the structural equation model through covariance analysis, also known as confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

Digital history-based project-based learning (PjBL) in history learning is a learning medium that can provide a special attraction for students who can improve historical concept skills and historical awareness. However, there are still many teachers who have not used it, so it is very important to study it. This research aims to analyze the influence of the digital history based PjBL model in improving historical concept skills and historical awareness. The method used is quasi-experimental with two classes, experimental and control. The population used class XI high school students in Lampung, Indonesia and the sample size was 213. Cluster random sampling was used to determine sampling, while data collection was in the form of test instruments. The test instrument questions were analyzed using the gain score and Kruskal-Walli's test to determine the increase in historical concept skills and historical awareness with the help of statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) 26. The research results confirmed that digital history based PjBL was effective in increasing historical concept skills and historical awareness with a high score, making it the best choice to overcome obstacles in history learning.

This study aims to reveal the profile of open-start problem-solving with ethnomathematics regarding student learning styles. This research is a qualitative research study on 3 out of 31 students of Junior High School of 3 Magetan taken by purposive sampling. The three students carried out four stages: understanding the problem, planning problem-solving strategies, implementing problem-solving strategies, and reviewing again. The results of the research show that students with a visual learning style solve problems by understanding problems through writing known and being asked and drawing illustrations, planning problem-solving strategies by making examples, carrying out solving strategies by working on the calculation process; students with an auditory learning style solve problems by understanding problems through writing known and being asked, planning strategies by making problems and formulating formulas used, implementing solutions by doing calculations and reviewing; students with a kinesthetic learning style solve problems by understanding issues through writing known and being asked, making examples and writing the formulas used, carrying out solving strategies by applying the calculation process and reviewing the results obtained. However, of the three styles, the results of the accepted work were not correct because they did not write down the conclusions and were not thorough enough.

This analysis dissects a piece of information into its parts and determines how they interact in constructing a concept. This study focuses on enhancing the analytical thinking skills of grade 6 students in science and technology courses by implementing inquiry-based learning management. The aim is to meet the minimum requirement of 70 percent and assess student satisfaction with the approach. This work follows a classroom action research approach involving planning, action, observation, and reflection steps. The target group comprises 25 grade 6 students studying in the first semester of the 2022 academic year at an elementary school in Northeast Thailand, selected through purposive sampling. The research tools include six 5E inquiry-based learning plans, an analytical thinking skills test, and a satisfaction questionnaire. Data collection involves implementing the learning plan in two operational cycles, conducting analytical thinking tests, and administering satisfaction questionnaires. The collected data are analyzed to determine achievement levels and satisfaction ratings. The statistics used are mean, standard deviation, and percentage. The findings from the first operational cycle indicate that 76.0% of students did not meet the evaluation criteria. After the second operational cycle, the mean score improved, and all students met the assessment criteria of 70.0%. Overall, the inquiry based learning approach has the potential to enhance analytical thinking skills, and student satisfaction levels were generally positive. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating effective learning management strategies, such as analytical thinking, to improve students' higher-order thinking skills.

This study aimed to investigate students' reflections on using smartphones to enhance vocabulary learning. The sample consisted of 64 college students enrolled in required English as a Foreign Language (EFL) reading course. A twenty-two-item questionnaire was developed to elicit students' reflections on their experiences in terms of three aspects; engagement, vocabulary learning strategies, and attitudes towards smartphone use. The study also explored the effect of previous experiences of smartphones use on the students' reflections. Results showed that students' engagement was generally high, their vocabulary learning strategies had changed, and that their attitudes towards using smartphones to develop their vocabulary were positive. The study also found that there were differences between those who have experience in using smartphones and those who did not, in favour of those with experience. It is recommended that teachers encourage their students to use smartphones to enhance their English language abilities, especially their vocabulary.

Required undergraduate diversity courses often expose students to topics and worldviews which may push them out of their comfort zones and prompt dissonance and even resistance. This paper reports on interviews with 68 faculty members across 16 humanities and social science disciplines at five predominantly white institutions in the Southern United States, detailing how they navigated discussion of controversial topics in required diversity courses. Most instructors aimed to expose students to critical social issues yet were concerned that resistance could disturb the learning process. We identified 20 unique strategies for handling controversial topics in class that included proactively establishing community and safety and normalizing conflict, and reactively acknowledging and surfacing multiple perspectives, as well as connecting content to students' lived experiences. Some instructors also reported a lack of controversy or conflict in their classrooms, which they variously attributed to student characteristics or their own disinclination to promote heated discussion - which, we argue, calls into question the breadth and criteria of many institutionally defined diversity course requirements. We conclude the paper with implications for faculty, educational developers, administrators, and institutions.

This study aims to ascertain the impact of the Active learning method on high-order thinking skills (HOTS) within the realm of Islamic education. Our primary contribution is the comprehensive meta-analysis of various preliminary and university educational studies. Using RStudio, we analyzed the differences in effect sizes, variations, and groups among studies. The findings indicate that the Active learning method significantly enhances HOTS, with the mixed learning method showing the most pronounced effect. We adopted a systematic approach, examining diverse learning methods like genre-based learning and blended learning model. Our research design entailed a meticulous meta-analysis of pre-existing literature rather than primary experimental or survey-based methods. However, we identified high heterogeneity in effect sizes as a limitation, suggesting the need for more nuanced studies in varied contexts. This research underscores educators' need to adapt learning strategies suited for specific educational levels, pointing towards a brighter horizon for tailored pedagogical interventions.

With the introduction of the Aotearoa New Zealand histories curriculum in 2022 (Ministry of Education, 2022), educators are encouraged to engage students in understanding the bicultural foundations of Aotearoa New Zealand society, shaped by Te Tiriti o Waitangi. This curriculum refresh emphasises Maori history as foundational and ongoing, examining how colonisation and settlement have shaped the nation and highlighting the importance of reflecting on these processes. The goal is to foster an inclusive and culturally responsive education system that equips students to contribute meaningfully to Aotearoa New Zealand's diverse society (Ministry of Education, 2022). This reflection explores how Riverdale Primary School teaches Te Tiriti o Waitangi through its inquiry-based learning framework, Te Ako Ritenga (Riverdale Primary School, 2023). The reflection focuses on a 10-week inquiry in the Pae Ake classroom (year 2 & 3), where students explore Te Tiriti o Waitangi by examining its articles and principles -- paying special attention to the relationships, perspectives, and negotiations that shaped it -- and then collaboratively develop their own classroom tiriti [treaty] that outlines expected learning behaviours within their classroom community. This approach illustrates how interactive and culturally responsive teaching methods can enhance students' understanding of Te Tiriti o Waitangi, helping them see it as a living document that continues to shape our country. By moving beyond traditional history lessons that focus on memorised facts, such as key dates and notable figures, students are encouraged to explore the process involved in developing agreements like Te Tiriti o Waitangi, including the diverse relationships and perspectives that shape them. As a result, students develop a more meaningful connection to Te Tiriti o Waitangi and its ongoing relevance in Aotearoa.

Since ineffective foreign language (FL) vocabulary teaching has been shown in the higher education of mainland China, this study aims to achieve a satisfactory vocabulary teaching outcome through the construction of a computer-based systematic vocabulary teaching mode. Based on constructivism, the mode was established with three essential teaching phases, which were incorporated with systematic cognitive processes of vocabulary learning, supported by appropriate vocabulary teaching strategies, and also facilitated by computer technologies. To illustrate its efficacy, two classes, altogether 58 non-English major undergraduate students, were selected randomly from a university in mainland China. The participants were divided into two groups by class, which were taught target words under the computer-based systematic vocabulary teaching mode and the traditional paper-based one, respectively. Under the traditional mode, the same teacher adopted the teaching methods as they had normally done in the past, such as rote memorization and mechanical practice with paper-based materials. Through the comparisons of vocabulary achievement in word form, meaning and usage, it was revealed that the computer-based systematic vocabulary teaching mode was superior to the traditional, with a detectable difference either immediately after or one month after the treatment. The significance was further reinforced by the results from a questionnaire survey conducted among the group taught under the computer-based systematic vocabulary teaching mode.

The short-term effects during the transition to emergency remote teaching at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on college students are well-studied. The present study investigated the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students enrolled in undergraduate classes (e.g., pandemic experiences and their impact on basic psychological needs, metacognitive learning strategies, and motivation regulation). The survey was administered at a 4-year university in the Southeastern United States during fall 2022. The majority of participants (N = 590) were women (82%), white (56.6%), not Hispanic or Latinx (93.4%), and health profession majors (58.1%). Results indicated that mental health, academic, and social experiences during the pandemic predicted students' basic psychological need satisfaction. In turn, basic psychological need satisfaction predicted metacognitive and motivation regulation strategies. Qualitative analyses revealed that students perceived the pandemic's influence as positive and negative. These findings highlight the variety of student experiences during the pandemic.

This study examines the impact of AI course assistants on student learning experiences in online undergraduate courses at Los Angeles Pacific University. A controlled experiment involving 92 students across treatment and control groups was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of AI assistants developed by Nectir. The treatment group had access to AI assistants, while the control group did not. The study measured grades, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and students' perceptions of engagement, encouragement, and support. Results indicated that the AI course assistants significantly improved students' grades and intrinsic motivation, with moderate effect sizes observed. Self-efficacy also showed a significant positive impact, suggesting that AI course assistants can enhance students' confidence in their academic abilities. However, there were no statistically significant differences in students' feelings of engagement, encouragement, and support, potentially due to the high-touch model already in place at the university. The findings underscore the potential of AI technology to complement existing student support systems, providing continuous personalized assistance that can improve academic performance and intrinsic motivation. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term effects of AI course assistants and their interaction with other support mechanisms to optimize student outcomes and address equity gaps in online education.

This research paper explores the effectiveness of Metacognitive Strategy Instruction [MSI] in enhancing the listening skills and autonomy of adult EFL learners in the advanced level of university preparatory studies in Oman. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the study involved an Experimental Group [EG] and a Control Group [CG], each comprising 24 students. The EG received MSI, while the CG did not, allowing for a comparative analysis of their listening performances and metacognitive strategy awareness. The study employed a mixed-method approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data, gathered through pretest and posttest along with the Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire, assessed the impact of MSI on students' listening skills and metacognitive strategy awareness. Qualitative insights were derived from informal, semi-structured interviews with EG participants, focusing on their experiences and perceptions of MSI. Findings revealed that postintervention, the EG showed significant improvements in listening skills and metacognitive strategy awareness compared to the CG. Specifically, the EG demonstrated notable advancements in planning and evaluation, directed attention, person knowledge, and problem-solving skills. However, both groups continued to rely heavily on mental translation, indicating a persistent dependence on their native language. The study underscores the potential of MSI in fostering learner autonomy and enhancing listening competencies in the Omani EFL context. It advocates for the integration of metacognitive strategies into the language curriculum, specialized teacher training, and the provision of accessible learning resources. The findings particularly highlight the importance of MSI in promoting autonomous learning behaviors, such as planning, monitoring, and evaluating one's own learning process. By enhancing metacognitive strategy awareness, MSI empowers students to take charge of their language learning, thereby increasing their self-efficacy and autonomy. The research suggests that targeted MSI can significantly contribute to the development of L2 learner autonomy in listening. It also recommends further investigation into MSI's long-term effects on promoting autonomy in other language skills and fostering overall learner autonomy in various educational contexts.

From checklists, to processes, to models, information literacy (IL) instructors have sought to better teach students how to evaluate the information they encounter, increasingly through critical information literacy (CIL) pedagogies. CIL engages high-impact pedagogical practices as students direct their learning through dialogue and problem-posing, but there are persistent barriers to implementing CIL pedagogies at scale. Drawing from motivational design can empower librarians to advance CIL and empower students to critically evaluate information. Although many evaluation pedagogies employ general motivational strategies, there is a gap in the literature exploring the application of one specific component of motivation: "confidence." This conceptual and exploratory study aims to: 1) determine the connections between motivational design and IL pedagogy, specifically related to confidence-building strategies and critical approaches to evaluating information; and 2) map the integration of confidence-building design and CIL practices to provide suggestions for practical application. The researchers employ a crosswalk analysis to demonstrate how IL instructors can overcome barriers to implement CIL instructional practices through confidence-building design that illuminates students' abilities to learn and make a meaningful impact. In taking a confidence-building, critical focus to designing evaluation instruction, IL instructors reframe information evaluation as a participatory place for critical questioning, exploration, creative expression, and dialogue.

For university students, self-regulation of study behaviour is important. However, students are not always capable of effective self-regulation. Providing study behaviour information via a learning analytics dashboard (LAD) may support phases within self-regulated learning (SRL). However, it is unclear what information a LAD should provide, how to present information in a usable manner, and what the information's perceived usefulness is in supporting self-regulation of study behaviour. This study entails a sequential mixed design: assessing information needs in focus groups (n=7), exploring usability via think-aloud interviews (n=8), assessing usability with the System Usability Scale (n=42), and assessing perceived usefulness via interviews (n=16). Results showed that students and tutors agreed on the relevance of the constructs chosen from literature but differed in ranking the importance of new constructs. Usability exploration led to several design improvements. Perceived usefulness assessment showed the LAD supported the appraisal of study behaviour. A need for reference frames to facilitate data interpretation was vocalized. Impacts on study behaviour varied, possibly because preparatory activities were not used. Impact could be improved by further integrating the LAD into existing learning processes.

This systematic literature review (SLR) aimed to explore the theoretical frameworks used to comprehend parental involvement in ESL children's learning. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the review analysed relevant articles published within the last five years (2019-2023) by utilising the SCOPUS database for electronic data searching. The findings revealed that Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emerged as the most frequently employed framework. Moreover, several other theories such as Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler's model of parental involvement, Walker et al.'s model, Bourdieu's social class theory, asset-based framework, and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory were also employed in some of the reviewed articles. On the other hand, some other studies did not use any theories and they drew upon relevant concepts related to parental involvement. The absence of explicit theoretical frameworks hindered the depth of understanding and interpretation of research findings, limiting the ability to provide comprehensive explanations and insights into parental involvement in ESL children's learning. The implications of the findings suggest that a strong theoretical foundation is crucial in understanding parental involvement in children's ESL learning. This understanding can inform the design and implementation of effective interventions and strategies to enhance parental involvement in ESL education, ultimately leading to improved outcomes for ESL children.

This pilot study explored undergraduate students' experiences with goal setting and time management. We embedded a series of mandatory planning and reflection assignments into two undergraduate courses. Assignments were unique to each course, but emphasized goal setting, planning and time management, and reflection. Qualitative analyses revealed that students valued the importance of academic success and well-being. They used various strategies to plan and manage their time but struggled with balancing schoolwork and well-being. Our findings highlight the need to support students in developing goal setting and time management skills, setting realistic goals, and following through on their plans.

This review paper explores the role of individual differences in second language vocabulary learning, focusing on three key factors: out-of-class exposure (e.g., viewing TV, playing video games and listening to songs), strategic vocabulary learning, and motivation. Individual differences significantly impact vocabulary learning, making it crucial to understand how these factors contribute to learning outcomes. Yet, previous reviews have mainly overlooked out-of-class exposure in their discussion of individual differences. The current review shows that the three factors can have a positive effect on lexical development. There are some points to consider such as the need for a large amount of input for out-of-class exposure to be effective. Additionally, the review shows that both motivation and self-regulation are important for vocabulary learning and that they are positively related to vocabulary knowledge. It shows that more self-regulated and motivated students tend to have significantly larger and more developed vocabulary knowledge. By synthesizing findings from empirical studies on individual differences and vocabulary learning, this review provides insights into making vocabulary learning more effective.

This study explores the integration of ChatGPT, OpenAI's conversational AI, into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms at Korean universities, focusing on student interactions and language learning strategy preferences. It categorises interactions using the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) and Strategic Self-Regulation (S2R) frameworks to evaluate the pedagogical effectiveness of AIassisted learning. Ninety-nine university students participated in training sessions with ChatGPT prompts tailored to different learning strategies. Data were collected through surveys, chat transcripts, and qualitative feedback. Results indicate frequent student interactions with ChatGPT, averaging 4.49 strategies in initial training chats. Compensatory strategies like error correction and adaptive difficulty received high ratings, while social strategies were rated lowest. Metacognitive strategies, especially planning and summarising, were also well-received. The study concludes that ChatGPT supports diverse learning strategies, enhancing linguistic competence and promoting self-regulated learning. However, limitations such as AI accuracy and authenticity issues highlight the need for continued human interaction in language education.

The aim of this study resonated with the pursuit of achieving enhanced engagement in teaching and learning that informs critical thinking, and knowledge retention among students. Despite the growing trend of technological integration in teaching and learning, however, there exists a lack of empirical evidence and comprehensive studies that investigate the effectiveness of gaming in promoting educational objectives within rural institution of higher learning in South Africa. To investigate this gap, a systematic review method was employed, which provides a comprehensive and logical analysis of existing literature on the significance of gaming in teaching and learning within rural institutions of higher education. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used in the study to enhance the rigor and transparency of the research process, by providing a solid foundation for synthesizing and interpreting existing literature relevant to the study. The systematic review findings revealed that the significance of gamification in teaching and learning in rural higher education lies in its ability to overcome accessibility challenges, provide personalized learning experiences, address motivation and retention issues, and enhance digital literacy. It was recommended that by incorporating gamified approaches, rural higher educational institutions can create a more inclusive, engaging, and effective learning environment for students within the rural institutions of higher learning in South Africa.

To understand graduate employability, this paper uses a landscape of practice (LofP) lens, and methods including narrative frames, observations, and interviews to interpret capability development and identity construction of learners in a work-based learning masters program. It argues that learners enhance employability, capabilities, and knowledge through mutual engagement in practices of their communities of practice (CofP). Furthermore, it showcases that this process is enacted through learners' membership and negotiating boundaries of their community as they move from one community to another within their LofP. It then re-examines the definition of capability and argues that capability should be understood as a social construct through which individuals participate in the practices of their CofP and express knowledgeability of community norms and practices. It concludes that individuals build capabilities through a process involving problem solving, negotiation and learning, resilience, and reflection on their own and other members' actions as they engage in interactions.

Scholars indicated that learners who are strategic with their language learning (e.g., selfregulated learning [SRL], cognitive and meta-cognitive strategies) tend to be more efficient, resourceful, and flexible, and thus have better language learning outcomes (Oxford, 2016; Heo et al., 2012; Plonsky, 2011). Besides focusing on the knowledge, language learners, as L2 teachers already do, need to prepare themselves with self-regulated learning skills so they can achieve the target language learning outcomes. This study selected Shanbay Danci (SBDC), a popular mobile vocabulary application (Wang, 2020; Su & Su, 2015), as the intervention. SBDC allows learners to share not only information about their goals but also include badges (a gamification feature) demonstrating their learning outcomes. To explore the impacts of the badge-sharing feature on learners' perceived self-regulation level, vocabulary learning persistence, and self-regulated learning experiences, a total of 77 undergraduates, who were enrolled in college English courses at a Chinese institution, participated in the study. Results showed participants in the badge-sharing group (experimental) tended to have significantly higher SRL level (e.g., better management of time and the learning environment, more strategic in completing tasks, selecting appropriate learning environment, setting learning goals, and self-evaluating their learning progress) than those in the control group who were not enrolled in any badge-sharing group. Moreover, those in the badge-sharing group demonstrated higher persistence in learning vocabulary with a completion rate of 70% versus 56% in the control group. Qualitative results indicated that badge sharing enhanced learners' self and shared regulation (an emergent finding from the data analysis) capacity in the process of learning vocabulary. [Note: The page range (4-32) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range is 4-36.]

We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of the BSCS 5E Instructional Model--and its related variants--on science, math, and motivation outcomes. The 5E Instructional Model is a framework for delivering STEM instruction that is based on constructivist learning theory; it has been used throughout the U.S. and other countries, particularly in Turkey. Despite its wide usage, no comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of 5E and related models has yet been conducted. Our search and screening procedures yielded 61 randomized controlled trial studies, estimating 156 effect sizes; 70% of studies met WWC standards with or without reservations. We found that the 5E instructional model resulted in improved science outcomes (g = 0.82, 95% CI [0.67, 0.97]), but a large amount of heterogeneity requires some caution (t = 0.56). We explored numerous explanations for the effect heterogeneity and provided practical recommendations.

Protein translation is a fundamental biological process taught in introductory general biology classes at the undergraduate level. This core scientific topic is often hard for students to understand as it involves several key players and piecing together of information learned in multiple lectures. The current study examines the effectiveness of role play as a complementary pedagogical tool for promoting student understanding, retention, and recall of the basic mechanics of protein translation. Students in 2 different sections of the same undergraduate biology class were involved in this investigation. In this active learning strategy, students assumed the roles of the various components involved in translation including the ribosome binding site, mRNA codons, polyA tail, tRNAs, and ribosome and then enacted the role play in class after a traditional lecture. Both pre-role play and post-role play assessments were used to gauge student comprehension of translation and hence determine the effectiveness of role play. Results from the quantitative analysis of data supported the hypothesis and revealed a statistically significant increase in mean student scores post role play in both sections. This study reiterates the importance of collaborative learning in student engagement and learning outcomes.

This systematic literature review explores the implementation and effectiveness of active learning approaches in online training environments. The rapid growth of online education necessitates strategies that enhance learner engagement and improve educational outcomes. The review identifies various active learning techniques, such as discussions, simulations, case studies, and collaborative problem-solving, which shift the focus from passive information absorption to active knowledge construction. Analyzing empirical studies from 2020 to 2024, the review highlights the positive impacts of active learning on learner engagement, motivation, satisfaction, and overall learning outcomes. Key findings reveal that active learning methods lead to improved knowledge retention, skill development, and practical application of knowledge, addressing the challenges of disengagement commonly associated with traditional online training methods. The review also emphasizes the importance of adaptive learning systems, personalized feedback, and interactive learning activities in fostering an engaging online learning environment. Based on the findings, the review provides recommendations for designing and implementing effective online training programs and suggests directions for future research to further enhance the effectiveness and accessibility of active learning approaches in digital education. By addressing these aspects, the review contributes valuable insights into the development of engaging and impactful online training experiences, ultimately improving learning outcomes for diverse learners.

With crises such as epidemics, wars, wildfires, earthquakes, and hurricanes becoming increasingly more common in various parts of the world, it is crucial that schools become crisis-ready. Crisis-readiness lies partly in the ability of schools to deliver "emergency education" (i.e., education in crisis situations) promptly and effectively. To support the delivery of emergency education, this study sought to document and examine the strategies employed by schools during a crisis, specifically the COVID-19 pandemic. Through analysing data collected from interviews with teachers based in different parts of Europe, the study identified a series of micro-level strategies used by schools to address the challenges posed by the pandemic. These micro-level strategies were subsequently analysed to develop a typology of overarching mechanisms, or macro-level strategies. As discussed in the article, apart from providing a useful starting point for any teachers required to deliver emergency education in the future, these emergency strategies also offer valuable insights into schools' adaptability, values, and crisis-readiness. As such, they could prove very informative for both educational policy and practice.

The purpose of this qualitative research was to examine the relationships between the resilience quotient (RQ) of undergraduate students in the Educational Psychology and Guidance for Teachers course and their achievement of the course learning outcomes. The sample comprised 38 second-year students from the Faculty of Education of Kasetsart University enrolled in the course during the second semester of the 2023 academic year. The data were collected through in-depth structured interviews consisting of seven open-ended questions and analyzed using a content analysis approach. It was found that the subjects employed various RO-related strategies to achieve the learning goals according to the course learning outcomes, including adopting relaxation techniques, engaging in enjoyable activities and hobbies, and sustaining self-management by prioritizing tasks and making decisions carefully. When faced with academic challenges, especially when the learning outcomes were not met, the subjects mindfully analyzed the problems, set goals for dealing with them, planned accordingly, and took corrective actions. They also sought guidance from instructors and used the feedback in the problem-solving process while maintaining resilience. From the subjects' perspectives, the skills in maintaining RQ during a scholastic journey involved accepting reality, reviewing and addressing problems, and continuously improving oneself. The present study underlines the importance of psychological well-being and effective guidance in students' academic success and personal development.

The use of rapidly developing mass media in the education process has revealed the concept of distance education, the importance and necessity of which have been re-understood throughout the world during COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to determine teacher practices in distance education and to examine teacher views on distance education during the pandemic process in European countries. Data about teaching models, platforms, web tools, special methods and techniques, materials used during this process, and teacher reviews were collected from 36 teachers working in nine different European countries through a semi-structured interview form. The findings have revealed the advantages and disadvantages of various teacher practices in distance education. In addition, it is concluded that having pre-pandemic distance education experience has been an important factor that facilitated the post-pandemic distance education process.

Communication Apprehension (CA) is a pervasive challenge that significantly affects students, particularly those pursuing higher education in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. This study serves a threefold purpose: (1) to quantify and compare the levels of CA experienced by students across different EFL educational levels, (2) to investigate potential relationships between students' CA and their educational backgrounds, and (3) to explore the strategies students employ to overcome CA. A survey research design involving 60 EFL students from three distinct cohorts (24 undergraduates, 16 graduates, and 20 postgraduates) was conducted using a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected utilizing McCroskey's Personal Report of CA (PRCA-24, 2005) and analyzed using descriptive and correlational statistics via the SPSS software. The results reveal that all undergraduates (100%), a substantial proportion of graduates (68.75%), and a notable fraction of postgraduates (45%) experienced an average level of CA, with public speaking situations being the most common triggers. While a weak negative correlation was identified (-0.225), it did not attain conventional statistical significance (sig 0.084). Furthermore, students adopt cognitive, behavioural, and preparatory strategies to manage CA effectively. This research underscores the importance of identifying specific communication situations in which students experience heightened apprehension, facilitating the development of targeted interventions to address their unique needs in these areas.

This study aims to investigate how EFL teachers decide on and adapt teaching strategies for young learners in ELT classrooms and explore strategies teachers use to encourage independent language learning. The research was conducted as a case study in an academic English course in Batam and involved three experienced EFL teachers. Data collection methods included observation checklists, semi-structured interviews, and analysis of lesson plans. Descriptive analysis was applied to observation checklists and document reviews, while thematic analysis was used for interview data. The findings underscore the importance of flexible teaching methods that emphasize student engagement and align instructional activities with learning goals. They highlight the necessity of customizing teaching strategies to students' backgrounds and interests and efficiently utilizing classroom resources to promote active learning and enhance educational outcomes in EFL contexts, thereby fostering autonomous learning among students. In conclusion, effective EFL teaching involves integrating student engagement, active learning strategies, customized teaching approaches, and adequate classroom resources. The implications stress the importance of a holistic approach to EFL learning that prioritizes student engagement, active and independent learning, effective technology use, and continuous professional development for EFL teachers.

Teaching English to first-grade elementary school children presents its own challenges for teachers. This is because children at this age have characteristics such as having a short attention span, enjoying playing, and learning more effectively when they are having fun. On the other hand, children in this group are still learning to read and write in the national language. The purpose of this research is to explore how English literacy learning is implemented, to find out the inhibiting and encouraging factors in implementing English literacy learning in first-grade elementary schools, and to find out strategies that can be used to overcome the factors that hinder the implementation of English literacy learning in the classroom. one elementary school. The design of this research is descriptive qualitative. The data sources in this research are first-grade elementary school English teachers, school students, and learning documents. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation. Some of the results of this research are that teachers apply various methods in teaching, such as songs, drills, lectures, reading aloud, memorizing, and games. Among these learning strategies, songs are the most effective strategy for introducing English to children. The challenges faced are that children are very active, get bored quickly, and a small number of children do not read fluently. Factors that can support English literacy learning are adequate learning aids such as the use of pictures and parental involvement at home to repeat English lessons and practice them at home.

Digital technologies are the main driver of the future economy, with technology jobs and those requiring digital skills on the rise. In educational settings, there is an accelerated propagation of digital learning environments, which was amplified by the online shift following COVID-19. To equip learners with the necessary digital skills, there ought to be a purpose-built framework that can be used as a reference point. Although in recent years there were multiple attempts to develop digital literacy frameworks such as DigComp by the European Commission and the Digital Literacy Global Framework (DLGF) by UNESCO, with several other frameworks built on top of them, there is a lack of frameworks devised specifically for learners and students. This paper proposes a conceptual digital literacy framework for learners, building mainly on DigComp 2.0 and the DLGF. We use an integrative review methodology of six main empirical frameworks, developed in recent years with educational applications, to achieve our aim. We added new competencies specific to mobile learning environments and career-related digital endeavors by learners. In addition, we further tailored the competences related to device and software operations to both personal computers and mobile devices. The proposed framework in this paper expounds on DigComp and DLGF by adding several competences which are deemed essential for learners in today's digital world. The framework can be used by educational institutes, policymakers, as well as learners to assess their digital skills and devise strategies for capacity building.

Adaptive learning strategies applied to e-learning have become a relevant approach towards diversity and inclusion. They bring several benefits to learners in the role of digital platform users, related to the user experience, primarily in the learning process optimization. It aims to provide mediation, tailored content, and adequate channels for users' capabilities and learning styles. The OpenEdR4C is a digital open educational platform designed to expand complex reasoning skills in students and lifelong learners of higher education. The platform addresses five types of learning obstacles: sensory limitations, learning styles, sociodemographic and socioeconomic contexts, and certain kinds of neurodiversity. All these considerations require a dynamic and assertive user profiling strategy to provide compelling adaptive learning experiences. This paper presents a Systematic Literature Review of user profiling strategies published in the last five years in SCOPUS and Web of Science databases. The findings allowed us to identify successful and applicable strategies that the OpenEdR4C research and development teams might use to select and shape the suitable strategy for the platform in two levels: a) procedures that favor the user to self-declare their profile and preferences; and b) profiling based on the system's detection of patterns and behaviors shown by the users. The results and discussion presented are valuable insights for educators, developers in the context of open educational resources design, and decision-makers of HiEd institutions or training centers. There is a suitable strategy for every type of profiling necessity; here is a combination of many to be used and developed collectively.

Understanding the predictor of learning achievement among college students is crucial to adopting the appropriate learning strategy. Academic buoyancy is one of the predictors of learning achievement, playing a vital role in helping students navigate academic setbacks and adversities. However, the previous studies failed to reveal a robust link between the two variables. Therefore, this study aims to explain the nexus between academic buoyancy and students' learning achievement more clearly by introducing the mediating variable, motivational constructs, which include selfefficacy, persistence, and anxiety. This study involved 493 college students in Indonesia. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to examine the research hypotheses. The results show that academic buoyancy directly affects learning achievement. Furthermore, motivational constructs (self-efficacy, persistence, and anxiety) significantly mediate the relationship between academic buoyancy and learning achievement. This study contributes to the literature by explaining how academic buoyancy affects learning achievement through motivational constructs as a mediating variable. Furthermore, the university must promote students' academic buoyancy and motivational constructs by providing counseling services and encouraging students to recognize and address the adversities during lecture activities.

The flipped classroom (FC) and case-based learning (CBL) are recognized as effective instructional models that emphasize the development of problem-solving ability. However, the implementation of FC combined with CBL has not been well explored. This study aims to investigate the effect of FC combined with CBL on students' problem solving by comparing it with the FC model and the traditional method. Three groups in a private university in Indonesia participated in an experimental study involving 94 students. Across 8 weeks, one experimental group received the FC model and a second experimental group received FC combined with the CBL model. The control group received regular learning activities. A measure of problem-solving ability was administered to all groups before and after the 8-week intervention. In the FC combined with CBL model, problem-solving ability increased significantly compared to students in the control group. The findings need to be replicated with an extended, after-class session that involves larger groups of participants over a longer time period.

This study investigates Taiwanese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' use of strategies in developing job interview skills in English. The participants were 40 EFL learners majoring in English at a private university in Taiwan. The study was part of a four-week job interview training program, during which they prepared for a mock interview test. The students learned about the job interview process, expressions, and related language use, and practiced with their peers inside and outside the class. Throughout the training, they submitted weekly diary entries describing how they developed their job interview skills. Thematic analysis of these entries revealed various learning strategies and their applications. These included cognitive strategies, such as practicing and structuring output; metacognitive strategies, which involved arranging extra time to practice, planning the interview task by doing research on the Internet, and monitoring and evaluating their learning process; and social strategies, where students exchanged feedback collaboratively.